LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, 



Sheii.aK/17 

.WS 4- 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



cP 



FLORA ATLANTICA. 



DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY 



A SUCCINCT ANALYTICAL FLORA, 

INCLUDING ALL THE PLANTS GROWING IN THE UNITED 

STATES FROM THE ATLANTIC COAST TO 

THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 



FROM THE AMERICAN BOTANIST AND FLORIST. 



') X \ 



By ALPHONSO WOOD, A.M., 

AUTHOR OF THE CLASS-DOOK OF BOT/VNY, ETC. 



No._.s.'rL..lC 



A. S. BARNES & COMPANY 

NEW YORK, CHICAGO, AND NEW OKLEANS. 
1879. 



WOOD'S BOTANY. 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY, pp. 340, 12mo. An introduction to 
the Science, full of lively description and truthful illustrations ; with a limited 
Flora, but a complete System of Analysis. Price (postpaid) ^1.25. 

THE BOTANIST AND FLORIST, pp. 620, 12mo. A thorough text- 
book, comprehensive and practical ; with a Flora, and System of Analysis 
equally complete. " I have been deeply impressed, almost astonished, (writes 
Prof. A. Winchell, of University of Michigan) at the evidence which this work 
bears of skillful and experienced authorship — nice and constant adaptation to 
the wants and conveniences of students in Botany," etc. Price (postpaid) $2.25. 

THE CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY, pp. 850, 8vo. The principles of the 
Scieuce more fully announced and illustrated — the Flora and Analysis complete, 
with all our plants portrayed in language both scientific and popular. "The 
whole science (writes Prof. G. H. Perkins, of Vermont University), so far as it 
can be taught in a college course, is well presented, and rendered unusually easy 
of comprehension. I regard the work as most admirable." Price (postpaid) $3.00. 

THE PLANT RECORD— a beautiful book, for classes and amateurs, show- 
ing, in a few pages, how to analyze a plant— any plant, and furnishing tablets 
for the systematic record of the analysis. Price (postpaid) 70 cents. 

FLORA ATLANTICA, or WOOD'S DESCRIPTIVE FLORA, pp. 

448, 12mo. This work is equivalent to the Part IV of the Botanist and Florist, 
being a succinct account of all the plants growing East of the Mississippi 
River, both native and cultivated, with a system of analytical tables well-nigh 
perfect. Price (postpaid) §1.50. 
^A^OOD'S BOTANICAL APPARATUS-a complete outfit, for the field 
and the herbarium. It consists of a portable trunk, a Wire Drying Press, a 
Knife-trowel, a Microscope, and Forceps. Price |8.00, 



Copyright, 1870, 1879, by A. S. Barnes & Co. 

"FOURTEEN WEEKS" IN EACH SCIENCE, 

By J. Dorman Steele, Ph. D., F. G. S., Etc, 

Now Ready: 
PHILOSOPHY. I PHYSIOLOOY. I ZOOLOGY. 
CHEMISTRY. | GEOLOGY. | ASTRONOMY. 

A KEY to Practical Questions in Steele's Works, 
Seven volumes, each, postpaid $1.25. 



PREFACE. 



This Flora will be found a phenomenon in brevity. Within 
the space of 426 duodecimo pages, in fair leaded type, we have 
recorded and defined nearly 4,500 species — all the known 
Flowering and Fern-like plants, both native and cultivated (not 
excepting the Sedges and Grasses), growing in the Atlantic half 
of the country. This conciseness has been attained, not by the 
omission of anything necessary to the complete definition and 
prompt recognition of every species, but simply by avoidi?ig 
repetitions. In the y?i^^/ definition of the species (see, for example, 
R. bulbosiis, the Bulbous Buttercup, p. 20) we give but one, t^vo, 
three, rarely four lines. This cannot, of course, include its full 
portraiture. It includes only those few features which have not 
already been given elsewhere, and which here serve to distinguish 
the R. hulbosus from the two preceding species with which it 
stands grouped in the table. But the full description of R. hul- 
bosus (and of every species) will nevertheless be found in the 
Flora. Some of its features are given under its genus, Ranun- 
culus ; some under its Order ; some under its Cohort ; others 
under its Class, its Province, and its Sub-kingdom. Moreover, 
all along the path of its analysis through the tables its characters 
are announced and recognized ; so that if all the statements 
descriptive of R. bulhosus were collected, we should have nearly 
a half-page of text, and no important character left unnoticed. 

Between the cultivated exotics ami the wiUl native or natu- 
ralized species constitutini;- our own llora, a distinction is made 



IV PREFACE. 

in the type. The names of the latter are expressed in full-face, 
Koman for the species, and Italic for the varieties. The 
names of the exotics are in small capitals. 

The geographical limits of the present flora are the same as 
those adopted in the Class-Book; viz., all the States of the 
American Union lying east of the Mississippi River. This v»^ill 
necessarily include so many of the plants of the States bordering 
on the western shore of the Mississippi, that the book may be 
regarded as well adapted to those States also. 

It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge my obligations to 
the friends whose names occur below and in many other parts of 
our work, for their contributions of new and rare plants, and for 
valuable information concerning them : — first, and especially, to 
Prof. Thos. C. Porter, of Lafayette College ; to E. L. Hanken- 
SON, Newark, N. Y. ; to John Wolf, Canton, 111. ; to Chas. H. 
Peck, Albany, N. Y. ; to Wm. R. Girard, Esq., Poughkeepsie, 
N. Y. ; to N. CoLMAN, Iowa ; to Rev. J. H. Carruth, Kansas ; 
to Dr. W. Matthews, Dakota; to H. Mapes, Michigan, &c., &c. 

And as a just tribute to the memory of my lamented wife, 
I would add that whatever is new and peculiar in the plan of the 
present Flora, that on which its definite conciseness depends, 
is due to her alo?te. She first indicated the method, and for years 
assiduously advocated its adoption. 

CUJUS NOMINI AC MEMORI^ CARISSIM^, 

HOC OPUS, IN MEDIO DOLORE AC DESIDERIO CONFECTUM, 

DEDICAT CONJUX. 



HINTS FOR COLLECTING, DRYING, Etc. 



Specimens for analysis and for the herbarium should have leaves, 
flowers, and fruit. Care should also be taken to represent the varying 
forms and kinds of leaf and flower. In collecting, a strong knife, or knife- 
trowel, is requisite for digging and cutting, and a close tin box, or trunk, 
fifteen inches in length and of a portable form. Enclosed in such a box, 
with a little moisture, specimens will remain fresh for many days. 

In drying for the herbarium, much care and effort is needed in order 
to retain the natural aspect, form, and colors. The true secret of the art 
consists in extracting all the moisture before decomposition takes place. 

The Drying Press, invented by us, consists of a dozen quires of un- 
sized paper, folded lo x 14 inches, inclosed between two stout sheets of 
woven wire of the same size, with folded edges, secured by several leathern 
straps with buckles. When in use, suspend this press in the wind and 
sunshine, or in rainy weather by the fire. In such circumstances speci- 
mens dry well without once changing ; but if boards be used instead of 
the wires, the papers will require to be changed and dried daily. Succu- 
lent plants may be immersed in boiling water before pressing, to hasten 
their desiccation, and thick or fleshy stems and roots may be divided 
lengthwise for the same reason. 

The Lens, cither single, double, or triple, is almost indispensable in 
analysis. In viewing minute flowers, or parts of flowers, its use cannot be 
too highly appreciated. Together with the lens, a needle inserted in a 
handle, a penknife, and a pair of delicate forceps are required in dis- 
section. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. 



§ BOTANICAL TERMS OFTEN RECURRING IN DESCRIPTIONS. 



ach, achenia. 
<Bst. aestivation. 
alter, alternate. 
amplex. amplexicaul. 
ttnth. anther. 
axill. axillary. 
cat. calyx. 
caps, capsule. 
cor. corolla. 
cyp. cypsela. 
decid. deciduous. 
diam, diameter. 
dlip. elliptical. 
eniarg. emarginate. 
epig. epigynous. 
/. ox ft. feet. 
fil. filaments. 
t. flower ; fls. flowers. 



fr. fruit. 

gl. glume ; gls. glumes. 

hd. head ; hds. heads. 

hyp. hypogynoua. 

imbr. imbricate. 

inf. inferior. 

inxol. involacre. 

irreg. irregular. 

leg. legume. 

If. leaf; Ivs. leaves. 

Ifts. leaflets. 

lorn, loment. 

opp. opposite. 

ova. ovary. 

pap. pappus. 

ped. peduncle. 

pet. petals. 

perig. perigynous. 



perig. perigyniuaa. 

pis. pales. 

pn. pinnae. 

prd. pinnulae. 

recep. receptacle. 

reg. regular. 

rhiz. rhizoma. 

rt. root. 

sc. scale, scales. 

sds. seeds. 

seg. segment. 

sep. sepals. 

st. stem. 

sta. or stam. stamens 

stig. stigmas. 

sty. styles. 

var. variety 



§ TIMES OF FLOWExtING, AND LOCALITIES. 



1. Names of the Months and Seasons are abbreviated in the usual manner, a», Jan. 
January ; Apr. April ; Spr. Spring ; Aut. Autumn ; Sum. Summer ; &c. 

2. The names of States and Territories of the U. S. are abbreviated precii?ely as is 
other works, thus •.—Ala. Alabama ; Ark. Arkansas ; Conn. Connecticut, &c. 

3. Sections of States are thus designated . — N. N. Y. Northern New York; W. Pa. 
Western Pennsylvania ; E. Fla. East Florida ; S. 111. Southern Illinois, &c. 

4. Names of foreign Countries '.—Eur. Europe ; Afr. Africa ; S. Afr. South Africa ; 
Aust. Australia ; Can. Canada ; Mex. Mexico ; aS'. Am. South America, &c. 

5. E. East, Eastward, indicates the States of the Atlantic seaboard from Maine to V ir- 
ginia inclusive ; N-E. or N. Eng. denotes the New England States. 

6. M. is used to denote the Middle States ; viz., N. Y., Penn., N. J., and Del. 

7. N. North, Northward, indicates generally the territory north of 42° N. latitude. 

8. N-W. Northwest, indicates Wis., Minn., and parts of 111. and Mich. 

9. S. South, Southward, is used to indicate the Southern States in general,— all lying 
south of Virginia and Kentucky, 

10. S-W. Southwest, viz., Miss., La., Ark., and perhaps Tennessee and Texas. 
il. W. West, denotes the States lying due north of Tennessee and Arkansas. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. 



§ SIGNS. 



p An annual Herb. 

2) A biennial Herb. 

i A perennial Herb. 

) An undershrub, deciduous. 

) An undershrub, evergreen. 

) A Shrub, deciduous. 

) A Shrub, evergreen. 

i) A Tree, deciduous. 

i) A Tree, evergreen. 

) An herbaceous Vine, (D or (2). 

> A perennial Vine, u . 

? Woody Vine, deciduous. 

§ A Plant introduced and naturalized ; 

t Plant cultivated for ornament ; 

t Plant cultivated for use ; ) 

0=. Cotyledons accumbent; j 

o| Cotyledons incumbent ; >-used only in the Cruciferse. (Page 34.) 

o)) Cotyledons conduplicate ; ) 

! (Note of exclamation), used technically, denotes certainty. 

? (Note of interrogation), implies doubt or uncertainty. 

f (with or without a period), a foot. 

' (a single acute accent), an inch Rafter a number. 

'' (a double accent), a line =1-12 of an inch. 



■^ Woody Vine, evcigreen. 
[^, Trailing Herb, ® or (2). 
[^ Trailing Herb, n . 
CCC An aquatic Plant. 
!^ Flowers perfect. 
$ Flowers etaminate. 
? Flowers pistillate. 
<P Monoecious. 
$ ? Dioecious. 
(3 $ § Polygamous. 
Wanting, or none. 
00 Numerous, or indefinite. 



■at the end of the description. 



::(■ 



§ AUTHORS' NAMES CITED EN THIS WORK. 



Adam. 


Adanson. 


DUl. 


Dilleniaa. 


A. DC. 


Alphonse De CandoUe. 


Desv. 


Desvaux. 


Ait. 


Alton. 


Dougl. 


Douglas. 


All. 


Allione. 


Ehrh. 


Ehrhart. 


Anders. 


Andersson. 


Ell. 


Elliott. 


Am. 


Arnott. 


Endl. 


Endlicher. 


Aub. 


Aublet. 


Engel. 


Engelmann. 


Bart. 


Barton. 


Fiscfi. 


Fischer. 


Bartl. 


Bartling. 


F.JcM. 


Fischer & Meyer. 


Beauv. 


Beauvois. 


Fred. 


Froelich. 


Benth. 


Bentham. 


Ocert. 


Gartner. 


Bemh. 


Bernhardt. 


Gmel. 


Gmelin. 


Berl. 


Berlaiidier. 


Good. 


Goodeuough. 


Bois. 


Boissicr. 


Or. 


A. Gray. 


Bong. 


Bongard. 


Orr\ 


Grcville. 


Bork. 


Borkhausen. 


GHseb. 


Grisebach. 


Br. 


Brown. 


Gron. 


Gronovius. 


Bio. 


Bigelow. 


Hedw. 


Hcdwig. 


Cass. 


Caasini. 


Hoffm. 


Hofl'inan. 


Cav. 


Cavanillcs. 


Hook. 


Hooker i,W. J.) 


Cham. 


Chamiuso. 


Hook.f. {JilUis) 


Hooker (J. D.) 


Darl. 


Darlington. 


Ilornan. 


Hornemaiin. 


DC 


Dk CANliaU.K. 


ITxids. 


Hudson. [Kunth. 


Desf. 


nosfontainos. 


H. B. K. 


HumlH>Uir, BonpK-uid A 


Dtio. 


Dowoy. 


Jacq. 


J.icqiiin. 



ABBEEVIATIONS AND SIGNS. 



AUTHORS' NAMES— (Continued). 



Juss. 


JUSSIEU. 


Eichn. 


Richardson. 


A. Jus$ 


Adrien Jussieu. 


Emm. 


Roemer. 


L. or Liiin. 


LlNN^US. 


Salisb. 


Salisbury. 


Lag. 


Lagasca. 


Sckk. 


Schkuhr. 


Lam. 


Lamarck. 


Schrad. 


Schrader. 


Lamb. 


Lambert. 


Schreb. 


Schreber. 


Ledeb. 


Ledebour. 


Schult. 


Schultes. 


Lehm. 


Lehmann. 


Schw. 


Schweinitz. 


Lesq. 


Lesquereux. 


Scop. 


Scopoli. 


Lestib. 


Lestibudoi8. 


Ser. 


Seringe. 


rUer. 


L'Heritier. 


Soland. 


Solander. 


Lindl. 


Lindley. 


Spreng. 


SprengeU 


Mart. 


Martins. 


Steud. 


Steudel. 


Mich. 


Micheli. 


Sulliv. 


SuUivant. 


Michx. >ir Mx. 


Michaux. 


Thunb. 


Thunberg. 


Mx.f. 


Michaux (the younger). 


Torr. 


Torrey. 


Mill. 


Miller. 


T.& 0. 


Torrey & Gray. 


Mitch. 


Mitchell. 


Toum. 


Tournefort. 


Muhl. 


Muhlenberg. 


Trautv. 


Trautvetter. 


Nees. 


Nees von Esenbeck. 


Trin. 


Trinius. 


Nutt. jr if. 


Nuttall. 


Tuckm. 


Tuckerman. 


Pal. 


Pallas. 


VaUl. 


Vaillant. 


Pav. 


Pavon. 


Vent. 


Ventenat. 


Pers. 


Persoon. 


nil. 


Villars. 


Ph. 


Pursh. 


Wahl. 


Wahlenberg. 


Piuk. 


Plukenet. 


Walp. 


Walpers, 


Plum. 


Plumier. 


Walt. 


Walter. 


Poir. 


Poiret. 


Wangh. 


Wangenheim. 


E.Br. 


Robert Brown. 


mild. 


Willdenow. 


■Raf. 


Rafinesque. 


With. 


Withering. 


Beichenb. 


Reichenbach. 


Wuif. 


Wulfen. 


Bieh. 


3Uchard. | 







ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS, 

Founded on the most obvious or artificial characters : designed as a key foi 

the determination of the Order of any plant, native, or naturalized, 

or cultivated, growing within the limits of this Flora. 



PROVINCES, CLASSES, AND COHORTS. 

Sab-kingdom I. The Flowering Plants . . (See, next, Provinces 1,2)... PHJENOGAMIA, 
Sub-kingdom H. The Flowerless Plants . . (See the Provinces 3, 4) ... . CKYPTOGAMIA. 
Province 1. Leaves net-veined. Flowers never completely 3- 

parted (mostly ^ and I/). Embryo with 2 or more cotyledons. 

Wood (if any) in annual circles.. (See Classes 1, 2) EXOGENS. 

Province 2. Leaves parallel-veined (rarely netted). Flowers 3- 

parted. Bark, wood, and pith commingled. Embryo with but 

one cotyledon. . (See Classes 3, 4) ENDOGENS. 

Province 3. Stem and leaves distinguishable. .(H) A CROGENS. 

Province 4. Stem and leaves undistinguishable. . (K) TEALLOGENS. 

Class 1. Stigmas present. Seeds enclosed in vessels . . (*) ANGIOSPERMS, 

Class 2. StigmasO. Seeds naked (Pines, Firs, Cedars, &c.) (**).. GYMNOSPERMS. 

Class 3. Flowers without glumes. Perianth colored or green, .(t) . .PETALIFEILE. 

Class 4. Flowers with green alternate glumes. No perianth. .(tt)..GLUMIFER^. 

* Cohort 1. Corolla with the petals distinct.. (A) Polypctaltc. 

* Cohort 2. Corolla with the petals united.. (B) Gauiopetalie. 

* Cohorts. Corolla none. Calyx often none.. (C) Apetalac, 

** Cohort 4. The cono-bcaring plants (same as Class 2)..(D) Conoids. 

t Cohorts. Fls. on a^padix, apctalous or incomplete. .(E). ..Spadiciilora'. 

t Cohort 6. Flowers complete, with a true perianth. . (F) Floridea*. 

+t Cohort 7. The Grasses, Grain*, &c. (same as class 4). . (G). . GrniuiiioidK. 



A. ConouT 1. POLYPiyrALOUS EXOGENS. 

♦ Ilcrbs with (ho loaves alloniato or all radical. .(I '2) 

* Ilcrbs with tho loavos oppot«ite on the stem.. (9) 

• Shrubs, tvooB, or undorsluubs. .(2) 

2 Flowers regular or nearly so. .(:}) 

% Plowoi* irregular (or the lYuit a leguuio) (§ l()5)..(r) 

3 Polyaudwus,— stamens 3—10 timee as many as tho petals. .(4) 

8 (.)ligandrou», — atamens I 2 tiin(>s as many as tho petals or fower. .<8> 



6 ANALYSIS OF THE NATUEAL ORDERS. 

4 Leaves opposite. . (s) 
4 Leaves alternate. . (5) 

5 Stamens on tlie torus or the hypogynous corolla. .(0 
5 Stamens and petals on the calyx tube. . (v) 
6 Ovaries simple, distinct, or one only. Vines or erect shrubs.. (tr) 
6 Ovary compound, and wholly adherent to the calyx.. (a;) 
6 Ovary compound and free from the calyx or nearly so.. (7) 

7 Stamens opposite to the petals and of the same number. . (^) 
7 Stamens alternate with the petals or of a different number (8) 
8 Leaves opposite on the stems. .(2) 
8 Leaves alternate, and compound.. (y?/) 
8 Leaves alternate and simple . . (zz) 
9 Polyandrous— stamens 3—10 times as many as the petals. . (m) 
9 Oligandrous,— stamens 1 — 2 times as many as the petals or fewer. .(10) 
10 Pistils separate and distinct, few or solitary, simple.. («-) 
10 Pistils united into a compound ovary free from the calyx. . (11) 
• 10 Pistils united into a compound ovary adherent to the calyx. . (0) 
11 Stamens opposite to the petals and of the same number.. (2?) 
11 Stamens alternate with the petals or of a greater number. . (g) 
12 Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume . . (14) 
12 Flowers irregular (rarely regular and the fruit a legume) .. (13) 

13 Stamens numerous, 3 or more times as many as the petals . . (k) 
13 St*.E ens few and definite, 4—1-2. . (1) 

1% stamens (or anthers) 3—10 times as many as the petals.. (15) 
14 Stamens few and definite. Ovary free from the calyx. . (17) 
14 Stamens few and definite. Ovary adherent to the calyx.. (J) 
15 Stamens hypogynous— inserted on the torus.. (16) 
15 Stamens perigynous— inserted on the corolla at the base..(c) 
15 Stamens perigynous— inserted on the calyx at the base. . (d) 
16 Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styles).. (a) 
16 Pistils (and styles if any) completely united.. (J) 
17 Pistils o?ie, or indefinite and distinct, simple, .(e) 
17 PistUs definitely-* 2 united, the short styles combined into one..{f) 
— * 2, 3 or 4 united, styles or stigmas, 2, 3, 4 or 6. .(<7) 
— * 5, distinct or united, with 5 distinct styles.. (/O 
— * 5, united and the styles also combined into one..{i) 

a Petals 5 or more, deciduous. Leaves never peltate Ranunctjlice^. 

a Petals 3 or numerous. Water plants with peltate leaves. . . . ^ NYMPH^ACEiE 

b Sepals 4—6, equal. Petals 00, imbricated in the bud. . . ) 

b Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, imbricate. Leaves tubular Sarkacsniace^b. 8 

b Sepals 5, unequal. Petals 5, convolute. Flowers of 2 sorts Cistace^. 15 

b Sepals 2, with— 65 5 petals imbricated in the bud Porttxlaccace^. 20 

— bb 4 or 8 petals usually crumpled in bud Papatebace^. 9 

c Filaments united into a tube. Anthers 1-celled Malvace^. 23 

d Sepals 2, persistent, capping the lid of the pyxis Portxilaccace^. 20 

d Sepals 3—5, valvate in the bud. Pod long, 2-carpened Tiliace^. 25 

d Sepals Z—h.—dd Petals imbricate in bud. Fruits simple Rosacea. 44 

—dd Petals convolute in bud. Fruit compound .Loasace^. 55 

• Stamens opposite to the petals and of the same number. Pistil 1 only. .Berberidace^. 6 

« Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous RANUNCULACEiE. 1 

/ Stamens 6, tetradynamous. Pod 2-ceiled. Flowers cruciform Cbucifer^. 11 

f Staoens 4—32, not tetradynamous. Pod 1-celled Capparidace^. 13 

g Sepals 5, unequal. Flowers perfect, numerous, minute Cistace^. 15 

jr Sepals 5, equal. Flowers monoecious. Herbs woolly or scurfy Order 113 



ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 7 

g Sepals 5, or 3, equal, and the stamens twice as many Geraniace^. 30 

g Sepals 5, and the stamens (anthers) of the same number, .(g-gr) 

gg Sterile filam. numerous, in several whorls. Climbing.. Passiflorace^. 57 
gg Sterile filaments numerous, in 5 clusters. Herb erect.. Saxitragace^. 45 
gg Sterile filaments 0. .(*) 

* Flowers white, racemed. Climbing .Order 106 

* Flowers yellow. Plants erect TTTR>rERACE^. 56 

* Flowers cyanic. Herbs stemless Droserace^. 17 

h Stamens 5, alternate with the 5 petals. Styles 5 or 3. Seeds GO Linages. 28 

K Stamens 5, opposite to the 5 petals. Styles 5, but the seed 1 Order 83 

A Stamens twice as many as the petals. .(M) 

hh Stamens 6. Leaves peltate NTMPHiEACE^. 7 

hh Stamens 6—24, distinct Crassulace^. 46 

hh Stamens 10, united at base Geraniace^e. 30 

i Ovary 1-celled. Leaves all radical, spinescent, irritable Droserace^. IT 

i Ovary 3-5-celled, Leaves mostly radical, not dotted Order 73 

i Ovary 3-5-celled. Leaves cauline, pinnate, dotted Rutace^. 31 

j Style 1, but the carpels as many as the petals (2—6) Onagrace^. 5-4 

j Styles 3—5, ovary 3-5-celled, 3-5-seeded, wholly adherent Araxiace^. 64 

3 Styles 3—8, ovary 1-celled, half-adherent. Sepals 2 Portulacace^. 20 

j Styles 2, carpels 2, fewer than the (5) petals.—* Seeds several. .Saxifuagace^. 45 

— * Seeds 2 Umbellifer^. 63 

Tc Ovaries many, or few, rarely 1, always simple Ranunculace-iE. 1 

Tc Ovary compound, 3-carpelled, open before ripe Resedace^. 13 

I Sepals (4 or 5) produced into 1 slender spur behind, petals 2 or 5 Geraniace.e. 30 

I Sepals 2 (or vanished), petals 4 (2 pairs) with 1 or 2 blunt spurs Fumariace^e. 10 

/ Sepals 5, very unequal ; petals 3. Stamens 6 or 8. No spur Polygalace.e. 42 

I Sepals and petals each of the same number, viz.. .(^0 

II 4, the flowers slightly irregular. Stamens 6—32. No spur. .Capparidace.*. 12 

II 4, the flowers moderately irregular. Stamens 8. A vine SAPiNDACEiE. 37 

II 5, with 5 stamens, and generally a blunt spur Violace^. 14 

II 5, with 10 or more stamens. No spur. Fruit a legume Leguminos^. 43 

m Pistils many, entirely distinct, simple Ranunculace je. 1 

m Pistils 3—5, united more or less completely H ypeiucace.e. 16 

m Pistils 5 — 10, united, with sessile stigmas and many petals Ficoide^. 61 

n Pistil solitary, simple. Petals 6 — 9. Stamens 12—18 Berbkridace.e. 6 

n Pistils 3 or more, distinct, simple. Flowers all symmetrical. . Crassulace^e. 46 

n Pistils 2, consolidated with the 5 stamens. Juice milky Order 100 

Carpels as many as the sepals . . (nn) 

Carpels fewer in number than the sepals. .(o<?) 

nn Anthers opening at the top. Flowers 4-parted Melastomace.k. 52 

nn Anthers opening laterally. Styles united into 1 Onagrace,*:. 54 

nn Anthers opening laterally. Styles or stigmas distinct. .Halorage.k. 48 

00 Each carpel 00-seeded. Styles 2 Saxifkaoace.e. 45 

00 Each carpel Iseeded. Styles 2 or 3 Akamacejc. t>4 

00 Each carpel 1-scodod. Style 1 (double) Counac-e.e. 05 

p Style 3-cloft at th(> summit. Flowers 5-partcd Portiilao.\.ce.€. 2<1 

■p Style and stigma 1, undivided. Flowers 7-parted Oudek 81 

} Leaves pinnate, with interpetiolar stipules ZTGornYi.LACK.K. 29 

q Leaves simple, tootlu-d or lobod. Flowers cruciform. Stamons 6 ORrrxFKR-K. 11 

9 Leaves simple, toothed or lobod. Flowers 5-mcrous, Stamens 10. QKiiANiACK.s. o<l 
q Leaves simple, entire, .((/r;) 

qq Petals ami stjimens on the throat of the calyx Ltthbacs.k. M 

qq Petals on the torus. .(*) 



ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL OEDEES. 

* Flowers irregular, unsymmetrical Polygalace.e. 4S 

* Flowers regular, 2-(or 8-)parted throughout Elatinacble. 18 

* Flowers regular, 5-parted. Leaves punctate Hypericace^. 16 

* Flowers regular, 5-parted. Leaves dotless. Caetophtxlace^. 19 

r Pistil a simple carpel, becoming a legume. Stamens 10 — 100 Leguminos^. 43 

r Pistil compound, viz . . (rr) 

rr 3-carpelled. Flowers perfect. Leaves digitate Sapindace^. 37 

TT Scarpelled. Flowers monoecious. Cultivated Begoniace^. 59 

rr 5-cari>elled.— * Stipules present. Cultivated Geraniace^. 30 

— * Stipules none. Native Order 73 

s Stamens on the receptacle, in several sets. Leaves dotted Htpericace^. 16 

s Stamens on the receptacle, in 1 set. Lvs. fleshy. (S. F^a) . . . Clusia. GtjttifeBuE. (21) 
Stamens on the calyx. .(S5) 

ss Sepals, petals, and ovaries indefinite Caltcanthace^. 3 

S8 Sepals, &c., definite. Leaves dotted, entire Mtrtace^. 51 

ss Sepals, &c., definite. Leaves dotless, entire Ltthrace^. 53 

ss Sepals, &c.. definite. Leaves dotless, subdentate Saxipragace^e. 45 

t Filaments united into 1 set (monadelphous). Petals convolute.. (w) 
t Filaments united into 1 or several sets. Petals imbricate. . {uu) 
t Filaments distinct . . {f,() 

tt Petals 6, valvate, lurid. Erect shrubs An onager. 4 

tt Petals 3—9, imbricate. Trees or shrubs Magnoliace^. 2 

tt Petals 4 — 8, imbricate. Climbing or trailing Menispermace^. 5 

tt Petals 4, imbricated. Shrubs, S Cafparidace^. 12 

XI Anthers 1-celled. Sepals valvate in the bud Malvace^. 23 

u Anthers 2-celled. Sepals valvate. Handsome tree Stercuxiaceje. 2t 

u Anthers 2-celled. Sepals imbricate. AlargetreeinS. Fla..CAXELLACE^. (22) 
uu Leaves punctate with pellucid dots, jointed to stalk. . Atxrantiace^. 32 
uu Leaves opaque.. (*) 

* Sepals valvate. Flowers small Tiliace^. 25 

* Sepals imbricate. Flowers large Camelliace^. 26 

t) Style 1, with many stigmas. Green fleshy shrubs Cactace^. 60 

t? Styles several or 1, each with 1 stigma. "Woody trees or shrubs.. .Rosacea. 44 
t; Style 1, with 1 stigma. Stam. in 5 sets, long, red, very showy. . .Myrtace^, 51 

VI Trailing vines, with crimson fls. Ovaries 00, in a little spike. . .Magnoliace^. 2 
w Climbing vines, with white-greenish fls. Ova. 2 — 6, capitate... Menispermace^. 5 

to Erect shrubs, with yellow flowers, 6-parted. Pistil only 1 Berberidace^. 6 

w Erect shrubs (S. Fla.) with yellow fls. Pistils 5, 2-o\Tiled, l-sded. . Surianacejg. (62) 

w Trees, with greenish fls.,—* and pinnate lvs, Pist. 3-5, 1-ovuled. . Simarubace^. 34 

— * and simple leaves. Follicles 3 — 5. . . Sterculiace^e. 24 

X Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 8. (Fls. red or roseate, drooping) .. On agrace^. 54 

x Flowers 4-parted. Sta. 8. Fls. light yellow. Coasts, S. Fla.. Ehizoporace^. (49) 

X Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 4. Flowers whitish, in cymes Cornace^. 65 

X Flowers 5-parted. .(a;x) 

xay Ovary 5-carpelled, 5-styled, 5-seeded Araliace^. 64 

XX Ovai-y 5-carpelled, 1-styled, 1-seeded, S. Fla CoMBRETACEiE. 50 

XX Ovary 2-4-carpelled, OD-seeded SaxitkagaceuE. 45 

y Leaves opposite. Stem climbing with tendrils or radicles . . Vitace^. 41 
y Lvs. alternate. St. erect, or climbing without tendrils.. Rhamnace^. 40 

e Leaves simple. Stamens 5. Carpels 3 — 5, style 1, short Celastrace^. 38 

e Leaves simple. Sta. 10. Carpels and ity. 3. S. Fla... ByrsGnima. Malpighiace^. (.39) 

z Leaves pinnate, or palmately lobed. Carpels and styles 2 or 3. . Sapindace^. 37 

z Leaves pinnate . . (*) 

* Stamens 10. Small tree with blue flowers. S. Fla Zygophyi-i^ce^. 29 

* Stamens 2. Carpels 1 or 2. Style 1 Order 101 



ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 9 

* Stamens 8. Carpel and style 1 Borserace^. 35 

^ Filaments 10, united into a tube or cup. Flowers in panicles Meliace^. 27 

yy Filaments 6—10, distinct. Flowers small, white, in racemes Burserace^. 3o 

yy Filaments 6 — 10, distinct. Fls. small, white or hoary, paniculate. .Sapindace^. 37 
yy Filaments 5, distinct.. (*) 

* Leaves pcJlncid-punctate Rutace^. 31 

* Leaves opaque. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded Anacardiace^. 36 

gz Petals 4, yellow, strap-shaped, appearing in late Autumn Hamamelace^. 47 

zz Petals 4 — 7, cyanic (rarely yellow), rounded or short.. (t) 

t Style 0, the stiLrmas 1, 4, or .5, sessile. Drupe 4-6-seeded Order 74 

t Styles (or stigmas) 3, but the drupe only 1-seeded Anacardiace^. 36 

t Styles 3, cai)sule many-sded. Lvs. minute and t-cale-form. .Tamariscine^. 24 6w 
t Style !,..(:;) 

i Capsule 3-seeded. Seeds with a scarlet aril Celastrace^. 38 

$ Caps. GO-seeded. Clusters fragrant. Lvs. evergreen. Cult. ..Pittosporacil«. 
t Capsule with few or many seeds. Native shrubs Obdes 73 



B. Cohort 2. GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS. 

I Stamens (G— 00) more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. .(9) 
g Stamens (2—12) fewer than the corolla lobes or of the same number. .(2) 
2 Ovary inferior, =adherent to the tube of the calyx.. (3) 
2 Ovary superior, = lree from the tube of the calyx.. (4) 
3 Stamens cohering by their anthers, .(c) 
3 Stamens entirely distinct.. ((^) 

4 Flowers regular and the stamens symmetrical.. (5) 
4 Flowers regular and the stameus reduced to 2 or 4. .(n) 
4 Flowers irregular. Stamens (except in 3 or 4 species) unsymmetrical. .^ 
5 Stamens opposite to the lobes of the corolla (and distinct), .(f) 
5 Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes (rarely connate). .(6) 
6 Shrubs, trees, with the carpels or stigmas 3— 6..(/) 
6 Herbs 1-10 carpelled, or shrubs 2-carpelled. .(7) 
7 Ovary 1, deeply 4-parted or 4-partible, forming 4 achenia..(p) 
7 Ovaries 2, distincl. (often covered by the stamens), .(/i) 
7 Ovary 1 compound,—* one-celled.. (A:; 

— * two-six-celled.. (m) 
9 Flowers irregular (rarely regular and the fruit a legume).. (a; 
9 Flowers regular and the fruit never a legume (§ 1()5). . (ft) 

a Flowers 1- or 2-sidcd, with 1 or 2 blunt spurs. Stamens (>, in 2 sot-^. . .Ordkr 10 
a Flowers 1-sided, no spur..(*) 

* Leaves compound. Fruit a legume (">uiikk 4.'5 

* Leaves simple. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seedod (Ikdkk A'i 

* Leaves simple. Fruit .''mh'IUhI Kuu-ArK.f:, 7o 

b Corolla lobes convolute in bud. Stamens 00, united into 1 tube (.^kokk 2,S 

b Corolla lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens 00, in 1 or several stMs Ouokk 2t> 

b Corolla lobes imbricate or valvativ .(,»/) 

u Stamens 10—21. Stylos 5—12 Ouokk 4fi 

u Stamens 5— 10. Style 1. Capsule 5-collod Euioace.k. T:1 

M Stamens 8— OO. Slylel. Nut t-fl-soeded Sty iiacackj?. 76 

u Stamen^ fi. Style* 4. 1?oliy 8-seedcd ElBrNACK.E. Tl 

i( Stiimoiis S. Stylo 1, Hiiipo 1 soodod Oi.xe.vcK*. SO i,p. 44:\ 



10 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDEES. 

e Flowers in a compact head surrotmded by an involucre Composit.e. 70 

c Flowers separate, irregular, perfect. Plants erect or trailing Lobeliace^. 71 

e Flowers separate, regular, imperfect. Weak vines Order 58 

d Leaves alternate. Flowers o-parted, regular, separate CAMrAxurACE^. 72 

d Leaves alternate. Fls. irregular, 5-parted. S.Fla.. Sccevola. Goodeniace^. (71f' 

d Leaves opposite, with, stipules between, or verticLllate Rubiace^. 61 

d Leaves opposite. Stipules none. . (v) 

V Stamens 5 — 4. Ovaries 2-5-celled '.. .Caprifoliace^. 66 

V Stamens 2—3. Ovaries 1-ceUed Valerianace^. 68 

V Stamens 4. Flowers capitate Dipsace^. 69 

e Herbs. Ovary with 5 styles and but 1 seed Plumbaginace^. 83 

e Herbs. Ovary with 1 style and many seeds PRi3rux,ACE^. 81 

e Trees or shrubs. Appendages between the stamens Sapotace^. 78 

« Trees or shrubs. No appendages between the stam. S. Fla. .Mtrslnace^. (79) 

/ Leaves opposite. Style 1. Drupe 4-seeded. Herbs, shrubs.. Verbenace^, 90 

/ Leaves alternate. . {w) 

w Dnipe 4-6-seeded. Shrubs, trees Aqutfoliace^. 74 

w Drupe 1-seeded, Thorny. S. Fla Ximenia. Olacace^. (80) 

w Capsule 2-5-ceUed, QO-seeded Ericace^. 73 

g Herbs, with alternate leaves, generally rough-hairy Borraginace^. 92 

h Stigmas connate. Flower bud convolute Apoctnace^. 99 

k Stigmas connate. Flower bud valvate Asclepiadace^. 100 

h Stigmas distinct. Flowers minute, yellow Convolvttlace^. 95 

k Ovule solitary. CoroUa limb entire Order 103 

k Ovules several. Leaves cleft and lobed HTDROPHTLLACEyE. 93 

k Ovules several. Leaves or leaflets entire.. (a;) 

X Flowers not spicate Gentianace^. 97 

cc Flowers spicate I ^ ._ 

,, ,. 5 ™ ., , f Plantaginace^. 82 

m Leaves all radical. Flowers spiked . . . ) 

m Leaves opposite. Ovary 2-celled Logakiace^. 98 

m Leaves alternate . . (y) 

m Leaves opposite. Ovary 3-celled. Not twining. . | _ ..Polemoniace^. 94 

y Ovary 3-ceUed. Not tAvining J 

y Ovary 2-4-cellecl. Twining .Convolyui,ace^. 95 

y Ovary 2-4-celled, 4-seeded. Erect Borragixacr^. 92 

y Ovary 2-celled, QO-seeded. —z Styles 2 Hydrophyixace^. 93 

—z Style 1 SoLANACE^. 96 

n Stamens 4. Ova. 4-(rarely l-or2-)celied, withasmany 6d8..VER3ENACE^.90 

n Stamens 2. Ovary 2-celled, forming 1 or 2 seeds Oleace^. 101 

§ Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming 4 (or fewer) achenia. .(p) 

o Ovary entire. 4-ovuled, 4- or fewer-seeded. Leaves opposite.. Veebsnace^. 90 

o Ovary entire, GO-ovuled, GO- or several-seeded.. (s) 

p Leaves opposite. Stems square. Stamens 2 — 4 Labiate. 91 

p Leaves alternate. Stems round. Stamens 5 Eorragc^ace^. 92 

e Trees or climbing shrubs. Seeds winged , Bignoniace^. 86 

« Trees. Seeds not winged Scbophiil. 88. Erect shrubs Ericace^. 73 

Herbs.— 5S Leafless parasites. Native. Ovary 1-celled Orobajjchace^. % 

—ss Leafy at base or in the water. Flowers spurred. .Len tie ulace^. 84 

—ss Leafy. Flowers large, spurless. Ovary 1-celled... Gesneriace^. 87 

—ss Leafy. Spurless. Fruit 4- or 5-celled § Bignoniace^. 86 

—ss Leafy. Fruit 2-ceIled . . {t) 

t Seeds on hooks or cups. CoroUa mostly convolute Acanthace^. 89 

( Seeds without hooks. Corolla imbricated in the bud.. . . .Scbophtti^ariace^e. 8S 

t Seeds without hooks. Corolla mostly plicate Solanace^i;. 9C 



ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL OEDERS. 11 



C. Cohort 3. APETALOUS EXOGENS. 

f tlauts herbaceous, the flowers not in aments (except Ilamnlus, 115). .(ii) 
^ Plants woody,— shrubs or trees.. (8) 

2 Flowers with a regular calyx (or a calyx-like involucre). (3) 
2 Flowers achlamydeous,— neither calyx nor corolla .. (A;) 

3 Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb lobed, toothed, or entire (9) 
3 Calyx free from the ovary, sometimes enclosing it. .(4) 
4 Ovaries several, entirely distinct, each 1-styled, l-ovuled.,(g') 
4 Ovaiy 1 only, simple or compound.. (5) 
5 Style or stigma 1 only. . (6) 
5 Styles or stigmas 2—12. . (7) 

6 Ovary 1-ovuled, bearing but 1 seed ..(c) 
6 Ovary many-ovuled, bearing many seeds. . (d) 
7 Ovary 1-3-ovuled, 1-3-seeded. .(6) 
7 Ovary 4- OO-ovuled, 4- QO-seeded. .(A) 
8 Flowers not in aments, with the leaves opposite, .(n) 
8 Flowers not in aments, with the leaves alternate. .(10) 
8 Flowers imperfect, the sterile only in aments.. (t;) 
8 Flowers imperfect, both the fertile and sterile in aments. .(«) 
9 Stamens 1 — 12, as many or twice as many as the stigmas. .(a) 
9 Stamens 2—10, not symmetri ial with the 1 or 2 stigmas. . (b) 
10 Style or stigma 1. Fruit 1-seeded. . (11) 
10 Styles or stigmas 2. . (5) 
10 Styles or stigmas 3 — 9. . (t) 

11 Calyx free from the ovary.. (p) 
11 Calyx adherent to the ovary.. (r) 

a Stigmas and cells of the ovary 1 — 4. Stamens 1—8 Orbees 4S, or 54 

a Stigmas and cells of the ovary 6. Stamens 6 or 12. . .Aristolochiacejs. 102 

b Styles 2. C'vary many-seeded. Stamens 8—10 Order 45 

b Style 1. Ovary 1- or 2-seeded. Stamens 5 Santalachle. 110 

e Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 1 — 4 Order 44 

e Flowers perfect. Calyx entire, fnnncl-shaped, colored. .Ntctaginace-e. 101 

C Flowers diclinous. Calyx 4-5-parted, green Urticaoe^e. 115 

d Stamens 4, opposite to the 4 sepals. Leaves numerous Order 53 

d Stamens 4, opposite to the 4 sepals. Leaves about 6 Order 145 

d Stamens 5, alternate with the 5 sepals Order 81 

d Stamens GO. Leaves large and showy. Cultivated Order 9 

e Fruit 3-(rareiy 6-)seeded, with 3 (often cleft) styles EurnoRBiACE^. 113 

e Fruit 1-secdod. Stipules sheathing the stems Polygonace j:. IW 

e Fruit 1-celled, mostly 1- seeded. Stipules none. . (/) 

/ Calyx with scarious bractlels outside Amarantace^. 107 

/ Calyx naked (double in 1 genus). Lvs. alternate.. CuENoroDiACE.K. 106 

/ Calyx naked. Leaves opposite Order 19 

g Stamens hypogynous- on the torus Order 1 

g Stamens perigynous- on the calyx Order 44 

h Loaves opposite. Fruit circnmscissile, a pyxis Order til 

A Leaves opposite. Fruit 4-5-valvo(l, a capsule Order 19 

h Leaves alternate . (i) 

t Fruit 5-horncd, 5-collod, a capsule Order 46 

i Fruit a lloshy 4 lO-sooded borry PHVTOi..\rr.\rK.R. 105 

i Fruit circumscissilo, a utricle Am.\r.vntack.k. 107 

t Flowers on a spadix with a spat ho. Monocotylodonsi Okdku 190 

k Flowers in a long naked spike. Stanions (5 or 7 SAURuii^fl'Rjt '16 

h Flowers solitary, axillary, niiniito Atiiisitio pl.int* \.in) 



12 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORPERS. 



m Stamen 1, etylep 2. Jl,eaves opposite Callitki jhace^ 116 

m Stamens 2, styles 2. Leaves alternate, dissected.. Podoste3iiace-«. 117 
m Sta. 12-24, style 1. Lvs. verticillate, dissected.. Ceratophyllace^. 118 

n Fruit a double samara (2-wiuged) .' Okdee fi 

n Fruit a single samara (l-winged), or a drupe. Stamens 2 Order 101 

A Fruit not winged, — o 3-seeded. Stamens 4 Euphorbiace^. 113 

—0 1-seeded. Stamens 4 or 8 Eleagnace^. 112 

— 1-seeded. Stamens 3. Parasites.. Lor^nthace^. 109 

p Anthers opening by valves. Calyx colored Laurage^. 108 

p Anthers opening by slits.— g Calyx colored. Stam. 8 Thymelace^. Ill 

— q Calyx greenish ; racemed Order 37 

— q Cal. green ; spiked. S. Fla..CoMBRETACE^. (50) 

r Ovary and seed only 1, in the juicy drupe. Trees Order 65 

r Ovaries 2 — 4, seed 1. Fruit a drupe or nut. Shrubs. ..Santalace^. 110 

$ Stamens numerous Order. 47 

$ Stamens as many as the calyx lobes § 1. Urticace.*;, 114 

t Leaves pinnate. Pistils 5, scarcely united Order 31 

t Leaves simple, linear, evergreen. Shrubs heath-like.. Empetrace^. 119 
^ Leaves simple, expanded. Fls. 3-parted. Fruit dry.. Euphorbiace^. 113 
t Leaves simple, expanded, Fls. 4- or 5-parted. Fruit fleshy Order 40 

V Nnt drupaceous, naked. Leaves pinnate Jugla^jdace.^. 121 

V Nut or nuts in a cup or involucre. Leaves simple CcPULirERiE. 122 

X Fruit fleshy, aggregated (sorosis). Juice (or sap) milky.. .§ 2. Urticace.^. 114 
« Fruit dry. Plants with a watery juice or sap. . {y) 

y Aments globular, racemed. Nutlets 2-celled, woolly Order 65 

y Aments globular, solitary. Nutlets 1-celled, 1-seeded Platanaceje. 120 

y Aments cylindrical or oblong.. (2) 

z Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded. Fruit often \vinged .. Betiilace^. 123 

z Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fruit often fleshy Myricace^. 124 

t Ovary many-ovuled, many-seeded. Seeds comous Saxicace^. 125 



D. Cohort 4. THE CONOIDS 

• Leaves pinnate. Stem simple, palm-like. Sterile flowers in cones — CTCADACEiE. 126 

• Leaves simple. Stem branching. Fertile flowers in cones Coniter-e. 127 

• Leaves simple. Stem branching. Fertile flowers solitary TAXACE.fi. 128 



E. Cohort 5. THE SPADICEOtJS ENDOGENS. 

^ Trees or shrubs wlvh -palmi-cleft leaves all from one terminal bud, ) PAUnACBLa: 129 

and a branching '■ spadix" from a spathe ' " 

5 Herbs with simple, rarely teniate leaves. Spadix simple.. (2) 

2 Plants frond-like, minute, floating loose on the water LEsmACEiB, 131 

S Plants with stem and leaves, rooting and fixed. .(3) 

3 Spadix evident, in a spathe or ou a scape Arace^. 130 

3 Spadix obscure or spike-like. Stems leafy.. (4) 

4 Flowers with no perianth, densely spicate or capitate Ttphace^. 132 

4 Flowers with a perianth or not. Plants submersed Natadace^. 135 



ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 13 

F. COHOKT 6. FLORID E^, or FLOWERING ENDOGENS. 

1 Flowers (not on a spadix) in a small, dense, involucrate head..{o) 
•[ Flowers (not on a spadix) solitary, racemed, spicate, &c..(2) 
2 Perianth tube adherent to the ovary wholly or partly. .(4) 
2 Perianth free from the ovary. (3) 

3 Petals and sepals difiertintly colored (except in Medeola, 147)., («) 
3 Petals and sepals similarly colored. .(5) 
4 Flowers imperfect ($9 or $ >i 9)..(a) 
4 Flowers perfect.. (&) 

5 Leaves net- veined, broad.. (A;) 
5 Leaves parallel-veined. .(6) 

6 Styles and often the stigmas also united into one. .(m) 
6 Styles and stigmas 3, distinct.. («) 

a Low aquatic herbs Hydrocharidace^. 1.35 

a Climbing shrubby vines Dioscoriace^. 143 

b Anthers 1 or 2, on the pistil (gynandrous) Okchidace^. 137 

b Anthers 1 or 5, free from the pistil. Leaves ample ■ Scitamine.e. 13S 

b Anthers 3 or G..(c) 

c Perianth woolly or mealy outside. Ovary half free H^madoracejs. 141 

c Perianth glabrous outside. . (d) 

d Anthers 3, opening crosswise, inward Burmanniace^. 13r) 

d Anthers 3, opening lengthwise, outward Iridace^. 142 

d Anthers 6, opening inward AjM:ARYLLrDACE.E. 139 

e Pistils 3— 00, distinct, forming achenia in fruit Alismace^e. 134 

Pistils 3 only, more or less united, .(g') 

g Leaves verticillate, in 1 or 2 whorls. Stigmas 3 Trilliace.e. 1 Ki 

g Leaves al tern ate.. (^) 

h Stigmas 3. Plants with dry leaves, often epiphytes Bijojieliace.i^. 140 

h Stigmas united into 1 Comjieltnack.-e 151 

k Flowers perfect, 4-parted Roxburghiace.e. 145 

k Flowers dicecious, 6-parted Smilace.e. 144 

m Flowers colored, regular. Stamens 6 (4 in one species) Liliace.e. 147 

m Flowers colored, irregular or else triandrous Pontederla.ce.e. 149 

m Flowers greenish, glume-like or scarious JuncaceyE. 150 

n Leaves rush-like. Ovary of 3 1-seeded carpels | . /melanthace^. 148 

n Leaves linear, lanceolate, &c. Ovary 6- 00 -seeded... ) "" 

o Petals yellow, small but showy. Plant acaulescent Xyridace^. 152 

o Petals white, minute, fringed. Plant acaulescent Eriocaulonace^e. 154 



G. CouoRT 7. GRitiMINOIDEiE, or GRASS-LIKE ENDOGENS. 

^ Flowers with 6 bracts in 2 whorls (sepals and petals). Culms solid Order 150 

^ Flower with a single bract (glume). Culm solid, sheaths entire CvrERACE-K. 15 i 

^ Flower with several bracts (glumes and pales). Culm hollow. I Ckamink.e "« 

Sheaths split on one side. Ovary 1-seoded. Styles 2 J " 



II. Province, ACUOGENS. 



i Plants with well-developed foliage.. (1) 

^ Leaves few, mostly ample and from eubterranonn rhizome, .(a) 



14 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 

a Fruit borne on the leaves which are often more or Iwss contracted. . .Filices. 159 
a Frnit borne at the base of the radical, entire or lobed leaves .. Marsileace^. 156 
T Leaves numerous, small, mostly spirally imbricated on the stem. .(6j 

b Fruit axillary, sessile, opening by a slit Lycopobiace^. 157 

b Fruit mostly terminal and usually stalked, opening by a lid Mtrsci.* 

t Leaves numerous, small, imbricated on the stem in 2 rows. I Hepatic^ ♦ 

§ Plants with the leaves and stem confounded, thallus-like ' 

I Plants with verticillate branches instead of leaves . . (c) 

c Fruit in terminal spikes, and of one kind only Equisetace^. 158 

c Fruit lateral, scattered on the branches, and oi two kinds Chakack^.* 



Province, THALLOGENS 



Plants aquatic, with a colored thallus. Fruit immersed in the frond Ai-,6^.* 

Plants on dry rocks, logs, or bark of trees, thalloid or granular ..Lichens.* 

Plants growing on decaying organisms. Thallus cotton-like, the fruit very ^ Funsi * 
different, all without chlorophyll or starch ) 



* TLoae Orders, the lower Cryptognms, are omlttod la thic woris. 



PART FOURTH. 

DESCEIPTIVE BOTANY, OE PHYTOLOGY, 

COMPKISING A TABULAR FLORA OB 

THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 

(within the limits stated in the preface). 



Sub-Kingdom, PHJENOGAMIA, the Flowering Plants, hav- 
ing stamens and pistils, producing seeds with an embryo. (For 
Bub-kingdom Cryptogamia, see page 412.) 

Province, EXOGEN^E, the Dicotyledonous Plants. Stems 
composed of bark, wood, and pith, exogenous (§ 405) in 
growth. Leaves mostly net-veined. Flowers 5-parted or 4- 
parted, rarely in 3s. Embryo with 2 or more opposite 
cotyledons. (Province Endogcnie, p. 316.) 
Class I, ANGIOSPERMiE. Pistils complete, with stigma 
and ovary, the latter enclosing the ovules, and in fruit on- 
closing the seeds. Cotyledons only 2. ^^ Class IT, Gym- 
nospermjc, p. 311.) 

Cohort 1, DTALYPETALJE, the Polypctalous Exogons. 
Flowers having a double perianth, both calyx and corolla, 
the latter composed of distinct petals. (Cohort 2, p. in.) 

OuDKK I. llANUNCUliACE.E. Ouowfoots. 

JB«;7;,v (oiMvoody cliinbers) "With a colorless, aoiul juice. fA'dirs mostly 
divided, cxstipulate, with halt-clnspini:: petioles. Sipah 3-15, «iTeen or petd- 
loid. Petak 3-15, distinct, soiuetiiues inviiular or none. S^inu ns hypoi^y- 
n0U3, indelinite. Onirica many ov ti'w, disTnuM, I — OC-ovuUhI. Fruit eithei 



16 



Okder 1.— RANUNCULACE^. 



diy aclienia, or follicles, or baccate, 1 — oo-seecled. Seeds anati-opous, em 
biyo straight in liorny albumen. — Abounding in cool regions. 
Illustrated in figs. 33, 39, 83, 84, 109, 127, 132, 159, 155, 156, 212. 234, etc 



TRIBES AND GENERA. 

Sepals valvate in the bud. Achenia tailed. (Tribe I.) 
Sepals imbricated in the bud. — a Ovaries 1-seeded, acheniate. (2) 
— a Ovaries 2 — CO -seeded (3) 
2 Corolla 0, or undistingniishable from the colored calyx. (Tribe II., h', 
2 Corolla and calyx distinct either iu color or form. (Tribe III., c) 
3 Sepals as permanent as the stamens. Fruit follicular. (Tribe FV., d) 
3 Sepals caducous sooner than the stamens. (Tribe V., g) 
3 Sepals persistent with the follicular fruit. (Tribe VI.) 

£. CLEMATIDE^.— Petals 0, or stamen-like. Leaves all opposite. Clematis. 1 

II. ANEMONE.(E. 6 Sepals deciduous with the stamens. Stem-leaves opposite. Anemoite. 2 

h Sepals deciduous with the stamens. Leaves all radicaL Hepatica. 3 

h Sepals caducous. — Leaves ternately compound. Thalictrum. 4 

—Leaves palmate, simple. Flowers g . Trautvetteria. 5 

ni. RANUXCULE.^. c Sepals not appendaged. Petals red or yellow, no scale. Adonis. 6 

c Sepals not appendaged. Petals xanthic, a scale at base. Ranunculus. 7 

c Sepals appendaged. Plant small. Leaves radical. Myosurus. 8 
TV. HELLEBORE^.— d Perianth regular, (e) 

e Petals 0. Sepals white. Isopyrum. 9 

e Petals 0. Sepals 6-9, yellow. Galtha. 10 

e Petals slender, tubular at apex. Roots yellow. Coptis. 11 

e Petals minute, tubular at base, 1-lipped. Trollius. 12 

« Petals small, tub-.s-lar, 2-lipped. Sepals persistent. Helleboru." 13 

e Petals small, concave, 2-lobed. Fls. racemed. Rt. yeL Zanthorhiza. 14 

e Petals larger than the colored sepals, 3-lobed. Nigella. 15 

e Petals larger than the colored sepals, spur-like, equal. Aquilegia. 15 
— d Perianth irregular. "(/) 

/ Upper sepal spurred, containing two spurred petals. Delphinium. 17 

/ Upper sepal hooded, covering two deformed petals. Aconitum. 18 

V. CIMICIFUGE/E. g Flowers numerous, in long, spicate racemes. Cimicifuga. 19 

g Flowers many, in short racemes. Fruit baccate. ACT.EA. 20 

g Flower 1 only. Plant 2-leaved. Berry compound. Hydrastis. 21 

VI. P^ONI^.— Petals plane, large, showy. Disk sheathing the follicles. P^onia. ^ 

1. CLEMATIS, L. tir gin's bower. Calyx ot 4(4 — 9 in the exotics) 

colored sepals, in aestivation valvate-induplicate. Petals 0, or if present, 
more like sterile filaments. Stamens shorter than the sepals, the outer or 
all sometimes sterile. Ovaries oo in a head. Achenia caudate with the 
lengthened plumous or pubescent styles ii. ^ Somewhat woody, climb- 
ing by the clasping petioles. Leaves opposite. Fig. 359. 

SUBGENERA AND SPECIES. 
9 Atragene. Outer stamens petal-like. Lvs. verticillate. Fls. solitary. Vine... No. 1 
I Clematis jprop^r. Petal;* none. Leaves opposite... (*) 

* Erect herbs. Lvs. simple. Fls. solitaiy. large, terminal, nodding. May.. Nos. 9-11 

* Climbing. — a Fls. panicled, white, often diclinous, sepals thin Nos. 2-4 

—a Fls. solitary, nodding,— ^) bell-shaped, pale bluish purple.. .Nos. 5, 6 

— b ovoid, dark purple Nos. 7, 8 

Kxotic.—* Flowers in clusters, white. Leaves pinnate Nos. 12, 13 

* Fiowere single, large.— a; Leaves simple. Sepals 4 Nos. 14, 15 

— X Leaves compound. Sepals 4, open Nos. 16, 17 

—X Leaves compound. Sepals 6 — 9, open.. .Noe. 18, 1? 



Order 1.— RANUNCULACE^. 17 

1 €. verticillaris DC. Lvs. in whorle of 4, each ternate, and 2 large purple fls. at 

each node. Highland woods, Me. to Ga., W. to Rky. Mtt*. 15f. May, June. Rare. 

2 C, Virgiumna L. Glabrous ; Ivs. ternate, Ifts. lobed and cut-dentate ; achenia long, 

plumed, in feathery tufts. Thickets, Can. to Ga., W. to Mo. 1.5f. Aug. t 

3 C Catesbyaiia Ph. Pubescent ; Ivs. biternate, Ifts. ovate, mostly 3-lobed, lobes en- 

tire ; ach. short-plumed ; sep. small, linear-oblong. Coast, S. Car. to Fla. 12f. July 

4 C liolofsericea Ph. Silky-pubescent; Ivs. ternate, Ifts. lance-oblong, entire ; fls. in 

small corymbous clusters ; sep. linear ; ach. long-plumed. Carolina. Dioecious. 

5 C. crispa L. Lvs. temate, pinnate, or decompound, Ifts. varying from ovate to lan- 

ceolate, and linear, acute, thin, smooth ; acli. tails short, pubescent. Va. to Ga. and 
La. Lfts. 3—15. Fls. elegant, 15" long. (,C. Walter! Ph., C. cylindrica Sims, &c.) 

6 C. reticulata Walt. Lvs. ternate or pinnate, lfts. 3—7, obtuse at each end. at length 

rigid and prominently veined, often lobed ; tails silky. Fla. Sep. 12—15" long. 

7 C. Viorna L. Leather-floive.r. Lvs. pinnate, lfts. ovate, acute, smooth ; sep. lance- 

ovate, the cuspidate points reflexed; ach. tails long, plumous. Woods, O. to Ga. 
10— 15f. Peduncles with a pair of simple leaves. Summer. Rare. 

8 C. JPitclieri T. & G. Leaves pinnate, leaflets coriaceous, roughened with the bet- 

ted veins ; sepals lance-ovate ; nch. tails short, glabrous. III., Iowa, to Ark. 

9 C. ocliroleuca Ait. Lvs. silky-pubescent beneath, ovate, entire ; sep. silky, yel- 

lowish within ; ach. plumes long, straw-color, u Woods, L. I. to Ga. Rare. If. 
IOC. ovata Ph. Leaves glabrous, glaucous beneath, broad-ovate ; flower on a short 

peduncle, purple ; sepals ovate, pointed. U N. Car. to Fla. 1— 2f. Leaves entire. 
lie. ISald.^viuii T. & G. Lvs. oblong to lance-linear, the lower 3-lobed or cleft; 

flower on a long peduncle, purplish. 2; Fla. 1— 2f. Plumous tails 2' long. 

12 C. ERECTA. Stem 3f, weak, inclining : lfts. lance-ovate. 24 Europe. August. 

13 C. Flammula. Climbing 12— 20f ; leaflets oval to oblong-linear, often lobed, acute, 
smooth ; clusters terminal, fragrant. From France. August, September. 

14 C. INTEGRIFOLIA. Upright ; Ivs. laucc., entire, smooth ; fls. uoddiug, bluc. Eur. 2i. 

15 C. CIRRH08A. Climbing; lvs. ovate, subcordate, toothed ; fls. fragrant, white. Eur. 
1 6 €. ViTic^LLA. Lfts. 3—15, ovate or oval, entire ; sep. obovate, purp., 15". Eur. Sum. 
IT C. GRAVEOLENS. Lfts. 3— 5, lanccolatc, acute ; sep. oblauceolate, ylw., 9". Thibet. 

18 C FLORIDA. Lvs. ternate >ind bitern. ; sep. ovat«, pointed, wh. or purplish. Japan. 

j3. SiEBOLDTix. Fls. 4' Ij-oad, creamy-white and purple, double. Splendid. 

19 €)• C(ERULEA. Lvs. temotft, hairy ; fls. very large; sep. lance-ovate, blue, &c. Japan 

j8. AZUREA-GRANDiFLOUA. Flowcrs 5 — V broad, azure, or lilac-blue. July. 

2. ANEMONS, L. Wind-flower. luvolucre remote from the 
flower, of 3 divided leaves, calyx regular, of 3 — 15 colored sepals. Corolla 
0. Ovaries oo, free, collected into a roundish or oblon^; head. Achenia 
with a short, rarely a lengthened beak. Seeds suspended. U Lvs. radi- 
cal. Stem leaves 2 or 3, opposite, foi-ming the involucre. Figs. 110, 170. 
§ Pulsatilla. Carpel?, many (50-75), with long plunious tails. One large flower. . No. 1 
S Ankmonantiiea. Curpcls hairy, but neither tailed nor grooved. . .(<i) 

a Pistils many (50—70) in a head, densely matted with wool in fruit., .{b^ 

a Pistils fewer (15- -20) in a head, merely pubescent in IVuit .■ Nos. 2. 3 

b Stem leaves (involucre) sessile, with a single flower Nos. 4 -^i 

h Stem leaYC'i (involucre) petiolato, with 2 or 3 flowers Nos. 7—9 

\ SYNDiisMON. Carpels few, not caudate, glabrous and grooved No. 10 

Exotic, cultivated species Nos. 11—13 

1 A. patcir.** L. ji. ^^'iitrnllihnn. Pa.'iqif^-jlon'tr. Clothed with long silky liain>: 

lvs. nuuiy-clolt, with linear segments, tleveloped alter the largo spreading palo-purplo 
flower. Dry hills, HI., Wise, to Dak. (Matthews). 1'— If. Sepals 5 or »>, 1'. April. 

2 A. ii'si'iioi-osn L. Smooth, l-flowered ; leaves of tho invol. 8. petlolate, !?-,Vj»ai.tV.. 

»egnv. cleft and lobed. Copses, com., (5 --*>'. Fl. white, puri^lo o.;;isid^ Aa>r;i, .xU^- 



18 Order 1.— RANUNCULACE^. 

3 A, Peunsylvanica L. Hairy, 1-, finftlty 2- or 3-flowered ; leaves of the invol. ses- 

sile, large, veiny, 3-parted, acuminate-lobecl and toothed. Prairies, Can. to Penn., 
W. to the Miss. 12 — 20'. Flowers pure white. June— August. 

4 A. Caroliniana Walt. Lvs. 3-parted into cuneate-Iinear, twice trifid segm. ; in 

volucre similarly cleft half-way ; sepals obtuse, 15—20 ; carpels in an oblong head. 
Car. to m., and Nebr. 6—10'. Flower whit<:-purple, pretty, fragrant. April, May. 

5 A, heteropiiylla Nutt. Lvs. of roundish-'Dval, creuate segments, invol. linear-cleft 

to the base ; sepals acute, .5—13 ; carpels isi a cylindrical head. Ga. to La. and Ark. 
8—16'. Flower white-green, scentless. March, April.— Varies toward No. 4. 

6 A. parviflora Mx. Leaves of involucre 2, 3-cleft, segments cuneiform, 3-cleft, cre- 

nate-lobed ; sepals 5 or 6 ; carpels in a globukir head. L. Sup., and N. 3 — 12', White. 

7 A. multsfida DC. Eed Anemone. Involucre short-petioled ; lateral peduncles in- 

volucellate ; head of carpels oval. N. Vt. to L. !^up. Rare. Red-white. If. June. 

8 A. Virgiiiiana L. Invol. long-petioled ; lateral ped. involucellate ; head of carp. 

oblong. Can. to Car. 2 — 3f. Fls. white-green, on long stalks. Sepals 5. Jn. — Aug. 

9 A. cylindrica Gray. Invol. long-petioled; peduncles all naked, long; head of 

carpels cylindrical. N. H., Mass., to Iowa. Silky pubescent. 2f. White-green. May. 

10 A. tliallctroides L. Bae Anemone. Glabrous, slender; invol. of 2 sessile bi- 
teruate (apparently of 6-petioled ternate) lvs., Ifts. 3-lobed ; fls. umbelled ; sep. 5 — 10. 
Woods, Can. to Ga.,W. to Iowa. 6-10'. Root tuberous. Fls. white-purp., 1'. Apr., May. 

11 A. coRONAEiA. i^vs. multifid, segm. linear ; sep. 6, roundish, close. Levant. May. 

12 A. noRTENSis. Lvs. 3-parted, with cuneate cut-dentate lobes; invol. sessile; sep. 
10—12, oblong. Italy. Varieties are double, semidouble, red, white, blue, &c. May. 

13 A. Japonica. Lvs. of the involucre and involucels broadly 3-5-lobed; fls. many, ly 
broad, white and red ; sepals in 2 rows, roundish, widely spreading. Autumn. 

3. HEPATICA, Dill. Liverleaf. Liverwort. Invol. of 3 entire, 
ovate, obtuse bracts, resembling a calj^x, situated a little below the flower. 
Calyx of 5 — 9 petaloid sepals, disposed in 2 or 3 rows. Cor. 0. Achenia 
awnless. IX Lvs. all radical, cordate, 3-lobed, thick, evergreen. Flowers 
single, on hairy scapes, appearing in early Spring before the new leaves 
Figs. 382, 431. Cultivated as a border flower. 

1 H. triloba Chaix. Round-lobed L. Lva. with 3 round-obtuse lobes ; bracts of the 

invol. obtuse. Woods, N. Eng. Scapes and leaf-stalks 3 — 4'. Fls. blue, varying to 
white, neat and elegant, becoming double in cultivation. 

2 H. acutiloba DC. Acute-leaved L. Lvs. with 3 acute lobes, bracts of the invol. 

acute. Borders of woods, Vt. to Wis. 4—5'. Flowers violet-blue to rose-purple. 

4. THALIOTRUM, Tourn. Meadow Rue. Calyx colored, of 4—5 
concave, caducous sepals. Petals 0. Filam. dilated upward, longer than 
the sepals. Ov. 4 — 15, Ach. stiped or sessile, ribbed or inflated, short- 
beaked. li Lvs. ternately compounded, with stalked leaflets. Lfts. 3-7- 
lobed. Flowers paniculate, often diclinous, of no beauty. 

* Flowers dicBcious, in loose panicles. Styles slender. Achenia sessile or nearly so, 

ovoid, conspicuously angled and grooved Nos. 1 — 3 

* Fls. perfect, few in the corj^mbed clusters. Sty. short. Ach. long-stipitate No. 4 

1 T. dioieum L. Slender, glaucous, glabrous (1— 2f) ; leaves all petiolate (with the 

general petiole) ; fls. in slender panicles, purplish or greenish ; fil. capillary, droop- 
ing, achenia about 8. Hilly woods : common. Leaflets thin, 5-7-lobed. April, May. 

2 T. corniiti L. Stouter, tall (3 — 4f ), smoothish ; stem leaves sessile (no commor 

petiole) ; lfts. thickish, veiny, with acutish lobes ; anthers on white erect filaments 
achenia about 12, substipitate. Meadows. Leaflets 3-lobed. July, August. 



Order 1.— RANUNCULACE^. 19 

3 T. purpurascens L. Stem tall (3— 6f!), purple; stem leaves scssiie, or nearly po, 

Ifts. thick and firm, with rolled edges, pale and often glandular-downy beneath ; anth. 
linear, drooping ; acheuia sessile, as long as their stigmas. Hilly woods. June, July. 
"4 T. clavatiini DC. Slender (l-2f) ; Ivs. ^etiolate, biternate. Ifts. obtusely lobed ; 
ach. curved, 5—10, short-pointed, long-stipei Mts., N. Car. to Ala. White. July. 

5. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fisch. & Me> er. Sep. 4 or 5, colored, cadu- 
cous. Pet. 0. Filam. petaloid. Ach. 15 — 20 in a head, membranous, in- 
flated, angular, tipped with the short hooked style. U Leaves palmately 
lobed, alternate. Flowers corymbous, white. 

T. palmata F. & M.— Prairies and woods. Can. to Va., W. to the Cascade Mts. ! 
3— 5f. Kadical Ivs. large, 5-9-lobed ; stem Ivs. few ; corymb terminal. July, August, 

6. ADONIS, L. Pheasant' s-EYE. Sepals 5. Petals 5 — 15, the claw 
naked (no scale). Achenia spiked on the torus, ovate, pointed with the 
persistent style. Herl)s with dissected leaves, and bright, sliowy flowers. 

1 A. VERNALis. Fis. cup-shaped, yellow, of 10— 12 oblong petals, if Ear. 6—10'. May. 

2 A. AUTUMNALis. Fls. globular, red, of 5 — 8 concave petals. (I) Ear. If. Aug., Sept. 

7. RANUNCULUS, L. Crowfoot. BuTTERCurs. Sepals 5, ovate. 
Pet. 5 — 10, roundish, shining, each with a honey-scale (Pig. 39) or pore at 
the base inside. Ach. flattened, pointed, crowded in a head. U (D Leaves 
alternate. Flowers generally yellow. Figs. 39, 83, 84, 109, 118, 159, 212, 
234, 415, 416. 

§ Batrachium. Petals white, with a yellow, naked honey-pore on the claw. Seeds (ache- 
nia) transversely wrinkled. Leaves multifid, in water No. 1 

§ Ranunculus. Petals (yellow) with a honey-scale on the claw of each. . .(*) 

* Achenia rough with points or prickles. Leaves palmate-parted, (i) Nos. 18, 19 

* Achenia smooth,— a:- numerous, in an oblong head. Wet places Nos. T— V* 

— X many, in a rounded head... (a) 

a Leaves many-cleft, in thread-like segments, under water No. 2 

a Leaves all undivided, entire or toothed. In wet places Nos. 3- -li 

a Lvs., at least tlie lowest ones, undiv'ied, merely lobed or crenatc.Nos. 10—12 
a Leaves all deeply divided, the .ower— y pinnateh' with stalked Ifts. .Nos. 13—15 

— V palmately with sessile Ifts. . .Nos. 16, 17 
Exotic, cultivated Nos. 20, 21 

1 R. aqiiatilis L. p. trichopfif/Htia Cha\x. W/iife Water- C. Leaves all till formly 

dissected and submersed. 7i In slow streams. July, Aug. (R. divaricatus Schrauk.) 
7. heteroph//llus DC. Upper leaves lloating, 3-5-lobed. Near Boston (Bigolow, 
now lost). In Idaho (Walker). Submersed leaves as in /3. 

2 R. iittnltilidus Pli. Yellow IVater-C. Floating or creeping: some of the loaves 

emerscd, roniform, 3-5-partcd, and cleft. Sepals redexed ; carpels with a straight 
beak, heads globons. Ponde and muddy shores, 1 — 2 — ;^f. Petals 5— S. May, Juno. 
5 R. Flainiiiiila L. Spcanvort. Stem erect from an ascending base ; lvs. nil lance- 
shaped, on slioathing petioles ; ach. roundish, twige longer than its boak. Can. to 
Car., W. to Orog. 8—16'. Lvs. 3— 6'. Fls. ehowy. Sum. (,R. alisniivfolius Oeyer.) 

4 R. rcptans L. Stem creeping, geniculate, rooting, Ullform ; nodes l-tloworod ; Iva. 

linearor oblong; pet. 5— 10, bright. N. Eng. to Greg. Delicate. Fls. 4". Lvs. 1'. .11. 

5 R. piiKilliiK Poir. Erect; lvs. all petiolato, lower ovate, upper lanoo-linear; pot. 

3 0—5) short; stam. 8 10; carp, scarcely pointed. N. Y. to Ga.. and \a\. 0—12'. May 
C R. ol>loiij;>-irullii!>>i Kll. Erect, dill'iise ; lvs. lance ovato and lauooolato, alUtAlkod 
pet. 5, stam. 20 ; carp, pointless. 111. to Tex. .lune 2f. i,K Toxonsis Kug.) 



\ 



20 Order 1.— RAKUNCULACE^. 

7 R. Cymbalaria Ph. St. filiform, creeping, rooting ; Ivs. reniform-cordate, crenato- 

dentate above ; scapes 1-5-flowered (2—6') ; petals 5—8. oval ; carpels striate, beak 
short, uncinate. Brackish shores, N. J. to Dak. (Matthews). June. 

8 K. sceleratus Ph. Erect, smooth : root Ivs. 3-lobed, lower stem Ivs. 3-pai-ted and 

cut-crenate ; fls. small ; carp, point' ss. Wet. Can. to Ga. If. Head 3". Jn.— Aug. 

9 K.Pennsylvanicus L. Very .rsute ; leaves ternate, Ifts. subpetiolate, deeply 3- 

lobedandcut; sep. reflexed, ]onf,er than theS pet. ; carp, beaked. Wet. 2f. Jn.-Aug. 

10 fS. abort! vus L. Very smooth; root Ivs. roundish cordate, crcnate, peliolate ; 
upper leaves in 3 linear segments ; sepals reflexed, longer than the very short petals. 
Woods : common. 8 — 16'. Flowers very small. Pretty. May, June. 

11 IS., recurvatus Poir. Hirsute with thin spreading hairs ; leaves all similarly 3- 
parted, lobes incised ; sepals recurved, longer than the petals ; carpels with a hooked 
beak. Woods. If. Pale green. Flowers small. May— July. 

12 R. rlioinboideus Goldie. Hairy, much branched ; root Ivs. rhomboid-ovate, cre- 
nate-denrate, long-stalked : sep. spreading, shorter than the petals ; achenia smooth, 
with a very short beak. Prairies, 111., Mich., Wis., Can. 6—10'. May. 

13 R. fascicularis Muhl. Earhj C. Erect; root a fascicle of fleshy fibres ; root 
leaves appearing pinnate ; peduncles terete; carpels scarcely margined, beak slender. 
Rocky hills. 5—10'. Hairs silky. Flowers 1' broad. April, May. 

I 4 K. repens L. Root fibrous ; later stems creeping, long ; root leaves ternate. with 
stalked leaflets ; pedicels furrowed ; carpels broadly margined and stout-beaked. 
Moist shades. 1 — 3f. Flowers showy. Hairy or smooth. Very variable. 

1 5 R. bulbosiis L. Hairy ; stem erect, bulbous at the base ; root leaves ternate. seg- 
ments petiolate, incised ; ped. farrowed ; sepals reflexed. Fields, N. Eng.,to Pa. If. 
May, Jn. The cup-shaped flower, golden-yellow, is larger and handsomer than No. 17. 

1 6 R. palmatus Ell. Erect ; leaves 3-5-cleft, with the sinus at the base closed, seg 
ments all sessile, cut-dentate, or lobed ; carpels margined and straight-beaked. Pine 
woods, Car. to Fla. If— 18'. Pubescent. Flowers small (T'O- April, May. 

1 7 R, acris L. Buttercups. Erect ; leaves deeply trifid, the base segments divari- 
cate, all laciniate and sessile ; pedicels terete ; carpels with a short recurved beak. 
Common in N. Eng. and Can. Hairy. 2f. Flowers large, 1' broad. June— Sept. 

18 R. msiricatns L. Glabrous; carpels aculeate, strongly margined, ending m a 
stout recurved beak. Va. to La., also in Cal. If. Leaves lobed and toothed. 

19 R. parviflorus L. Villous; carpels rounded, granulated, tipped with a very 
short beak. Va. to La. 6—12'. Flowers small. March, April. 

20 R. AsiATicus. Garden Ranunculus. Erect ; leaves ternate or biternate, segments 
incised or lobed ; head of carpeJs cylindric. Levant. If. Flowers variegated end- 
lessly, of every form and hue. Not hardy. 

21 R. ACONiTiFOLius. Branching and manj^-flowered ; leaves palmately 3-7-parted and 
cut-toothed, the upper sessile, with lance-linear lobes ; calyx appressed ; petals pure 
white From Europe. A fine old border flower, deep green, the flowers often double. 

8, MYOSURUS, Dill. Mouse-tail. Sep. 5, produced downward at 
base below their insertion. Petals 5, with slender, tubular claws. Sta- 
mens 5 — 20. Achenia spicate on the spindle-shaped torus. (D Leaves 
linear, entire, radical. Scapes 1-flowered. Fig. 132. 

OT. tniniiuus L. Low grounds, HI. to La., W. to Oreg. ! A curious fittle plant, re- 
markable for its tall torus, covered with numerous blunt carpels. Pet. yellow. Apr. 

9. ISOPYRUM, L. False Rue Anemone. Sep. 4, petaloid, decidu- 
ous. Pet. 5, small, tubular, sometimes 0. Follicles 3 or more, subsessile, 
pointed with the style, with 2 or more seeds. Delicate herbs. Leaves ter 
natel}' compound, Ifts. 2-8-lobed. Flowers Dcdunculate, white. Fis:. 33. 



Otider 1.— RANUNCULACE.E. 21 

■• Mternatum T. & G. Glabrous, erect ; stems clustered ; pet. ; foUiciea 3-^, 
strongly veined, 2-seeded. u Damp shades, O. to Ark. 4 — 10'. May. Vei-y pretty. 

10. CAIiTHA, L. Cowslip. Marsh Marigold. Sepals 5 — 9, peta- 
loid. Petals 0. Follicles 5 — 10, oblong, pointless, spreading, co-seeded. 
71 Very glabrous, aquatic. 

C. palustris L. Stem hollow, thick; leaves thickish, large, orbicular or renlform, 
crenate or entire ; flowers yellow. Wet meadows. If. Flowers 18" broad. May. 

11. COPTIS, Salisb. Gold-thread. Sepals 5—7, oblong, concave, 
colored, deciduous. Petals 5 — 7, clavate, tubular at apex. Follicles 5 — 10, 
stipitate, rostrate, divergent, 4-6-seeded. if Low, smooth, with radical 
leaves and flowers on a scape. 

C. trifolia Salisb. Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets sessile ; scapes 1-flowered ; pet. small and 
stamen-like ; rhizome thread-like, of a golden yellow. Penn. to Can. 3 — V. Flow- 
ers white, the small yellow petals inconspicuous. Eoot bitter, tonic. 

! 

12. TROLIilUS, L. Globe-flower. Sep. 5—15, petaloid. Pet. 5—25, 
small and inconspicuous, linear, tubular at base. Stam. and pistils go ; 
follicles oo-seeded. if Smooth, with palmately-parted leaves. 

1 T. laxus Salisb. Sepals 5, rounded, spreading ; petals shorter than the stamens, 

orange-colored. Swamps, Can. to Penu. and Del. Eare. If. Flowers 18" broad ; 
sepals yellow, greenish outside. Pods about 10. June. 

2 T. EuROP.^us. Sepals 15, incurved, concave; petals 5 — 10, as long as the stamens. 

From Europe. 2f. Yellow. June, July. Hardy, and very ornamental. 

3 T. Asiaticus. Sepals 10, partly open ; petals 10, longer than the stamens. From 

Asia. 2f, with ample foliage and orange-red flowers, varying to yellow. June, July. 
I 

13. HEIiLEBORUS, L. Hellebore. Sepals 5, mostly greenish, 

persistent. Petals 8 — 10, very short, tubular, 2-lipped. Stigmas 3 — 10, 
orbicular. Follicles oo-seeded. If Leaves coriaceous, palmately or 
pedately divided. Flowers large, nodding. Fig. 494. 

1 H. viridls L. Glabrous ; rt. Ivs. pedate, cauline palmate, sessile ; fls. often in pairs ; 

sepals round-ovate, acute, pale yellowish-green, spreading 1'. From Eur. If. | Apr. 

2 H. NIGER. Christmas Rose. Eoot Ivs. pedate ; scape naked, bracted, 1- or 2-flowered ; 

fl». 2' broad, white, pink, and finally green. In England, it fl'--s'ers r^bout CJiriUmas 
If. Leaves thick, evergreen, and shining. March, April. 

14. ZANTHORHIZA, L. Yellow -root. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, of 2 round- 
ish lobes raised on a claw. Stam. and pistils 5 — 10. Ova. 2- or o-ovulod, 
follicles mostly 1-sceded, seed suspended. 5 Roots and bark yellow and 
bitter. Leaves pinnate. Racemes axillary. Flowers dark purple. 

Z. aplifolla L'Her.— River banks, N. Y. to Ga. Lvs. clustered at top of the short, 
thick stem ; leaflets 5, sessile, incised ; racemes compound. Fls. 3" broad. Apr. 

6. NIGELLA, L. Fennei^-flower. Sep. 5, petaloid. Pet. 5, o-cloft. 
Pistils 5, becoming as many follicles which are distinct or united. (j> Lvs. 
l-2-pinnately divided into linear-subulate segments. Fig. oAy>. 

1 N, Damascena. EagQid Lady. Flowers in a leafy involucre; carpols uiiitod into a 

roundish, tumid capsule. From Spain. 2f. Flowers light blue. Juno— Aug. 

2 N. SATiVA. Nutnu'iJ-JioHW. Hairy ; flywovs not involucrato ; carpels distinct. Kjrvpt 



22 Order 1.— RANUNCULACE^. 

16. AQUILEGIA, L. Columbike. Sepals 5, equal, ovate, spreading, 
colored. Petals 5, all alike, liorn-shaped, attached by the margin ot the 
dilated mouth, produced to a houey spur behind. Pistils 5, follicles 5, 
many-seeded, if Leaves bi-triternate, leaflets lobed. Flowers large and 
handsf»me, nodding. April — June. Figs, 127, 155, 156. 

* Flowers scarlet, red, and orange-colored. Spurs of the petals straight Nos. 1—3 

* Flowers blue and white. Spurs straight in No. 4, incurved iu Nos. 5—7 

1 A. Canadensis L. Very smooth, 1 — 2f; Ifts. 3 — 9, round-wedge-form ; fls. nodding, 

yellow within ; stamens and styles yellow, esserted. Rocky woods, and cultivated. 

2 A. Skinneri. Like No. 1, but with larger fls., the spurs and sep. greenish. Mexico. 

3 A. FORMOSA. Sepals and spurs much longer than the petals ; sta. included. Kamt. 

4 A. ccERULEA. Like No. 3, but the fls. all larger, blue and Avhite, 2s-^long. R. Mts. 

.5 A. VULGARIS. Common C. Spurs little longer than the limb; stam. scarcely exserted. 

Europe. — Varies to purple, and white ; also with double flowers, — spur within spur. 
6 A. SiBiRiCA. Stem smooth, nearly naked, few-flwd., IJf; spur some longer than the 

white-tipped limb ; sepals very obtuse, violet. Very fine and choice like the next, 
•y A. GLANDULosA. Glandular-hairy abovc ; stems bracted, 1-2-flwd., If; spurs half as 

long as the snow-white limb ; sepals sky-blue, acute, V long. From Siberia. 

17. DELPHINIUM, L. Larkspur. Flowers irregular. Sepals 5, 
colored, the upper one spurred behind. Petals 4, very unequal, the two 
upper spurred and enclosed in the spurred sepal. Styles and follicles 1 — 5. 
Handsome herbs, with palmately-divided leaves. Flowers of the cyanic 
series, never yellow. Figs. 26, 87, 88, 126. 

§ CoNSOLiDA. Petals united into one piece. Style and follicle 1. (T) Nos. 4, 5 

§ Delphinastkum. Pet. 4, distinct. Pislils and follicles 2—5, mostly 3. 2f . . . (a) 

a Species indigenous, Penn., South and West, often cultivated Nos. 1—3 

a Species exotic, cultivated, natives of Siberia and California . Nos. 8 — 9 

I D. tricorne Mx. Low (6—12'); leaf-lobes linear; raceme few-flwd., loose: spur 

ascending, straight ; pods recurved. Uplands. Fls. G— 12, blue, white. April, May. 

i, B. azM renin Mx. Erect (l—2f) ; leaf-lobes all narrow-linear ; raceme strict; spur 

ascending; pods erect. Wis. to Ark. Flowers 00, azure, or light blue. May, June. 

3 D. exaltatum L. Tall (2— 4f) : leaf-lobes wedge-lanceolate ; rac. strict, 00-flovi^- 

ered ; spur straight ; pods erect. Mich, to Car. Rac. panicled ; fls. purp.-blue. July. 

4 U. Coiisolida L. Field L. Branching; Ivs. finely cut ; fls. loosely racemed, scat- 

tered ; pod smooth. Fields, gardens. 3 — 4f. Fls. blue, variable. Aug., Sept. § Eur. 

5 I>. A.JACIS. Eocket L. Subsimple ; leaves finely cut ; flowers many, in crowded ra- 

cemes ; pod pubescent. Alps. 1 — 2f. Flowers pink, rose, white, often double. 

6 I>. ELATUM. Bee L. Pubescent, tall (5 — 6f ) ; leaf-segments 5, cuneate, cut-trifid ; rac. 

long ; spur curved downward ; petals hairy, resembling a bee inside the flower. Blue. 

7 I>. GRANBirLOKUM. Lvs. 5-7-parted, scgm. .3-cleft, linear, distant ; petals shorter than 

the calyx. Stem 2f. Flowers large, dark or purplish blue, often double. 

8 I>. CHiLANTHUM. Lcaf-lobcs 3 or 5, oblong, scumiuate ; pods pubescent; sep. shorter 

than the calyx ; spur decurved. Siberia. 2f. Dark blue.— Var. pormosum is very 
beautiful, becoming from July to Nov., the large flowers light blue, white at centre. 

9 I>. CARDIXAI.E. Glabrous ; lvs. 3-parted, segm. cleft into long acute lobes ; fls. scarlet, 

large ; spur longer than the sepals. California. 1— 2f. Splendid, but not hardy. 

18. ACONITUM, Tourn. Wolfbake. ]\[onk's-hood. Sep. 5, irreg- 
ular, colored, upper one (helmet) vaulted. Petals 2 (the 3 lower minute or 
0), spurred at apex, on long claws, concealed beneath the helmet. Sty. and 
pods 3 — 5. y Lvs. palmate. Fls. racemed or panicled. Poisonous. Fig. 29. 



Order 1.— RANUNCULACE^. 23 

1 A. uncinatum L. Erect, weak (2f) ; leaf-divisions rhomb-lanceolate, cut -dentate ; 

helmet obtusely conical, erect, short-beaked in front ; flowers blue. Mts., N.Y. to Ga. 

Leaves thick, 4 — 5' vs^ide. Branches divergent. Panicle loose. June, July 
2, A. reclinatum Gray. Trailing (3— 7fj ; leaf-divisions wedge-shaped, cut or lobed ; 

helmet elongated-conical, with a straight beak ; flowers white. Mountains, Va. 

3 A. Napellus. Common Monk's-hood, ov Aconite. Smooth and rigidly erect, 3f; Ivs. 

5-parted, and cut into broad-linear segm. channelled above ; fls. densely racemed, dark 
blue (or white in /S. album), the hood broader than high. From Europe. Summer. 

4 A. Anthora. Erect (1— 2f) ; Ivs. multifld with narrowly linear segm. ; fls. panicled, 

large (as in the others), purple with yellow ; hood rather high-crowned. Europe. 

5 A. Japonicum. Smoothish, veiny, 3— 5f ; fls. deep bine, in panicled spikes ; hood or 

helmet very high-crowned and inflated, with a thickened inflexed spur. Japan. 

6 A, VARIEGATUM. Erect (3 — 4f ), very smooth ; leaves with rhomb-ovate divisions ; fls. 

loosely panicled, blue, edged with white ; helmet crown high, curved forward. Jn. -i- 

19. OIMIOIFUGA, L. Bugbane. Sepals 4 or 5, caducous. Petals 
stamen-like, 1 — 8, clawed, 2-liorned at apex ; follicles 1 — 8, dry, dehiscent. 
Leaves ternately decompound. Flowers white, in long racemes. 

§ Macrotis. Pistil 1, with a broad stigma and seeds in two rows No. 1 

§ CiMiciFUGA. Pistils 3 — 8, with a minute stigma, seeds in one row Nos. 2, 3 

1 C. racemosa. Ell. Black Snakeroot. Tall (5 — 8f ) ; rac. very long (1— 3f ), plume-liko 

with its innumerable white stamens. Woods, Can. to Ga. Fetid. July. 

2 C Americana Mx. Leaves triternate, thin; racemes slender, panicled; ovai'ies 

mostly 5, pods obovate, stiped. Mountains, Penn. to N. Car. 3 — If. Aug., Sept. 

3 C cordilolia Ph. Leaves biternate, thick; racemes panicled, slender ; ovaries 2 

or 3 ; pods oblong, sessile. Mountains, N. Car. 3 — it. Sept. 

20. ACTiEA, L. Baneberuy. Sep. 4 or 5, caducous. Pet. 4—8, spatu- 
late, long-clawed. Fil. slender. Ov. 1, with a sessile, 3-lobed stigma. Berry 
globous, with a lateral furrow, 1-celled, oo-seeded. 2^ Lvs. ternately divi- 
ded, lifts, ovate, cut-lobed and toothed. Fls. Avhite, in a short raceme. 
A. spicata L. /3. mbm Mx. Racenie hemispherical ; petals acute ; pedicels slen- 
der; berries red, ovoid-oblong. Woods, Can. to Poun., and W. \\ — 2f. Lvs. ample. 
Eaceme as broad as long. May. These plants are often described as species. 

7. alhn Mx. Eaceme oblong ; petals truncate ; berries white, on thick stalks. Can. 
to Ga. Common. White berries sometimes occur with slender pedicels, and 
vice versa. Foliage exactly as in j8. Yar. a. is European. 

21. HYDRASTIS, L. Tukmeiuc-root. Sepals 3, petaloid, caducous. 
Pet. 0. Ovaries 12 or more, becoming a baccate fruit, resembling a rasp- 
berry ; acines 1- or 2-seeded. Koots yellow, a tangled mass, sending up a 
single radical leaf and a stem which is 2-leaved and 1-tlowered. Fig. 101. 
H. Caiiadeiifeiis L.— In damp woods. Can. to Car. and Ky. If. Leaves pahnately 

3-5-lobed. Flower terminal, redciish-white. Fruit crimson. June. 

22. P^ONIA, L. P.EOiNY. Sepals 5, unequal, leafy, persistent. Petals 
5. Ovaries o — 5, surrounded by an annular disk. Follicles oo-seeded. 
If Root fasciculate. Leaves ternately or lunnately eonipouiul. Flowers 
large, terminal, solitary. Figs. ol>, 241. 

§ Stems shrubby, perennial. Ovaries ana pods 5. China Nos. 1, S 

§ Stems herl)aceous, annual.— .1" Loallets entire or cut-lobod. Ovarios -^or^ .Nos. 3, -1 

—.I- Leaflets many-clort.. Ovaries 5 Nos. 5, « 

1 P. MouTAN. Tree Paonij. Ovaries distinct, half enveloped in the ilisk. 3 - 4f, wiilclT 
branching. Flowers l.irgo, ilouble, i)urpk' varying to white. .Iimo. 



^4 Order 2 — MAGXOLIACE^. 

a p. PAPAVERACEA. Ovailes closely nnited into a globous capsule. 3f. Fls. white, 
with a pui'ple centre, 8 — KV broad, single or double, varying to rose. May, June. 

3 P. OFFicrNALis. Common Red P. Lfts. lance-ovate, incised : cai-pels 2, pubescent, 

suberect. Alps. Fls. double, red, rose, pink, flesh-colored, and white. June. 

4 P. ALBiKLORA. Cldnese P. Lfts. lance-elliptic, entire ; carpels 2 or 3, recurved, smooth ; 

calyx bracteate. Tartary. Fls. smaller, white, rose, carmine, &c. 

5 P. AXOMAXA. Leaf-segments lance-linear ; carp, depressed, smooth ; cal. bracted. 

Siberia. Fls. concave, rose-colored, pink, &c. May, June. 

6 P. TENTJEPOLiA. Fennel P. Segments many linear lobes, very smooth ; carpels downy, 

spreading. Siberia. 2— 3f. Fls. red, concave, open the first of May. 

Order II. MAGNOLIACE^. Magxoliads. 

Z'rees or shrubs, often aromatic, with alternate, nnclivided leaves, and 
reg,ular, polygynous, hypogynous, ti-imerous, imbricated flowers. Srp&ls 
and petals in several circles, often similar. Anthers adnate. Ovaries im- 
bricated or verticillate on the enlarged torus, 1 or 2-ovuled. Frui* dry or 
baccr.te, distinct or coherent into a cone-like head (sorosis) Einbryo 
minutxi, at the base of fleshy albumen. Illust. figs. 274, 278, 331. 

WINTERE^E. Stipules 0. Fls. g. Carpels arranged in a circle ..Illicium. 1 

MAGNOLIE^E. Stipules caducous. Fls. 5. Carpels imbricated. 00-rowed. (a) 

a Anilers introrse. Leaves folded lengthwise in bud Magnolia. 2 

a Anthers extrorse. Leaves folded crosswise in the bud Liriodexdrox. 3 

S SCHIZA^DREiE. Stip. 0. Fls. ^ 9 . Carpels in many rows, baccate Schizandra. 4 

1. ILLICIUM, L. Star Ai^TSE. (Lat. illicio, to attract; alluding to 
its fragrance.) Sep. 3 — 6, colored. Pet. 6 — 30. Carpels capsular, diy, ar- 
ranged circularly, each with 1 smooth, shining seed. +> The smooth ivs., 
when bruised, exhale the odor of Anise. In wet grounds. May. 

1 I.Florid^miTU. Ellis. Lvs. acuminate ; petals 21— .30, purple. Fla. to La. 4— Sf. 
1 I. parvifi»« um Mx. Lvs. acute ; petals 6—12, yellow, Ga. Fla. Fls. smaller. 

2. MAGNOIIA, L. (Xamed for Prof. Magnol, a French botanist of 
the 17th century.) Sep. 3. Pet. 6 — 9. Anth. longer than the filaments, 
introrse. Ov. imDricated, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, becoming in fruit a fleshy, 
cone-like sorosis. Seeds berry-like, suspended from the opening follicles 
by a slender funiculus. ^ and ;^, with large fragrant flowers. Lvs. con- 
r!.aplicate in bud, wren membranous deciduous stipules. Fig. 331. 

* Leaves cordate or a^riciilate at the base. Trees Nos. 5, 6, 7 

* Leaves acute at the «ase, — rusty or glaucous beneath, coriaceous Nos. 1, 2 

— green (not shining) both sides, thin , Nos. 3, 4 

Exotic species, cultivated Nos. S-10 

1 M. grandifiora L. Big Laurel. Trees ; lvs. evergreen, rusty-do^my beneath ; 

pet. obovate, white. Swampy woods, S. States. SOf. Fls. 9' broad, lvs. 7 x4^ May. 

2 M. glauca L. White Bay. Shrub or small tree ; lvs. obtuse, glaucous-white be- 

neath ; pet. ovate-iounJish. erect. Coast, Ms. to La. 5 — 20f. Fls. 2', cup-shaped, 
strongly fragrant, with white concave petals. Lvs. nearly evergreen. South. May-July. 

3 M. acuminata J,. Cucumber Tree. Lvs. oval, acuminate, scattered; fls. small 

(3—4' broad), petals obovate. S. States, rare in N. Y. 70f. The cones of fruit beai 
some resemblance to a small cucumber. May. 



Order 3.— CALYCANTHACE^. 25 

4 M. umbrella Lam. TJmbrdla Tree. Lvs. cuneate-lanceolate, -whorled at the endft 

of the branches (like an umbrella) ; sep. reflexed ; pet. lanceolate, acute. S. States, 
rare in N. Y. and O. 25f. Lvs. and fis. very large. White. May. 

5 OT. cordata Mx. Lvs. broadly ovate, subcordate, pubescent beneath ; petals 6 — 9, 

oblong, yellow, with reddish lines. Ga. Car. 40f. Lvs. downy beneath. 

6 M. Fraseri Walt. Lvs. obovate-spatulate, auricled at the narrow base ; pet. 6, ijuro 

white. 7a. Ky. to Fla. ,30f. Fls. 6'. Lvs. If, A slender tree. 
■3 M. macropliylla Mx. Lvs. obovate-spatulate, cordate ; pet. 6, rhomb-ovate, 
white, with a purple base inside. S. States. 20-30f. A small tree, with immense 
lvs. (2— 3f ) and fls. (petals 8^ long). June. 

8 OT. coNSpfouA. Yulan. Sep. or very small ; pet. 6—9, erect, of a creamy white, 

appearing before the leaves in early Spring. Lvs. acuminate. 15f. 

9 M. PUKPUKEA. Sep. 3 ; pet. 6, erect, lilac-purple outside, preceding the obovate lvs., 

which are pointed at both ends. China. 10— 15f. 

3. LIRIOL'ENDRON, L. Tulip Tree. Whitewood. {AEipior, a 
Lily, derdpov, a tree.) Sep. 3. Pet. 6, in 2 rows, erect. Antli. opening out- 
ward. Carpels 1 or 2-seeded, imbricated into a cone, indeliiscent, sepa- 
rating from each other at maturitj'-. "5 Large, with showy, bell-shaped, 
upright flowers. Lvs. 4-lobed, retuse-truncate at apex, induplicate in bud, 
with large, caducous stipules. Figs. 274, 278. 

t<. tiilipifera L.— A noble tree, beautifitl in foliage and flowers ; trunk 5 — 8f diameter ; 
lOOf or more high ; lvs. very smooth ; fls. greenish-yellow, orange ■within, aboimding 
in honey. May, June. 

4. SCHIZANDRA, Mx. {:SxiZoo, to cut, avdpa, stamens.) Sep. and 
pet. 9 — 12, gradually larger inward. $ Stam. 5 — 15, monadelphous, antli. 
cells distinct. 5 Carp, oo, at first imbricated in a head, in fruit baccate, 
and loosely spicate on the lengthened torus. ^ Lvs. pellucid-punctate, 
deciduous. Fls. solitary. 

S. coccinea Mx. La^s. ovate or oval, pointed; fls. on slender peduncles, small, red; 
stam. 5, in the upper fls. chiefly. Berries and torus red. Vine 12f. South 



Order III. CALYCANTHACE^E. Calyc^nths. 

Shrubs with opposite, simple, cxstipulate leaves, aud axillary, solit;iiy, 
often aromatic flowers. Scjwls and petals oo-rowed, imbricated on a tubu- 
lar torus, the outer bract-like. Filaments oo, inserted on the top of the 
torus, short. Anthers adnate, extrorse. Carpels oo, 1-seeded, distinct, in- 
cluded in the green fleshy torus. Seed erect, without albumen. 

OAIiYCANTHUS, L. Sweet-scented SirRur>. (Zva'Ar^ calyx, arSo;, 
flower.) Sep. and pet. oblong, undistinguishablo, the imun* gnulnnlly 
shorter. Stam. apiculate, the outer longer, inner sterile. Fruit, the en- 
larged green torus loosely enclosing few or many aehcnia. S Fls. lurid 
purple, with the fragrance of strawberrii>s. 

1 C. f1orI<lus L. Lvs. oval or elliptical, acute or acuminate, soal^rvnis, downy In*- 
noath ; lis. on v(My short axillary branches ; sop. and pet. about W, near 1' in length 
S. States: oouunon in gjmlons. Lvs. "J-^'. Slinibl-^r. Apr. May. 

2 



26 Ordek 5.— MENISPERMACEJi:. 

2 C. Icevigatus Willd. Lvs. tl^in, oval, obtuse or merely acute, nearly glabrous botli 

sides ; fls. smaller, sometimes inodorous. Pa., & S. to Fla. Mar. Apr, 

3 C griaiicus WiUd. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, large (4—70, glaucous beneath ; sep. and 

pet. lance-oblong, V in length. Mt. woods, Ga. to N. Car. C — 8f. May, June, t 

Order IV. ANONACE^. Anokads. 

Trees or sJirubs with naked bnds, entire, alternate Its. destitute of sti' 
pules. Flowers usually green or brown, axillary, liypogynous, yalvate iw 
aestivation. Sepals 3. Petals 6, in two circles, sometimes coherent Sta- 
mens 00, with an enlarged connectile, short filament, on a large tonis. 
Ovaries several or go, separate or coherent, fleshy or not, in fruit. Em- 
hryo minute in the end of the ruminated albumen. Illust. fig. 314. 

ASIMINA, Adans. Pap aw. Sep. 3. Pet. 6, the outer row larger than 
the inner. Stam. densely packed in a spherical mass. Pistils several, dis- 
tinct, ripening but few, which become large, oblong, pulpy fruits, with 
many flat seeds. Shrubs or small trees, with brownish, axillary, solitary, 
flowers. 

* Flowers appearing before the leaves. Petals purpie Nos. 1. 9 

* Flowers appearing with the leaves. Outer petals yellowish Nos. 3, 4 

1 A. triloba Dunal. Lvs. obovate-oblong, acuminate; pet. dark pui-ple, the outer 

orbicular, 3 or 4 times as long as the sepals ; fruit ovoid-oblong. N. Y., S. and W. 
15— 20f. Lvs. 10', smooth. Fls. V, Mar. Apr. Fr. 3', eatable in Oct. 

2 A. parviilora Dunal. Lvs. obovate-oval ; pet. oval, green-purple, twice longer 

than sep. Woods, coastward. Car. to Fla. 2— 3f. Lvs. 5'. Fls. &'. Fr. 1', roundish. 

3 A. grandiflt>ra Dunal. Lvs. obov.-obl. obtuse, grajish-tomentous ; outer pet. very 

large (2' long), yellowish white. Ga. Fla. 2 — 3f. Fr. small, obovate. Mar. Apr. 

4 A. pygm^a Dunal. Lvs. coriaceous, evergreen, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, 

smooth ; pet. obov.-obl., yellowisb and brownish. Ga. Fla. 6 — 12'. Carp. V. May. 

Order V. MENISPEKMACE^. Menispermads. 

Shrubs twining or climbing, with alternate, palmate-veined, exstipulate 
leaves. Flowers dioecious, rarely 5 or ? g 5 , hypogjmous, 3-6gynous. Se- 
pals and petals similar, in 3 or more circles, imbricated in the bud. Star- 
mens equal in number to the petals, and opposite to them, or 3 or 4 times 
as many. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a large or long curved embryo 
in scanty albumen. Illust. 347. 

i stamens 12—20. Sep. 4—8, nut moon-sl aped. Lvs. peltate Mexisphkmum. 1 

5 Stamens 6. Sep. 6, nut rac on-shaped. Lvs. sinuate, 3-lobed CorcuLUS. 2 

$ Stamens 6. Sep. 6, nut c" p-shapod. Lvs. deeply 5-lobed Calycocarpcm. 3 

I. MBNISPERMUM, L. Moon-seed. (Mt;^?/^ the moon, (jTr^'pyua:, 
seed ; from the crescent form of the seed.) Fls. ? $ . Sep. 4 — 8. Pet. 4 — 8, 
minute, retuse. $ Anth. 12 — 20, 4-cellcd. ? Ovaries and styles 2 — 4. 
■^ Drupes 1-3-seeded. Seeds lunate and compressed. Fls. white, in axil- 
lary clusters. Fig. 347 



Order 6.— BEKBERIDACE^. 27 

91m Canadense L. St. climbing; Ivs. 5-T-angled or lobed, peltate, the ])etiole in- 
serted near the base ; rac. compound ; petals G— 7, small. ^ Thickets : common. 
8— 12f. Drupes black, resembling grapes, ripe in Sept. Fls. in July. 

2. COCCULUS, DC. (Diminutive, from Lat. coccmn, a berry.) Fls. 
5 5 . Sep,, pet., and stam. 6. Antli. 4-celled. ? Ov. 3 to 6. Drupe glo- 
bular-compressed, nut curved as in Menispermum. "^ Fls. in axillai7 
panicles, small, greenish. 

C Carolinianus DC— S. 111. to Fla. 10— 15f. Lvs. ovate or cordate, entire or lobed. 
Diupes red, 1—3 together, as large as a pea. June, July. 

3. OALYCOCARPUM, Nutt. Cur-SEED. {KdXvQ, a cup, xapTtoi, 
fruit.) Sep. 6. Pet. 0. S Stam. 12. Anth. 3-ceUed. ? Stam. 6, abor- 
tive. Ov. 3. Stig. fimbriate-radiatc. Drupe oval, with the putamen 
deeply excavated in front and cup-shaped. "^ Fls. greenish-white, in long 
axillary panicles. 

C lijoni Nntt.— Ga. to Ky. Vine 20— 30f. Lvs. 6—8^ diam., lobes acuminate ; drune 
■", oval, greenish. Fls. email, 2'' diameter, June. 



Order VI. BERBERIDACE^. Berberids. 

Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and witli perfect, hypogjmous, 
regular flowers. Sepals and petals imbricated in bud, each in one or seve- 
ral rows. Stamens as many as the petals, and opposite to tlicm, rarely 
more. Anthers opening mostly by valves, hinged at top. Pistil 1. Style 
short or none. Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds several, albuminou>>. 
Illust. 49, 91, 92, 189, 364, 403, 42G. 

§ Shrubs, with bristly-serrate leaves, yellow flowers and acid berries Berberis. 1 

g Herbs.— * Anthers opening by 2 valves hinged at the top., .(a) 

a Stamens 6. Fruit 2, drupe-like, soon-naked seeds Caulopuyllum. 2 

a Stamens 6. Berry 1-1-seeded. Petals white, larger than sep Dipiiyllkia. 3 

a Stamens 8. Pod opening by a lid. Petals 8 Jkffersosi a. -t 

— * Anthers opening by slits. St.inieus 9— IS Podophyllum. 5 

1. BERBERIS, L. Berberry. (Name from the Arabic.) Calyx of 
6 obovate, spreading, colored sepals, with the 3 outer ones smalkM-. Co- 
rolla of 6 suborbicular petals, with 3 glands at the base of each. Fil. (», 
flattened. AntJi. opening by uplifted valves. Style 0. Berry oblong, 1- 
celled. Seeds 2 or 3. t) ^vith yellow wood and yellow lis. Fig-s. 91, 92, 403. 

1 It. vulgaris L. Spines (reduced lvs.) 3-IV>rkod ; lvs. simple, serratnres tenninatod 

by soft bristles ; racomo pendulous. niany-tUnvorod; pot. entire; berries oblong. N. 
States. ()-!)(■. l{ac. PMlowered. IkM-ries rod, very tart, ^lay, Juno. 

2 1*. <'ann<lcnsi>i Ph. Tas. ropnndly-toolhotl, tooth with short, sort bristles; njc 

low (^(i S)-noworod ; pet. notohod ; berries oval. ^Its. Va. to Ga. 'J— ;>f. May. .luno. 

3 K. AcjiuFOMUM rii. Lvs. pinnate; Ifts. 7—11, coriaceous, polished. cvorirrtHm, 

ppinulous-toothod ; chisterss erect, crowded. Oroijron. ,'V-r>f. llerrios !:;U>bular. April. 

2. CAULOPHYLLUM, l\Ix. (\>m>sii. (/varlc)^', stom. >, rWc; , loaf; 
the stem app(\iring as (ho slalk ol" (ho 0(Mnpound \c:\\'.'\ C\\\. ot" ('> groo.i) 



28 Order 7.— NYMPH^ACEJE. 

sepals, 3-bracted at base. Cor. of 6 short, gland-like thickened petals, 
opposite the sepals. Stam. 6. Ov. 2-OTuled, becoming a thin pericarp, which 
soon breaks away after flowering, and the 2 round drupe-like seeds riper 
naked. U Glabrous and glaucous, arising from a knr^tted rhizome. Lys 
2 only, 2 and 3-ternate. 

C. tlialictroides Mx. Fappoose Eoot—Caxt. to Car. and Ky. 1— 2if. Lfts. lobed 
2—3'. Fls. greenish, in a simple terminal panicle. Seeds on thick st'pes, blue, a» 
large as peas. May. 

3. DIPHYLLSIA, Mx. Umbrella-leaf. {8ii, twice, q)vXXoVt 
leaf) Calyx of 5 sepals, caducous. Cor. of 6 oval petals larger than the 
sepals. Stam. 6. Ov. eccentric. Stigma subsessile. Berry few-seeded, 
seeds attached laterally below the middle. U Glabrous, arising from a 
thick, horizontal root-stock. Lvs. simple, peltate, 1 or 2 only. 

D. cymosa Mx.— Mts. Va. to Ga. and Tenn. 1— 2f. Leaf centrally peltate, or if 2, 
alternately reniform-peltate, ample, lobed, Fls. white. June. Berries blue. 

4. JEFFERSONIA, Bart. Twln'-leaf. (In honor of President Jef- 
ferson^ a patron of science.) Sep. 4. Pet. 8, spreading. Anth. 8, linear. 
Stig. peltate. Caps, obliquely obovate, stiped, ch'cumscissile, opening by a 
lid. U Rhizome and matted fibres blackish. Scape bearing a single flower, 
as tall as the 2-parted or binate leaves. Figs. 49, 189, 364, 426. 

J. diphylla Bart.— N. Y., W. and S. If. Fl. handsome, white. April. A singular 
plant, called PJieumatlsm Root. The pod has a persistent lid. 

5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. May Apple. (ZTo?)?, Trodo?, foot, ^^u/Uor, 
leaf) Sep. 3, concave, caducous. Pet. 6 — 9, obovate, concave. Anth. 
9 — 18, linear. Beriy large, ovoid, 1-celled, crowc^d with tlie solitaiy 
stigma. If Barren stems with 1 centrally peltate leaf, flowering stems 
mth 2 equal, opposite broad cordate-peltate leaves, and a large white 
flower between. 

P. peltataiu L.— In rich shady soils. If. Fl. nodding, 2^ May. Fruit the size of « 
plum, with flavor of strawberry. July. Lvs. and roots poisonous. 

Order YII. NYMPH^ACEtE. Nyaiphl^ds. 

Herls perennial, aquatic (in deep water), with rhizomes submersed, 
scapes one-flowered (rarely a leafy stem), and leaves peltate or deep-cor- 
date. Floicers regular, sho^\y, hypogynous (rarely epigynous), with im- 
bricated petals and sepals. Carpels 3 — oo, distinct or united. Ovules 
parietal, never on the ventral suture. Seeds with the embiyo enclosed in 
a sac at the end of copious albumen, or (in Nelumbium) exalbumiaous. 
lUust. 202, 407-414, 505, &c. 

§ CABOMBE.E. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Carpels distinct, few-ovule<L Flowers small. («) 

a Stam. 6. Carpels 3. Submersed leraves dissected Cabomba. 3 

a Stam. 6 — 18. Carpels 6 — OO. Leaves ail peltate Brasenia. 2 

^ NELUMBONEiE. Sep. 4 or 5. Pet. and stam. 00. Carp, immersed in the torus, dis 

tinet. exalhumiuous. Fls. very large y'si.UMBlUM, 3 



Order 7.— NYMPII^ACE^. 29 

6 NYMPHE^. Sen. 4— 6. Pet. and stam. GO. Carp, united. Fls. large, showy, (h) 

& Pet. (stamen-like) and stam. hypogynons. Fls. yellow Nuphar. 4 

& Pet. petaloid. Stamens epigynous (on the torus raised into a disk) Nymphea. 3 

b Pet. (petaloid), sep. and stamous epigynous. Lvs. peltate Victoria. 6 

1. BRASBNIA, Sclireb. Water Target. Sep. 3 or 4, colored with- 
in, persistent Stam. 12 — 24, Pet. 3 or 4, Carp. 6 — 18, oblong, 2 (or by 
abortion l)-?jeecled. if The stems and under surface of the leaves are 
covered with a viscid jelly. Lvs. all floating, entire, elliptical. 

It, peltata Ph. Pools and muddy shores. The slender ped. and petioles long as the 
depth of the water. Lvs. 2^x1''. Fls. purple, fr'-' broad. July. 

2. CABOMBA, Aublet. Sep. 3, petaloid. Pet. 3. Stam. 0. Pistils 3 
(rarely 2 or 4), nearly the length of stamens, and half as long as the petals 
and sepals. Carp, few-seeded, if Lvs. opposite, mostly submersed and 
fj.liformly dissected. Fls. in the axils of the floating lvs. 

C. Carolinlana Gray. Floating lvs. few and small (C/^xV^, immersed lvs. many. 
Stems branched. Fls. white, 6''', strictly trimerous. July, Aug. 

3. NELUMBIUM, Juss. {Welumbo is the name of the species in 
CeyjDn.) Pet. and stam. go, hypogynous, in many rows. Carp, oo, sepa- 
rate, becoming 1-seeded nuts, imbedded in as many cavities on the large, 
obconic, fleshy torus. Seed with large cotyledons, very short radicle and 
no albumen. Rhizome horizontal. Lvs. peltate, emersed. Scape 1-flow- 
ered. There are only 2 species, K. speciosum of E. India, and 

N. luteum L. Petals yellowish ; anth. lengthened bej^ond the cells to a clavate appen- 
dage. A magnificent aquatic, frequent S. and W. In Sodus Bay, N. Y. (llankenson), 
Lyme, Ct., near Philadelphia (Parish). Lvs. erect, round, centrally peltate, 10— IS'. 
Fls. several times larger than those of Nymphrea odorata, fragrant. Nuts as large as 
acorns. June — Aug. 

4. NUPHAR, Smith. Yellow Pond-Lily. {JVeiifar is the Arabic 
name.) Sep. 5 or G, concave. Pet. cx), small, linear, inserted with the go 
stamens on the torus. Stig. discoid, with prominent rays. Cifps. oo-cellcd, 
CO -seeded, if Lvs. sngittate-cordate at the base, entire at the margin, on 
stout stalks. 

1 N, advciia Ait. Lvs. floating or oroct, oval ; lobos rounded, petioles half torote ; 

stig. l-2-'21-rayod ; soj). (>, unequal. Slow streams and muddy pools. Lvs. thick and 
large. Fls. deep yellow (save the ;i outer sop.), -2' diaTU., globular. Juno, July. 

2 N. Kniinlana Ait. Lvs. floating and submersed, the latter mombnuious. ronifonn- 

cordate ; stig. 8-1 l-rayod, crenate ; sepals 5, equal. Plant small and delicate. Flont 
ing loavoii oval, 1—:$' long, the lobos nearly mooting. Flowers about I' diam. Sum. 

3 N. »ia;>-Utiroliu Ph. Leaves oblong, sagittate-cordate, obtuse ; sep. (5 ; pot. ; anth. 

subsobsile. Slow waters, N. Car. to Ga. Lvs. 10—15'. Fls. 2', globular. Juno, July. 

5. NYMPHiEA, L. Watku-lu.v. Sopals 4 or 5. IVt. oo. gradually 
passing into slamens, adheiviit to the t.vai-y. Stair.ons oc, tlio cnitor with 
broad fllamonts. St.igm:i surroiiiuU>d with rays. Seeds oo. arillati". :; ,r.' 
Flowers white, roseate, or blue, very lovely. Figs. 00>\ -lOT-ll \. 

1 N. cacuCri.KA. Lvs. crouato, lobos partly united, becoming pollato ; pot. sky blue. V^\>t 



30 _>RDEii 8.— SARRAOENIACEJS 

2 N. odorata L. livs. orbicular, ei^tire. clei't at base to the insertion of the petiole 

fls. very fragrant, open from 6 A. m. to 3 p. m. upon the water's surface, white, vary- 
ing to rose-color ; seeds oblong. June — Aug. 

3 N. tuljerosa Paine. Lvs. reniform-orbicular, cordate-cleft. If wide ; rhizome bear- 

ing tubers, which separate spontaneously ; fls. nearly scentless ; seeds globular. N. Y. 
(Oneida Lake ; Sodus Bay (Hankenson), and westward. Aug. 
V 

6. VICTORIA, Lindl. (Name in lionor of Queen Victoria) Caip. 
immersed in tlie cup-form torus, united. Sep. 4. Pet. go, graduated into 
stamens, as in Kymph?ea. Lvs. spiny, floating, strong!}^ veined. 
"V* KEGiA is the only species, native of the rivers of Trop. Am. ; rarely cultivated. Th* 
lvs. are several feet in diani. Fls. like immense Water Lilies. 



Order YIII. SARRACENIACE^. Water Pitchers. 

Herbs, aquatic, in bogs, with fibrous roots, perennial, and witli the leaves 
all radical, urn-siiaped, or trumpet-shaped, and large flowers on scapes. 
Floral envelopes 4 — 10, imbricated, the outer greenish, sepaloid. Stamens 
GO, hypogynous. Carpels united into a several-celled capsule. A curious 
family, remarkable for its leaves, which are of that class called ascidia 
{% 322), holding water. Figs. 392, 393, 394. 

1. SARRACENIA, Toum. Pitcher Plaint. (In honor of Dr. Sar- 
raze7i, of Quebec.) Sep. 5, colored, persistent, subtended by 3 bractlets. 
Pet. 5, incurved, deciduous. Stig. 5, united into a large peltate, persistent 
membrane, covering the ovary and stamens. Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved. 
Seeds very numerous. U Lvs. all radical, urn -shaped or trampet-shaped, 
with a wing on the front side and a hood (the lamina) at top. Fl. large, 
nodding. 

§ Lamina inflected over the throat of the tube Nos, 1, 2 

§ Lamina erect or nearly so, the throat open. (*) 

* Leaf- tube pitcher-shaped, with a broad wing No. 3 

* Leaf- tube trumpet-shaped, with a narrow wing No. 4 

t S. psittacina Mx. Lvs. short, reclined, with a broad semi-ovate wing; fls. deep 

purple. Bogs, Fla. Ga. La. If. Tube nearly closed. The leaf resembles a parrot in 
fbnn, hence the specific name. March. 

2 S. variolaris Mx. Lvs. elongated, suberect, mottled with white on the back ; fls. 

yellow. Bogs, S. Car. to Fla. Lvs. 12—18'', scape shorter. 

3 S. purpurea L. Side-saddle Flovjer. Lvs. short, recumbent, inflated most near 

the middle; lamina broad-coidate. Bogs: common. Scapes 14 — 20', each beaimg 

large handsome deep-purple flower, in June. 

/3. heterophfjUa Torr. Fls. greenish yellow. No purple veins in the lvs. Ms 
7. alata, Fls. large, yellow. Lvs. slender, erect, wing but 6'' broad. La. 1 — 2f. 

4 S. Gronovii Wood. Trumpet-leaf. Lvs. tall, erect, tube gradually enlarged to the 

open throat, wing narrowly iinear, lamina roundish, contracted at base. Swampj 
pine-woods, S. States. 2— 3f Fls. very large, 4—5' broad. 

a. aavo. Foliage yellowish green, fls. yellow. Plant large. 

|3. rubra. Foliage with purple veins, fls. red-purple. Plant smaller. 

f. Jtrummdndii, Lvs. mottled above, 7ith purple veins and white diaphanous 
interstices. Plant very largo. Fla. 



Order 9.— PAPAVERACEiE. 31 



Order IX. PAPAVERACEiE. Poppt-wcrts. 

Herbs with alternate, exstipiilate leaves, and generally a milky or colored 
juice. Flowers solitary, on long peduncles, never blue, liypogynous, regu- 
lar, 1/ or ty. Sepals 2, rarely 3, caducous, and petals 4, rarely 6, all imbri- 
cated. Stamens indefinite, but some multiple of 4. Anthers 2-celled, 
innate. Ovaries compound. Style short or 0. Stigmas 2, or if more, stel- 
late upon the flat apex of ovary. Fruit either pod-shaped, with 2 parietal 
placentae, or capsular, with several. Seeds Go, minute. Embryo minute, 
at the base of oily albumen. Illust. 148, 344, 404, 405, 406, 463, 493. 

1 Plants with a white juice. Petals 1, crumpled in bud Papater. 6 

IT Plants with a watery juice. Calyx a mitre, falling ofiF whole Eschscholtzia. 7 

1 Plants with a red juice. Petals 8, plane in the bud Saxguinaria. 1 

1 Plants with a yellow juice. Petals crumpled in the bud. (*) 

* Stigmas and placenta? 2 only. Capsule long, pod-shaped. («) 

* Stigmas and placentae 3, 4, or 6. Capsule ovoid. (}>) 

a Pod 1-celled, smooth. Lvs. pinnate .*. Chelidonium. 2 

a Pod 2-celled, lough. Lvs. palmate Glaucium. 3 

1) style distinct, but short Meconopsis. 4 

6 Style none, stigma sessile Argkxone. 9 

+ No petals. Juice reddish. Bocconia. g 

1, SANGUINARIA, L. Blood-root. (Latin sanguis, blood ; all its 
parts abound in a red juice.) Sep. 2, caducous. Pet. 8 — 12, in 2 or 3 rows, 
the outer longer. Stam. about 24. Stig. sessile, 1 or 2-lobed. Capsule 
silique-form, oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved, acute at each end, manj'-seedcd. 
U A low, acaulescent plant, with a white flower, and a glaucous, palmate- 
veined leaf. Fig. 463. 

S. Canadensis L. An interesting flower, api)canng in early Spring : common in the 
woods. G'. From each bud of the root-stallc there springs a single large, glaucous 
leaf, and a scape with a single flower. Leaf kidney-shaped, with roundish lobes 
separated by rounded sinuses. Fl. of a quadrangular outline, white, scentless, and ol 
Bhort duration. The juice is emetic and purgative. 

/3, Leaf not lobed, margin undulate. Bainbridge, Ga., and elsewhere. 

2, CHELIDONIUM, L. Celandine. {XsXidGoj^, the swallow, being 
supposed to flower with the arrival of that bird, and to perish with its de- 
parture.) Sep. 2. Pet. 4, roundish, contracted at base. Stam. 24 — 32, 
shorter tlian the petals. Stig. small, sessile, bifid. Capsule silique-torm, 
linear, 2-valved, 1-celled. Seeds crested. U Fragile, i):tlo green, with saf- 
fron-yellow juice. Figs. 344, 493. 

i\ ma jus L. Lvs. pinnate; Ifts. lobod. segments rounded ; fls. in umlu>l'=;. r»y tVr.oo?, 
roadsides, &c. 1— 2f. Fls. in loose umbels, yellow, very fiigiu'iinis. May— (.K-t. 

3, GLAUCIUM, Tourn. IIokn Porrv. [FAaruor, glauooii:^, the 
hue of the foliage.) Si>p. 2. IVt. 1. Style none. Stig. 2-1oIhh1. 1\hI 2- 
ceUed, linear, very long, rough, (^i^i or (^l*) sea-green lierbs, with clasping 
leaves, yellow juice, and solitary, yellow flowers. 

G. liitcnnt Scop. Sparmgly naturalized near the ctwst. friMu the Potouu-ic southward 
2f. [.vs. 5-7-lobed. Fls. '2', of sl)orl duration. Tods fi '.»'. Jmm .Aiix- 



52 Order 9.— PAPAVERACE^. 

4. MECONOPSIS, Yiguier. Yellow Poppy. {MyKGov, a poppy, 
6-^1^, resemblance.) Sep. 2, iiirsute. Pet. 4. Style conspicuous. Stig. 
4 — 6, radiating, convex, free. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, opening by 4 valves. 
If Herbs with a yellow juice, pinnately-divided leaves, and stems 2-leaved, 
bearing an umbel. 

M. dipliylla DC. Lvs. sinnately 5-7-lobecl, the caiiline but 2, opposite ; fls. few. large 
(20, yellow; pod hristiy, oval. Woods, W. States. 12— 18^ Pet. orbicular; style 
surpassing the stamens ; pod 3'. May. 

5. ARGEMONE, L. Prickly Poppy. {"ApyE/.ioi, a disease of the 
eye, which this plant was supposed to cure.) Sep. 2 or 3, caducous, 
smaller than the 4 or 6 roundish petals. Stig. sessile, capitate, 4 or 6-rayed. 
Capsule ovoid, prickly, opening at the top by valves, (i). Herbs with 
yellow juice, spinous-pinnatifid leaves, and showy flowers. 

A, Mexicana L. Calyx prickly ; caps, prickly, 6-valved ; fls. axiUary and terminal, 
2—3' diam., yellqw, varying to white. Waste grounds, South. 

6. PAP AVER, L. Poppy. (Celtic, papa, pap, a soporific food for 
children, composed of poppy seeds, &c.) Sep. 2, caducous. Pet. 4. Caps. 
1-celled, opening by pores under the broad, persistent 4-20-rayed stigma. 
Exotic herbs, with white juice, abounding in opium. Fl. buds nodding, 
erect in flower and fruit. Figs. 148, 404-6. 

1 1*. somniferum L. Opium Poxrpy. Glabrous and glaucous ; lvs. clasping, cut- 

dentate ; caps, globous. ® with large white or purplish flowers, often double. 1\ — 3f. 
Extensively cultivated for opium. June, July. §. 

2 I». DusiUM L. St. hispid with spreading hairs ; lvs. pinnately-parted ; segm. incised ; 

sep. hairy ; caps, club-shaped. ® Fields. 2f. Slender. Fls. light red or scarlet. 
June, July. §. 

3 P. Rh^as L. St. many-flowered, hairy ; lvs. incisely pinnatifid ; caps, globous. (i) 

Fls. very largo, deep scarlet, more or less double. June, July. 

4 P. OKIENTALE L. St. l-flowcrcd, rough ; lvs. scabrous, pinnate, serrate ; caps, smooth. 

n Levant. 3f. Fls. very large, scarlet, too brilliant to be looked upon in the sun. June. 

7. ESCHSOHOLTZIA, Cham. (Named for Esclischoltz, a German 
botanist well known for his researches in California.) Sep. 2, cohering, 
caducous. Pet. 4. Stam. oo, adhering to the claws of the petals. Stig. 
sessile. Caps, pod-shaped, cylindric, 10-striate, many-seeded, (i) Lvs. 
finely pinnatifid, glaucous. The juice, which is colorless, exhales the odor 
of hydrochloric acid. 

1 E. DouGLAsn Hook. St. branching, leafy; torus obconic; cal. ovoid, with a very 

short, abrupt acumination ; pet. bright yellow, with an orange spot at base. Cal. Oreg. 
Foliage smooth, a^bundant, and rich. Fls. 2'— 3' broad. 

2 E. Calif(jrnica Hook. St. branching, leafy ; torus funnel-form, with a much-dilated 

limb ; cal. conic, with a long acumination ; flowers orange-yeUow. Cal. 

8. BOOCONIA, Plum. Sep. 2, colored. Pet. 0. Sty. bifid. Caps. 2- 

valved, l--3-seeded. U Cult, for the handsome glaucous lvs. Fls. in panicles. 

1 B. CORDATA. Lvs. Touudish, cordate, many-lobed, veiny ; flowers white or yellowish, 

numerous in the ample pyramidal panicle, in Summer. From China. Hardy. 

2 B. FRUTESCKNS. Lvs. ohlong. large, sinuate-lobed, splendid ; fls. in Spr. wh. W. lod 



OiiDE.li 10.— FUMARIACE^. 33 

Ordir X. FUMARIACE^. Fumeworts. 

Kerbs smooth and delicate, with a watery juice. Leaves exstipulate, alter- 
nate, many-cleft. Flowers irregular. Sepals 2, very small. Petals 4, par- 
allel, one or both of the outer saccate, 2 inner cohering at apex. Stamens 
6, diadelphous. Anthers^ 2 outer 1-celled, middle 2-celled. Ovaries supe- 
rior, l-celled. Frvit a nut 1-2-seeded, or a capsule co-seeded. Seeds 
shining, arilled. Albumen fleshy. Illust. 61, 252-4. 

* Corolla equally 2 spr" red or 2-saccate at base, (a) 

* Co) olla unequal, ouly 1 of the petals spurred. (6) 

a Petals slightly united or distinct, mostly deciduous. Not climbing Dicentra. 1 

a Petals firmly unued, persistent. Plants climbing Adlumia. 2 

h Ovary with several seeds, forming a slender pod Corydalis. 3 

i Ovary with ' jeed, forming a globular nut Fumaria. 4 

1. DICENTRA, Borkh. Ear-drop. Sep. 2, veiy small, sometimes 
disappearing. The 2 outer petals alike, saccate at base, with spreading 
tips ; the 2 inner alike, spoon-shaped, crested, meeting face to face over 
the stam. and pistil. Fil. flat, in 2 sets, united at top. Stig. 2-crested. Pod 
many-seeded. IX I -vs. temately divided or cleft. Fls. racemed, nodding. 
Delicate and beautiful plants. Figs. 61, 252-4. 

* Herbs native, acaule-'oent, the sepals small but manifest Nos. 1, 2, 3 

* Herbs exotic, caulescent, the sepals obsolete or wanting No. 4 

1 ©, ciicullaria DC. White Ear-drop. Root bulb-like ; spurs of the fls. divergent, 

acute, straight ; flower nearly as broad as long. Woods, Can. to Ky. 6—10'. Lvs. all 
radical of numerous oblong linear segm. The bulb consists of reddish, scale-like 
tubers. Apr. May. 
'Z D. Canadensis DC. Squirrel-corn. Root bearing yellow tubers as large as peas ; 
rac. simple ; fls. wLite, cordate-ovate ; spurs rounded, incurved. Rocky woods, Can. 
to Ky. 6— S'. Lvs. as in No. 1. Fls. fragrant. May, June. 

3 D. eximia DC. 'Purple E. Rhizome scaly ; rac. paniculate ; fls. cordate-oblong, 

rose-purple, spurs blunt, incurved ; sep. ovate, acute ; lvs. triteruate, segm. cut into 
oblong, acute lobes N. Y. to Orcg. I 10—15'. Fls. all summer, t 

4 D. si'ECTABiLis. lUeeding Heart. Stems recurved, branched ; lvs. bitcmate, segm. 

2 or 3-lobed ; fls. in spreading racemes, bright purple ; cor. broad, heart-shaped ; sep. 
obsolete. China, v^cry fine and showy. 

2. ADLUMIA, Haf. Mountain Fringe. Sepals 2, minute. Petals 4, 

united into a cellular, monopetalous corolla, persistent, bi-gibbous at base, 
4-lobcd at apex. Stam. united in 2 equal sets. Pod 2-valved, many-seevloci. 
(2) ^ Delicate, with tripinnate leaves, and ample pendulous cymes. 
A. clrrliosii Rar.—Kocky hills, Can. to N. Car. 20f. The leal'-stalks sorvo for toiuhils. 
Leaflets 3-lobcd. Flowers pinkish white. Juno— Aug. 

3. CORYDALIS, DC. Sepals 2, small. Petals 4. Ct-rolla with a 
single spur at base :>n the upper side. Capsule silique-form, many-seedoi. 
Seeds crested or arilled. Herbs caulescent, with mullitid leaves. RatHMues 
bracted, with ebracieolate pedicels. 

1 C elaiK*!!. V\\. Olaucouu, erect ; fls. rod, yellow at the tip ; pods oroot ; lohoeofthe 
leaflets obtut^o, bracts minuto. @ Rooky woodn, I'an. to N. C.-ir. 1— If. Rncome tor 
minal Flowers hoii/.oiitiil, spur short. \>lnnl. M.-iv, .Itiiu'. 



34 Order 11.— CKUCIFER^. 

2 C. aurea Willd. Low, diffuse, finally ascending ; leaf-lobes acute ; rac. opposite the 

Ivs. and terminal ; fls. secund, bright yellow, spur deflected ; pods pendulous, toru- 
lous; seeds turgid, polished. ® Rocky shades. 8—12''. Cor. 6^'. Bracts lance- 
ovate. Apr. — July. 

/3. macrdntha, Fls. 10'', spur nearly as long as limb ; bracts and leaf-lobes linear. 
Dakota ; sent by Dr. W. Matthews. 

y. ndvula, Fls. 3 — 4'', pale yellow, spur very short, petals pointed. Common. 

3 C montana Engelm. ? Ascending ; rac. terminal ; leaf-lobes obtuse, bracts lance- 

olate ; cor. yellow, spur ascending, nearly as long as lirab, lower petal at length pen- 
dent ; pods erect ; seeds lenticular. La. Tex. I 

4. FUMARIA, L. Ftbotory. (Lat. fumus, smoke ; from its disa- 
greeable odor.) Sep. 2, caducous. Pet. 4, unequal, 1 of them spurred at 
the base. Nut ovoid or globous, 1-seeded, and indehiscent. Lvs. cau- 
line, ■finel}'- dissected, 

F. officinalis L. Diffusely branched, erect ; lvs. bipinnate ; rac. loose ; fls. minute, 
purple at the tip ; calyx serrated ; ped. erect, twice longer than bract ; nut round- 
retuse. (2) Waste grounds, §. If. July, Aug. 



Order XI. CRUCIFER^. Crucifers. 

Ilerhs with a pungent, wateiy juice, and alternate, exstipulate leaves, 
with floicers cruciform, tetradynamous, generally in racemes, and bractless. 
Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, with long claws and spreading 
limbs. Stamens 6, the 2 outer opposite ones shorter than the 4 interior. 
Ovary 2-carpeled, 2-celled by a false partition, with parietal placentae. 
Fruit a silique, or silicle, usually 2-celled. Stigmas 2, sessile. Seeds 2-rowed 
in each cell, but often so intercalated as to form but 1 row. Embryo with 
the 2 cotyledons variously folded on the radicle. Albumen 0. Illust. 55, 
104, 192, 193, 239, 336, 429, 506. 

1 2 3 A large and important Order, difficult ot 

analysis. The Genera cannot be well 
distinguished by their flowers, so nearly 
alike are they in all. Their characters 
are taken from the fruit and seeds. Hence 
it is indispensable that specimens for analysis should be in fruit as well as 
in flower. DeCandoUe arranged the Genera into Tribes according to the 
folding of the cotyledons upon the radicle. This occurs in three diflTerent 
modes, as follows : 

Cotyledons incumbent, when they are so oent or folded as to apply the 
back of one of them to the radicle, as m tne seed of Capsella, fig. 1. 

Cotyledons accumbent when they are so turned as to apply their edges 
to the radicle, as seen in Uie seed of Arabis Canadensis, fig. 2. 

Cotyledons conduplicate, when thev are not only incumbent, as in the 
first case, but also folded on and partly embracing 'the radicle, as in Mus- 
tard, fig. a 




Order U.— CRUCIFER^. 3C 

In the following table we endeavor to combine with, the systematic; 
arrangement of DeCanclolle a more practical artificial method : 

* Crucifers native, or cultiv.ated for food, (§) 

* Crucifers exotic, cultivated for ornament or art. (§ g) 
§ Fruit a long pod, silique (§ 166), opening by 2 valves, (a) 

§ Fruit a short pod, silicle (§ 166), opening by 2 valves, (e) 

§ Fruit a jointed pod, loment, partitioned across Nog. 28, 2ti 

a Flowers cyanic. — h Seeds arranged in a double row in each cell Nos. 1, 2 

—?j Seeds in 1 row. — c Pods sessile on the torus Nos. .3, 4, 5 

—r. Pods on a slender stipe No. 12 

a Flowers yellow.—'/ See'ls flat, wing-margined No. 6 

—il Seeds ovate or oblong Nos. 9, 10, 11 

—d Seeds globular No. 15 

e Flowers bright yellow. Silicle turgid, or slightly flattened Nos. 1, 20, 21 

« Flowers cyanic.—/' Silicle turgid, with a broad partition Nos. 19, 22 

—/ Silicle flattened parallel with a broad partition Nos. 16, 18 

— /' Silicle flattened contrary to the narrow partition Nos. 24, 26 

§ § Fruit a silique or long pod, opening by 2 valves Nos. 7, 8, 1.3, 14 

g § Fruit a silicle— ^^ with 1 seed only, and indehiscent No. 27 

—g with 2 or more seeds.— *! Petals all equal Nos. 16, 17 

—h Petals unequal No. 23 

I RIBS I. ARABIDEJi!. — Pods mostly elongated. Seed oval or orbicular, more ai less flattened. Co- 
t^-ledons accumbent (=o). 

1 Seeds small, turgid, in a turgid, oblong or oval pod N.\sturtium. 

2 Seeds flattened, in a long, linear pod. Plants very erect Turritis:. 

3 Silique linear, seeds in 1 row, not bordered. Purple Iod.vxtiius. 

4 Silique linear, each valve with 1 central vein, not opening elastically Ar.xbis. 

5 Silique linear or lanceolate, valves veinless, opening elastically (-.\rd.\mi.xe. 

6 Silique oblong, flattened, seeds wing-margined. Leaves radical Ij?:.vvenworthia 

7 Silique long, OO-seeded. Stigmas distinct, 2-li()rned Mattiiiol.v. 

8 Silique long, OO-seeded. Stigmas capitate. Leaves entire. Flowers yellow. .CHEiR.\NTmjs. 

9 Silique 4-angled, 2-edged, rigid. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid Barbarea. 

Tribe II. SISYMBRIEjE.— Pod elongated. Seeds oblong. Cotyledons incumbent (||o), oblong. 

10 Calyx erect. Pods 4-sided, valves strongly 1-veined Leaves lanceolate Erysimum. 

11 Calyx half spreading. Pods subterete. Leaves di.ssected or incised Sisy.mbriu.m. 

12 Very smooth herbs, with the white flowers in corymbs. South Warka.' 

13 Stigma of 2 converging lobes. Petals entire, oblicjue. Leaves lanceolate IIksperis. 

14 Stigma lobes connate. Petals pinnatilid, involute in afstivation Schizopetai OW 

TniBK III. BRASSICEiE.— Pods elongated. Seeds globular, ((o. 

15 Pod terete or 4-sided Brasstca. 

Tribe IV. ALYSSINE/E.— Fruit short, septum broad. Seeds in 2 rows. Cotyledons — o. 

16 Silicle ino.stly orbicular, flattened. Cells 1-4-seeded Altsscm. 

17 Silicle very large, orbicular-oval, very flat, stipitate. Cultivated Lunaria. 

18 Silicle oblong or elliptical. Seeds OC, not margined. Pet. entire or 2-clefl Pkaba. 

19 Silicle globular or ellipsoid. Seeds few. Flowers white Armor aoi a. 

20 Silicle globular, inflated, thin, veinless. Flowers yellow Vksu'aria. 

Tribe V. CAMELTNE.E.— Pods mostly short. Septum broad. Cotyledons I o. 

21 Silicle obovoid, with ventricous valves, many seeds. Flowers yellow Camklina. 

32 Silicle oval, turgid, few-seeded. Leaves linear, radical. Flowers white Si'bui.akia. 

Trjbr VI. TIILASPIDL.Fj.—PiKis snort, sepluui narrow. Cotyledons accumbent. 0->3\.Ibkris. 
Tribe VII. LEPIDINEvE.— Pods short, septum narrow. t\)tyU>dons incumbent. 

24 Silicle triangular, many-seeded. Flowers white Cai*sk-.la. 

25 Silicle oval-orbicular, 2-seeded. Flowers white, often incomplete LKPinrM. 

26 Silicle didymous, each half l-seedod. Flowers minute Sk.nkbikra. 

Tribe VIII. ISATinK.F.— Silicle short, 1-cellod, 1-sooded, indehiscent. 0-7> Cult.. Isatu. 
Tkibk IX. tWK.VLINE.K.— Pod2-|ointed. Cotyls. -o. (28) Fleshy sen-side horb.-!. ..Caku.k. 
Tribe X. K.vril AKK.K — Pod mouilirorui. Cotyledons u«>- T-i^^ Loaves Ivrato .. U vrnASfa 



36 Order 11.— CRUCIFEB^. 

1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br, Water-cress. (Lat. nasus tortus, nose 
tortured ; alluding to the pungent qualities.) Sep. spreading. Siliques 
subterete, turgid, generally cui'ved upward, often shortened to a silicle, 
valves veinless. Seeds small, oo, turgid, generally arranged in a double 
row in each cell (= o ). ^ with pinnate or pinnatifid leaves. 

* Petals white. Siliques rather long (10— 12'0 No. 1 

* Petals yellow, minute. Siliques shortened (4 — S'O, hut longer than the pedicels, (a) 

* Petals yeflow. Siliques or sUicles (1— 6'0, shorter than the pedicels. (6) 

a Ijeaves pinnate or pinnatifid. Diffusely branched — Nos. 2, 3 

a Leaves lyrate, or merely toothed. Stems erect Nos. 4, 5 

b Petals not longer than the calyx, obscure Nos. 6, 7 

b Petals longer than the calyx, bright yellow, the flowers showy Nos. 8, 9 

1 N. officinale R. Br. English W. Lvs. pinnate, Ifts. ovate, subcordate, repand ; 

;te(als white, longer than the calyx. 2f Springs, &c. May, June. §$ 

2 N. tanacetifolium Hook. Upper leaf-segm. confluent, lower distinct, oblong, or 

roundish, sinuate-toothed, teeth obtuse ; pods 4— &', ped. f a-s long. (§) South. 
j8. obtusum, Lfts. mostly distinct, obtuse, oval. Pods shorter (3— S'O- Miss. R. 

3 N, "Walteri "Wood. Segments of the leaves all distinct, narrow, with a few linear, 

acnte lobes or teeth ; pods linear (5'0, ped. 2 — Z". n South. 3 — 5'. March, April. 

4 N. limosmu N. Lvs. lanceolate, toothed, the lower lyrate ; pods elliptic-oblong, 

3 — 4/'', ped. much shorter. (2) Rivers, La. 10 — 15'. Fls. minute. Too near the next. 

5 N. sessilifloriim N. Lvs. wedge-obovate, repandly-toothed or subentire ; pods 

linear-oblong, 5 — 6''', subsessile. (2) Miss. Riv. Stem erect. Fls. minute. Apr. — June. 

6 IV. palikstre DC. Marsh Cress. Glabrous; lvs. pinnately lobed, amplexicaul, lobes 

confluent, dentate ; rt. fusiform ; pet. as long as the sepals ; silicle spreading, turgid, 
twice longer than wide. % Wet places. 1— 2f. Pod Z". Jmie— Aug. 

7 N. liispidum DC. Villous ; lvs. runcinate-pinnatifid, lobes obtusely dentate ; sili- 

cles tumid, ovoid, or globular, the pedicels longer, ascendiug ; pet. scarcely as long aa 
the calyx. (2) Streams, 1— 3f. Pod 1". Ped. 2— 3'^ June— Aug. 

8 N. sylvestre R. Br. Wood Cress. Lvs. pinnately divided, segm. serrate or incised ; 

pods linear, style very short, ii Meadows, Ms. to Pa. Rare. June, July. § 

9 N. sinnatum Nutt. Lvs. pinnatifid, segm. lance-oblong, nearly entire; pods 

oblong, acute, with a slender style. 2; Rivers, St. Lonis to Oreg. June. 
\ 

2. TURRITIS, Dill. Tower Mustahd. (Lat. turris, a tower; from 

the sti'ict form of the plants.) Sep. erect, converging. Seeds flattened, 
minute, in 2 rows in each cell of the long, narrowly -linear 2-edged silique ; 
valves plane, 1-veined. Embryo = o . Glabrous and stiictly erect, stem- 
leaves sagittate-clasping. (Buns into Arabis.) 

1 T. glabra L. Fls cream- white, erect; silique long (30, strictly erect; stem lvs. 

ovate-lanceolate. (1) Can., to Pa.(Porter.) 2— 3f. Glaucous. Lvs. entire. July. 

2 T. stricta Graham. Fls. rose-white, erect ; silique long (.30, erect, finally ascending 

or spreadmg ; stem lvs. linear-lanceolate. (2) Rocks, N. Y. (rare) to Oreg. 1— 2f. May. 
/3. brachycdrpa, Fls. and siliques spreading, the latter shorter (10- Westward. 

3. lODANTHUS, T. & G. False Bocket. {IwSr/<;, violet-colored, 
av^oi, flower.) Calyx closed, shorter than the claws of the petals. Si- 
lique linear, terete, veinless. Seeds arranged in a single row in each cell 
(=0). U Glabrous, with violet-purple flowers in panicled racemes. 
Leaves lanceolate. 

I. liesperioides Torr & Gr. Penn. to El. and Ark. 2— 3f. Lvs. serrate or the lowei 
pinnatifid-lyrate. Pods 15— 20", spreading. May, June. (Arabis, Gr.) 



Order 11.— CRUOIFERiE. 37 

4. ARABIS, L. Rock-cress. Sepals mostly erect ; silique linear, com- 
pressed ; valves plane, each with 1 or 3 longitudinal veins, seeds in a sin- 
gle row in each cell, mostly margined, cotyledons accumbent or oblique. 
Flowers white. Figs. 336, 506. 

* Loaves (all or at least the radical) pinnatifid. Stems clustered ISTos. J, 2, 3 

* Leave" all undivided, toothed or entire, often clasping. .(a) {Exotic. No. 10.) 

a Siliques short (6— 12'0 and straight. Sds. not winged. Stems clustered. .ISTos. 4, 5 
a Siliques longer (1—20, straight or curved. Sds. not winged. St. simple. .Nos. 6, 7 
a Siliques .ong ,;3'), curved, pendent. Seeds winged Nos. 8, 9 

1 A. Ijudoviciana Meyer. All the leaves pinnatifid or pinnate, smoothish ; etema 

branched at base ; siliques ascending ; seeds bordered, (i) South. 6 — 10''. March. 

2 A. lyrata L. Upper leaves smooth, linear, entire ; radical leaves lyrately pinnatifid, 

often pilous ; st. branched at base ; pedicels spreading ; siliques erect, peeds not bor- 
dered, obliquely = o . (2) Hills, Can. to Va. 6—12'. Pods li— 2^ Pet. 3" long. Apr., May. 

3 A, petrsba Lam. Upper leaves linear, entire, minute, radical pinnatifid, veiy small ; 

stems clustered ; pods ascending (1— HO ; seeds bordered, = o . U Eocks (Green- 
wich), Ct., Vt., O., Mich. 6—12'. Flowers white or roseate. June. 

4 A. 'JTlialia-na L. St. clustered, erect ; Ivs. pilous, oblong, nearly entire ; pet. twice 

longer than calyx ; pods erect, squarish (9") ; seeds obliquely il o . ^ Fields, Vt. to 111. 
and Car. (Wayne Co., N.Y. Hankenson.) 4-12'. Fls. small. May, (Sisymbrium, Gay.) § 

5 A. deiitata T. & G. Stems clustered, difl"use ; Ivs. oblong, sharply toothed; petals 

hardly longer than the calyx ; pods spreading. (1) N. Y. to Mo. If. Fls. small. May. 
8 A. imteiis Sull. Erect, pubescent ; cauline leaves coarsely toothed ; siliques spread- 
ing and curved upward, beaked with a distinct style. @ O. to Tenn. 1— 2f. ^[ay. 

7 A. liirsata Scop. Erect, hirsute ; radical leaves oblong-ovate, cauline lanceolate, 

sagittate-clasping, entire or toothed ; siliques straight, erect; style none, (g) Can. to 
Va., and W. 1— 2f. June. 

8 A, laevigata DC. Tall, glaucous, smooth ; stem leaves linear-lanceolate and linear, 

sagittate-clasping, the upper entire: siliques very long, linear, at length spreading 
and pendulous. @ Can. to Tenn., and W. 2f. Pod 3'. May. 
^. m/Mwr (Porter). Plant smaller, 10 — 15', with the Ivs. sessile— not clasping. Penn. 

9 A. Canadensis L. Siclde-'pod. Tall, pubescent ; stem leaves lanceolate, pointed 

both ways, sessile ; silique snbfalcate, veined, pendulous. (2) Kocky hills. 2— 3f. 
Petals small, but twice longer than sepals. Pods 3'. May, June. 

10 A. ALPiNA. Erect, 8—12', hoary with stellate hairs ; Ivs. oblong, with slender teeth, 
clasping ; fls. showy, pure wh., in many little long-stalked corymbs. Alps. Mar.— May, 

5. CARDAMINE, L. Bitter Cress, Calyx a little spreading. Sil- 
ique linear or lanceolate, with ilat^ veinless valves narrower than the dis- 
sepiment, and often opening elastically from the base. Stigma entire 
Seeds not margined, = o . Flowers white or purple. 

§ Dentaria, Pod lance-linear. Rhizome thickish, knotted. Stem with 2 or 3 palmateil 
leaves near the middle. Flowers largo, corymbed. . .(*) 

* Leaves of the stem subopposite or subvert icillato Ni>s. 1, 2, 3 

* Leaves of the stem alternate Nos. 4, 5 

i Cardamink. Pod linear. Root tuberous or tlbroiis. Leaves altornato. .. i,+) 

t Leaves pinnaio, with many leaflets Nos. (>. T 

t Leaves simple or partly ternate. ..((?) 

a Silicpics pointed with a slender stylo. In U>\v, wot gromuis Nos. S, '.1 

a Siliquos tipped with the sessile stigma. In hi^h mountains Nos. 10. U 

1 CI. dipliylla. Stem 2-loavod ; leallets subovato ; rhizome continuous, toolhtnl. 
Of Damp woods. Can. to Car. If. Leaves 3-parted, nearly opposite. Kuot-stock 
pungent, aromatic. May. 



38 Order 11.— CRUCIFER.E. 

2 C. laciniata. Cauline Ivs. 3, 3-parted, the divisio-ns lanceolate or linear-oblong 

obtu&e, lobed, toothed or entire ; rhizome moniliform. u Woods. If. Apr. May. 

3 C. miiltifidac Cauline Ivs. mostly 3, and verticillate, rarely 2, multifid with na- 

meroiTS linear lobes ; rhizome tnberous. if. "Woods, N. Car. to Ala. Rare. 9''. 

4 C. maxima. Stem about 3-leaved (2 to 7) ; Ifts. 3, ovate, toothed or cleft ; rhizome 

moniliform, the tubers toothed. 2f N. Y. and Penn. Rave. 1 — 21". May. 

5 C. lieteroph^lla. Stem about 2-leaved (2 or 3), leaflets 3, lanceolate and nearly 

entire ; root-lvs. of 3 ovate-oblong, toothed, and cut-lobed leaflets ; rhizome monili- 
form, scarcely toothed, y. Penn. Va. Ky. 6'. Flowers purple. June. 
G C hirsiita L. Stem (hirsute in Europe) glabrous, erect ; leaves pinnately 5-11- 
foliate, terminal leaflet largest ; flowers (white) small, silique erect, linear or filiform ; 
stigma minute, sessile. (2) Wet. Variable. Stem 3— 12', slender or thick. Leaflets 
obtuse. Pod 1'. March— June. 
p. sylvdtica. Slender and delicate ; leaflets 1 or 2-toothed ; pods filifonu, in- 
curved. Grows in dryer places. 6'. (C. Virginica Mx.) 

7 C. pratensis L. Cuckoo Flower. Stem ascending, simple ; leaves pinnately 7-15- 

foliate ; leaflets petiolate, subentire, lower ones suborbicular, upper linear-lanceolate : 
style distinct, it Swamps, N. Y. to Arc. Am. 10 — 16'. Flowers large. Apr. May. 

8 C. rliomboidea DC. Stems simple, erect or ascending, tuberiferous at base ; 

siliques linear-lanceolate ; rt. Ivs. roundish, entire, st. Ivs. rhomboidal. n May. 8—14'. 
j8. purpurea. Slender, erect, few-leaved and purple-flowered. N. Y., O., Wise. 

9 C. rotundifolia Mx. Stems decumbent, branching, finally stoloniferous ; leaves 

all petiolate : pod linear-subulate ; rt. fibrous, n Cool springs. Pa. to Car. 1— 2f. May, Jn.. 

10 C l>ellid.if6lia L. Leaves smooth, orbicular-ovate, nearly entire, petiolate; cau- 
line entire or 3-lobed ; siliques erect. 2f White Mts. &c. 1|^— 3'. July. 

lie. spatulata Mx. Lvs. hirsute, the radical spatulate, petiolate ; cauline sessile, 
siliques spreading, (i) Mts. of Car. and Ga. Trailing. 6— -8'. April. 

6. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. (Named for Br. Leavenworth, the 
discoverer.) Petals cuneate, retuse, or truncate. Silique flat, oblong, 
valves indistinctly veined. Seeds in a single row, flattened, wing-mar- 
gined. Embryo nearly straight, curving toward an accumbent form. @ 
Low, smooth herbs with lyrate-pinnatifid leaves. Pet. yellow at base. 

li. Micliaiixii (and aurea) Torr.— Rocks,Ky.toTex. 2—6'. Lvs. mostly radical. Fls.l- -4. 

7. MATTHIOLA, R. Br. Stock. (In honor of P. A. MattUoli, phy 
sician to Ferdinand of Austria, and botanic author.) Calyx closed, 2 of 
the sepals gibbous at base. Siliques terete ; stigmas connivant, thickened 
or cornute at the back. Herbaceous or shrubby, oriental plants, clothed 
mth a hoary, stellate pubescence. 

1 I?I. iNCANA. Common Stock. Bromjfion S. July-flower. Erect, branching from the 

woody base ; lvs. lanceolate, entire, (g) % Eur. 2f. Fls. often double, white, purple. 

2 M. ANNUA. Ten-weeks Stock. Erect, branched ; lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, toothed, (i) 

S. Eur. 2f. Flowers infinitely various, mostly double. June— Nov, 

8. OHEIRANTHUS, L. Wall-flower. {Xsipy the hand, aV-5o5, 
flower.) Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at base. Silique terete or 
compressed. Stigma 2-lobed or capitate. Seeds flat, in a single series, 
often margined. {= o ). Garden perennials, mostly European. Leaves un- 
divided. Fig. 55, 

C Cheiki. St. somewhat shrubby and decumbent at base ; lvs. lanceolate, glabrous 
pet. obovate. long-clawed, j^ellow ; stig. capitate. % S. Eur. 2f. June, 



Order 11.— CRUCIFER^. 39 

9. BARBAREA, R. Br. Winter-cress. (Dedicated to Sta. Barbara!) 
Sepals ei-ect. Siliques columnar, 2 or 4-ang:led, valves carinate with a mid- 
vein. Seeds in a single row (= o ). Leaves tyrate-pinnatifid. ¥]&: yellow. 

1 B, vulgaris R. Br. Upper Ivs. toothed or pinnatifid at base; siliques obtusely 4- 

angled, pointed with the style. @ Brooksides : common. 1— 2f. Racemes dense, 
phowy-panicled. Pod W\ May, June. 

2 K. precox R. Br. Scurvy-grass. Upper Ivs. pinnatifid, with the lobes all linear 

oblong ; silique 2-edged. n % X South. Pod 2—3'. May, June. 

10. ERYSIMUM, L. False Wall-flower. {'Epvcj, to cure ; from 
its salutary medicinal properties.) Calyx closed. Siliques columnar, 4- 
sided, valves with a strong mid-vein. Stigma capitate. Seeds in a single 
series. Cotyledons oblong, || o . Lvs. narrow, undivided. Fls. yellow. 

1 E. clieiraiitlioicles L. Pubescence minute, appressed, branched : lvs. lanceo- 

late, denticulate, or entire ; fls. small ; siliques short (8— ID'O, on slender, spreading 
pedicels ; stig. small, nearly sessile, (i) Wet grounds. 1 — 2f. Rac. long. July. 

2 E. Arkaiisanum N. Yellovj Phlox. Simple, scabrous ; lvs. linear-laiiceolate, 

remotely dentate ; rac. corymbed at top ; pod long (30, erect ; stig. capitate, (f) 
Bluffs, O. to Ark. 2— 3f. Flowers large, orange-yellow. June, July. 

3 E. orientale R. Br. Glabrous and glaucous ; radical lvs. obovate, stem lvs. cor- 

date-clasping, obtuse, entire ; fls. white. (J) Near Phila (A. H. Smith). § Eur. 

11. SISYMBRIUM, Allioni. (An ancient Greek name.) Calyx half- 
spreading, equal at base. Petals unguiculate, entire. Silique subterete, 
valves concave, marked lengthwise with 1 — 3 veins. Style very short. 
Seeds in a single series, ovoid, || o . Flowers small, yellow. 

1 S. oliicinale Scop. Hedge 3fusfard. Leaves runcinate ; racemes slender, virgate ; 

siliques subulate, erect, closely appressed to the rachis. (T) A common weed, with 
branches at right angles. 1— 3f. June— Sept. § 

2 S. SopUia L. Flixweed. Lvs. bipinnatifid, lobes linear-oblong, acute ; sep. longer 

than pet. ; pod linear, erect, longer than the spreading pedicel. ® N. Y. Can. § 

3 S, caiiescoiis Nutt. Tansey Mustard. Lvs. bipinnatifid, cancscent, lobes oblong, 

subdentate, obtuse ; pet. about equalling the calyx ; pod oblong-linear. 3— (5", ascemi- 
ing, shorter (or never longer) than the spreading pedicel. (I) U. S. 1— 2f. IMar.- Jmie. 

12. WAREA, K (Named for JIf?'. TFar^, the discoverer.) Sep. colored, 
ligulate. Pet. with very slender claws. Silique flattened, long and slen- 
der, raised on a slender stipe. Cotyledons oblong, || c . (J) Glnbrous, 
entire-leaved. Flowers white or purple, in short racenu^s. Siliques 
curved and declinale. 

1 "W. ciineirolia N. Lvs. oblong, obtuse, cuncvUe at base, and subsos*lIe. Ga. Fin. 

1— 2f. Pot. obovate, white. September. 

2 "^V. ainplcxilolia N. TiVS. oblong-ovate, partly clasping. Sand hills, Fla l—Of. 

Pet. oval, purple. September. 

13. HESPERIS, L. Rocket, ('/i-'orrf/xv, evening, when the tlnvcT 
is most tVngranl.) Calyx closed, shorter than the claws of the petals. IVt, 
bent obliipK^ly, linear or obovate". Silicpie subterete. Seeds not margined. 
Stig. forked, with the apices converging (|o). Flowei-s ^^■hite or purple. 
H. mat roiialiN \.. Simple, erect; lvs. lanoe-ovate, dentiouliUe; pet. obovate; )>o(i 

torulous, elongated (;>'), erect. (a~i Shores of L. V.rW ^Hankonsoti^ and llun)u. § t 

1.1 



40 Okder 11.— CRUCIFER^. 

14. SCHIZOPETALON, Sims. {^^x^Z^, to cut, as the petals appeal 
to be.) Sep. erect. Pet. pinnately lobed, involute in the bud. SiUque 
linear, compressed. Stig. lobes erect, connate. Seeds oblong or globular, 
cotyl. twisted (|| o ). @ Lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid. Fls. white or pm-ple. 

S, WaxiKeei. Stem slender, erect, branching, 2f. Lvs. canescer.t. Fls. racemed. Chili, 
Raised from seed. Flowers large, curious, soon perishing. 

15. BRASSIOA (and Sinapis) L. Cabbage, Mustard, &c. (The 
ancient names.) Silique long, terete, or 4-sided, pointed with a stout style 
or an ensiform 1-seeded beak. Valves 1-3- veined. Seeds in 1 row, globu- 
lar, ((o. Root lvs. pinuatifid. Rac. elongated. Fls. yellow. Figs. 339, 192, 429. 

§ SiNATis. Sep. spreading. Pet. ovate. Pod with an acute beak Nos. 1, 2, 3 

§ Bkassica. Sep. erect. Pet. obovate. Pod squarish, with a blunt style. . .Nos. 4, 5, 6 

1 B. nigra L. Black Mustard. Smooth; pod I'', smooth, somewhat 4-angled, ap 

pressed to the rachis, and beaked with a slender, 4-sided stj'le. (I) 3— 6f. § 

2 B. arvensis (L.) Field Mustard. St. and lvs. hairy ; pod li', smooth, many-angled, 

torulous, spreadmg, thrice longer than the slender ancipital style. (£) § June, July. 

3 B. alba (L.) IV/iite Mustard. Lvs. smoothish ; siliques hispid, torulous. shorter than 

the ensiform beak ; seeds large, pale yeUow. (T) Eur. 3— 5f. Pod 4-seeded. 

4 B» campestris (L.) Cale. Lvs. somewhat fleshy and glaucous, the lower lyxate- 

deutate, subciliate, upper cordate-amplexicaul, acuminate. ® Fields. 2f. July. § 
jS. Rntahag-a, Swedish Turnip. Root tumid, napiform, subglobous, yellowish. % 

5 H.Rapa L. Radical lvs. lyrate, rough, not glaucous, cauline ones incised, uppe" 

entire, smooth. 
^. DEPKESSA. Common Turnip. Root depressed, globous or napiform, contracted 
below into a slender radicle. @ Long cultivated for its root. % 

6 B. OLEKACEA L. Cabbage. Lvs. very smooth and glaucous, fleshy, repand-toothed 

or lobed. @ Europe, on rocky shores, forming no head. 
/S. BULLATA. Savoy Cabbage. Lvs. curled, subcapitate, finally expanding. % 
y. BoTETTis-CAtTLiFLORA. CauUflower. Stem low ; heads thick, compact, term' 

nal ; flowers abortive, on short, fleshy peduncles. % 
S. BoTKYTis ASPARAGOiDES. BtoccoU. Stem taller ; heads subramous ; branches 

fleshy at the summit, consisting of clusters of abortive flower-buds. X 
£. CAPiTATA. Head Cabbage. Stem short ; leaves concave, packed in a dense 

head before flowering ; raceme paniculate, t 

16. ALYSSUM, L. Mudwort. (Gr. a, privative, Xvdrjay rage; sup- 
posed by the ancients to allay anger.) Calyx equal at base. Fet. entire ; 
some of the stamens with teeth. Silicle orbicular or oval, with valves flat, 
or convex in the centre. Seeds 1 — 4 in each cell (- j ). Showy Europear; 
herbs, half shrubby at base. 

1 A. maritiinuin. Lam. Sweet A. Lvs. lance-linear, acute, entire, some hoary; 

pods oval, smooth, 2-seeded ; fls. white, small, sweet, n If. Escaped from gardens. § 

2 A. calyeiiiuin L. Calyx persistent ; lvs. linear-spatulate, canescent ; pods orbicu- 

lar, lens-shaped, with a thin border, 4-seeded ; fls. yellowish, (i) If. Fields : rare. 
Mass. N. Y. (Wayne Co., Hankenson). § 

3 A. SAXATiLE. Hock A. Lvs. lanceolate, entire, do -svny; pods round-obovate, 2-geeded; 

flowers yellow, corymbed, abundant and briUiant. U Candia. 9', April. 

17. liUNARIA, L. HoKESTY. (Lat. luna, the moon ; from the broad, 
lound silicles.) Sep. somewhat bisaccate at base. Pet. nearly entire. 
Btam. without teeth. Silicle pedicellate, elliptical, or lanceolate, with flat 



Ordek 11.— CRUCIFEKJS. 41 

valves ; funiculus adhering to the dissepiment (= o ). European. Leaves 
cordate. Flowers lilac. 

1 Ij. EEDivivA L. Perennial Satin-flower. Lvs. ovate, petiolate, mucronately serrate; 

silicles lanceolate, narrowecl at each end. 'K 2— 3f. June. 

2 li. BIENNIS DC. Hcmeshj. Lvs. with obtuse teeth ; silicles oval, obtuse at both ends. 

@ Flowers large, purple. May, June. 

18. DRAB A, L. Whitlow Grass. {Apdfjy^ acrid, biting;; from the 
taste of the plant.) Calyx equal at base. Pet. equal. Fil. without teeth. 
Silicle oval or oblong, entire, the valves flat or slightly convex, veined. 
Seeds not margined, 2-rowed in each cell (== o ). Flowers white, rarely 
yellow. Plants small. 

I Erophila. Petals 2-parted r No. 1 

§ Deaba projier. Petals entire or only emarginate. (a) 

a Style distinct, long or short. Pods twisted when ripe. Perenn. .Nos. 2, 3, 4 
a Style none. Pods straight, plane. Plants annual or bienn. {b) 

b Pedicels as long as or longer than the pods Nos. 5. 6 

b Pedicels shorter than the pods Nos. 7, 8 

1 I>. (JEropliila) verna L. Whitloio Grass. Scape naked ; lvs. oblong, acute, sub- 

serrate, hairy ; pet. bifid ; stig. sessile ; silicle oval, flat, shorter than the pedicel, (i) 
A little Spring flower, in rocky places. Can. to Va. 1— .3'. 

2 D. ramosBSwiina Desv. Minutely pubescent, difl'iise ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, with 

remote and slender teeth ; rac. panicled ; silicle lanceolate, about the length of the 
pedicel, the style half as long, if Va. Ky. 5—8'. May. 

3 I>. arafoisans Mx. Slightly pubescent ; root leaves in tufts, wedge-lanceolate, 

toothed ; stems leafy, erect, its lvs. oblong ; silicle glabrous, lance-oblong (6"), spread- 
ing ; style very short, ii Lake shores, Vt. N. Y. Mich. 6—10'. "\Miite. May. 

4 D. iiicsLiia L. Hoary pubescent; root leaves in tufts, wedge-lanceolate, slightly 

toothed ; st. nearly naked, branches and ped. very erect ; silicle oblong (5"), twisted, 
sty. very short. 2( or @ Mts. N.Vt. and N. G— 8'. Lvs. G". Fls. very small, white. June. 

5 D. nemoralis Ehrh. Pubescecnt, branched; lvs. oval, the cauline lanceolate, 

toothed; pet. emarginate; silicles half the length of the spreading pedicels. @ Mich. 
Mo. 8 — 10'. Flowers small, white or yellowish. May. 

6 D. l>racliycarpa N. Minutely pubescent ; lvs. ovate, the cauline oblong ; rac. 

CXi-flowered ; pet. obovate, entire ; silicle as long as the ped. G-sceded. (\) Mo. and 
South. 3—4'. Pod 2". April. 
T D. cuneifolia N. Ilirsute, pubescent, branching and leafy below, naked above ; 
lvs. cunentc-oblong, sessile, denticulate; rac. elongated in fruit; silicles twice longer 
(4") than the pedicels, (f) Ky. to La. 3— S'. March. 
8 D. Caroliniaiia Walt. Hispid, branching aiul leafy below, naked above; lvs. en 
tire, obovate and oval ; rac. short ; silicles oblong-linear, longer than the pedicels i,."S">. 
(I) R. L to Ga. and W. 1—3'. Much like No. 7. April^June. 
|8. tnicvtinilta, Silicles minutely hispid ; pet. often Avanting. (D. miorantha X."> W 

19. ARMORACIA, Kiipj). 1Tousk-k.\disii. {Armorlcn, its nalivc 
coiintiy, now the province l>ritt:uiy, France.) Sop. si>roading. IVt. entire, 
much exceeding the calyx. Silicles ellipsoid or globular, turgiil, 1-collod 
from the incomplete partition. Style distinct. Seeds fe .v (— :r ). U Lvs. 
oblong, uiulivided, or the lower piimatitid. Flowers uhite. 

1 A. riistlcaiia h'up]). Ivjulioal lvs. oblimg, cronate; cauline long. l;u\oeolalo, in 
cieed; silicic roundiflh, ellipsoid, much lonuer tlvan the stvle. § Kur. 



4:2 Order 11.— CRUCIFER^. 

2 A. Americana Am. Aquatic; immersed Ivs. doubly piimatiM with capiMary seg 
meuts, emersed, oblong, pinnatifid, serrate or entire ; silicle ovoid, little longer thaE 
the style. Lakes and rivers, Can. to Ky. July, Aug. 

20. VE SIC ARIA, Lam. Eladder-pod. (Lat. vesica, a bladder or 
blister; from the inflated silicles.) Pet. entire. Silicle gloDous or ovoid; 
inflated valves uei-veless, hemispherical or convex. Seeds several in each 
cell, sometimes margined (= c ). Flowers yellow. (See Addenda.) 

Y, Sliortii T. & G. Lvs. elliptical, sessile, entire ; style twice as long as the globoas 
silicle ; seeds 2 — 4, not margined. (I) Ky. rare. 

21. OAMELINA, Crantz. False Flax. {Xajuaz, dwarf, Mvov, 
flax.) Calyx^equal at base. Pet. entire. Silicle obovate or subglobous, 
with ventricous valves and many-seeded cells. Styles filiform, persistent. 
Seeds oblong, striate, not margined (|| c ). Flowers small, yellow. 

C. sativa Crantz. Lvs. lanceolate, sagittate at base, subentire; silicle obovate-pyri- 
form, margined, tipped with the pointed style. ® Fields. § Eur. 2f. June. 

22. SUBUIiARIA, L. Awl wort. (Named in reference to the linear 
subulate leaves.) Silicle oval, valves turgid, cells many-seeded. Stigma 
sessile ; cotyledons linear, curved and incumbently folded on themselves. 
(i) Aquatic acaulescent herbs. 

S. aquatica L.— Shores of ponds, Me. N. H. Lvs. all radical, entire, subulate, H' 
Scape 2—3', with a few minute Avhite flowers. July. 

23. IBERI3, L. Candytuft. (Most of the species are natives of 
Iberia, now Spain.) The 2 outside petals larger than the 2 inner. Siliclea 
compressed, truncate, emarginate, the cells 1-seeded. Handsome herbs 
from the Old World, pretty in cultivation. Flowers white or purple. 

1 I. UMBELLATA. Puvple C. Herbaceous ; lvs. lin. -lanceolate, acuminate, the lower 

serrate ; silicles umbellate, acutely 2-lobed. (J) Eur. If. Purple. June, July. 

2 I. AMARA. Bitter C. Herbaceous; lvs. lanceolate, acute; fls. finally racemed ; sili- 

cles obcordate, narrowly emarginate. ® Eng. If. White. June, July. 

3 I. ODORATA. Herbaceous; lvs. linear, tootbed, dilated at end; siiicle round, with 

acute, spreading lobes, (i) Alps. If. Sweet scented. Foliage pretty. July. 

4 I. riNNATA. Lvs. pinnatifid, smooth. (T) Eur. If. White, corymbed. 

5 I. SAXATiLis. Shrubby ; lvs. linear, entire, n Eur. If, White, corymbed. 

24. OAPSELLA, Vent. (Lat. capsa, a chest or box ; alluding to the 
fruit.) Calyx equal at base ; silicles triangular-cuneiform, obcordate, com- 
pressed laterally ; valves carinate, not winged on the back ; septum sub- 
linear ; style short ; seeds oo, oblong, small, || o . Fls. white. A common 
weed. Fig. 193. 

r. Bnrsa-pastoris Msench. Bhepherd's Purse, (i) Grows everywhere. 6'— li--2f. 
Root lvs. rosulate, cut-lobed ; stem leaves lance-lin. clasping-sagittate ; rac. long. 

25. LEPIDIUM, R. Br. Pepper Grass. {Asrn^., a scale ; from the 
resemblance of the silicle.) Sepals ovate ; petals ovate, entire ; silicles 
oval-orbicular, emarginate ; septum very narrow, contrary to the greats 



Order li.— ORUClFERiE. 43 

diameter ; valves carinate, dehiscent ; cells 1-seeded. Cotyledons |o, often 
-=o. Flowers small, white, often incomplete. 

• Stamens only 2. Petals often wanting. Leaves not clasping Nos. 1, S 

* Stamens 6. Silicles evidentlywinged Nos. 3, 4 

;•' Ij* Virgiiiicuin L. Tongue-grass. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, the lower incisely ser- 
rate ; pet. 4 ; silicles orbicular, emarginate ; cotyledons = o. (i) Dry places. If. 

J Ti. ruderale L. Cauline lvs. incised, those of the branches entire ; pet. none; pods 
broad-oval, notched, wingless. (1) Dry fields. Rare. 10— lo'. Always apetalous. § 

3 li. campestre R. Br. Yellow-seed. Cauline lvs. sagittate-clasping, denticulate; 

silicles ovate, notched, winged, rough, (i) Dry fields. Rare. 6 — 10^. Jn. § Eur. 

4 I.. SATIVUM L. Pepper-grass. Lvs. oblong, variously incised and pinnatifid; silicles 

elliptic-ovate, notched and winged. (T) Eur. 2f. A garden salad. July. 

26. SENHBISRA, Poir. Carpet Cress. Swine Cress. (In honor 
of Senebier, a distinguished vegetable physiologist.) Sihcle didymons, witb 
the partition very narrow ; valves ventricous, separating but indehiscent, 
and each 1-seeded, cotyledons incumbentl}'- folded on themselves, (i) or 
(2) Prostrate and diffuse, with minute white flowers. 

1 S, didyma Pars. Lvs. pinnate, with pinnatifid segments ; silicles nigously reticu- 

lated, notched at the apex. Waste places coastward, Atlantic and Pacific. 

2 S. Coronopiis DC. Lvs. pinnate, with the segm. entire, toothed, or pinnatifid : 

silicles tu^ercled, not notched at apex. R. Isl. (Robbins) to Car. Rare. 

27. ISATIS, L. WoAD. (Idd'Ccj, to make equal ; supposed to remove 
roughness from the skin.) Silicic elliptical, flat, 1-celled (dissepiment ob- 
literated), 1-seeded, with boat-shaped valves, which are scarcely dehiscent 
(||o). None North American. 

I, TiNOTORiA L. Silicles cuneate, acuminate at base, somewhat spatnlate at the end, 
very obtuse, three times as long as broad, (i) Eng. 4f. Yellow. May — July. Culti- 
vated for the dye which is yielded by its leaves, 

28. CAKILE, Tourn. Sea Rocket. (Named from the Arabic.) Sili- 
cic 2-jointcd, the upper part ovate or ensiform ; seed in the ui)per cell erect, 
in the lower pendulous, sometimes abortive, (i) ^Maritime, fleshy herbs 
Flowers jiurple. 

C inarillma Scop. Lvs. oblong, bluntly serrate, obtuse, often lobed ; lower joint of 
eilicle clavate, upper ovate-cnsiform : racemes spike-like. Coasts, N. States. Pros- 
trate. 6—12'. July, August. 

29. RAPHANUS, L. Radish. {'Pa, quickly, (pai'rco, to appear; from 
its rapid growth.) Calyx erect. Pet. obovatc, unguiculato. Siliques toroto, 
(orulous, not opening by valves, transversely ^-jointed, joints with I or 
S' veral cells. Seeds large, subglobous, in a single series (^(o. 

1 R, Kapliaitistriiiu Ti. Wild L\tdish. Lvs. lyrato; siliquo monilifiTin. 8 8 

Bceded, becoming in maturity 1-celk'd, longer than the stylo. ^^0 Fields: rare. \—'2(. 

Pet. yellow, blanching as they d«eny. June, July. § Kur. 
a R, sATivus. Garden Radifh. Lower lvs. lyrate, potiolato ; siliquo 2-."?-^otHttM, .icii 

minate. scarcely longer than the stylo. (^D China. 2 —If. Root napiform or l\it>iibrni, 

red, black, or white. Flowers pink-white. 



44 Order 13.— RESEDACE^. 

Order XH. CAPPARIDACE^. Capparids. 

Herbs, shrubs, or even trees, destitute of true stipules. Leaves alternate, 
petiolate. Flowers cruciform, liyi^ogynous. Sepals 4, Petals 4, unguicu- 
late. Stamens 6 — 12, or some multiple of 4, never tetradynamous, on a 
di<ik or separated from the corolla by an internode of the torus. Ovaries 
often stipitate, of 2 united carpels. Style united. Fh'uit either pod-shaped 
and dehiscent, or fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds many, reniform. Albu- 
men 0. Embryo curved. Cotyledon foliaceous. 

i Tribe CAPPARE^. Shrubs (or trees) with baccate or drupaceous fruit. S. F!a...CAFFARi3 

§ TeibS OLEOME.^. Herbs (or shrubs) with capsular 1-celled pods, (a) 

a Stamens 6, separated from the petals by an internode Gynandeofsis. 1 

a Stamens 6, not separated from the petals Cleome. 2 

a Stamens 8—32, free. Torus not developed to an internode Polanisi*. 3 

1. GYNANDROPSIS, DC. {Gynandria, a Linnsean class, oipii, ap- 
pearance.) Sep. distinct, spreading. Stam. 6, separated from the 4 petals 
by a slender mteraode of the torus. Pod linear-oblong, raised on a long 
stipe which rises from the top of the torus, (i) Lvs. digitate. Fls. racemed. 
G, pentapliylla DC. Middle lvs. petiolate, 5-foliate, floral and lower ones 3-foliate, 

leaflets obovate, entire, or denticulate. Waste grounds, Va. to Ga. 2— 3f. White. § 

2. CLEOME, L. Spider Flower. Sep. sometimes united at base. 
Pet. 4. Torus not developed between the petals and the stamens, which 
are 6 — 4. Pod stipitate more or less. Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. simple or 
digitate. Flowers racemed or solitaiy. (See Addenda.) 

1 C. pungens L. Stem simple, prickly ; Ifts. 5— 9, eUiptic-lanceolate, acute; flowers 
racemed ; petals on filiform claws, half as long as the stamens. @ Gardens and fields. 
3— 4f. Flowers purple, curious. May— Aug. § 

S C. sPECiosissiMA. Stem branched below; Ifts. 5 — 7, lanceolate, acuminate; petals aa 
long as their claws, rose-purple. Mexico. 3 — 4f. June— Sept. 

3. POLANISIA, Raf {UoXv, much, cividoi, unequal.) Sep. dis- 
tinct, spreading. Pet. 4, unequal. Stam. 8 — 32, filaments filiform or 
dilated at the summit. Torus not developed, minute. Pods linear, (i) 
Strong-scented herbs, with glandular, viscid hairs. 

1 P. graveolens Raf. Viscid-pubescent; lvs. ternate, Ifts. elliptic-oblong; fls. axil- 

lary, solitary ; stam. 8—12 ; caps, oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base. Gravelly 
shores, Vt. to Ark. If. Flowers in leafy racemes, yellowish- white. July. 

2 P. temijfolia T. & G. Viscid-glandular ; Ifts. 3, filiform-linear ; pet. unequal, ova!, 

on short claws ; stam. 12—15 ; pod linear. Ga. Fla. 1— 2f. White. 



Order XIII. RESEDACE^. Mignonettes. 

Herbs, with alternate, entire, or pinnate leaves. Stipules minute, gland- 
like. Flowers in racemes or spikes, small and often fragrant, 4-7-merou8, 
unsymmetrical and open in bud. Petals unequal, entire or cleft. Stamens 
8 — 20, inserted on the hj^Dogynous, one-sided glandular disk. Ovanes ses- 



Order 14.— VIOLACE^. 45 

sile, 3-lobcd, l-celletl, many-seeded. Fruit a capsule, l-celled, opeuing 
between the stigmas before maturity. Illust. 40, 165. 

RI]S£jDA, L. (Lat. resedo, to calm : the plants are said to relieve pain.', 
Sep. 4 — 7. Pet. of an equal number, often cleft. Torus large, fleshy, one- 
sided, bearing the 8 — QO stamens. 

1 R. luteola L. Dyer's Weed. Lvs. lanceolate, with a tooth on each side at base ; 

sepals 4, united, below ; petals (greenish-yellow) .3-5-cleft. (T) Roadsides, N. Y. 2f. 
Flowers numerous, in a tall raceme. § Eur. 

2 R.. ODORATA L. Mignonette. Lvs. cuneiform, entire or 3-lobed ; sepals shorter 'Jian 

the 7-13-cleft petals. Egypt. If. Fragrant. 



Order XIV. VIOLACE^. Violets. 

Herbs with simple (often cleft) alternate leaves with stipules. Flowers 
irregular, spurred, with the sepals, petals, and stamens in 5's. Sepals per- 
sistent, slightly united, elongated at base, the 2 lateral interior. PetaU 
commonly unequal, tlie inferior usually spurred at base. Stamens 5, 
usually inserted on the hypogynous disk. Filaments dilated, prolonged 
beyond tlie anthers. Ovary of 3 united carpels, with 3 parietal placenta?. 
Style 1, declinate. Stigma cucullate. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. ScclU 
many, with a crustaceous testa and distinct chalaza. Illust. 50, 93, 137, 
302, 515, 522. 

Sepals not auricled at base. Filaments united into a tube Solea. 1 

Sepals more or less auriculate at base. Filaments scarcely cohering Viola. 1 

1. SOLEA, Gingins. Green Violet. (Dedicated to W. Sole, an 
English writer on plants.) Sep. nearly equal, not auriculate. Pet. unequal, 
the lowest 2-lobed and gibbous at base, the rest emargiuate. Stum, united 
into a tube, sheathing the ovary and bearing a gland above the middle. Sds. 
6 — 8, very large. 2^ An erect, leafy plant, with inconspicuous axillar}- tls, 

S. concolor Gingins. Gi^een Violet.— Woods, W. N-Y. (Hankenson) to Car. and Mo 
1— 2f. Lvs. large, lanceolate, acuminate. Fls. greenish. Pod 1'. May, June. 

2. VIOLA, L. Violet. Pansey. (From the Latin.) Sep. 5, uncciual, 
auricular at base. Pet. 5, irregular, the broadest spurred at base, the 2 
lateral equal, oi)posite. Stam. approximate, anthers connate, 2 of them 
with appendages at the back. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved, seeds attached to 
the middle of the valves. U Low, herbaceous plants. Ped. angular, 
solitary, 1-flowcred, recurved at the summit so as to bear the tlowei-s in 
a ivsupinate position. Joints of the rliizome oflen bearing apetalou^^ 
tlowors. Figs. 50, 137, S:r. 

5 A.oauU)SCCut.— a IVtals yellow t No. 1 

— « Petals white Nos. •>, 8,4 

— « Petals blue,— ^> boardloas Xos. 5. C, 7 

—b boarded.— I^vs. divided Nos. S. «.1S, iVy 

—€ Lvs. undlvidod . . W U\ ll.nmi thoKxot. 1>J 



46 Okder 14.— yiOLACE^. 

S Caulescent.- -d Petals yellow. Stems leafy at the top only Nos. 12, .3, 14 

—d Petals not quite yellow.— ij Stipules entire No. 15 

—e Stipules fringe-toothed Nos. 16, 17, 18 

—e Stip. lyrate-pinnatifid, very large.. Nos. 20-22 
I V. rotandifolia Mx.' Fig. 50. Lvs. smooth, orbicular-ovate, cordate, with the 

sinus closed ; petiole pubescent; sep. obtuse. Woods, N. E. to Tenn. Mar.— May. 

% V, lanceolata L. Lvs. smooth, lanceolate, tapering at base into the long petiole, 

obtnsish, subcrenate. Wet meadows. Lvs. 3— 5'. Rt. stock creeping. Fls. white. May. 

3 V. primulaefolia L. Lvs. lance-ovate, abruptly contracted at base and decurrent 

on the petiole ; pet. subequal, beardless. Damp soils, Mass. S. andW. White. Ap.May. 

I V. blanda WiEd. Lvs. cordate, roundish, slightly pubescent ; petiole pubescent ; 

petals beardless. Meadows, Can. to Penn. Root creeping. Flowers fragrant. Maj'. 

5 V. palustris L. Lvs. reniform-cordate ; stip, broadly ovate; sep. ovate, obtuse, 

spur very short : caps, oblong-triangular. White Mts. W. Pale blue. June. 

6 V, Selkirkii Goldie. Lvs. orbicular-cordate, crenately serrate, the sinus deep and 

nearly closed ; spur nearly as long as the petals, thick, very obtuse. Hills, N. Y. to 
Can. and Mich 2^ Pale blue, with a large blunt spur. May. 
•J V, pedata L. Rt. premorse ; lvs. pedately 5— 9-parted, segments linear-lanceolate, 
entire ; stig. large, obtusely truncate, scarcely beaked ; spur short, obtuse. Hilly 
woods, 4—7'. Smooth and beautiful. Flowers large, violet-blue. April, May. 
/3. bicolor. Upper petals violet, the lower pale blue and yellow, Mass. to Ga, 

8 V. delphinifolia Nutt, Lvs. pedately 7— 9-parted, with linear, 2 — 3 cleft seg 

ments all similar ; stig. thick, distinctly beaked. 111. Iowa, Mo. Deep blue. Mar. Apr, 

9 V. cncallata Ait. Lvs. reniform-cordate, cucullate at base, acute, crenate : stip. 

linear : inferior and lateral petals bearded. Common everywhere. 3—12', Known 
by its broad hooded leaves and blue flowers. Varies much. April, May. 
^. palmata, Lvs. cordate, hastate-lobed, middle lobe largest. Fls. large. South. &c, 
Y. septemloba, Lvs. concave at base, deeply 5 — 7 lobed, mid. lobe lance. South. 

10 V. villosa Walt, Lvs. roundish-ovate, cordate, obtuse, flat, pubescent, sinus nar- 
row or closed ;" pet. bearded ; stig. beaked. Woods, Pa. to Ga. ; com. 2—3'. Apr. 

II V. sagittata Ait. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, sagittate-cordate, subacute, often in- 
cised at base, serrate-crenate ; pedicel longer than the leaves ; pet. densely bearded. 
Dry hills. 3—5'. Lvs. varying to triangular-hastate. April— June. 

/3. ovata, Lvs. ovate, incised and decurrent at base. N. J., southward. 

12 V. hastilta Mx. Smooth; st. simple, erect, leafy above; lvs. deltoid-lanceolate 
or hastate, acute, dentate ; stip. ovate, minute, ciliate-dentate ; lower pet. dilated, 
obscurely 3-lobed ; spur very short. Fla. to Tenn. 6—10'. April, May, 

13 V. tripartita Ell, Hairy. St. simple, erect, leafy above; lvs. deeply 3-parted, 
lobes lanceolate, dentate ; stip. lanceolate. Upper Ga. If. Yellow. 

14 V. putoescens Ait. Villous-pubescent ; st. erect, naked below; lvs. broad-cor- 
date, toothed; stip. ovate, large, subdentate. Dry woods. 5—20'. May, June. 

j3. eriocdrpat Tall, pubescent ; pods woolly. Westward. 

y. scabriiiscula , Some scabrous ; sts. decumbent, branched at base. Ct. to Ky, 
I 5 V, Canadensis L. Smooth ; lvs. cordate, acuminate, sen-ate ; ped. shorter than 

the leaves ; stip. short, entire. Woods. 8 — 12'. Leafy all the way. Flowers large, 

subregular, v/hite or light blue. Summer. 
16 V. striata Ait. Smooth, nearly trect; lvs. roundish-ovate, cordate, crenate-ser- 

rate ; stip. large, ciliate-dentate, oblong-lanceolate ; spur one-fourth as long as the 

corolla. Wet grounds. 6 — 12'. St. semi-terete. Flowers cream-white. 
I 1 V. Mulilenl>ergii Torr. St. weak, assurgent ; lvs. reniform-cordate, upper ones 

rather acuminate ; stip. lanceolate, somewhat fimbriate ; spur half as long as the 

corolla, obtuse. Swamps. 6 — 8'. Pale purple. May. 

1 5 V. rostrata L. Smooth ; st. terete, difiuse, erect .; lvs. cordate, roundish, serrate, 
upper ones acute ; stip. lanceolate, deeply fringed ; petals bearded ; spur longer thao 
the corolla. Moist woods. Can. to Kv. 6—8'. Pale blue. May. —Often beardless. 



Okder 15.— CISTACE^. 47 

19 V, ODORATA L. Bweet, or English Violet. Neapolitan. Stolons creeping ; lv5. cor- 
date, crenate, nearly smooth ; sep. obtuse. Eur. Flowers fragrant, blue, white, &c. 

20 V. tricolor L, Fansey, Heartsease. St. angular, diffusely branched ; ivs. oblong- 
ovate, lower ones ovate cordate, deeply crenate ; stipules as large as the leaves ; spur 
short, thick. Gardens. Flowers large, white-yellow-violet to black, in endless variety. 

/3. arv^nsis. Slender, subsimple ; petals scarcely longer than sepals. Fields. 
Perhaps this is the primary form. Abundant in Oregon. 

21 V, GRANUiFLOHA L. Stem 3-cornered, procumbent; leaves crenate, shorter than 
the peduncles, much larger than the stipules ; flowers large, all violet. 

22 V, CORNUTA. Stems 3-cornered, ascending ; Ivs. cordate, crenate ; stip. cut-toothed ; 
fls. violet-purp., the spur subulate, longer than the sepals. From the Pyrenees. Hardy. 



Order XV. CISTACB^. Rock Roses. 

Herbs or low shrubs with simple, entire, opposite (at least the lowei*) 
leaves, with flowers perfect, regular, hypogynous, in one-sided racemes, very 
fugacious. Sepals 5, unequal, persistent. Petals 5 (sometimes 3 or want 
ing), convolute in bud. Capsules 1-celled, 3-5-valved, with as many parif 
tal placentae. Seeds albuminous. Embryo curved or spiral. 

IT Petals 3, linear-lanceolate, small, brown-purple. Stamens 3 — 12 Lechea. 1 

IT Petals 5, — a large, yellow, very fugacious, or none. Stamens 00 Helianthkmdm. 2 

—a small, bright yellow. Tufted shrublets. Stamens 9— 30 Hudsonia. 3 

1. LECHEA, L. PiNWEED. Sep. 5, the 2 outer minute. Pet. 3, lan- 
ceolate, small. Stig. 3, scarcely distinct. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, placent£B 
nearly as broad as the valves, roundish, each 1-2-seeded. If Often shrubby 
at base, with numerous very small brownish purple flowers. 

1 li. major Mx. Hairy ; leaves elliptical, mucronulate ; flowers minute, about as long 

as the pedicels. In dry woods. 1 — 2f, rigid, brittle, purple, much branched. Leaves 
4'-'. Capsules the size of a small pin-head. July, August. 

2 li. minor Lam, Snioothish ; leaves linear, very acute ; flowers small, on pedicels 

which are mostly twice longer. Dry, sandy grounds. Stems 8 — IG', slender, red. 
Leaves 6—1 0'''. Capsules the size of a large pin-head. Summer. 

3 li. tliymifolia Ph. Shrubby; hoary with appressed hairs ; leaves linear and lin- 

ear-oblanceolate, rather acute, often verticillate ; flowers small, on pedicels still 
shorter. Coasts, Mass. to N. J. If. Very bushy. Capsules size of a pin-head. Sum. 

4 Li. Novs« Caisarcsc Austin. Hairs minute, appressed ; Ivs. ellip., 6'^ often opp. ; 

pan. leafy, narrow ; outer sep. lin., longer than the fl. or pedicels. N. J. (Prof. Porter). 

2. HELIANTHEMUM, L. Rock Rose. Sep. 5, the 2 outer smaller. 
Pet. 5, or rarely 3, convolute contrary to the sepals, sometimes 0. Stam. oo. 
Stig. 3, scarcely distinct. Capsules triangular, 3-valved, opening at top. 
Sds. angular. Fls. yellow, often of 3 kinds, the later ones being apotalous. 

§ Flowers of 2 sorts, the later ones apotalous, and 3-10-androu3 Noa. 1, 'J 

§ Flowers all alike, pentepetalous and polyandrous Nos. :\. 4 

1 H. Caiiatl^usc Mx. Froi^t Plant. Hoary pubescent ; potaliforous flowor« solitary, 

pedicellate, terminal ; apotalous axillary, small, clustered, eubsessilo ; sepals acute; 
leaves revolute on the margin, lanceolate, acute. In dry soils, Can. to Va. S— I'i^'. 

2 II. corymbosiim Mx. Oanesoontly tomontous ; fls. in crowded, fastigiatocymes*. 

the primary ones on elongfi,ed. flliforni pedicels, and with petals twice longer th.nn the 
calyx ; sep. obtuse ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, margins rovoluto. Ssinds. N. J. to Fla. If 



48 Order 16.— HYPERICACE^. • 

3 H. Caroliniannni Mx. Villous, simple, erect ; (Is. all large, petaliferous ami snb- 

terminal ; sepals acuminate ; Ivs. oblong-oval, edges denticulate, not revolute. Dry 
woods. South. 8—12''. April, May. 

4 H. arenicola Chapm. Hoarj^-tomentons ; Ivs. lance-oblong, obtuse, small (9^0 ; As. 

few. or solitary, pedicellate (T'O, terminal. Fla. in sand. 3— 6'. Apr. (H. C ana- 
dense, p. obtusum NYood. Ed. 5th.) 

3. HUDSONIA, L. (In honor of William Hudson, author of Flora An- 
glica.) Sep. 3, united at base, subtended by 2 minute ones outside • pet. 5 ; 
eta. 9 — 30; style filiform, straight; cap. 1-celled, 3-valved, mar.y- seeded 

5 with very numerous branches, minute leaves, and small, bright yellow 
flowers. May. 

1 H. tomentosa Nntt. Hoary tomentous ; Ivs. ovate, appressed-imbricate, acute ; 

fls. subsessile ; sep. obtuse. Coasts, Me. to N. J. and Wise. In tufts, 7— KK. 

2 H. ericoides L. Hoary-pubescent; Ivs. subulate, a little spreading; pedicels ex- 

serted, as long as the calyx ; sep. acutish. Shores, Vt. N. H. to Va. Delicate, fr'. 

3 H. iiioiita.na Nutt. Minutely pubescent ; Ivs. filiform-subulate ; pedicels longei 

than the flowers ; sep. acuminate, the outer ones longer, subulate. Mts. Car. S''. 

Order XVI. HYPERICACEiE. St. John's worts. 

Herbs or shrubs with opposite, entire, dotted, exstipulate leaves, yrnhflow- 
ers perfect, regular, hypogynous, 4 or 5-merous, cymous and mostly yellow ; 
sepals unequal, persistent ; petals mostly oblique or convolute in the bud ; 
stamens few or many, polyadelphous ; anthers versatile ; ovary comi30und, 
with styles united or separate, becoming in fruit a 1-celled capsule with 
parietal placentae, or 3 to 5-celled when the dissepiments reach the centi'e. 
Seeds exalbuminous, minute. (lUust. 138, 129, 275.) 

§ Sepals 4. Petals 4, oblique, contorted in eestivation, yellow Asctrttm. 1 

§ Sepals 5. Petals 5, — a oblique, contorted in aestivation, yellow Hypericum. 2 

— a equilateral, imbricated in bud, purplish Elodea. 3 

1. ASOYRUM, L. St. Peter's Wort. Sep. 4, the two outer usually 
very large and foliaceous ; pet. 4, oblique, convolute ; fil. slightly united at 
base into several parcels ; styles 2 — 4, mostly distinct ; cap. 1-celled. 5 
Lvs. punctate with black dots. Fls. pale yellow, 1 or 3 terminating each 
branch. 

The outer pair of sepals— a very large, ovate. Styles 1 or 2 Nos. 1, 2 

—a still larger, orbicular. Styles 3 Nos. 3, 4 

—a small, like the two inner. Styles 3, long, distinct No. 5 

1 A, Crux-Andreae L. Branches many, suberect, ancipital above : lvs. linear-ob- 

long, obtuse ; outer sep. twice longer than the pedicel ; 2 bracteoles a little below the 

flower. Sandy woods, N. J. to Ga. and La. 1— 2f. Lvs. 6—12'^, Jn.— Sep. 

(3. ang-ustifblia, Lvs. smaller (3— 6'0, crowded ; bractlets close to the fl. Car. Ga. 

2 A. pikniilnm Mx. Low, trailing at base; lvs. oval and obovate, obtuse, sessile; 

outer sepals shorter than the slender pedicel, inner sepal ; bracteoles 0. Ga. Fla. 

3 A. stans Mx. St. erect, ancipital ; lvs. oblong, sessUe and half-clasping, obtuse ; 

caps, ovate, acute. Swamps, N. J. to Fla. and La. 1 to 3f. Lvs 10 — 15''. Jn.— Ang. 

4 A. amplexicaule Mx. St. erect, terete below; lvs. broadly ovate, cordate, clasp 

ing; caps, oblong; bracteoles 0. Ga. and Fla. 1 to 2f. Lvs. 8— 12'-'. Apr.— Sep. 

5 A. microsepalum Torr. and Gr. Lvs. oblong-linear, crowded ; sep. muchshortei 

than the obovate, xmequal petals. Bushy, 1— 2f. Lvs. 3—6". 



Order 1G.— HYPERICACE^. 49 

2. HYPERICUM, L. St. John's-wort. Sep. 5, connected at base, 
subequal. Pet. 5, oblique, contorted in bud. Stam. mostly go, generally 
cohering in 3 — 5 sets (polyadelphous), with no intervening glands. Styles 
3 — 5, distinct or united. Caps.. 1-5-celled. Herbs or shrubs. Flowci-s 
cymous, yellow. June — August. Figs. 128, 129, 275. 

§ Stamens 25—100, more or less united into sets (polyadelphous) ... (a) 
§ Stamens 5—15, not at uU united. Annuals. Flowers small, {g) 

a Carpels (and styles) 5 or more. Capsule 5-celled Nos. 1, 2 

a Carpels 3, capsule 3-celled (the placentae meeting). . . {h) 

a Carpels .3, capsule 1-celled (the placentae not quite meeting) . . . (c) 

b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Lvs. lanceolate or oblanceclate Nos. 3, 4, 5 

b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves linear Nos. 6. 7 

b Herbaceous. Petals sprinkled, with black dots Nos. 8. 9, 10 

c Shrubs. Styles united into l...{c[) 

c Half-shrubby. Styles united into 1 . . . (e) 

c Herbaceous. Styles distinct, at least at the top. . . (/) 

d Flowers solitary or in 3's, axillary. Stems 2-edged Nos. 11, 12 

d Flowers clustered in a compound terminal C5ane Nos. 13, 14 

e Flowers in a leafless, stalked cyme. Leaves obtuse Nos. 15, 16 

e Flowers in a leafy (few-leaved) cyme. Leaves acute No?. 17, 18 

/ Stem and branches 4-cornered or square Nos. 19, 20 

/ Stem and branches terete, not angular , Nos. 21, 22 

g Flowers in corymbous cymes, orange-colored Nos. 23, 24 

g Flowers racemed on the slender branches Nos. 25, 26 

1 H, pyraiuidatum Ait. Herbaceous; lvs. sessile, oblong-ovate, acute; sty. 5; 

placentas retroflexed. 71 O. Pa. to Can. 3— 5f. Flowers very large (20. 

2 H. Kalmiaiiium L. Shrubby ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, very numerous, obtuse ; 

caps. 5-celled, tipped with the 5 styles. Niagara, &c. If. Flowers 9-". 

3 H. Buck-Ieyi Curtis. Low, diffuse, shrubby ; lvs. obovate, very obtuse ; fls. soli 

tary, pedunclod ; caps. 3-celled, styles united. Mts. N. Car. to Ga. 8—12'. 

4 H. prolificum L. Branches ancipital, smooth; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; 

cymes compound, leafy ; sepals unequal, leafy, ovate, cuspidate. M. W. 3 — 4f. t 
/3. flensiflbrum.. Branches, lvs. and fls. crowded, and smaller. Lvs.l'. Fls. G". South. 

5 H. salioides Lam. Branches erect, terete; lvs. linear-lanceolate; cymules axil 

lavy and terminal, paniculate ; sep. subequal, linear-lanceolate. S. Car. to Fla. 2 — 3f. 
G II. rosniarlniroluini Lam. Erect, sparingly branched : lvs. linear, shorter than 
the internodes, narrowed to a petiole. South. Handsome. 2f. 

7 II. fasciculatum Lam. Shrub much branched, bushy; lvs. linear, 1', very nar- 

row, longer than the internodes, sessile ; cymules leafy. Pine-barrens, South. 1— 2f. 
i3. abhrevthtum, Lvs. very short (2—3"), tufted in the axils. Car. to Ga. 

8 H. perforatum L. Stem 2-edged, branched ; lvs. with pellucid dots ; sep. lanceo- 

late, half as long as the petals. If Dry pastures. 1— 2f. Lvs. (5— tO". Flowers 1'. 
f) H. i'oryinbosam Muhl. Stems terete, corymbously branched ; lvs. oblong-ovate 
or oval, obtuse, marked with black (as well as pollucid) dots; sop. ovate, acute v^i'^y 
small), } as long as the petals. ?[ Can. to Pa. and Ark. 2f. Lvs. 1—2'. Flowers 9". 

10 II. maciilafiim Walt. Stem terete, corymbously branched; lvs. oblong, thickly 
sprinkled with black dots ; sep. lanceolate. ?( S. Car. to Fla. 2 — If. Lvs. 1'. Fls. ll>". 

11 H. aiirciint r>artram. Branches spreading, ancipital ; lvs. thick, lanco-ovato, ob- 
tuse, sessile ; flower' (large') solitary, sessile. Ga. to .\rk. 2 — If. Stamens 5ir. ! t 

I*Z II. aiiil>ii<rti(iiii Kll. l>ranches ancipital; lvs. lance-linear, thin, acute; fls. soil* 
tnvy and in :rs in the .-ixils of the u]iper leaves. Ga. 1— 'if Flowers S". 

1 :? II. iiiyrllloliiiiii L. St. terete; lvs. thick, ovate, or ol>long. conhito-cl.nsplng ; 
fls. in a leafy compound fastigiatc cyn\e, the dichotomal sessile. Ga Kl.i. 1— 2r. 

3 



50 Order 17.— DROSERACE^. 

14 H. cistifolium Lam. St. 2-v?inged, eabsimple; Its. linear-oblong, obtase, .ses- 
sile ; flowers in a leafless, compoand cyme. Ga. to Fla. and La. (Mo. 6, fi. ?) 

1 5 H. nudiflorum Mx. St. and branches 4-angled and winged ; Ivs. ovate-lanceo- 
late or oblong, obtuse, sessile; C5^me leafless, pediincled ; sep. linear; capsule almost 
3-celled. n Wet. Penn. to La. and Ga. 1— 2f. Leaves 2', thin. 

16 H. spliserocarpon Mx. St. obscurely 4-sided ; Ivs. linear-oblong, obtuse, with 
a minute callous tip ; sep. ovate, mucronate : caps, globular, n Elvers, W. If. Fls. 7". 

17 H. adpressum Bart. St. 2-winged above ; Ivs. linear-oblong, half erect; cymes 
few-leaved ; petals obovate. U E. I. to Ark. 

18 H. dolabriforme Vent. St. scarcely 2-edged above; Ivs. linear- lanceolatej 
spreading ; fls. in a leafy, fastigiate cyme ; pet. very oblique Cdolabriform). 7i Ky.Tenr. 

\ 9 H, angulosum Mx. Herb smooth ; st. acutely 4-cornered ; Ivs. oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute ; cymes leafless ; style distinct, thrice longer than the ov, 2f N. J. to Fla. 

20 H. ellipticum Hook. Herb smooth ; st. quadrangular, simple ; Ivs. elliptical, ob- 
tuse, somewhat clasping, pellucid-punctate ; cyme pedunculate ; sep. unequal ; style 
united to near the summit, as long as the ovary. 71 Can, to Pa. If. Flowers 6". 

21 H. graveolens Buckley. Stem terete, smooth; leaves oblong-ovate, clasping; 
sepals and petals narrow ; styles 3. U High Mts., N. Car. Sirong-scented. 

22 H. pilosum Walt. Eough-downy; stem simple, terete, virgate ; Ivs. ovate-lance- 
olate, appressed, clasping, acute ; styles distinct. (D Pine-barrens, South. 1— 2f. 

5J3 H, mutiluin L. Stem square, branched; Ivs. ovate, 5-veined, clasping, obtuse; 

cymee leafy ; pet. shorter (1") than sep. ; sta. 6—12. ® Damp sandy soils. 3—9'. Com. 

j8. g-ymndnthum. Strict, simple or branched, cy. only bracted. Del., Penn. (Porter). 

24 H, Canadense L. Stem quadrangular, branched ; Ivs. linear, attenuated to the 
base, with pellucid and also with black dots, rather obtuse ; petals shorter than the 
lanceolate, acute sepals ; stamens 5 — 10. ® Wet sandy soils. Capsule red. 6 — 12'. 

25 H. Sarotlira Mx. Stem and branches filiform, erect, and parallel; Ivs. very mi 
nute, subulate ; flowers sessile ; stam. 5—10. (i) Sandy soils. 4—12'. Fls. minute. 

26 H. Drummondii T. & G. Branches alternate ; Ivs. linear, very narrow; flow 
ers pedicellate ; stamens 10—20. ® Dry. lU. and South. If. Leaves e''. 

3. SLODSA, Adams. {^EX(^8rj<i, marshy; from the habit.) Sep. 5, 
equal. Pet. 5, equilateral, imbricated in bud. Stam. 9 (rarely more), tria- 
delphous, the sets alternating with 3 orange-colored glands. Styles 3, dis- 
tinct. Capsule 3-celled. if Herbs with pellucid-punctate leaves, the axils 
leafless. Flowers dull orange-purple. July — Sept. 

1 E. Virginica Nutt. Stem erect, somewhat compressed, subsimple ; leaves oblong, 

amplexicaul: stamens united below the middle, with 3 in each set. Swamps. If. 

2 E. petiolata Ph. Leaves oblong, narrowed at base into a petiole ; flowers mostly 

in S's, axillary, nearly sessile ; filaments united above the middle ; caps, oblong, much 
longer than the sepals. Swamps, S. States, N. to N. J. Flowers smaller (4'0. 

Order XVII. DROSERACE^. Stodews. 

Herbs growing in bogs, often covered with glandular hairs, with leaves 
alternate or all radical, mostly ch'cinate (rolled from top to base) in verna- 
tion. Flowers regular, hypogynous, 5-merous, the Sepals, Petals, and /Sfa- 
wi^ns persistent (withering). Ovaries compound,. 1-celled, with the Styles 
and Stigmas variously parted, cleft, or united. Seeds oo in the capsule, 
albuminous. Embryo minute. 

* Stamens .5. Styles distinct. Seeds on the valves of the capsule Drosera. I 

• StameM 10— 15. Styles united. Seeds all at the base of the cell Di©n;ba. % 



OiiDEii 18.— ELATINACE^. 51 

1. DROSHRA, L. Sundew, {^podoij dew; from the dew -like se- 
cretion.) Sep. 5, united at base, persistent. Pet. 5. Stam. 5. Sty. 3 — 5. 
eacli 2-parted, the halves entire or many-cleft. Caps. 3-5-valyed, 1-cclled, 
many-seeded. (2) or U Small marsh herbs. Lvs. covered with reddish, 
glandular hairs, secreting a viscid fluid. Flowers in a raceme on a, slender 
scape which is at first coiled, uncoiling as the flowers open. 

* Scapes 4—6 times as long as the spreading leaves Nos. l-'-i 

* Scapes 1—2 times as long as the ascending leaves Nos. 4-fi 

1 D, rotundifolia L. Lvs. orbicular, abruptly contracted into the hairy petiole ; fls. 

white. (2) A curious little plant, in bogs and muddy shores. Scapes 6— 9^ 6-9-flow- 
ered. Leaves 1—2', glistening as with dew-drops. June— Aug. 

2 D. capilla,ris Poir. Lvs. obovate, cuneiform at base, the petioles naked ; flowers 

purple ; scape erect. (2) Marshes, S. Car. to Fla. Scapes 3—12', 6-12-flowered. May. 

3 B. brevifolia Ph. Lvs. cuneiform-spatulate, forming a small, dense tuft (1' diam.) ; 

petioles very short, hairy; flowers few, rose-colored. (2) N. Car. to Fla. 2—5'. 

4 I>. longifolia L. Lvs. spatulate-oblong or obovate, ascending, alternate, tapering 

at base into a long, smooth petiole ; scape declined at base ; pet. wh. u 4-7'. Lvs. 2-3'. 

5 1>. linearis Goldie. Lvs. linear, obtuse ; petioles elongated, naked, erect ; scapes 

few-flowered, about the length of the leaves (30 ; calyx glabrous, much shorter than 
the oval capsule ; seeds oval, smooth. 2f Borders of lakes. North. White. 

6 I>. filiformis Raf. Lvs. filiform, very long, erect ; scape nearly simple, longer thar. 

the leaves, many-flowered ; petals obovate, erosely denticulate, longer than the glan- 
dular calyx ; style 2-parted to the base, u Wet sand. If. Purple. 

2, DIONiEA, L. Venus' Flt-tbap. (One of the names of Venus.) 
Stam. 10 — 15. Sty. united into 1, the stigmas many-cleft. Caps, breaking 
irregularly in opening, 1 -celled. Seeds many, in the bottom of the cell. 
U Glabrous herbs. Lvs. all radical, sensitive, closing convulsively when 
touched. Scape umbelled. 

D, muse ipula Ell.— A very curious plant. Sandy bogs in Car. Lvs. rosulate, lamina 
roundish, spinulose on the margins and upper surface, instantly closing upon insects- 
and other objects which light upon it. Scape 6—12', with an umbel of S— 10 whito 
flowers. April, May. t 



Order XVIII. ELATINACE^. Water Peppers. 

Herbs small, annual, with opposite leaves and membranous stipules 
Flowers minute, axillary. Sepals 2 — 5, distinct or slightly coherent at base, 
persistent. l''ei(ds hypogynous, as many as the sepals. Stamcfis twice as 
many as the petals, anthers introrse. OMrics 3-0-celled. Stigmaji 2 — 6, capi- 
tate ; placenta in the axis. Fruit capsular. Steeds numerous, oxalbuniinous. 

ELATINE, L. Mud Purslane. Fls. 2-, o-, or 4-partcd, symmetrical, 
all the parts distinct except the united ovaries. Stig. sessile. .0,r Very small 
plants growing in mud, with minute, axillary, sessile flowers. 

1 E. AiiierlejVurt. Arn. Stems cropping. dilVuso, in i>;itchos; br.nnolios asoiMuUiig 1—3'; 

leaves wedgo-obovato, 2", obtuso ; lU>\vors 2-parti*d. niroly :>-p;utod ; s^ooilsi t»— 8, 

2 12. Clliilonlttua (Pock). Stems oroct, 4", in very dense tutts. tVoni inutted rootp; 

lvs KMHtulnte, i" ; fls. 2-parted ; seeds slightly eurved. S.-uid l.nke. N, Y ^0 H. Prrk). 



52 OiiDER 19.— CARYOPHYLLACE^. 

OsDER XIX. CARYOPHYLLACEvE. PmKWORTS. 

Herhs with swollen joints, opposite, entire leaves, and regular y/ (rarely 
■y) flowers. Sepals persistent. Petals often unguiculate, or bifid, or 0. 
Stamens distinct, twice as many as the sepals, or fewer. Torus often some 
developed, separating the w^horls. Styles 2 — 5, ovary 1. Fruit a 1-5-celled, 
1 - GO-seeded pod, opening by teeth or valves. Embryo curved around the 
albumen. Figs. 6, 41, 44, 45, 56, 131, 276, 330, 456. 

§ stipules present, dry (0 in No. 17). Calyx open. Petals sessile, minute, or 0. Tribe III... (ft) 
§ Stipules 0. — a Calyx a tube including the long claws of the petals. Pod 00 -seeded. Tribe I... (c) 
— a Calyx open. Petals sessile (rarely in No. 10). Pod 3- 00 -seeded. Tribe II. . .(e) 

— a Caiyx open, wAiie. Petals 0. Styles 3. Pod 3-celled. Tribe IV... Mollugo. 18 

T. SILENEjE.— c Calyx with scale-like bractlets at base. Styles 2 Dianthus. 1 

— c Calyx bractless. — d Styles 2 Saponaria, 2, or Gtpsophila, 2-^ 

— d Styles 3. Pod 6-toothed when open Silene. 3 

— d Styles 5. Pod 10-toothed or 5-valved Lychnis. * 

IL ALSLNEJi. — e Petals erose-denticulate at the end. Styles 3 Holosteum. 5 

— s Petals 2-parted (sometimes wanting in No. T...{f) 

f Styles 5. Capsule opening at the top by 10 teeth Ceeastium. 6 

/ Styles 3. Capsule opening to the base by naif-valves Stellaria. 7 

— e Petals entire (often wanting in No. 10)..(i7) 

g Styles 3, or if 5, opposite to the sepals. (No. T or) Arenaria. 8 

g Styles 4, opposite to the 4 sepals. Stamens 4 Mcenchia. 9 

g Styles 4 or 5, and alternate with the sepals Sagina. 1-0 

UL ILLECEBEE-<E.— ft Styles or stigmas 3—5. Pod several-seeded. Pet. colored. . .(&) 

h Leaves opposite.— Z Flowers axillary, solitary Spergulafta. 11 

—I Flowers in teianinal clusters Stipulicida. 12 

Ti. Leaves whorled. — m Styles 5, pod 5-valved Spergula. 13 

— m Styles 3, pod 3-valved Polycarpon. 14 

—ft Styles or stigmas 2 or 1. Utricle 1-seeded. . .(«) 

n Sepals distinct or nearly so, greenish Paronychia. 15 

n Sepals united into a tube below, white above SYPHONYCniA. 16 

n Sepals united into an urn below, green above Scleranthus. 17 

1. DIANTHUS, L. Pink. Calyx tube cylindrical, striated, with 2 or 
more pairs of imbricated scales or bracteoles at base. Pet. 5, w^ith long 
claws, limb irregularly notched. Stam. 10, styles 2, recurved. Capsule 
cylindrical, 1-celled, 4-valved at top. Beautiful Oriental plants, every- 
where cultivated. Figs. 6, 131, 276. 

§ Bracts long-pointed, equalling the calyx tube (dry, obtuse, No. 2) , .Nos. 1 — 4 

§ Bracts mucb shorter than the calyx tube Nos. 5—7 

1 D. Armeria L. Wild Fink. Leaves linear-subulate, hairy ; flowers aggregated, 

fascicled; bracteoles erect, lance-subulate. (T) Sandy fields, E. 1— 2f. Flowera 
small (6'' broad), pink-red sprinkled with white. August. § Europe. 

2 3>. prolifer L. Slender, strict, smooth.; Ivs. linear, erect, 1—2' ; bracts dry, ovate, 

covering the calyx and pod ; pet. small, pink ; fl. mostly but 1. Penn. (Porter). § Eur. 

3 D. BARBATU3. Sweet-WUHam, or Bunch P. Leaves lanceolate; flowers in dense 

cymes ; bracteoles erect, ovate-subulate, n Europe. l\i. Red-white. May— July. 

4 D. Chinensis. Leaves lance-linear ; flowers solitary ; bracteoles spreading, linear. 

(2) China. If. Evergreen, not glaucous. Elowers large, variegated. 
b I>. CARTOPHYLLUS. Carnation P. Glaucous ; leaves linear ; flowers solitary ; bract- 
jets veiy short, ovate ; petals very broad, crenate. 7i England. 2— 3f. Fragrant. 

6 I>. PLUMAKius. Pheasant's Eye. Glaucous ; flowers solitary ; bracts ovate, acute ; 

petals many-cleft, hairy at throat. ii Europe. White-purple. June— August. 

7 I>. suPEKBUS. Leaves liuear-snbulate, green ; cymes fastigiate ; bracts ovate, mu- 

croTiate ; petals pinnatifid-fringcd. % Europe. White-roseate. July, August. 



Order 19.— CARYOPHYLLACE^. 53 

2. SAPONARIA, L. Soapwort. Calyx tubular, 5-toothccI, "without 
bractlets. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsules ob- 
long, 1-celled, Flowers in cymous panicles. July, August. Fig. 45. 

§ Calyx tube oblong, neither angled nor veined (Saponaria.) No. 1 

§ Calyx tube ovoid, 5-angled, at length 5-winged, very smooth. (Vaccakia.). . .No. 2 

1 S. officinalis L. Bouncing Bet. Lvs. lanceolate ; pet. crowned, u 2f. White. § 

2 S. Vaccaria L. Lvs. lance-ovate ; lis. cymous, pale red. ® If. Waste grounds. § 

2\. GYPSOPHILA, L. Gypsum Pink. Sepals half united into a 
bell-form calyx. Pet. scarcely clawed. Caps, globular, 1-celled, 4-valve».L 
— Neat, free-flowering exotics. Flowers panicled. June — Sept. Europe. 

1 Cr, ELEGANS. Lvs. lancc., thick ; pan. loose, forlced ; pet. notched, wh. or piulc. If. (I) 

2 G. MURALis. Low, diffuse, with linear lvs. and a profusion of pinkish small fls. ® 6'. 

3 G. PVNicuLATA. Tall; lvs. lance-lin. ; fls. minute, numerous, white, in filiform pan. it 

4 O. &rEVENi. Lvs. lance-lin., keeled; fls. white, in corymbs, fine for bouquets. % 2f. 

3. SELENE, L. Caisipion. Catch-fly. {Silenus ^^s> 21. drunken god 
of the Greeks, covered with slaver as these plants are with a viscid secre- 
tion.) Calyx tubular, swelling, without scales at the base, 5-tootlied ; pet. 
5, unguiculate, often crowned with scales at the mouth, 2 or many-cleft, or 
entire ; sta. 10 ; styles 3 ; capsule 3-celled, opening at top by 6 teeth, many- 
seeded. Figs. 41, 56, 330. 

§ Acaulescent, low, tufted. Petals crowned. Perennial No. 1 

§ Caulescent. — Petals fringe-cleft, white or rose-color, crownless. Perennial. Nos. 2 — 4 

—Petals bifid or entire.— Calyx inflated, veiny. Perennial Nos. 5, 6 

—Calyx close on the pod. (*) 

* Flowers spicate, alternate. Upper leaves linear, lower spat. Annual. . .Nos. 7, 8 

* Fls. not spicate.- Petals pale, closed in sunshine. Upper lvs. linear.. .Nos. 9, 10 

—Petals red, purple, &c.,— bifid Nos. 11, 12 

—entire Nos. 13—15 

1 S. acauHs L. Moss Campion. Low, moss-like; lvs. linear (6'<); ped. solitary-, short, 

1-fld. ; calyx bell-shaped ; pet. obcordate, crowned, ii White Mts. 1—3'. Purp. Jl. 

2 S. stcllata Ait. Erect, pubescent ; lvs. in whorls of 4's, oval-lauceolate, acuminate ; 

cal. loose and inflated ; pet. fimbriate. 2f Can. to Car. and W. 2— 3f. Wliite. July. 

3 S. ovata Ph. Erect, pubcrulcnt ; lvs. opposite, lance-ovate, acuminate ; cal. ovate, 

not inflated ; pet. many-cleft, crownless. 11 Car. Ga. 3f. White. July. 

4 S. Baldvvinii Nutt. Weak, hairy ; lvs. obovate-spatulate ; calyx not inflated ; pet. 

cuneiform, divaricately fimbriate. 7f Ga. Fla. If. Fls. 2', roseate. April. 

6 S. nivea DC. Minutely pubcrulcnt, erect, subsimple ; lvs. oblong-lancoolato, acu- 

minate ; fls. few, solitary, leafy ; cal. inflated ; pet. 2-clcft, with a small bifid crown ; 
caps, shorter limn its stipe. 7C Penn. to 111. Karo. 2f. Fls. few, white. July. 
G S. iniliita Smith. Bladder Campion. Glabrous and glaucous ; lvs. ov.Hto-lancoolate ; 
fls. in cymous, leafless panicles, drooping ; cal. ovoid-globular, much inflated; csps. 
on a short stype, U Fields. 2f. White. July. § 

7 S. quiiiqiicviilncra L. Villous; spike somewhat ouo-sidod ; cal. very villoi:s; 

pet. roundish, entire, crowned. (T) S. Car. If. Pet. crimson, with a pale border. § 

8 S. inx'tiiriia L. Lvs. pubescent; fls. small, appressod tothesteminadense t-sidtnl 

spike; cal. cylindrical, smoothish ; pet. narrow, 2-parted. ij^Ct.tora. l?are. 2f. Jl. § 

9 S, AiitirrliiiiJi 1-. Snap-dragon Catch-Jbj. Sticky in spots; lvs. lanceolate. j\cuto; 

lis. few, on slender branches ; cal. ovoid ; pet. emarginate. i^CtWat^te pi. lif. Fls. r. 
f5. Itnhrin. Very sleniter ; lvs. all line;\r ; cal. globular. Ga. ntul Fla. 

10 S. Moolliloi-a L. Viscid-pubescent; lower lvs. spatulate ; cal. oyliudrioal. tocth 
subulate, very long ; petals 2-parted. (i) Cult, grounds. Flowers larjjo, white. § 



54: Order 19.- CARYOPHYLLACE^. 

lis. Virginlca L. Slender, erect, branching; root-lvs. spatalate, cauline obion^ 
lanceolate ; flowers large, cymous, cal. large, clavate ; pet. bifid, broad, crowned. V 
Woods, Pa. to lU. and S. 1— 21". Red. June. 

12 S. rotundifolia Nutt. Decumbent, branching; Ivs. thin, roundish-ovnl ; fls. sol 
itary, very large ; calyx cylindric-campanulate ; petals bifid and toothed, deep scarlet; 
crowned, u Rocks, W. States. Rare. June— August. 

13 8. regla Sims. Splendid Catch-fy. Scabrous, somewhat viscid; st. rigid, erect; 
Ivs. ovate-lanceolate; cyme paniculate; pet. oblanceolate, entire, erose at the end; 
Bta. and stig. exserted. oj: O. tolll. and S. 3— 4f. Bright scarlet. June, July. 

1 4 S. Pennsylvanica Mx. Wild Fink. St. clustered, low, ascending ; Ivs. spatn- 
late or cuneate, of the stem lanceolate ; cyme few-flowered ; pet. slightly emarginate, 
subcrenate. u Dry soils, N. Eng., S. and W. 6—10'. Fls. pink-red. June. 

1 5 S, Armeria L. Garden Catch-fly. Very smooth, glaucous ; st. branching, glu- 
tinous below each node ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate ; flowers in flat cymes ; pet. obcordate, 
crowned ; cal. clavate, 10-striate. (i) 12— 18^ July, September, t § 

4. LYCHNIS, L. {Avx^o<;} a lamp; from fancied resemblance or use.) 
Cal. tube bractless, 10-veined, limb 5 -lobed. Pet. 5, entire or cleft, often 
crowned. Stam. 10. Styles 5. Caps, more or less 5-celled at base, open- 
ing by 5 or 10 teeth. Handsome exotics, cultivated or §. 

§ Agkostemma. Calyx limb of 5 leafy, deciduous lobes exceeding the petals No. 1 

§ Ltchnis proper. Calyx limb of 5 persistent lobes shorter than the petals ... (a) 

a Fls. dioecious. Petals 2-lobed, white or purplish. Escaped from culture No. 2 

a Fls. all perfect.— 5 Petals 2-lobed or entire Nos. 3, 4 

—6 Petals 4-parted or laciniate , Nos. 5, fi 

1 Ij. Oithago Lam. Corn Cockle. St. forked; Ivs. linear, hairy; fls. few, large, dull 

purple ; seeds large, blackish, (i) Fields. 2 — 3f. A handsome weed. July. § 

2 li. diurna L. Stem forked and panicled ; fls. i ?; pet. half-2-cleft ; pod ovoid oi 

subglobous. @ Rare in cultivated grounds. 2f. June— August. § Eur. 

3 li. coRONARiA DC. Mullein Pink. Hose Campion. Villous; stem dichotomous ; ped. 

long, 1-flowered ; petals broad, entire. % Italy. 2f. Purple, &c. 

4 li. Chalcedonica L. Scarlet Lychnis or Sweet ff^lliam. Smoothish ; fls. fasciculate , 

calyx cylindric-clavate, ribbed ; petals 2-lobed. 7i Russia. 2f. Scarlet. 

5 Ij. Floscuculi L. Bagged Bobin. Fls. fascicled; cal. campanulate, 10-ribbed ; pel. 

in 4 deep, linear segments. 2f Europe. 1— 2f. Flowers pink. 

6 li. coRONATA L. Chinese Lychnis. Fls. terminal and axillary, 1—3; calyx rounded, 

clavate, ribbed ; petals laciniate. n 1— 2f. Flowers large, red, &c. 

5. HOLOSTEUM, L. ("DAo?, all, odreov, bone; by antipbrasis, as 
the plant is no ^one, but soft.) Sep. 5. Pet, 5, erose-denticulate at the end. 
Stam. 3—5, rarely 10. Styles 3. Caps. 1-celled, oo-seeded, opening by 6 
teeth. Fls. white, in an umbel. 

H. iimbellatiini L. Lvs. smooth and glaucous, oblong, sessile ; ped. long, temiinal, 
viscid, pedicels reflexed after fl owering. (T) Fields : rare. 6'. § Eur. 

6. CERASTIUM, L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. {Kepa^j a horn; 
from the resemblance of the capsule.) Sep. 5, ovate, acute. Pet. 5, 2-cleft 
or lobed. Stam. 10, rarely fewer. Styles 5, opposite to the sepals. Cap- 
sule cylindrical or ovoid, elongated, opening at top by 10 teeth, ooseedevi 
Flowers cymous, white. Fig. 44. 

§ Petals about as long as the sepals Nos. 1, 2 

^ Petals much longer than the eepala Nos. 3, 4, 5 



Order 19.— CARYOPHYLLACE^. 55 

1 C vulgatum L. Hairy, csespitous; Ivs. obovate or ovate, obtuse, attenuated at 

base ; fls. in subcapitate clusters ; sep. acute, longer than the pedicels ; stam. often 5. 
(i) Fields and waste grounds. 6— 12^ June— Aug. § 

2 C. viscosum L. Hairy, viscid, spreading; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, rather acute ; fls. 

in loose cymes ; sep. obtuse, scarious on the margin and apex, shorter than the pedi- 
cels, n Fields and v^aste grounds. 5—9'. Plant greener. June— Aug. 

3 C. arvense L. Pubescent ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute ; cyme on a long, termina, 

peduncle, 4-flowcred ; petals more than twice longer than the calyx ; capsule scarcely 
exceeding the sepals, u Rocky hills. 4—10'. May— Aug. 

4 C. oMonglfolium Torr. Villous, viscid above ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate ; flowera 

numerous, in a spreading cyme ; pet. twice as long as the sepals ; capsule about twice 
as long as the calyx, it Rocky places. Rare. 6—10''. Fls. large. April— June. 

5 C niitans Raf. Viscid-pubescent, erect ; Ivs. lanceolate ; fls. many, difl'usely cy- 

mous, on long, filiform, nodding pedicels ; pet. nearly twice as long as the calyx ; cap- 
sule a little curved, nearly thrice as long. (I) Low grounds. 8—12'. May. 

7. STELLARIA, L. Star Chickweed. (Lat stella, a star; from 
the stellate or star-like flowers.) Sep. 5, connected at base. Pet. 5, 2-parted, 
rarely 0. Stam. 10, rarely fewer. Styles 3, sometimes 4. Caps, ovoid, 1- 
celled, valves as many as styles, 2-parted at top. Sds. many. Small herbs in 
moist, shady places. Fls. in forked cymes or axillary, small, wh. Fig. 4o6. 

§ Stems hairy mostly in lines, leafy to the top. Leaves broad Xos. 1, 2, 3 

§ Stems all glabrous,— a leafy to the top. Petals sometimes wanting Nos. 4, 5, fi 

—a leafless above, with scarious bracts Nos. 7, S, 

1 S. media Smith. Lvs. ovate ; st. procumbent, with an alternate, lateral, hairy line ; 

pet. shorter than the sep. ; stam. 3 to 5 or 10. (T) A common weed. April— Nov. 

2 S. prostrata Baldw. Lvs. ovate, the lower on long petioles ; sts. procumbent, pu- 

bescept ; fls. on long pedicels ; pet. longer than sepals ; stam. 7. ® Ga. Fla. Mar. Ap. 

3 S. pubera Michx. Stem ascending, pubescent in 1 lateral or 2 opposite lines ; lvs. 

oblong, acute, sessile ; pet. longer than the white-edged sep. u Pa. S. and W. Apr. Jn. 

4 S. uniflora Walt. Smooth, erect from a prostrate base : lvs. linear-subulate, remote ; 

ped. long, 1-flwd. ; pet. obcordate, twice longer than cal. @ Swamps, S. 10—12'. ]\Iay. 

5 S, borealls Bw. Smooth,weak ; lvs. veinless, lance-oblong; ped. at length axillarj% 

1-flwd. ; pet. 2-parted (often 0), as long as calyx. 21 Wet shades, N. Eng. to Wit». 6—15'. 

6 S. crassifolia Bhrh. Sts. weak ; lvs. linear-oblong, thickish ; pet. longer than the 

cal., or ; sds. roughened. Wet rocky places, Ky. and N. (Sagina fontiualis Sh.& Pet.) 

7 S. ullffiiiosa Murr. Decumbent; lvs. lance-oval and oblong, veiny ; cymes lateral, 

sessile, leafless ; sep. 3-veined, as long as the bifid pet. u Springs. Md. toX. II., and W. 

8 S. longipes Goldie. Smooth and shining ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, broadest at base ; 

ped. erect, filiform, cymous ; sep. with membranous margins, shorter than the petals. 
U Me. to Mich, and N. June. 

9 S. loiift-ifolia Muhl. Lvs. linear; cyme terminal, naked, at length lateral, the pedi- 

cels spreading ; petals longer than the calyx, u Common. July. 

8. ARENARIA, L. Sandwort. (Lat. arena, sand, in which most 
species grow.) Sop. 5, spreading. Pet. 5, entire, or notched, rarely 0. 
Stam. 10, rarely fewer. Styles 3, rarely more ov fewer, opposite to as many 
sepals. Capsule 1-celled, 00-soeded, opening by valves or hall-valves. 
Slender herbs, mostly tufted, with white th)wers. (The following sections 
have sometimes bo(Mi regarded as genera.) 

I Arenauia. Caps, splitting Into 6 half- valvea. Lvs. acute. Seeds n.ikod Noe. 1, 8 

f MasRfNoiA. Caps, as above. Lvm. and srp. obtuse. Sds. BtrophloUte No. 9 



56 Order 19.— CARYOPHYLLACE^. 

§ SoNKENYA. Caps. Splitting into 3 (—5) valves. Disk large, 10-lobed No. 11 

§ AxsiNE. Capsnle splitting into 3 entire valves. Disk inconspicuous . . (a) 

a Sepals 3 or 5-veined, acute, or acuminate Nos. 4, 5, 6 

a Sepals veinless, obtuse.— 5 Leaves rigid, subulate, imbricated No. 7 

—b Leaves soft, opposite, spreading Nos. 8, 9, 10 

1 A. serpyllifolla L. St. dichotomous, spreading; Ivs. ovate, acute, subciliate ; 

pet. shorter than the acute sep. ; pod ovate. (I) Sandy pi. 2— S''. Lvs. 2—3'''. Jn.-Aug. § 

2 A. diffusa Ell. St. long, diffuse ; lvs. lance-ovate, acute at both ends ; ped. 1-flwd. ; 

pet. oval, much shorter than the calyx, or 0. 11 Moist woods, S. 2— 5f. Apr. June. 

3 A. lateriflora L. Upright, slightly pubescent; lvs. oval, obtuse ; ped. lateral, 2 to 

3-fiwd. ; seeds (strophiolate) appendaged at the hilum. u Damp shades, N. 6 — lO''. Jn, 

4 A. patula Mx. Sts. divaricately branched, very slender ; lvs. linear-filiform, obtuse ; 

petals emarginate. (i) Cliffs, Va. and Ky. 6 — 10'. June — July. 

5 A. Pitcher! T. & G. Erect, fastigiately branched, almost glabi'ous ; lvs. linear, ob- 

tuse, flat ; pet. entire, twice as long as the 5-veined sepals. (T) Tenn. and W. 3— 6'. 

6 A. stricta Mx. Glabrous, diffuse; st. branched from the base ; lvs. subulate-linear, 

rigid, so fascicled in the axils as to appear whorled ; cymes few-flowered, with spread- 
ing branches. 7i Sterile grounds. 8 — 10'. May, June. 

7 A. squarrosa Mx. Csespitous ; stem few-flowered ; lower leaves squarrous-imbri- 

cate, crowded, upper ones few, all subulate, channelled, smooth ; petals obovate, 3 
times longer than the sepals, n Barrens, L. I. to Ga. 6—10'. April -Aug. 

8 A. Greenlandica Spr. Csespitous ; sts. numerous, flliform ; lvs. linear, flat, spread- 

ing; ped. 1-flwd.. elongated, divaricate. 2f HighMts. N, 3'. Fls. 8", numerous. Jl.Aug. 

9 A. brevlfolia N. Erect (not tufted), few-leaved ; stems many, flliform ; lvs. minute, 

few, remote, ovate-subulate ; sepals oblong. ® Eocks, Ga. 2 — 4'. May. 

10 A. glabra Mx. Csespitous, glabrous ; sts. filiform ; lvs. linear setaceous, spread- 
ing; sep. oval, veinless, half as long as the petals, u Mts. S. 4—6'. Fls. 6". July. 

11 A. peploides L. Sts. creeping, with upright branches, tufted ; lvs. ovate, fleshy, 
half-clasping ; fls. small, the veinless sepals exceeding the petals, u Coast. If. May. 

9. MCENCHIA, Ehrli. (Dedicated to Mcench, a German botanist.) Sep. 
4, as long as the 4 entire petals and opposite to the 4 styles. Stam. 4. Caps, 
ovoid, not exceeding the calyx, opening by 8 teeth, oo-seeded. (i) Low, 
smooth, glaucous. Flowers white. 

in. qnaternella Ehrh.— Dry places, Md. Stems simple, 2—3', with 1 or 2 flowers. 
Leaves lance-linear, acute. Apr. May. § Eur. (Sagina erecta L.) 

10. SAGINA, L. Pearlwokt. (Lat. sagina, food or nouiishment , 
badly applied to these minute plants.) Sep. 4 or 5. Pet. 4 or 5, entire, 
often 0. Stam. as many or twice as many as the sepals. Styles 4 or 5, al- 
ternate with the sepals, but the valves of the pod are opposite. Diminutive 
herbs with linear leaves and small white flowers. 

* Petals 0, or 4, and much shorter than the 4 sepals. Stam. 4 Nos. 1, 9 

* Petals 5, equalling or much exceeding the 5 sepals. Stam. 10 .Nos. 3, 4 

1 S. prociimbens L. Procumbent, glabrous ; pet. about half as long as the roundish, 

obtuse sepals, sometimes ; lvs. linear-filiform, n Damp, N. 3—4'. June. 

2 S. apetala L. Erect, pubernlent; pet. very minute, or none; sep. oblong, acute; 

lvs. linear-subulate, (i) Sandy, N. Y., N. J. and W. Stems filiform, 2—4'. May, Jn. 

3 S. subulata Wimmer. Smooth or puberulent, tufted ; lvs. filiform-linear, mucro- 

nate, shorter than the erect ped. ; pet. 5, as long as the ovate, obtuse sep., rarely 0. @ 
Sandy, S. 2—6'. Lvs. 6". March, April. (S. Elliottii Fenzl.) 

4 S. nodosa Fenzl. Tufted, ascending, glabrous ; lvs. subulate, the upper very short 

and fascicled ; pet. much longer than the sepals, n Sandy shores, N. 



OnDER 19.— CARYOPHYLLACE^. 57 

11. SPERGULARIA, Pers. Sand Spurry. (Name derived from 
Spergula.) Sep. 5, Pet. 5, entire. Stam. 2 — 10. Styles 3. Caps. 3-valved, 

oo-seeded. — Herbs low, spreading, with narrow opposite leaves and sca- 
rious stipules. Flowers red or rose-colored. 

1 S. rul>ra. Presl. Decumbent, divaricately branched, slender; etip. triangular-acu- 

minate ; Ivs. linear ; sep. lanceolate, with scarious margins ; pet. as long, pink-red ; 
seeds rough, marginless. U Sandy, near the coast. 3—6'. May— October. 

2 S. mariaa. Plant thick and fleshy; caps, a third longer than the calyx, with the 

seeds nearly smooth and mostly margined. Otherwise like No. 1, and perhaps not 
distinct. %. Salt marshes. May— October. (Arenaiua, L.) 

12. STIPULICIDA, Michx. (Lat. stipula, ccedo ; the stipules being 
much cleft.) Sep. with scarious margins. Pet. 5, as loiig as the sepals, en- 
tire. Stig. 3, subsessile. Caps, subglobous, 3-valved, few-seeded. (T) A 
slender, tufted, dichotomously branched herb, almost leafless, with the 
small flowers in terminal cymules. 

S. setacea Mx.— Dry sand, Ga. Fla. Stems almost setaceous, 6— 10^ Joints distant, 
with a fringe of leaves and stipules f''. Root leaves roundish, V\ Fls. reddish. May. 

13. SPERGULA, L. SpumiY. (Lat. spergo, to scatter ; from the dis- 
persion of the seeds.) Sep. 5. Pet. 5, entire. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. 
Caps, ovate, 5-valved, seeds oo. Embrj^o coiled into a ring. ® Herbs 
with fls. in loose cymes. Leaves verticillate. Stipules scarious. 

S. arvensis L. Lvs. filiform; ped. reflexed in fruit; sds. reniform, angular, rongh. 
Cultivated grounds. 1— 2f. Lvs. 1— 2', many in a whorl. May — August. § 

14. POLYCARPON, L. All-seed. {IIoXv^, much, ycapitoi, fiiiit; 
the pods are many.) Sepals 5, carinate. Pet. 5, emarginate. Stam. 3 — 5. 
Style short, 3-cleft. Caps. 3-valved. @ Low, difl'use, with whorled lvs. 
P, tetrapliyllusii L. Lvs. spatalate or oval, tapering to a petiole, some of them in 

whorls of 4; stam. 3. Around Charleston, S. Car. 3—6'. Lvs. 3— 5". Fls. minute. § 

15. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. Nailwort. {TTcxpd, with, o^vz, the 
nail; i. e., i\\Q whiiXow ; supposed cure for.) Sep. 5, linear-oblong, conni- 
vent, mucronate or awned near the apex. Pet. or sterile filaments ver}' 
narrow and scale-like, ar none. Stam. 2, 3, or 5. Stig. 2, with the styles 
more or less united into 1. Utricle 1-seeded. Low herbs dichotoniously 
branched, with scarious, silvery stips., and at least the lower lvs. opposite. 

§ Paronychia. Sepals evidently awned at apex. Lvs. linear and subulate — Nos. 1, '3 
§ Anychia (Mx. partly). Sep. mer«ly nuicronate at apex. Lvs. lanceolate to oval.^,*") 

* Sten\s procumbent, diftuse on the ground. Stamens 5 Nos. H. -4 

* Stems erect, with difl'iisely ascending branches. Stamens 2 or 3 Xos. i\ (» 

1 1*. dioliotoiita Nntt. (Jlnbrous, densoly branched ; lvs. acerose. mucnniato; braci.i 

like the leaves; cymes fastigiate, with no central llower; sepals 3-voined, cuspidate 
n Pocks, Va. to Car. and Ark. (» -I'i'. Lvs. 1'. July— November. 

2 !■. ar}>yro<-oina Niilt. Pubescent, tufted, decumbent; lvs. linear, acute; cynics 

gU)merate, terminal; fls. enveloped in dry, silvery bracts ; sop. liairy. l-voimM, set.-i- 
ceously cuspidate, n Mts. N. H. Va. to (?a. t— 10'. Lvs. (i— 10". -Tuly. 
a P. li<>riiIarloi«l<»s Nutt. Scabrous, ditVusely branched; lvs. «nnl or oblong, mu- 
cronate ; (he ran\ial alternate. Fls. sessile in the axils of the lonvos ; sop. 3-volued 
meixjlv nuicronate. 2X Sand, S. Suiall, tlat. T,vs. t — ;>". <luly October. 



58 Ordeh 20.— PORTULACACE^. 

4 P. Baldwinii Chapm. Diffusely branched, procumbent; leaves linear-lanceolate 

very acute, all opposite ; flowers longer than the setaceous stipnles, mostly terminal, 
stalked ; stam. 5. (i) Dry fields, Fla. Ga. 6—10'. Lvs. few. July— Oct. 

5 i*. Canadensis. Stem erect, slender, pubescent, many times forked, with slender 

or capillary branches ; lvs. lanceolate, the ramial alternate ; style none ; utricle equal- 
ling the sepals. (T) "Woody hills. 
/3. pumila. Dwarf (2 — 40, tufted ; fls. closely sessile ; style as long as ovary, forked 
at apex. Dry hills, Md. (Mr. Shriver.) 

16. SIPHONYOHIA, Torr. and Gr. {'Sicpcov, a tube; that is, AnyeJiia 
with a tuhular calyx.) Sep. linear, petaloid aboye, coherent into a tube 
below, unajmed. Pet. 5 set83 alternate with the stamens on the throat of 
the calyx. Style filiform, minutely bifid ; utricle included, (i) Diffuse and 
widely spreading. Fls. in glomerate, terminal cymes, white. Jn. — Oct. 

§ Calyx tube bristly with hooked hairs. Stems prostrate, diffuse , Nos. 1, 2 

§ Calyx smooth or merely pubescent. Stems erect Nos. 3, 4 

1 S. Americana T. & G. Sts. pubescent in lines ; lvs. lanceolate; sep. rounded, in- 

curved at apex ; fls. solitary and clustered. (T) S. Car. to Fla. 1— 2f. Lve, small. 

2 S. diffusa Chapm. Pubescent; lvs. lanceolate, obtuse; sep. linear, mucronate ; fls. 

in dense cymes. ® Pine-barrens, Fla. If. 

3 S. erecta Chapm. Sts. smooth, rigidly erect, subsimple ; lvs. linear ; sep. lanceolate, 

tube smooth, furrowed. % Sands, Fla. 6—12'. 

4 S. Kugelii Chapm. Erect, dichotomous, pubescent : lvs. oblanceolate ; sep. conspic- 

uously mucronate, the tube hairy. ® E. Fla. If. (Paronychia, Shutt.) 

17. SCLERANTHUS, L. Kj^awel. {^xXrjpoi, hard, av^oi; the 
calyx hardens in fruit.) Sep. 5, united below into a tube conti'acted at the 
orifice. Pet. 0. Sta. 10, rarely 5 or 2. Styles 2, distinct. Utricle veiy 
smooth, enclosed in the hardened calyx tube, (i) A prostrate, diffuse little 
weed, exstipulate. 

IS. a.nnnns L. Dry fields and roadsides, N. and M. 3—6'. Lvs. linear, acute, short, 
partially united at their bases. Fls. very small, green, in axillary fascicles. July. 

18. MOLLUGO, L. Caepet-weed. Calyx of 5 sepals, inferior, united 
at base, colored inside. Cor. 0. Sta. 5, sometimes 3 or 10. Fil. setaceous, 
Bhorter than and opposite to the sepals. Anth. simple. Caps. 3-celled, 3 
valved, many-seeded. Seeds reniform, Lvs. at length apparently verticil- 
late, being clustered in the axils. 

in. verticillata L. Lvs. cuneiform, acute ; st. prostrate, branched ; pedicels l-flow- 
ered, subumbellate ; sta. mostly but 3. (I) Dry fields. 6—10'. White. 



Order XX. PORTULACACE^. Purslanes. 

Herbs succulent or fleshy, with enthe leaves, no stipules, and regul&r 
flowers. Sepals 2, united at base. Petals 5, more or less imbricated. Sta- 
mens variable in number, but opposite the petals when as many. Ovaries 
free, 1-celled. Styles several, stigmatous along the inner surface. Fruit a 
pyxis, dehiscing by a lid, or a capsule, loculicidal, with as many valves as 
stigmas. Seeds with a coiled embryo. Figs. 122, 123. 



Order 23.— MALVACE^. 59 

• stamens 8—20, perigynons. Capsnle opening by a lid (a pyxia) Porttjlaca. 1 

» Stamens 10—30, hypogynous. Capsule opening by valves Talinum. 2 

• Stamens 5, each on the base of a petal. Capsule 3-valved Claytonia. 3 

• Stamens 4 — 15. Capsule 3-valved. Leaves alternate Calandrixia. 4 

1. PORTULACA, Tourn. PuRSLA]srES. Sep. 2, the upper portion 
deciduous. Pet. 5 (4 to 6), equal. Stam. 8 — 20. Style 3-6-parted. Pyxis 
opening near the middle, GO-seeded. Low, fleshy herbs. 

1 p. oleracea L. Stems reddish, prostrate ; leaves caneate. (I) Cultivated gronnrts, 

especially gardens. If. Plant very smooth, succulent. Fls. small, yellow. June— Aug. 

2 P. GRANDiFLORA. Upright ; Ivs. linear, acute ; fls. large, rose-purple. (D S. Am. 8^. 

3 P. GiLLESii. Upright ; Ivs. short, terete, hlunt ; fls. large, deep purple. ® S. Am 

2. TALINUM, Adans. Sep. 2, ovate, deciduous. Pet. 5, sessile, in- 
serted with the 10 — 20 stamens into the torus. Style tiifid. Caps. 3-valved, 

oo-seeded. — Herbs fleshy, smooth. 

Te teretifolium L. Stem short, thick, with crowded linear Ivs. at the ends of the 
short branches, with long (60 terminal, naked peduncles, bearing a cyme of purple, 
ephemeral flowers. 7i Rocks, Penn. to Ga. June— Aug. 

3. OIjAYTONIA, L. Spring Beauty. (In memory of John Clayton, 
one of the earliest botanists of Virginia.) Sep. 2, ovate or roundish. Pet. 
5, emargined or obtuse, Stam. 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Stig. 
3-cleft. Caps. 3-valved, 2-5-secded. — Small, fleshy, early flowering plants, 
arising from a small tuber. (Stem with 2 opposite leaves.) 

1 0» Caroliniana Mx. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate ; sep. and pet. obtuse, u iSfoist wood*. 

Stem 3^ bearing 2 (rarely 3 or 4) leaves ; root leaves few ; fls. white, with purple lines. 

2 C. Viri^inica L. Lvs. linear or lance-linear; sepals rather acute ; petals obovate, 

mostly emarginate or retuse ; ped. slender, nodding, u In low, moist grounds, mor« 
common than the first, the 2 opposite leaves 3—5' long. Flowers roseate. 

4. OALANDRINIA, H. B. K. {Galandrini was an Italian botanist.) 
Sep. 2. Pet. 3 — 5. Stam. 4 — 15, mostly hypogynous. Style short, stig. 3. 
Caps. 3-valved. — Herbs of Chili and California, smooth, with alternate 
leaves and purple flowers. 

1 C. GRANDIFLORA. Leavcs rhomboid ; raceme terminal. ii Chili. If. Fls. near 2'. 

2 C. sPBCiosA. Leaves linear-spatulate ; flowers axillary. (T) Cal. &\ Fls. 1' broad. 

Order XXIII. MALVACE^. Mallows. 

Herbs or sliruhs with alternate, stipulate leaves and regular flowci-s. witli 
5 sepcols united at base, valvate in the bud, often subtended by an invohicel; 
5 petals hypogynous, convolute in the bud, with tlic stamens cc monadel- 
phous, hypogynous, and 1-cclled rcniform antJiers. PistiLf sc\c\\\], dis- 
tinct, or united, and sfi'ijmns yarious. Fruit a scvoral-colUHl capsule, or a 
collection of 1-seedod indchiscent carpels. Seeds with little or no albKtneK^ 
mid a curved embn/o. 

§ Onlyx naked, %. <"., haviup: no (nvoluool. (M 
g Calyx invohicellftto.— Oarpola (m\A stylos) n»ort> (ln\>i .\ (<0 
—Carpels 3 to 6 only,— 1-seodiMl. ^r) 

—3— OC-NHHitvi. (it) 



60 Order 23.— MALYACE^. 

a Involucel of 6 to 9 bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded Alth^a. 1 

o Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded. Stigmas linear Malta. 3 

a Involucel of 3 united bractlets. Cai-pels 1-seeded Lav.jtera. 3 

o Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 2-seeded Modiola. 4 

a Involucels (of 2 or 3 distinct bractlets). Carpels 1-seeded. Stig. capitate. ...Malvastkum. 5 

6 Flowers dioecious. Stigmas 10, linear Nap^ea 6 

6 Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or more, 1-seeded Sida. 7 

6 Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or many, 3 to 9-seeded Abutilon. 8 

c Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, baccate, united Maltayisctts. 9 

rStigraaslO. Carpels 5, dry, distinct Pavonia. 10 

c Stigmas 5. Carpels 5, dry, united into a pod Kosteletzkya. 11 

d Invo/ucre of many bractlets. Calyx regular Hibiscus. 12 

d Involucre of 3 incisely-toothed bractlets Gosstpiuit. 13 

\ 

1. ALTHZE3A, L. Marsh Mallow. ("^A5c»^ to cure; the mucilagi- 
hous root is liigMy esteemed in medicine.) Calyx sm'rounded at base by a 
6-9-cleft involucel. Styles oo, with linear stigmas. Carpels 00, 1-seeded, 
indehiscent, arranged circularly, and at maturity separating from the axis. 

1 A. officinalis L. Lvs. soft-downy on both sides, cordate-ovate, dentate, somewhat 

S-lobed ; ped. much shorter than the leaves, axillary, many-flowered. % Salt marshes, 
North. 3f. Flowers large, pale purple. Sept. § Ear. 

2 A. rosea Cav. Hollyhock. St. erect, hairy ; lvs. cordate, 5-7-angled, rugous ; fls. ax- 

illary, sessile, (g) Gardens, often sowing itself. 6f. Flowers of all colors. § 

2. MALVA, L. Mallow. {MaXaxrj, soft; on account of the soft 
mucilaginous properties.) Calyx 5-cleft, the involucel 3-leaved. Pet. 
obcordate or truncate. Styles oo, with linear stigmas. Carpels oo, 1- 
celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, arranged circularly, and at maturity sepa- 
rating from the axis. 

* Leaves triangular-hastate, crenate, scabrous. Carpels acute No. 1 

* Leaves orbicular, with 5 — 7 angular lobes. Carpels obtuse Nos. 2 — 4 

* Leaves palmately 5-7-parted .Nos. 5—7 

1 M. triangulata Lav. Rough-hairy ; lvs. triang. -hastate, crenate ; the lower cor- 

date ; panicle many-flowered ; carp. 10 — 15, slightly beaked, at length 2-valved. il Dry 
prairies, W. and S. 2— 3f. Petals 1', purple. July, Aug. (Callirrhoe triang. Gr.) 

2 M. rotundifolia L. Low Mallow. St. prostrate ; lvs. obtusely 5-lobed ; cor. pale, 

twice as long as the calyx. "H Waste grounds. If. June, July. § Eur. 

3 M. sylvestris L. TTtgli Mallow. St. erect ; lvs. 5-7-lobed, lobes rather acute ; pet. 

purple, 3 times longer than sepals. (2) Waysides. 3f. June, July. § Eur. 

4 Ha.. crispa L. St. erect ; lvs. angular-lobed, dentate, crisped, smooth ; fls- axillary, 

sessile, white, (i) Gardens and waste grounds. 5f. June— Aug. § Syria. 

5 M. moscliata L. Mibsk Mallow. Erect ; radical lvs. reniform, incised, cauline 5- 

parted, the segments linear-cuneiform, incisely lobed ; peduncles shorter than the 
leaves. %. Gardens and waysides. 2f. Flowers large, roseate. July. § Eur. 

6 M. A-lcea L. Erect ; rt. lvs. angular; st. lvs. 5-lobed, the lobes merely incised; stem 

and calyx velvety. ii Escaped from gardens : rare. 3f. Fls. purple. July, t § Eur. 

7 M. Papaver Cav. Poppy Mallow. Lvs. 3-5-parted, segm. oblong or linear, entire 

or toothed ; fls. on very long peduncles ; bracteoles 1—3, subulate. U Open woods, 
South. 12—18'. Flowers bright red. May, June. (Callirrhoe Papaver Gr.) 

3. LAVATERA, L. (Named in honor of the two Lavaters, physicians 
of Zurich.) Calyx subtended by an involucel of 3 united bracteoles. 
Stigmas oo, filiform. Carpels oo, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, aiTanged 
circularly as in Malva. 

li, TKiMESTEis. Annual; lvs. roundish-cordate, the upper angular ; fls. large, red, soli- 
tarv. Europe. 2f. The flowers vary to white, July, Aug. 



Order 23.— MALVACE^. 61 

4. MODIOLA, Moench. (Lat, modiolus^ a certain measure ; from the 
fancied resemblance of the fruit to a basket.) Calyx 5-cleft, with an in- 
7olucel of 3 bractlets at base. Stigmas 15 — 20, capitate. Carpels same num- 
ber, 2-seeclecl, transversely 2-celled, 2-Yalved. (i)(2) Prostrate, with cleft 
leaves and small flowers. 

M, multifida Moench. Lvs. roundish, cordate, 3—5 cleft ; segm. cut-toothed ; ped. 
soon longer than the petioles. ii Car. Ga. and W. 1— 2f. Fls G^'', red. July, Aug. 

5. MALVASTRUM, Gray. (Name altered from Malm.) Involucel 
of 1 — 3 leaves, or 0. Styles 5 — 20. Stigmas capitate. Carp. 5 — go , often 
beaked or awned, each 1-seeded. 

1 M. ang:ustuni Gr. Branched, erect, hairy; lvs. lanceolate, with hrislle-form stip. ; 

invol. bristleform ; carps. 5, dehiscent. ® S. Car. Ga. If. Fls. yellow. (Sida, Ph.) 

2 M. tricuspidatUMi Gr. Shrubby ; rough-hirsute ; lvs. ov. -oblong ; stip. lanceo- 

late ; invol. 3-leaved ; carp. 10—12, 3-awned at apes, n S. Fla. If. Yellow. 

6. NAP.ffiA, Clayt. {NolTtrj, a wooded valley between mountains, 
where Clayton discovered the plant.) Involucel none. Calyx 5-toothed ; 
fls. dioecious. Styles 6 — 8, with filiform stigmas. Carpels as many, 1-seeded, 
indehiscent, beakless, circularly arranged, if Tall, with large, palmately 
divided leaves and small white flowers in leafy panicles. 

N. dioica L.— Kocky thickets. Pa. Va. to 111. Stem weak. 4— Cf. Leaf segm. 5—11, 
lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely toothed. Flowers A—^'. Angust. 

7. SIDA, L. Involucel 0. Fls. perfect. Calyx 5-cleft. Stjdes 5 or 
more, with the stigmas capitate or truncate. Carp. 5 — oo, 1-seedcd, finally 
separable. Herbs or shrubs, mostly tomentous. 

* Leaves palmately parted. Flowers rose-white. Carpels beaked Nos. 1, 3 

* Leaves undivided. Flowers red or yellow.— a Carpels 5 or 7 Nos. 3, 4 

~a Carpels 10— 12 Nos. 5— S 

1 S. Napaea Cav. Nearly glabrous ; lvs. palmately 5-lobed, lobes oblong, acumijiate, 
coarsely-toothed ; ped. many-flowered ; carpels 10, acuminate-beaked, u Woods, 
Penn. to Va. 3f. Fls. S'^ White. July. 

3 S. alcacoides Mx. Strigous-pubescent ; lvs. palmately 5-7-parted, the segments 

laciniatc ; Ms. corymbcd, terminal ; carp. 10, acute, n In barren oaklauds, Tenn. Ky. 
1— 2f. Pis. nearly as large as in the Musk Mallow. (Calllrrhoe alciroides Gr.") 

3 S. spiuosa L. St. rigid ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, with a spinous tubercle at 

the base of the petiole ; stip. setaceous, shorter than the petioles or axillary pedun- 
cles ; carp. 5, birostrate. @ Sandy, M. and W. 8— ir/. Yellow. July. § 

4 S. clliaris Cav. St. prostrate; lvs. elliptical, obtuse; stip. setaceous, and calyx 

ciliate ; carp. 7, tipped with 2 spines ; fls. red. % S. Fla. 

5 S. stipiilikta, Cav. Smoothish ; leaves rhombic-lanceolate, dentate ; stip. subulate, 

longer than the petioles, persistent ; carpels 10— 12, pointed with 2 short spines, li. 

Sandy soils, S. 18'. Pet. W\ yellow. July. (S. hispida C-K.) 
S. ICIIiottii Ton-. & Gr. Lvs. linear-oblong, obtuse at base ; ped. l-floweral, a Httlo 

longer than the petioles ; caps, truncate. % Sandy soils, S. Sf. Yellow. 
7 S. rlionil>irolI}i L. T^eaves rhombic-oblong, serrate, cuneate and entin^ at base ; 

ped. much longer than the petioles ; caps. 2-beaked. (j^ S. Car. to Fla. 2f. Yellow. 

8. ABUTILON, Dill. Indian 1\[ai,t.ow. Calyx 5-i-lt>ri. uitlunit an m- 
voUiccl, oi'lon niigiihir. Styles 5 to 00, Avith oapitato stigs. Cnrps. as many, 
arranged circularly, each l-coHod, 3 to O-scedod, and iipeiiing bv valves 



62 Order 23.— MALVACE^. 

§ Hekbaceous. Lvs. ovate, crcnate, acuminate, velvety. Fls. erect Nos. 1, 3 

§ Shrub. Leaves 3-5-acumiDate-lobed. Fls. pendulous No. 3 

1 A. Avicennae GaPrt. Tomentous ; lvs. rounc^ish, cordate ; ped. shorter than the long 

petiole : carp, about 15, inflated, 2-beaked, 3-seeded. (x) Waste places. 3f. Yel. Jl. § 

2 A. Hulseanum Torr. Pilous-hispid ; lvs. roundish ; ped. 3-5-flowered ; carpels 

about 12 ; fls. near 2' broad, light purple. Fla. Lvs. small, whitish beneath. 

3 A. STKiATTjsi. Tassel-Tree. Shrub with maple-like lvs. and tasselform lis., the column 

exserted. Greenhouse. 5 — lOf. Orange-red, scarlet-veined. Brazil. 

4 A. VEXiLLAEniM, Shrub with long, slender, drooping branches : leaves lance-ovato, 

cordate, crenate-serrate ; flowers droop on filiform stalks, cylindric ; calyx scarlet, 
corolla golden yellow, column exserted. Greenhouse. Flowers all Winter. 

9. MALVAVisOUS Drummondh. Glue Mallow. Shrub 4f, with 
showy, erect, axillary scarlet flowers. Involucel of many bractlets. Pet. erect. Styles 
10, with capitate stigmas. Fruit fleshy. Leaves roundish, cordate, angularly 3-lobed, 
coarsely crenate-toothed. Coluom long-exserted. § About N. Orleans. 

10. PAVONIA, L. (Latin pavo, peacock; suggested by the colors.) 
Involucel of 5 or more bracteoles. Calyx 5-cleft. Carpels 5, half as many 
as the branches of the stj^le, 1-seeded. Stig. capitate. Fruit diy. }j 

P. liCContii T. & G. Shrubby; lvs. sagittate-oblong, obtuse, hoary-tomentous be- 
neath ; bractlets 5 ; carpels blunt, rugous. 5f. Ga. (5Ir. Jones), rare. Fls. 18''' diam , 
rose-white, with a deep purple centre. (P. Jonesii C-B.) 

11. EOSTELETZKYA, Presl. (In honor of KosieUfzky, a German bot- 
anist.) Calyx, involucel, stjdes, &c., as in Hibiscus. Fruit a 5-celled, de- 
pressed capsule, with a single seed in each cell. 

K. Vlrginica Presl. Lvs. acuminate, cordate, ovate, dentate, upper and lower ones 
undivided, middle 3-lobed ; ped. axillary, and in terminal racemes ; fls. nodding, pis- 
tUs declinate. u Marshes, L. I. to Ga. 3f. Fls. 2i', rose-red. Aug. 

12. HIBISCUS, L. Calyx 5-cleft, subtended by an involucel of many 
bractlets. Column long with the stamens lateral and the 5 stigmas capitate. 
Fruit a 5-celled capsule, loculicidal, the valves bearing the partitions in the 
middle. Seeds 3 or many in each cell. }j If Flowers large and showy. 
Plants often cultivated. 

§ HrBiscus proper. Calyx equally 5-cleft or toothed, persistent. . .(a) 

§ Abelmoschus. Calyx tube in flowering split down to the base on one side. .Nos. 12, 13 

a Shrubs and trees. Leaves undivided, ovate, &c. Stip. persistent Nos. 9—11 

a Herbs. — b Calyx, &c., tomentous. Lvs. undivided, angularly lobed Nos. 1, 2, 3 

—b Calyx, &c., hispid. Leaves palmately divided Nos. 4, 5 

— b Calyx, &c., glabrous. — c Leaves strongly .3-5-1 obed Nos. G, 7 

— c Leaves ovate, undivided No. 8 

1 H. Mosclieiltos L. Simple, erect, hoary-tomentous ; lvs. ovate, obtusely dentate, 
some 3-Iobed ; ped. long, often cohering with the petiole ; pod and seeds smooth ; 
sepals abruptly pointed. Brackish marshes. 4— 6f. Fls. 6' diam., roseate. Aug. 
/3. fiavescens, Fls. larger (pet. 4' long), of a light sulphur-yellow, with a purple 
centre. Marshes, Indiana to Fla. (H. incanus Wendl.) 

3 H. grandiflorus Mx. Lvs. cordate, acuminate, repand-dentate. downy both sides, 

hoary beneath ; pods densely hirsute. S. andW. 5— 7f. Pet. 4^', flesh-color. Jl.-Oct 

4 H. aculeatus Walt. Prickly-hispid; lvs. 3-5-lobed, repand-toothed ; bractlets of 

the involucel linear, forked at the end: sep. red-veined. S. -3— of. Fls. 4J-', y-p. Jn. 4- 



Order 24.— TAMARISCINB^. 63 

5 H. Trion um L. Flower-of-an-Hour. Hispid ; leaves 3-parted, middle segmenta 

long, all sinuate-lobed ; bractlets entire ; calyx inflated, membranouH ; flowers yel- 
lowisn, dark-brown centre, ephemeral, numerous. Fields and gardens. § Italy. 

6 H. inilitaris Cav. Glabrous ; leaves hastately 3-lobed, lobes acuminate, serrate ; 

corolla tubular-campanulate ; capsules smooth, ovoid-acuminate; seeds hairy, if 
Penn., S. and W. 4f. Petals flesh-color, purple at base, 3'. July, August. 

7 H. coccineus Walt. Very smooth ; Ivs. palmate, 5-parted, lobes lanceolate, acu- 

minate ; corolla expanding ; caps, ovoid, li South. 6f. Flowers 6', scarlet. July, Aug. 

8 H» Caroliniaiius Muhl. Smooth; Ivs. cordate, ovate, acuminate ; ped. free from 

petiole ; pet. downy inside, purple, 4''; pod globular, y Wilmington Isl., Ga. (Elliott). 

9 H. Syriaciis L. AUhcea. Tree Hibiscus. Lvs. ovate, cuneiform at base, 3-lobed, 

dantate ; ped. scarcely longer than petiole. Fls. wh.-purp. or roseate. 8— 15f. § Syria. 

10 H. Floridsinus Shutt. Hispid; lvs. ovate-cordate, obtuse, small ; fls. pendulous 
on long peduncles, scarlet or crimson ; stamens exserted. S. Fla. 4— 5f. Fls. V. 

1 1 H. KosA-SiNENSis. Chinese H. Shrub with very smooth ovate pointed lvs. coarsely 
dentate at end ; fls. very large, dark red, varying to buff", yellow, striped, and double. 

12 H. ESCULENTUS. Okra. Lvs. cordate, 5-lobod, obtuse, dentate ; petiole longer than the 
fl. ; involucel about 5-leaved, caducous, (i) 5f. Cult, for its large, mucilaginous pods. 

1 3 H. Manihot. Lvs. divided into 5 — 7 linear, pointed, few-toothed lobes ; bractleta 
of the involucel 5 — 7, persistent. 71 China. 4f. Fls. sulph.-yellow, purp. centre. Jl. -♦- 

13. GOSSYPIUM, L. Cotton Plant. Calyx obtusely 5-tootlied, 
surrounded by an involucel of 3 cordate leaves, deeply and incisely toothed. 
Stamens very numerous, lateral. Stigmas 3, rarely 5, clavate. Seeds QO, 
involved in cotton. Flowers yellow. Fig. 201. 

1 G. HERBACEUM. Lcavcs 3-5-lobed, with a single gland below, lobes mucronate ; seeds 

brownish, cotton white. ® 5f. Cultivated South. Yellow. 

2 O. Barbadense. Sea Island C. Leaves with 3 glands on the mid-vein below ; seeds 

black, cotton white, long and silky, (g) Coasts, South. Planted in Autumn. 

Order XXIV. STERCULIACE^. Silk Cottons. 

Large trees or sJiruhs with simple or compound leaves, with flow era 
similar to those of the Mallow, except that the anthers are 2-celIed imd 
turned outward. Fruit capsular, of 3, rarely 5 carpels. 

* Involucel 0. PetalsO. Carpels 5. Stamens 10— 20, all fertile, monadelphows..STKRCULi a. 

* Involucel 0. Petals 5, long-clawed. Carpels 5. Fertile stamens 5. S. Fla..AYENiApH,<U/(i. 

* Involucel 3-leaved. Petals 5. Carpel 1. Stamens 5, all fertile. S. Fla Walthkria .4»)«ri(^na. 

1. STERCULIA, L. Calyx 5-lobed, sub-coriaceous. Stam. monadcl- 
phous, united into a short, sessile c\\\). Anth. adnate, 10, 15, or "20. Carp. 
5, distinct, follicular, 1-celled, 1-oo-sceded. — Trees with axillary paniclo.s 
or racemes. (See Addenda.) 

S. FLATANiFoLiA L. Lcavos cordato at ba^e, palmatoly 3-5-lobed, smooth ; calyx n->tatc, 
rcrtexed, greenish, in clusters. Cultivated South. 30f. Japan. A handsome tree. 

Order XXIV. bis. TAMARISCINE^. Tamarisks. 

iSfirubs (H- herbs with minute, scale-like leaves, dense sloiider raeoines o( 
small -ir-S-parted flowei-s. ^7a///(•/^^'delinite, hypogynous. i>ti/U's'3. Capsul<s[\- 
valved, 1-celled, oo-seeded. iS<'<'rf,<withacoma. A'J)uni<}nO. A'/nAr^c) straight. 



64 Okder 26.— OAMELLIACE^. 

TAMARIX Gallica. Characters mainly as given in the Order. Pet, 
and sta. 5. A beautiful shrub, lOf, with viro;ate branches, bearing numerous exceedingly 
delicate racemes of flesh-colored fls. Lvs. lance-subulate, clasping. Eur. Nearly hardy 

Order XXY. TILIACE^. Lindenblooms. 

Trees or shrubs (rarely herbs) with simple, stipulate, alternate, dentate 
leaves, with flowers axillaiy, hypogynous, usually perfect and polyadel- 
phous ; with the sepals 4 or 5, deciduous, valvate in bud, the petals 4 or 5, 
imbricated. Stamens oo, with 2-celled, versatile anthers. Ovary of 2 — 10 
united carpels^ and a compound style. Fruit diy or succulent, many-celled, 
or 1-celled by abortion. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. 

1. CORCHORUS, L. Sep. and pet. 4 or 5. Stam. oo, rarely as few 
as the petals. Style veiy short, deciduous, stig. 2 to 5. Caps, roundish or 
siliquose, 2-5-celled, many-seeded. I3 Flowers yellow. 

C. siliquosus L. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, equally serrate, 4 times longer 
than the petioles ; caps, sihquose, linear, 2-valved. La. to Fla. Flowers 4-merous. 

2. TILIA, L. Lestden or Leme Tree. Calyx of 5, united sepals, 
colored. Cor. of 5, oblong, obtuse petals, crenate at apex. Stam. 00, 
somewhat polyadelphous, each set (in the N". American species) with a 
petaloid scale (staminodium) attached at base. Ov. superior, 5-celled, 
2-ovuled. Caps, globous, by abortion 1-celled, 1-2-seeded. ^ Lvs. cor- 
date. Fls. cymous, cream- white, with the peduncle adnate to the vein o^ 
a large leaf-like bract. 

§ Staminodia 5, petaloid, opposite the petals. Leaves mucronate-serrate Nos. 1, 2 

§ Staminodia none. Stamens scarcely cohering No. 3 

1 T. Americana L. Bass-wood. Lvs. broad cordate, unequal at base, acuminate, 

coriaceous, smooth, and green on both sides ; pet. truncate or obtuse at apex ; sty. as 
long as the petals. Woods, N. and M. States. TOf. June. Timber valuable. 
^. Wdltert, Lvs. pubescent (but green) beneath. A large tree. Va. to Fla. 

2 T. lieteroi>lj.ylla Vent. White Bass-wood. Lvs. obliquely subcordate, scarcely 

acuminate, white and velvety beneath, shining, and dark green above ; pet. obtuse, 
crenulate ; sty. hairy at base, longer than the petals. River banks, W. 40f. 
/3. alba, Lvs. whitish and minutely tomentous beneath, serratures fine and long- 
mucronate. Ky. and South along the mountains. 80f. 

3 T. EuK0P-i:A L. Lime Tree. Lvs. suborbicular, obliquely cordate, abruptly acumi- 

nate, serrulate, twice as long as the petioles, glabrous except a woolly tuft in the 
axils of the veins beneath. Parks. 40f. t Eur. 

Order XXVI. CAMELLIACE^. Ca^iellias or Teaworts. 

Trees or shrubs with alternate, sunple, feather-veined, exstipulate leaves. 
Flowers regular, polyandrous, hypogynous, cyanic, with sepals and petals 
imbricated, the former often unequal in size. /Stamens more or less cohe- 
rent at base into one, three, or five sets. Anthers 2-celled. Seeds few, with 
little or no albumen. Cotyledons large. 

§ Calyx of many imbricated sepals. Stamens monadelphous Camellia. 1 

g Calyx simple. — Stamens united at the base into one set Stuaetla. 2 

—Stamens in 5 sets, adhering to the base of the petals Gordonia. a 



Ordek 27.— MELIACE^. G5 

1. CAMELLIA, L. Tea Rose. Tea, Sepals many, imbricated, the 
inner ones larger. Fil. go, shorter than the corolla, united at base, some 
of the interior free. Styles united. Stigmas 3 — 5, acute. 5 t) 

1 C Japonica L. Japan Bose. Leaves ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate, glabrous and 

shining ; flowers terminal, solitary ; petals obovate ; stamens 50 (mostly transformed 
to petals) ; stigmas 5-cleft. Tree in Japan, here a beautiful greenhouse shrub. 

2 C. (Thea) Bohea. Shrub 4f , .vs. elliptic-oblong, acute, some rugous, twice as long as 

broad ; flowers axillary, white. Cultivated throughout China and Japan— rarely here. 

3 C (Thea) vikidis. Shrub 4f ; Ivs. lance-oblong, thrice longer than broad, flat, acute ; 

fls, white, 1' broad. China. The leaf of these shrubs, variously cured, is the Bohea, 
Black, Green, or Imperial Tea. 

2. STUARTIA, Catesby. Sepals 5 (or 6), ovate or lanceolate. Petals 
5 (or 6), obovate, crenulate. Stamens monadelphous at base. Capsules 
5-celled, 5- or 10-seeded, seeds ascending. J) Leaves large, deciduous ; 
flowers showy, fragrant, axillary, nearly sessile. 

% Sttja^tia proper. Styles united. Capsule globous. Seeds lenticular No. 1 

§ Malachodendron. Styles distinct. Capsule ovoid. Seeds margined No. 2 

1 S. Virgiiiica Cav. Leaves oval, acuminate, thin, serrulate, downy beneath ; sepals 

roundish ; pet. white ; fil. purple, auth. blue. Va. toFla. and La. 6— 12f. Apr., May. 

2 S. pentagyna L'Her. Leaves ovate, acuminate ; sep. lanceolate : one pet. smaller 

than the others, all cream-white ; capsules 5-angled. Ky. to Ga. 10— 15f. June, Jl 

3. GORDONIAj Ellis. Loblolly Bay. Sepals 5, roundish, strongly 
imbricated. Pet. 5. Sta. 5-adelphous, one set adhering to each petal at 
base. Styles united into one. Caps, woody, 5-celled. Seeds 2 or more in 
eacli cell, pendulous. ^ With large, white, axillary, pedunculate flowers. 

§ G ORD ONI A ^?'oper. Stam. inserted on a 5-lobed cup, as short as the style No. 1 

§ Franklinia. Stam. inserted on the pet. at base, longer than the style No. 3 

1 G. liasiantliiis L. Leaves coriaceous, perennial, glabrous, shining on both sides 

lance-oblong ; peduncles half as long as the Ivs. ; fls. 3'. S. 70f. July, August. 

2 Cr. pul»esceiis L'ller. Leaves thin, serrate, deciduous, oblong-cuneiform, shinini, 

above, canescent beneath ; fls. on short peduncles ; sep. and pet. silky. S. 30f. May. ' 

Order XXYII. MELIACE^. 

Trees or shrubs with exstipulate, often pinnate leaves. Floiccrs 4-o-nic- 
rous. Stamens C — 10, coherent into a tube, with sessile anthers. Bisk hy- 
pogynous, sometimes cup-like ; style 1. Omry compound, several-ccllod, 
ceils 1 — 2-6-ovuled. Fruit fleshy or dry, often 1-celled by abortion, ^'t^vf.s' 
winged or wingless. 

§ MELIE/E. Colls of tho ovary 2-ovuled. Seeds wingless, few (\\\ a lloshy iir(ipo> Mei.ia. 1 

§ SWIETl'iNIE.'K. Cells of oviu-y nmny-ovuled. Seeds winged, niauy in the cnpsule. .Swiktkma. 'i 

1. MELIA, L. Pride op Indlv. (IV If'A?, honey ; the name Avas tirst 
Applied to the Manna Ash.) Sep. small, 5, united. Pet. spreading. St;\. 
tube 10-cleft at summit, with 10 anthers in the throat. Ovary r)-een(\l. 10- 
ovuled. Style deciduous. Drupe with a 5-celled, bony nut. ei-lls 1 -seeded. 
^ With biiunnate Ivs. and panicles of delicate tlowei-s. 

M. Azkdauacu L. Lvs. deciduous, glabrous, Ifts. obliquely 1;vnoo-ov;\to, ju-uininato. sor 
rate. S. Stales. 80— tOf. Fol. light ; fls. lilno : drupos aj; br,i:o as ihorrios, t \V lni\ 



66 Order 29.— ZYGOPHYLLACE^. 

2. SWIB TENIA Mahogoni, L. Mahogany Tree. A large and 
beautiful tree growing in South Florida, Mexico, and the Isthmus. 80 — lOOf. The reddish- 
brown ornamental wood is wellkno-wn. Lvs. smooth, abruptly pinnate, with 6 — 10 lance- 
ovate Ifts. Fls. small, yellowish, in panicles, 5-parted. Pod size of a goose-egg, 00-seeded. 

Order XXVIII. LINAGES. Flaxworts. 

Herbs with entire, simple leaves, and no stipules ; yfiiYL flowers regular, 
6>ymmeti-ical, and perfect, 5-(rarely 3 or 4)-parted. Calyx strongly imbri- 
cated in the bud, corolla contorted. Stamens definite, hypogynous, alter- 
nate with the petals. Styles distinct, with capitate stigmas, and each cell 
of the capsule more or less divided by a false dissepiment into two 1-seeded 
compartments. Seeds with little or no albumen, attached to axile pla- 
centae. Figs. 10, 11, 130, 136, 469. 

LINUM, L. Flax. Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles 5, the latter 
rarely 3. Caps. 6-10-celled. Seeds 10, suspended, mucilaginous. Herbs 
with a bark of strong fibres, and simple, sessile leaves. 

Flowers yellow, small (2—7'-' broad). Species (i), native. Jane— August. . .(a) 
a Sepals entire, 1-veined, as long as the depressed or globous capsule. . .Nos. 1 — 4 
a Sepals glandular-fringed, longer than the globular-ovoid capsule Nos. 5, 6 

* Flowers blue, large (1' broad). In fields and gardens Nos. 7, 8 

* Flowers large, showy, red or yellow. Garden exotics Nos. 9, 10 

1 Lj, Virginiannm L. Sts. teretish, erect, corymbous above, branches short, spread 

ing, terete; lvs. oblong to lanceolate, mostly scattered ; fls. 4-5' broad; caps, depressed, 
styles distinct. Woods and hills. 2f. Prof. Porter distinguishes No. 2 from this. 

2 li. striatum Walt. St. striate, often clustered : branches short, ascending, sharply 

about 4-angled ; lvs. lance-oblong, the lower mostly opp. Fls. and fr. as in No. 1. Com. 

3 Ij. simplex Wood. Stem single, terete, corymbed at top, branches snbterete ; leaves 

linear-subulate, erect, scattered ; caps, globular ; sty. distinct ; fls. 3", few. S-W^. 18', 

4 L«. difiTiisum Wood. Stems very slender, ascending, with long, filiform, diffuse, an- 

gular branches ; lvs, veiny, lance., spreading, 9-12" ; fls. 2" broad; pod depressed. W. 

a li. sulcatum Riddell. St. and branches sulcate, strict, erect ; lvs. lin., erect ; sep. 3- 

veined, acuminate ; sty. united below. Conn, to HI., and S. 1— l^f. (L. rigidum C-B.) 

6 I<. rigiduiii Ph. Stems low and branches rigidly erect, angular-sulcate ; lvs. linear- 

subulate, erect ; sepals lance-linear, twice longer than the pod. Iowa, Min., and W. 

7 li. usiTATissiMUM L. CommoTi Flax, (i) Leaves lance-linear; panicle corymbous; 

flowers axillary ; petals crenate. 2f. The strong bark yields linen. % Europe. 

8 li. PERENNE L. u Leaves linear ; flowers supra-axillary and terminal ; petals retuse, 

light blue. California ! and Europe. Flowers numerous and showy. 

9 li. GRAND iFLORUJtt. Lcaves lance-elliptical ; flowers red ; styles 5. N. Africa. 10', 

1 li. TRiGYNUM. Leaves elliptical ; flowers yellow ; styles 3. E. India. If. 

Order XXIX. ZYGOPHYLLACE^. Bean Capers. 

Herbs., shrubs, or trees, with leaves opposite, mostly pinnate (not dotted) 
and stipulate. Flowers 4- or 5-merous, corolla imbricate or convolute in 
bud. Stamens twice as many as the petals, hypogynous, distinct, each often 
with a scale. Ovary compound ; style and stigma 1 • fruit and seeds as in 
Linaceae. 



Order 30.— GERANIACE^. 67 

Herbs. Disk annular, 10-lobtd. Fruit of 5—12 indehiscent carpels Tribul03. i 

Trees. Disk inconspicuous. Fruit of 2 — 5 dehiscent, 1-seeded carpels Gdiacu'*. 2 

1. TRIBULUS, L. Sep. and pet. 5, imbricated. Stam. 10, the 5 al- 
ternate with the petals placed inside of hypogynous glands. Ov. sessile, 
cellg 1-5-seeded, separating into nutlets. — Loosely branched, prosti-ate 
her!)s, with abruptly pinnate leaves. Flowers solitary (yellow). 

1 T. (Kallstroemia) maxim us L. Lfts. .3 or 4 pairs, oblong or o\al, oblique, the ter- 

miual pair lar2:est ; nutlets 10, tubercled, 1-seeded. Ga. Fla. 1— 2f. 

2 T. cistoides L. Lfts. 5— 8 pairs, linear-lanceolate, subeqnal; ped. elongated, with 

one large flower ; nutlets 5, spiny, 2-5-seeded. Fla. 2f. 

2. GUAIAOUM, Plm. Lignum-Yit^. Sep. and pet. 4 or 5, decidu- 
ous, imbricated. Stam. 8 — 10. Ovaiy stipitate, 2-5-celled, cells many-ovuled, 
in fruit 1-seeded. ^ ^ Wood hard and resinous. Lvs. abruptly pinnate. 
Ped. in pairs, between the stipules, 1-flowered. 

iS. sanctum L. Branches jointed; lfts. 3 or 4 pairs, oblong, oblique, entire, mucro 
uate ; ped. short ; pet. obtuse, blue. S. Fla. 20f. Bark white. 

Order XXX. GERANIACE.^. Gerania. 

Uei'bs or shrubs with perfect, hypogynous, symmetrical and regular, or 
irregular, 3-5-merous flowers. Stamens as many or twice as many as th(! 
sepals, often some of them abortive or rudimentary. CarpeU as many as 
the sepals, 1-few-seeded, mostly separating from the persistent axis at ma- 
turity. — A lai'ge and rather incongruous order, as now constituted (by Ben- 
tham and Hooker), including the following tribes, heretofore regarded as 
orders. Figs. 27, 28, 172, 243, 265, 270, 315, 350, 497. 

§ Flowers regular, — a Styles 5. Carpels several-seeded. Tribe I. 

— a Style \.—h Sepals valvate. Fruit beakless. Tkibk IT. 
—ft Sepals imbricate. Fruit beaked. TiuuK III. 
5 Flowers irregular. — c Petals perigynous. Stamens 7 or 8. Tribe IV. 

— c Petals hypo<jynous. Stamens 5. short. Tkibk V. 

I. OXALIDE^. Symmetrical. Stamens 10 4- . Petals convolute. Pod 5-eelled OxAUS. 1 

II. LIMNANTIIE/E.— Symmetrical. Stamens (10 in Lijijianthks, No. 3) 6 in Flocrkka. < 

III. GERANIEilE.— Stamens lO-i-. ."j often sterile. Glands between the petals. Fruit a reguia. .«■) 

e Stamens 10, all nntheriferous. Tail of carpels beardless Gkramum. 4 

e Stamens ."i antheriforous. Tail of the carpels bearded Eropiuu. O 

IT. PELARGONIEyE.— Sepals spurred behind. Glands 0. Stamens declined. .(/) 

/ Spur adnate to the pedicel. Fruit rostrate,— a resrmu PKL.iuuo.MiM. (> 

/ Spur free. Fi nit not beaked. Carpels 1-seeded, soparntinii Tkop.koi.vm. 7 

V. BAIiSAMINE/E.— Sepals spurred behind. Pod o;oeninj; elastically lair.tTiKXS. "^ 

1. OXALIS, L. Wood SoKUKL. ('O^rs, acid: the liorbago !->* sour.) 
8ep. 5, distinct or united at base. Pot. contorted, much longer than tlir 
ralyx. Sty. 5, capitate. Caps, oblong or subglobous. Carp. 5, I to sovi^ 
lal-scoded. IMostly if, with pahuatt>ly trilbliato loaves and iuvorsoly 
Ifoart-shaped loatlots. Figs. 205, 270, 407. (Soo AiUhiuhi.) 
I O. A<"Ctt>»<?lla li. AcaulosctMit : 8oape longer than the loavos?. 1-rtowon.Hl ; lo.Artrts 
broad-obconlato with roundod lobos ; styles as long as the inner stan\ons: nxtt dco 
tftte, soalv. n Woods, t\m. and N. Statof. IV. Klowers whlti^pnrple. Juno. 



68 Order 30.— GERANIACEJE. 

2 O. violacea L. Bulbous at base, acaulescent ; scape umbelliferoas ; flowers nod- 

ding ; tips of the calyx fleshy ; styles shorter than the outer stamens. 7i An elegant 
species in rocky woods. 5—8'. Flowers violet-purple. May. 

3 O. stricta L. Caulescent ; st. branching ; ped. umbelliferous, longer than the peti- 

oles ; style as long as the inner stamens ; flowers yellow. ©Fields. 3—9'. Common. 
■4 O. FLAYA. Scapes 6', 1-flowered; leaiiets 6—10, linear; petals yellow, 1' long. S. Afr. 

O. ROSEA. Stem erect, 8' ; Ifts. 3, obcordate ; pet. roseate, 1', toothed ; fls. many. Chili, 
6 O. VERSICOLOR. St. 3'' ; Ifts. 3, linear, emarginate ; pet. crimson-striped outside. S. ASr. 

2. FLCERKBA, Willd. False JVIermaid. Sep. 3, longer than the 3 
pttals. Glands 3. Stam. 6. Ovaries 3, tu])erculate. Style 2-cleft. Fruit 
separating into 3 aclienia. (i) Small aquatics, witk pinnatelj-divided leaves. 
F. proserpinacoid.es Lindl. — By streams and lakes, Vt. to Penn., and "W. 6—10'. 

Prostrate ; Ivs. alternate ; If. segm. 3 — 5 ; pet. white, shorter than the sepals ; ach. 1 — 3. 

3. LIMNANTHES, Br. Sepals 5, valvate. Pet. 5, convolute, Tritli 5 
glands. Stamens 10. Style 1. Ovary deeply 5-lobed, separating 5 acbe- 
nia in fruit. — Herbs with pinnate leaves and cut-lobed leaflets. Summer. 
li. DoTjGLAsn. Stems low, diffuse, with numerous axUlary flowers 1' broad ; petals wedge- 
oblong, yellow, edged with white, notched at the end. California. 

4. GERANIUM, L. Crane's Bill. Sep. and pet. 5, regular. Stam. 
10, all perfect, the 5 alternate ones longer, and each with a gland at its 
base. Fruit at length separating from the axis into 5 achenia, and up- 
lifted on the smooth cm-ving styles. — Herbs. Ped. 1-3-flowered. Fig. 172. 

* Petals entire, twice as long as the awned sepals, purplish Nos. 1, 2 

* Petals emarg. or 2-lobed, not longer than the sep., roseate. May — Aug. . .Nos. 3 — 6 

European perennials, cultivated, hardy, ornamental No. 7 

1 G. maculatam L. Stem erect, angular, dichotomous, retrorsely-pubescent ; leaves 

palmately 3-5-lobed, lobes cuneiform and entire at base, incisely serrate above, radi- 
cal ones on long petioles. U Woods. 2f. Flowers 1', purple. April — June. 

2 Cr. Robertianum L. Herb Bohert. Stems weak, reddish, diffuse, hairy ; leaves 

pinnately 2-parted to the base, the segments pinnatiad, and the pinnae incisely tooth- 
ed ; capsule rugous, seeds smooth. @ Eocky places. Can. to Va. 1— 2f. Jn.— Aug. 

3 G. Carolinianum L. Erect, at length diffuse, hairy ; leaves 5-T-parted ; segm. 3- 

lobed, lobes entire or incised ; ped. short, clustered at the ends of branchlets ; sepala 
awned ; fi'uit hairy ; seeds obscurely reticulated. (T) Hills, dry or rocky. \ — 2f. 

4 G. dissectum L. Diffuse, pubescent ; Ivs. 5- or T-parted, segm. lirear, many-cleft; 

seeds s^ro/zgZy reticulated, d) Fields : rare. 6 — 12'. Fruit some hairy. § Europe. 

5 G. pusillum. L. Procumbent, puberulent ; Ivs. ronnd-reniform, 7-parted, segments 

3-cleft ; sepals awnless ; seeds smooth, (i) Waste grounds. N. Y., Mass. If. § Eur. 

6 G. columbinum L. Slender, decumbent, with long, filiform flower-stalks ; sep. 

awned, enlarged after flowering ; fr. glab. ; Ivs. and sd. as in No. 4. Penu. (Porter). § 

7 G. eANGmNEUM. Erect, diffuse ; leaf-lobes 3-cleft. linear ; ped. 1-flowered ; flowers red, 

large. /3. Lancastriexse is prostrate, with smaller (1') purple flowers, very elegant. 

5. ERODIUM, L'Her. Herox's Bill. Sep. and pet. 5, regular. Stam. 
10, the 5 shorter ones sterile. Styles in fruit spirally twisted and bearded. 

E. cicutarinm Sm. Diffuse, hairy ; leaves pinnately divided, segments sessile, pin- 
natifid, incised, acute ; ped. several-flowered ; petals equal, red. (i) Lake shores, N. 
Y. : rare. In California it is one of the chief forage plants, ilay, June, § Europe. 

6. PELARGONIUM, L'Her. Stork's Bill. Geraxictm. Sepals 5, 



Order 30.— GERANIACE^. 69 

the upper one ending in a nectariferous tube extending viovvn the pedicel. 
Petals 5, irregular, longer than the sepals. Filaments 10, 3 or 5 of 
them sterile. }j or herbs. A large and ornamental genus, chiefly S. Afri- 
can, everywhere cultivated. Lower leaves (in plants raised from the seed) 
opposite, upper alternate. Figs. 243, 350. 

§ Filaments 10, the alternate ones bearing anthers. Upper petals larger Nos. 1, 2 

§ Filaments 10, of which 7 bear anthers, and 3 are sterile. ..(a) 

a The 2 upper petals smaller, all scarlet, 1-colored. Shrubby Nos. 3—5 

a Petals nearly equal in size, mostly variegated. . . (b) 

b Stemless. Koot tuberous. Leaves laciniate. Flowers brown Nos. G, 7 

b Stems shrubby.— c Lvs. cordate, palmate, lobed. Flowers small Nos. 8, 9 

— c Lvs. peltate or cordate, 5-lobcd, smooth No. 10 

a Two upper petals longer and broader. Stems shrubby. . . (d) 

d Flowers white, the 2 upper petals striped with red Nos. 11, 12 

d Flowers purple.— e Leaves undivided Nos. 13, 14 

— e Leaves divided below the middle Nos. 15—17 

1 P. TRICOLOR. Lvs. lanceolate, cut-dentate; 3 lower pet.white, 2 upper purp.-blk. IS', li 

2 P. coRiANDRiFOLiUM. Lvs. bipinnate ; pet. whitc, Upper purp. -Veined, very large. If. (2) 

3 P. zoNALE. Horseshoe G. Lvs. orbicular-cordate, slightly lobed, toothed, zoned ; stem 

fleshy, shrubby ; petals cuneiform ; flowers umbelled. 2— 3f. Numerous varieties. 
(3. MARGINATUM. Silver-edged ; the leaves bordered with white. 

4 P. fNQUiNANS. Lvs. Tound, reniform, scarcely lobed, crenate viscid ; pet. obov, 2— 3f. 

5 P. FoTHERGiLLii. Lvs. rcnifm., .5-lobed, crenate, zoned ; stip. toothed, ciliate ; pet. obov. 

6 P. FLAVUM. Carrot-leaved Geranium. Lf. lobes many, lin., hairy: fls. brownish-yell. 

7 P. TRisTE. Mourning Ger. Lf. lobes lin., acute ; pet. dark-green, obi., obovate. If. 

8 P. TRAGRANS. Nutmeg G. Branches thick velvety, lvs. very soft ; stip. subulate. Fls. w. 

9 P. ALCHEMiLLOiDES. Villous ; Ivs. 5-lobed ; peduncle few-flowered; fls. pink-colored. 

10 P. PELTATUM. Ivy-leaved G. Br. fleshy; lvs. more or less peltate ; fls. purplish. 
IIP. GLAUcuM. Glabrous, glaucous; lvs. lanceolate, entire; pcd. 1-2-flowered. 3f. 

12 P. GRANDIFLORUM. Glab., glaucous ; lvs. 5-Iobed, toothed at end ; fls. very large. 3f. 

1 3 P. EETiTLiNUM. Suioothish ; Ivs. ovatc, uuequally scrratc : pcd. 2-1-flwd. Pale. of. 

14 P. Watsonii. Lvs. orbicular, cordate, some lobed, dentate ; fls. large, variog. 3f. 

1 5 P. GRAVEOLENS. Bose Gev. Lvs. palmately 7-lobed ; lobes toothed, revolute, very 
rough at the edge ; umbels many-flowered, capitate. 3f. Very fragmnt. 

16 P. RADULA. Lvs. palmate, rough, lobes narrow, rolled at edge, pinnatifid with linear 
segments ; umbels few-flowered. 3f. Fragrance mint-like. 

1 7 P. QUERCiFOLTUM. Hispid ; lvs'. siuuate-pinnatifld, often spotted, cordate at base. 3f. 

7. TROPiEOLUM, L. Indian Cress. Nasturtion. Fls. irregular. 
Sep. 5, produced behind into a free spur. Pet. 5, the 3 upper exterior, dif- 
ferent from the 3 lower. Stamens 8, free, unequal, perfect. Style 1. Ov. 
3-celled, in fruit separating from the short axis into 3 hardened achenia. 
^) Leaves alternate. Stipule 0. Flowers showy. S.Am, {'^t'ty Addtuda.) 

1 T. MA.rus L. Kastitrtion. Lvs. peltate, roundish, repand on the margin ; pot. obtuse, 

the 3 lower Irltigod and long-clawed at base. Flowers orange, scarlrt. crimson, I'to. 

2 T. MINUS. Smaller, erect; petals pointed, yellow to white, or variegatotl. IVru. 

8 T. LonniANUM. Leaves peltate, roniform, wavy, flxed near tiie base; petals orouate, 
rounded, the 2 lower fringe-ttwthed, all shades of red. Columbia. 

4 T. I'KUKduiNUM. Canari/Jiird. l-eavesdeeply5-7-lobed, lobes toothed . spur hooked ; 
petals light yellow, 2 of them largo anil much lobed. A tall climber. 

8. IMPATIENS, L. Touoii-mk-xot. Sepals colored, 4 (the upper 
one double), the lowest saccate and spurred. Petals ;\i>p:uvutly V?, cncli 
of them !2-lobed (double). Stamens 5, short, the anthers coheriii-: at 



70 Obder 31.— RUTACE^. 

apex ; caps, often 1-cellecl by the obliteration ( f the dissepiments, 5-valvea» 
bursting elastically. — Sts. smooth, succulent, tender, subpellucid, with tu- 
mid joints. Lvs. simple, alternate, serrate. Figs. 27, 28, 315. 

1 I, pallida Nutt. Lvs. oblong-ovate ; peel. 2^flowered, elongated ; lower gibboua 

sepals dilated-conical, broader than long, with a very short, recurved spur ; lis. pale 
yellow, sparingly dotted. (T) Wet shades. 3 — 4f. Aug. 

2 I. f ulva Nutt. Lvs. rhombic ovate ; ped. 2-4-flowered, short ; lower gibbons sepal 

acutely conical, longer than broad, with an elongated, closely reflexed spur; fls. deep 
orange, spotted, (i) Damp grounds. 2— 3f. July. 

3 1. BALSAMiNA L. Balsamine. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, upper ones alternate ; ped. 

clustered ; spur shorter than the flower. (T) E. India. Fls. large, white and red. 



Order XXXI. RUTACE^. Rueworts. 

Herhs or generally shrubs or trees, with the exstipulate leaves dotted with 
transparent glands containing aromatic or acrid oil. Flowers regular, 3-5- 
merous, hypogynous, perfect or polygamous. Stamens as many or twice as 
many as the sepals. Pistils 2 — 5, separate or united, styles united. Fruii 
capsular or separating into its component, 1-2-seeded carpels. 

S RL'TE.E. Flowers perfect. (Herbs. Stamens 10.).. (a) 

a Petals equal, concave. Capsnle 5-lobed Ruta. 1 

a Petals unequal, clawed. Capsules separable Dictamnus. 2 

e ZANTHOXYLE^. Flowers $ 5 J. (Trees, shrubs) .. (?>) 

b Pistils 3 — 5, separate below. Stamens 3 — 6 Zanthoxtlum. 3 

& Pistils 2, united. Samara 2-seeded Ptelba. 4 

1. RUTA, L. Rue. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals, united at base. Petals 4 or 
5, concave, obovate, distinct, torus surrounded by 10 nectariferous pores. 
Stamens 10. Capsule lobed. if 5 , mostly European. 

a. GRAVEOLENS L. Common Bue. Suffruticous, nearly glabrous ; leaves 2 — 3 pinnately 
divided, segm. oblong, obtuse, terminal ones obovate-cuneate, all entire or irregularly 
cleft ; fls. terminal, corymbous ; pet. entire. 3f. Greenish. 

2. DICTAMNUS, L. Fraxikella. Calyx of 5, deciduous sepals ; 
petals 5, unguiculate, unequal ; filaments 10, declinate, with glandular 
dots ; capsules 5, slightly united, if Native of Germany. 

O. AiJBUs Willd. St. simple ; lvs. pinnate, the rachis more or less winged ; fls. in a large, 
terminal, erect panicle.— In gardens. 1 — 2f. Fls. showy. 
^. RUBRA. Fls. purple ; rachis of the leaves winged. 

3. ZANTHOZYLUM, L. Prickly Ash. (Sa^^^o?, yellow, kv\ov, 
wood.) Sepals 4 or 5, rarely obsolete. Petals 4 or 5. Sta. as many as the 
petals in 5 , rudimentary in ? . Pistils 3 to 5, distinct below, with cohe- 
rent styles, in fruit crustaceous, 2-valved, 1 or 2-seeded. +) b With sharp 
prickles, pinnate leaves, and small, greenish flowers. 

1 Z. ABaericanum Mai. Prickly; Ifts. 9—11, ovate, sessile, equal at base; umbels 

axillary ; !?ep. obsolete, pet. 5. Woods. 10— 12f. Flowers before leaves April. 

2 Z. Carolinia,iiuiMi Lam. Prickly; Ifts. 7— 13, falcate-lanceolate, very inequilat- 

eral, petioliilate ; panicles terminal ; sop muiute ; bark warted around the prickles. 
S. States. Tree, 20— 40f. Bark intensely pungent to the taste. Mav. 



Order 34.— SIMARUBACE^. 71 

p. fruUcosum, Shrnb ; Ivs. ovatc-oblong, scarcely pointed ; ovaries 2. S. 
3 Z. Floridanum N. Satin-wood. Unamiecl ; ifts. 5—7, ? ovate-lanceolate, i A 
liptical, obtuse ; fls. minute ; carp. 1—2, l-seeded, obovoid. S. Fla. 

4. PTELEA, L. Shrub Trefoil. {IlTEXsa, the elm-tree ; from tin 
resemblance of the fruits.) ? 5 5 . Sepals 3 to 6, mostly 4, much shortei 
than the spreading petals. $ Stamens longer than the petals and alternati 
with them, veiy short and imperfect in ? . Ovary of 2 united cai-pels. Stig 
2. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded samaras, with a broad, orbicular margin. +) Lv& 
3-5-foliate. Fls. cymous. 

1 P. trifoliata L. Lvs. 3-foliate, Ifts. sessile, ovate, short-acuminate, lateral ones in 
equilateral, terminal ones cuneate at base ; cymes corymbous ; stam. mostly 4 ; Btyl% 
short. Rocky places, N. Y. S. and W. 6— 8f. Fls. white, odorous. June. 
/3. mollis. Young branches, petioles and leaves beneath, soft-downy and hoary. S 

% P. ]Ial€l\irinii T. & G. Lvs. glabrous, very small ; Ifts. sessile, c^al, obtuse ; stam 
4 ; stig. sessile. E. Fla. If. Branches numerous and scraggy. Lvs. V. 

Order XXXII. AURANTIACE^. Orangeworts. 

Trees or shrubs, glabrous, abounding in little transparent receptacles of 
volatile oil, with leaves alternate, 1-3-foliate or pinnate. Flowers regular, 3- 
5-meroua. Stamens with flat filaments, distinct or cohering in one or sev- 
eral sets. Ovary compounded of several united carpels. Style 1. Fruit 
(hesperidium) many-celled, pulpy, covered with a thick rind. Albumen 
Cotyledon thick. Figs. 37, 363. 

CITRUS, L. {Kirptov, the citron ; the fruit of one of the species.) 
Sepals and petals in 5's. Anthers 20, or some other and higher multiple of 
5, versatile, the connectile articulated to the filament. Filaments dilated at 
base, polyadelphous. Berry 9-18-celled. 5 b ^ noble E. Indian genus 
Lvs. 1-foliate, entire, evergreen. Petiole often winged. 

1 C. vulgaris Risso. Bitter Orange. Petiole winged ; lvs. elliptical, acute, crenn 

late ; stam. 20 ; ftuit globular, with a thin rind and bitter pulp. S. Fla. 15— 20f. § Asia. 

2 C. AuRANTiuM. Sweet Orange. Petiole scarcely winged ; 1ft. oblong, acute, creuu- 

late ; sta. 20 ; fr. globous, with a thin rind and sweet pulp. 30f. 

3 €. LiMETTA. LiTne. Petioles not at all winged; 1ft. ovate-orbicular, serrate; stam. 

30 ; fr globous, with a sweet pulp, and a protuberance at top. 15f. 

4 C. LiMONUM. Lemon. Petioles somewhat winged; sta. 35 ; fr. oblong-spheroid, 

with a thin rind and very acid pulp, 2()f. Fr. yellow. 

5 C. DECitMANA. Shaddock. Petioles broadly winged ; 1ft. obtuse, emarginate ; ft- 

very large, with a thick rind. 15f. Fruit green-yellow. 5' dlam. 

Order XXXIV. SIMARUBACE^. Quasslvworts. 

Trees or shrubs with bitter bark, alternate, exstipulatc, pinnate Icavca, 
and small, diclinous, regular, hypogynous S-^l-merous tlowoi-s. Stamen* 
as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted on the hypogynous disk. 
Styles 2 — 5. Ovaries 2-5-lobed or carpellcd. Fruit 1 — 5 oiic-setxied 
drupes or samaras 



rl Oeder 36.— ANACARDIACEiE. 

§ Leaves abniptly pinnate. Flowers dioecions. Styles united. Frnit baccate Simirtjba. 1 

§ Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers polygamous. Styles distinct. Fruit a samara Att.avtbps. ^ 

1. SIMARUBA, Aubl. Quassia. (Its name in Guiana ) 5 +> 

S. glanca DC. Leaflets 4— S, alternate, entire, obtuse, coriaceous. S. Fla. Tree, 40f, 

2. AILANTHUS, Desf. Chinese " Thee-of-Heaven." {Ailanio, its 
name in China.) 9 § ^ Sep. 5. Pet. 5. $ Stam. 2—3. Ov. 3—5. Sty. 
lateral. Fr. 1-celled, 1-seeded samarae, with oblong margins. $ Stam. 10. 

? Ovaries, styles, and samaroe as in ^ . 5 1) Oriental, with odd-pianate 
leaves. Flowers in panicles. 
A., GLANDULosus Desf, Lfts. glabrous, 21 — 41, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 

with 1 or 2 obtuse, glandular teeth each side at base, terminal one long-p etiolate. 

Parks, &c. 40— 60f. Flowers greenish, ill-scented. June. 

Order XXXV. BUESERACE^. Burserids. 

Trees and shrubs abomiding in balsam or resin, with exstipulate, com- 
pound, dotted leaves, and small, regular, racemed or panicled flowers. 
Calyx 3-5-cleft. Petals 3 — 5. Stamens twice as many. Ovaries free, 1-5- 
celled. Stigmas 2-5-lobed, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit di'upaceous, inde- 
hiscent, rarely capsular. Seeds pendulous, exalbuminous. 

* Flowers perfect, 4-parted. Stamens 8, hypog^Tious. Leaves opposite Asitbis. 1 

• Flowers polygamous, 4 and 6-pai-ted. Stamens 8 — 10; disk crenate. Leaves alternate Buksera. 2 

1. AMYRIS, L. Balm-of-Gilead. {Mvppa, myiTh; from its per- 
fumed gum.) 5 +) Flowers in panicles, white. 

A. Floridana N. Torch-wood. Shrub ; Ivs. opposite, trifoliate, on short petioles , 
lfts. ovate, obtuse, entire, petiolulate ; drupes small, globular. E. Fla. 

2. BURSERA, L. (To JoacMn Burser, an Italian botanist.) +> 

B. gummifera Jacq. Lfts. 3—9, petiolulate, ovate, acum., entire; fl&. racemed. Fla. 

Order XXXVI. ANACARDIACE^. SiniACs. 

Trees or shrubs with a resinous, gummy, caustic, or even milky juice. 
Leaves alternate, simple, or temate, or unequally pinnate, without pellucid 
dots. Flowers with bracts, commonly dioecious, small. Sepals 3 — 5, united 
at base, persistent. Petals of the same number (sometimes 0), imbricated. 
Stamens as many as petals, alternate with them, perigynous. Ovary 1- 
celled, free. Ovule 1. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry or drupe, usually thn 
latter, and 1-seeded. Albumen 0. 

RilUS, L. SuiiAC. (The ancient name, from Celtic, rhudd, red ?) 
Calyx of 5 sepals united at base. Pet. 'and stam. 5. Sty. 3. Stig. capi- 
tate. Fruit a small, 1-seeded, subglobous, diy dmpe. — Small trees or 
shrubs. Leaves alternate, mostly compound. Flowers often, by abor- 
tion, imperfect, greenish. 



I 



Order 37.— SAPINDACE^. 73 

I Leaves simple. Flowers perfect (or all abortive in culTiva':ion) Nos, 10, 11 

§ Leaves compound. Flovpers dioecious. A tree. South Florida No. 9 

§ Leaves compound. Flowers polygamous ... (a) 

a Flowers in clustered spikes preceding the trifoliate leaves No. 8 

a Flowers in axillary panicles, with the 3-13-foliate Ivs. Poisonous Nos. 5—7 

a Flowers in terminal thyrses, ivith the 9-31-foliate leaves.. .(&) 

b Common petiole winged between the leaflets , No, 4 

b Common petiole not winged Nos. 1—3 

1 B, glabra L. I;vs. and branches glabrous ; Ifts. 11—31, lanceolate, acuminate, 

acutely serrate, whitish beneath ; fr. red, with crimson hairs. Thickets and pastures. 
G— lof. The fruit hairs are extremely acid, and dye red. June, July. 

2 R. typhina L. Branches and petioles densely villous ; Ifts. 11—31, obloog-lanceo- 

late, acuminate, acutely serrate, pubescent beneath ; fruit red, with crimson hairs. 

Rocky soils. 10— 20f. Branches thick, straggling. Drupes acid. Wood yellow. June. 

|3. laciniata, Lfts. irregularly gashed ; panicles leafy. Hanover, N. H. {Ricard.) 

3 K. pumila Mx. Procumbent, villous-pubescent ; lfts. 9—13, oval or oblong, coarsely 

toothed ; drupes red, silky pubescent. N. Car. to Ga. Branches If high. 

4 K. copallina L. Mountain Sumac. Branches and petioles pubescent ; lfts. 9—21, 

oval-lanceolate, mostly entire, unequal at base, common rachis winged ; fls. in dense 
panicles ; drupes red, hairy. Rocky hills. 2 — 8f. Thyrse sessile. July. 

5 R, venena.ta L'C. Poison Sumac. Dog-wood. Very glabrous ; lfts. 7— 13, oval, ab- 

ruptly acuminate, very entire ; panicles loose, axillary, pedunculate ; drupes greenish- 
j-ellow, smooth. Swamps. 10— 15f. Flowers green. Very poisonous. June. 

6 R. Toxicodendron L. Poison Oak. Poison Ivy. Erect, or decumbent; Ivs. pu- 

bescent ; lfts. 3, broadly oval, acuminate, angular, or sinuate-dentate ; drupes smooth, 
roundish. Thickets, Can. to Ga. Perhaps runs into the next. June. 

7 R. radicans L. Climbing Ivy. Stems climbing by means of innumerable radi- 

cating tendrils ; leaflets ovate, smooth, entire. Ascending trees, 20— oOf. Drupes 
dull white. Steras 1—2' in thickness. June. 

8 R. aromaticsi Ait. Sweet Sumac. Lfts. sessile, incisely creuate, pubescent be- 

neath, lateral ones ovate, terminal one rhomboid ; fls. in close aments, preceding the 
leaves ; drupe globous, villous. Copses. 2— 6f. Flowers yellowish. May. 

9 R. Metopium L. Lfts. 3—7, smooth, entire, ovate, acumin. ; drupes smooth. 301. 

10 R. cotinoides N. Smooth; Ivs. oval, obtuse, entire, acute at base, thin, long- 
stalked : fls. minute, in loose, erect panicles ; drupes smooth. Mts. Car. to Ark. 

11 R. CoTiNus. Venetian Sumac. Smoke-tree. Lvs. obovatc, entire, thick; floweii 
mostly abortive, pedicels diff"usely branched and hairy. Italy. 

Order XXXVII. SAPINDACE^. Mapleworts. 

Treef^, shrubs, or rarely ?ierbs, with simple or coiiipouml, alternate or 
opposite leaves. Flowers mostly iinsymmetrical, often irregular, 4 or 5- 
mcroiis, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud, with the 
stamens 5 to 10, inserted on a hypogynous or perigyuous disk. Ocan/ 2 or 
3-celled, lobed, and with 1 or 2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell. Kmbnjo 
mostly curved or convoluted, with little or no albumen. Fi^s. 100. 02-4, 
280, 236, 237, 308, 312, 4-44, 515. 

I. ACP'RINK.E.— liCnvos opposite. Flowers regular, diclinous. Fruit a douMo siim.-ira. ..la) 

a Disk nnnulur. Pot ills 4 or 5 or 0. Leaves simple, lobed Aokk. I 

a Disk ol)soleto. I'eUls none. Leaves pinnutel.v compound Nkiu-npo, 3 

II. STArUVTiEvK.— Leaves opposite. Flowers vejiular, porleet. Stiimens S STAruTi.Kc 3 

III. IlH*rO(\\ST.\NE.F.— Leaves opposite. Flowers irivgular. Stamens 7 .KscuLUS, * 

tV SAIMNOE/K.— Leaves alternate. Flowers polyjfainodiuHMOUs. . .(f>) 

4 



74 Order 37.— SAPINDACE^. 

b Petals 5, regular. 0\Tiles solitary. Fruit baccate. Trees Sap:ndus. I 

6 Petals 5 or 4, regular. Ovules 2 or 3 in each , -ell. Trees. South Florida Hypelate. 

6 Petals 4, irregular. Trees. Koilreuteria, No. 7 Vines Cardiospkrmum. 6 

b Petals 0. Ovules 2 in each cell. Capsules winged. Shrub. South Fla Dodon.«a. 

1. ACER. Maple. (The ancient name, meaning sliai*p, vigorous.) 
Fls. polygamous. Cal. 5 (4-9)-cleft. Cor. 5 (4-9)-petalled or 0. Stam. 8 
(4 — 12). Sty. 2. Samaras 2-winged, united at base, by abortion 1-seeded. 
Leaves simple, palmately 5 (rarely 3-9)-lobed. (See Addenda.) 

§ Flowers in dense, umbellate clusters, appearing before the leaves Nos. 1, 2 

§ Flowers in pendulous corymbs, yellowish, appearing with the leaves Nos. 3, 4 

§ Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish, appearing after the leaves. . . (a) 

a Shrubs or small trees, native. Leaves 3-lobed Nos. 6, 6 

a Large trees, exotic, cultivated. Leaves 5-T-lobed Nos. 7, S 

1 A. rubrum L. JRed Maple. Swamp Maple. Lvs. cordate, acutely and incisely 

toothed, the Onuses acute, glaucous beneath ; ped. elongated in fruit ; pet. linear- 
oblong ; ovaries and fruit smooth. Swamps. 30 — SOf. Flowers red. AprU. 
|3. tridens, Lvs. 3-lobed, rounded at base ; flowers yellowish. N. J. to La. SOf. 

2 A. dasycarpam Ehrh. White Maple. Lvs. truncated at base, unequally and in 

cisely toothed, with obtuse sinuses, white and smooth beneath ; fls. greenish, with 
downy ovaries ; petals ; fruit divergent. Woods. SOf. Mar. April. (Fig. 308.) 

3 A. saccbarlnnm L. Sugar Maple. Eock Maple. Lvs. subcordate at base, acu 

minate, remotely toothed, with rounded and shallow sinuses, glaucous beneath ; fls. 
pedunculate, pendulous. Rocky hiUs, N. 40— TOf. A noble tree. 

4 A, nigrum Mx. Black Maple. Sugar Tree. Lvs. cordate, Avith the sinus closed, 

lobes divaricate, sinuate-dentate, paler beneath, with the veins beneath and the peti- 
oles pubescent ; flowers on long, slender pedicels. Vt. to Lid. 30— TOf. April. 

5 A. Pennsylvanicum L. StHped Maple. IVhistle-wood. Lvs. with 3 acuminate 

lobes, rounded at base, sharply denticulate, smooth ; rac. simple, pendulous. Can. to 
Ga. and Ky. 10 — 15f. Bark striped, green and black. May. 

6 A. spica-tum Lam. Mountain Maple-bush. Lvs. .3-5-lobed, acute, dentate, pubea 

cent beneath ; racemes erect, compound. Woody hills. 5 — 8f. Flowers greenish. 

7 A, Pseudo-Platanus L. Sycamore. Lvs. cordate, glabrous, glaucous beneath, lohen 

acute, unequally dentate ; raceme pendulous ; fruit smooth. Europe. 40f. 
*i A. MACROPHTLLtJM Ph., with large, very deeply 5-lobed leaves, nodding racemes, and 
hispid fruit. Oi%gon. 30— 50f. 

2. NEGUNDO, Moencli. Box Elder. Ash IMaple. Flowers $ 3 . 
Corolla ; ? flowers racemed, S fascicled. Disk O. Stam. 3 — 5. Fruit as 
in the last genus. Leaves compound, pinnately 3-5-foliate. 

N. aceroides Mcench. Lfts. ovate, acuminate, remotely and unequally dentate; ?rac. 
long and pendulous ; fruit oblong, with large wings dilated upward. A handeome 
tree, 20— 40f. N. Y. to Car. and Cal. 1 Apiil. 

3. STAPHYLEA, L. Bladder-nut. (A Greek word, meaning a 
cluster of grapes ; from tlie form of the fructification.) Fls. 5 . Calyx of 5, 
colored, persistent sepals. Pet. and sta. 5. Styles 3. Caps. 2 — 3, membra- 
nous and inflated, slightly cohering. Seeds not arilled. +> With opposite, 
3-7-foliate lvs. q^d caducous stipiles. Fig. 444, 

S. trifolia L. Lfts. 3, ovate, acuminate, serrate ; fls. in drooping cymous panicles, 
white ; pet. ciliate at base. ' Can. to Car. -.nd Tenr . 6— lOf. Caps, large. May. 

4. .SISCULUS, L. Horse Ciiestxut. Buckeye. Calyx 5-toothed ; 






Order 38.— CELASTRACE^. 75 

cor. irregular, 4 oi 5-petalled ; sta. 7 (6 to 8), distinct, unequal. Style fili- 
form, ov. 3-celIed, with 2 OYules in each cell. Fruit coriaceous, 2-3-valved, 
containing but one or very few large, smooth seeds. Cotyledons thick, 
bulky, inseparable. ^ +) With opposite, digitate, 5-7-foliate leaves. Fls. 
paniculate, terminal. Fig. 100. 

§ Pa VIA. Fmit smooth. Petals 4, erect, the two upper clawed. Buckeye . .Nos. 1—? 

§ ^scuLus x>roper. Fruit prickly. Petals 4 or 5, spreading. Nos. 4, 5 

1 JE, Pa via L. Lfts. 5—7, shining, oblong-lanceolate ; cuneate at base, short-acumi- 

nate, finely serrate ; fls. red, very irregular in a lax, thyrsoid raceme ; pet. as long aa 
stamens ; cal. half as long as the two shorter petals. S. 3— lOf. Mar. April. 

2 iE, parviflora Walt. Lfts. 5—7, obovate, acuminate, serrate, velvety canescent be- 

neath ; petals 4 white, somewhat similar and spreading, thrice shorter than the capil- 
lary stamens. S. 2— 9f. Fls. very numerous. 

3 JE. flava Ait. Sweet Buckeye. Lfts. 5—7, oblong or elliptic-ovate, acuminate, ser- 

rulate, pubescent beneath ; fls. in thyrsoid, pubescent panicles ; pet. very unequal, 
longer than the stamens. W. and S. 6— 70f. Yellowish. April, May. 

4 JE. glabra Willd. Ohio Buckeye. Lfts. 5, oval or oblong, acuminate, serrate or ser 

rulate ; fls. in lax thyrsoid panicles ; pet. 4, half as long as the stamens. Eiver banks, 
W. Tree 20— 40f, ill-ecented, with small, yellowish flowers. June. 

5 iE, HippocASTANUM L. Horse Cliestnut. Lvs. of 7 obovate lfts. ; pet. 5, spreading; 

fruit prickly. Tartary. A noble tree, in parks, &c. June. 

5. SAPINDUS, L. Soap-berry. (That is, by sjTicope, Sapo Indicus, 
Indian soap.) Sep. 4 or 5. Pet. as many, or one less by abortion, append- 
aged inside with a gland, scale, or beard. Sta. 8 — 10. Stig. 3. Fruit 3, 
connate, globular, fleshy carpels, often by abortion 2 or 1. Seed large, 
solitary. ^ Lvs. alternate, pinnate, exstipulate. 

S. niar$^iiiatus Willd. Common petioles wingless ; lfts. 9—18, ovate-lanccolatc, long- 
pointed, very inequilateral, short-stalked, entire, glabrous, shining above; flowers in 
white, dense panicles. Ga. to Ark. 20— 40f. Fruit globular. ' 

6. CARDIOSPERMUM, L. Heart-seed. {Kcxpdia, heart, dTtspjiia, 
seed.) Sep. 4, two of them smaller. Pet. unequal, each with a scale at base. 
Sta. 8. Style 3-fid. Caps, membranous, inflated. '^ Leaves biteruate. 
Pedicels changed to tendrils. 

€, Halicacabuin L. Lfts. ovate-lanceolate, incisely lobod and dentate ; ft-, pyriform- 
globous, large, bladder-like. Banks of streams, S. and W. 4— ()f. July. § 

7. KCELREUTERIA, Lam. (To J. G. Kohlreuter, a Russian botanist 
and author, 1755.) Sep. 5. Pet. 4, irregular. Sta. 8. Sty, cxscrled. Caps 
inflated, o-ccIUhI, cells 2-seeded. ^ Lvs. alternate, pinnate, Itts. about 13. 
cut-scrratc. Flowers yellow, in largo panicles. 

K. I'AnicuiAta.— China. 20— 30f. Odd leaflet cut-lobed. A curious tree. 

Order XXXVIIL CELASTRACE.E. Staff Trees. 
Shrubs with simple leaves alternate or opposite, with/<);r(V.N' sniall, regu- 
lar, 4 or 5-nu>rous, j-terigynous, scpah and pdals both imbrientod in jvstiva- 
tion, vV'/</w.'7?.s' allernale with the petals, anil inserted on a disk which lllU 
tlie bottom of the calyx. Carpels 2 — 5, s(i/l<'s united. Fruit free fTom thf 
calyx, with 2—5 cells. Sral'i arilled, tew, albuminous. 



76 ORDER 40.— RHAMNACE^. 

• Lea-es aiten.ate.— a Capsule dehiscent. Cells 2-ovuled. Vine Celastrus. 1 

—a Capsule dehiscent. Cells 1-OYuled. Erect. S. Fla Maytenus. 

— a Drupe dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Erect. S. Fla Schaefferia. 

• Leaves opposite.— 6 Capsule 3-5-celled. Cells 2-ovuled Euonymus. 2 

—b Dmpe 1-celled, 1-seeded (ovary 2-4-celled.) S. Fla .Mtginda. 

1. OELASTRUS, L. Staff-tree. Fls. often imperfect. Sep. and pet. 
5. Disk 5-lobed, bearing the 5 stamens on its edge. Caps, subglobous, or 3- 
anglod, 3-celled. Seeds with an arillus, 1 or 2 in each cell. "^ With alter- 
nate, deciduous Ivs. and minute, deciduous stipules. 

C scandeus L. St. twining; Ivs. oblong, acuminate, serrate; rac. terminal; flowci* 
dioecious. Woods. 20 — 40f. Arilled seeds scarlet, persistent in winter. June. 

2. EUONYMUS, Tourn. Burning Bush. (Eu, good, or o//a, name.) 
Fl. perfect ; calyx flat, of 5 (sometimes 4 or 6) united sepals. Corolla flat> 
inserted on the outer margin of the broad disk. Stamens 5, with short fila- 
ments. Caps, colored, 5-angled, 5-celled, o-valved. Seeds wholly invested 
with a scarlet aril. ^ "^ Lvs. opposite, serrate. Flowers purple. 

1 E. atropurpureus Jacq. Lvs. elliptic-ovate, petiolate, acuminate, finely serrate, 

puberulent beneath ; ped. compressed, many-flowered ; fls. usually 4-merous ; capsule 
smooth, lobed. Woods. 4 — lOf. Fruit crimson. June. Varieties in cultivation have 
orange-red or even whitish fruit. 

2 E. Americanus L. Branches 4-angled ; lvs. oval and elliptic-lanceolate, acunai 

uate, acute, or obtuse, smooth, subsessile ; ped. round, about 3-flowered ; fls. mostly 
pentamerous ; caps, warty. Woods. 2— 5f. Fruit dark red. June. 

/3. obovatus. Trailing ; lvs. obovate, obtusish, petiolate. Ohio, &c. 

y. ang-ustif otitis. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, inequilateral, acute at each end. ^uth. 

3 E. EuROP^us, has smooth, shining, lance-oblong, serrate leaves, the flattened ped 

.3-flowered ; fls. 4-parted. Europe. Not hardy North. (See Addenda.) 

Order XL. RHAMNACE^. Buckthorns. 

Shrubs or small trees, often spiny, with simple, alternate, stipulate leaves, 
wiih flowers regular, sometimes apetalous or otherwise imperfect ; with the 
atamens perigynous, as many (4 or 5) as the valvate sepals, alternate with 
them, and opposite to the petals when they are present. Disk perigynous. 
Capsule or drupe with one albuminous seed in each cell. 

• Leaves opposite or subopposite, with opposite branches. . .a 

a Flowers small, in axillary clusters or umbels. S. Fla SctrriA. 

a Flowers minute, spicate, in terminal panicles Sageretia. I 

• Leaves alternate. — h Shrubs climbing by twining. Petals sessile Berchemia. 2 

—b Shrubs climbing by tendrils. Pet. short Gouania. 3 

• Leaves alternate. — c Clusters of (white) flowers terminal. Pet. ungriiculate Ceanothus 4 

— c Clusters axillary. Pet. 4, 5, or 0, on the margin of disk Ehamnus. 5 

— e Clusters axillary. Pet. 5, under the 5-lobed disk. S. Fla Colubrisa. 

1, SAGERETIA, Brongn. (Named for M. Sageret, a Frencl: flori&t 
tnd V eg. physiologist.) Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, cucullate. Sta. 5. Ovary 
immersed in the entire disk, with a 3-lobed stigma. Drupe 3-cclled. 5 
With slender branchea. Fls. in rigid, interrupted spikes. 
S. Micliauxii Brongn. Branches at length spiny ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, snlv 
sessile, shining, subentire. Sandy coasts. Car. to Fla. Trailing, 6— 15f. October. 



I 



Order 41.— VITACE^. 77 

2. BERCHEMIA, Necker. Supple Jack. Calyx o-partcd. Pet. 5, 
convolute, enclosing the 5 stamens. Ovaiy half immersed in the disk, but 
tree from it, 2-celled. Style bifid. Drupe oblong, with a bony, 2-celled 
nut. '^ "^ Unarmed. Lvs. pinnate-veined. Panicles terminal, small. 

B. voluMlis DC. Climbing, glabrous ; lvs. ovate, straight-veined, repantlly serrate ; 
drupe dark pni-ple. Damp soils, S. Stem supple, 10 — 20f. May, June. 

4. CE ANOTHUS, L. Jersey Tea. Red-root. Calyx tubular-cam- 
panulate, 5-cleft. Petals 5, saccate, arched, with long claws. Sta. mostly 
exsertcd. Style 3-cleft. Capsule obtusely triangular, 3-celled, 3-seeded, 
suriounded at base by the persistent tube of the calyx. }j +) Thomless. 
Fls. small, aggregated at the end of the branches. 

1 C Americanns L. Leaves obloug-ovate, or ovate, serrate, 3-veiiied ; flowering 

branches leafy or leafless, elongated. Dry vpoods. 2 — 4f. June. 

2 C. ovalis Bw. Lvs. oval-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, with glandular serratures, 

3-veined, veins pubescent beneath ; thyrse corymbous, abbreviated. Vt. to Mich. 
2— 3f. Less common than No. 1. Lvs. smooth, shining. May. 

3 C. microplij^llus Mx. Diffusely branched, branches very slender ; leaves minute, 

obovate, rigid, glabrous, strigous beneath. Pine-barrens, S. 1— 2f. AprU. 
. /3. serpi/lltfblitis. Very slender ; branches filiform ; lvs. oval (2 — 3''' long). S. 

5. RHAMNUS, L. Buckthorn. (The Greek name.) Calyx urceo- 
late, 4 or 5-clcft. Pet. 4 or 5, notched, lobed, or entire, or sometimes want- 
ing. Ov. free, not immersed in the thin torus, 3-4-celled. Styles 2 — 4, 
more or less united. Drupe containing 2 — 4 cartilaginous nuts. +) Lvs. 
alternate, rarely opposite. Fls. in axillaiy clusters. 

§ Flowers tetramerous. Leaves with arcuate veinlets Nos. 1, 2 

§ Flowers pentamerous. Leaves with the veinlets nearly straight Nos. 3, 4 

1 R. catliarticus L. Thorny ; lvs. ovate, denticulate-serrate ; fls. fascicled ; poly- 
gamo-dioecious, mostly tetrandrous ; sty. 4, at apex distinct and recurved : fr. globu- 
lar, 4-6ceded. Hedges, rarely wild. 10— 15f. Drupes black, cathartic. May +. § Eur. 

Si R, lanceola-tus Ph. Thoruless ; lvs. lanceolate or oblong, acute at each cud, the 
earlier ones obtuse ; fls. 1—3 together ; pet. 4, minute ; sty. 2 at apex, distinct ; drupe 
2-seeded. Pa. to Iowa (Colman). Rare. 4— 8f. May. 

3 R. aliiifoliiis L'llcr. Unarmed; lvs. oval, acute, serrate; ped. aggregate, 1-flnw- 

ered ; fls. mostly pcntandrous and apetalous ; eep. acute ; styles 3, united, very short ; 
fruit 3-seedcd. Pa. to Can. 2— 4f. June. 

4 R. Carolliila-nus Walt. Unarmed ; leaves oblong-oval, perrulate, acute, paler be- 

neath ; fls. perfect, in short, axillary umbels, petals minute ; stigmas 3 ; fr. 3-seeded. 
River banks, Va. to Fla. 7— 15f. June. 

Order XLI. VlTACEiE. Vines. 

SJirubs wWli a watery juice, tumid nodes, and usually climbing by tou- 
drils. Flowcn small, regular, rncomous, often polygamous or diivcious. 
Ca^y^* "liii^it^N ti"uncaled, the limb obsolete or H-toothod. Petals hypogy- 
nous, valvatc in aestivation, as many as and opposite to the stamens. 
Stamens inserted on the <lisk which surrounds the 2-collod, 1-styled ovary. 
Fi'uit 11 berry, usually 4-seedcd. Seeds bony. AJbumcn hard. Figs. 187, 250. 

VITIS, L. Gkapr-vines. (Celtic gwyd, a tree or shrub.) Petals 4 or 



78 Order 42.— POLYGALACE^. 

5, deciduous, cohering at the top, or distinct and spreading. Ovaries 
3-nelled, cells 2-ovuled. Fruit a globular beny, 1-4-seeded. "^ Lvs. sim- 
ple or compound. Ped. opposite the lvs. often changed to tendrils. Fls. 
small, clustered. 

§ YiTis proioer. Petals cohenng at the top, and falling without expanding. . .a 
§ CissTTS. Petals free, expanding before falling. Tendrils coiling, or 0. . . J 

§ Ampel6p&is. Petals free, expanding. Tendrils with an adhesive foot No. 9 

a Leaves beneath clothed with a whitish or rusty wool Nos. 1, 2, 3 

a Leaves glabrous except the veins, and green both sides Nos. 4, 5, 10 

b Leaves simple, angular or entire No. 6 

b Leaves pinnately compound Nog. 7, 8 

1 V, la"briisca L. Fox Grape. Isabella, Catawba. Leaves broad-cordate, angnlar- 

lobed. hoary tomentous beneath; berries large. Woods. 30 — 80f. Fr. p. gr. or amb. 

2 V. aestivalis L. I>-s. broadly cordate, 3-o-lobed or palmate-sinuate, coarsely den- 

tate, with scattered ferruginous hairs beneath ; fertile racemes long, panicled, berries 
small. Shady banks. Fruit deep blue, small, ripe in September. 

3 V, Caribsea DC. Hoary ; lvs. round-cordate, 3-lobed or entire, smooth above. Fla. 

4 V. cordifolia Mx. Frost Grape. Lvs. cordate, acuminate, somewhat equally 

toothed, smooth, or pubescent beneath the veins and petioles ; rac. loose, many-flwd.; 
berries small. River banks. 10 — 20f. Fruit blackish, ripe in November. 

5 V. vulpina L. Muscadine. Scuppernong. Lvs. (small) cordate, slightly 3-anglefl 

or lobed, shining on both sides, coarsely toothed, the teeth not acuminate ; rac. com- 
posed of many capitate umbels. Va. to Fla. Fruit large, purple, few. 

6 V. indivisa Willd. Lvs. simple, cordate or truncate at the base, often angular- 

lobed ; flowfir? 5-merous ; berry 1 or 2-seeded. Swamps, S. Fruit small (2 ")• 

7 V, bipinna.Ca T. & G. Lvs. bipinnate, Ifts. incisely serrate, glabrous ; flowers 5 

merous. S. States along rivers. Fruit small, black. No tendrils. 

8 V, incisa N. Lvs. .3-foliate, thick ; Ifts. 2-3-lobed ; berry 1-seeded. Fla. to La. 

9 V. q.tiinq uefolia Lam. Virginia Creeper. Lvs. digitate, Ifts. 5, oblong, acunu 

nate, dentate ; berries dark blue, smaller than peas, acid. Woods, thickets. 20— 40f. 

10 V, viNTPERA L. European IMne-grape. Lvs. cordate, sinuately 5-lobed, glabrous; 
flowers all perfect. Europe. Many varieties. 

Order XLII. POLYGALACE^E. Milkworts. 

Herbs or shrubs, with the leaves mostly simple and vpithout stipules. 
Flowers in-egular, unsymmeti'ical, hypogynous, perfect. Sepals 5, unequal, 
distinct, some or all of them colored. Petals 3, often 5, and 3 of them 
scale-like. Stamens 4 to 8, distinct, or cohering in a tube which is split on 
the upper side. Ovary superior, compound, with suspended ovules, united 
styles and stigmas. Fruit a 2-seeded pod. Seeds pendulous, with or with- 
out a caruncle and albumen. 

Sepals 5, unequal, 2 larger, wing-shaped, petaloid. Petals 3. Stamens 8. Poltgala. 1 

Sepals 5, nearly equal. 3 of the 5 petals long-clawed. Stamens 4 Krameria. 2 

1. POLYGALA, Toum. Milkwort. {UoXv^i, much, yc^^cc, milk; 
said to favor the lacteal secretions of animals.) Fls. veiy in*egular. Sep. 
5, 2 of them wing-shaped and petaloid. Pet. 3, cohering by their claws to 
the filaments, lower one carinate and often crested on the back. Stam. 6 
or 8, filaments imited into a split tube. Anth. 1-celled. Caps, obcordate, 



OiiDER 43.— POLYGALACE^. 79 

8- celled, 2-seeded, loculicidal. Sd. appendaged with a various caruixcle at 
the hilum. Mostly herbs, 'oitter, and with simple leaves. Flowers often 
of two forms, the subterranean apetalous. 

* Leaves alternate.— a Fls. purple, solitary, 2—4. Perennial No. 1 

—a Fls. purple, racemed, many. Biennial Nos. 2, .3 

—a Fls. white. Spike slender. Seeds hairy. Perennial Nos. 4, 5 

—a Fls, purple. Spike capitate.— Caruncle double Nos. 6 — 8 

—Car. appears simple. (I). . .Nos. 9 — 11 

—a Fls. xanthic. — 6 Spikes solitary, large. Biennial Nos. 12, 13 

—b Spikes OO, corymbed, small. Bien Nos. 14, 15 

• Lvs. vsrtic. on the stem.— c Spikes acute, slender. Fls. greenish-white. . . Nos. 16, 17, 18 

c Spikes obtuse, thick. . (Shrubs, +. No. 22— 25). .Nos. 19, 20, 21 

1 P. paucifolia L. St. simple, erect, naked below ; lvs. ovate, acute, smooth ; ter- 

minal fls. large, crested, radical ones apetalous. % Woods. 3 — i'. Flowers few, 
large (lO'O, very showy. May, June. 

2 P. grandiflora "Walt. Ascending, pubescent ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate to lance-linear, 

acute; fls. distant, pendulous after blooming, wings large, roundish, covering the fruit, 
keel as long as the wings (3'0, crestless. @ ? Dry soils, S. 9—12'. May — Aug. 
t P. ijolygama Walt. Sts. simple, numerous, glabrous ; lvs. linear-oblong, mucro 
nate, obtuse ; fls. racemed, short-pcdicelled, those of the stem winged, those of the 
root wingless ; keel cristate. (2) Fields. 6—12'. Rac. showy. Fls. 2". June, July. 

4 P. Senega L. Seneca Snake-root. St. erect, smooth, simple, leafy ; lvs. lanceolate, 

tapering at each end ; fls. slightly crested, in a terminal spike-form, slender raceme. 
2{ Woods, W. States, rare in E. 8—14'. Spike 1—2'. Leaves 1—2'. July. 
/3. latifolia. Leaves ovate, acuminate at each end. Leaves 2—3'. Lad. 

5 P. all>a N. St. angular, branched above ; lvs. linear; spike lance-linear, pointed, ou 

a long stalk, n Ala. to La. 6—12'. Spikes 1—3'. 

6 P. s^talcea Mx. Sts. filiform, simple, apparently leafless (lvs. minute, dcltoid-acum.): 

Bpike (small) oblong, acute ; wings short-pointed, shorter than the petals ; caruncle 
enclosing the short stipe of the hairy seed, u South. If. Leaves 1". June. 

7 P. iucarnata, L. Glaucous ; st. erect, slender, mostly simple ; lvs. few, scattered, 

linear-subulate; spike oblong; wings lanceolate, cuspidate; claws of the petals 
united into a long, cleft tube ; seed very hairy. (J) N. J. to Fla. 1— 2f. June. 

8 P. Cliapmanii T. & G. Very slender, simple, or nearly so; lvs. linear-subulate; 

spike loose, roundish-oblong, rather acute ; wings obovate, slightly clawed ; caruncle 
lateral on the thin-haired seed. (I) South. If. 

9 P. Niittallii T. & G. St. erect, somewhat fastigiate ; lvs. linear; spikes acute, 

roundish-oblong, dense ; wings elliptical, attenuate at base ; crest minute ; caruncle 
notched, lateral on the thick seed-stipe. (J) Mass., R. I., to La. 6—10'. August. 

1 P. fa!«tlgla.ta Nutt. Slender and much branched above ; lvs. linear ; spikes round- 
ish, loose-flowered ; wings ovate-oblong, distinctly clawed ; caruncle broad, nearly 
em1)raciug the small seed-stipe (immature). N. J. to Fla. 8-12'. July + . 

IIP, sanguiuea L. St. branching at top; lvs. linear and huice-linear ; spikes ob- 
long, obtuse, dense; wings oval or ovate, obtuse, subsessile ; caruncle mostly simple, 
nearly as long as the hairy seed. (I) Wet grounds. 10'. Loaves 1'. July + . 

J2 P. lutea L. St. mostly simple ; root leaves spatulate, obtuse, attenuate at base; 
cauline ones lanceolate, acute; rac. ovate-globous, obtuse, dense; fls. pedlooUato ; 
wings ovate, mucronate, keel with a minute crest. (jT' Sands, N.J. to Fla. If. June +. 

13 P. nana DC. Low, ascending; lvs. obovate and spatulate. mostly radical : he*ds 
ovate, becoming oblong, dense ; wings lance-ovate, cuspidate-aoumiuate. twice longer 
thnn the slightIy-( rested keel, (a) Pine woods, S. 4'. April, May. 

14 P. rainoMa EU. Erect, corymbously branched above; spikes loose, oblong, nume- 
rous, Ibnuing det se, level-topped cymes; radical lvs. few, spatulate, cauliue oblong 
linear ; seed oval cannulod. iji> Swamps, Del. to Fla. 11'. .hine. 



80 Order 43.— LEGUMINOSJS. 

1 5 P. cymosa Walt. Tall, corymbously branched at top ; Ivs. mostly radical, lineai, 
pointed, crowded ; stem Ivs. very few, linear-subulate ; racemes spike-like, forming s 
dense, fastigiate cyme ; seed globular, naked. @ Swamps, S. 2— 5f. June-i-. 

16 P. verticillata L. St. branched above, erect; Ivs. linear, verticillate both on 
the stem and opposite branches ; fls. crested ; calycine wings roundish ; seed oblong, 
smooth, caruncle hardly half as long. (T) Dry hills. 6— 8^ July + , 

j3. anibig-ua. Branches and upper Ivs. altei-nate ; spikes long ; fls. scattered. 

17 P. Boykinii T. & G. Sts. erect from an ascending base, simple; Ivs. obovat« 
and lanceolate ; spike slender, pointed, dense ; caruncle two-thirds the length of the 
very hairy seed. U South. 12—18'. June— Aug. 

1 8 P. leptostacliys Shuttl. Sts. filiform, strict ; Ivs. setaceous, in 4's or S's, la- 
mote ; spikes linear ; seed smooth. (T) Dry sands, Fla. If. Greenish. 

19 P. Hookeri T. & G. Sts. weak, 4-angled; Ivs. in 4*'s, linear; spikes lance-ovate, 
pointed. Pine woods, Fla. to Tex. If. Flowers pale red. 

20 P. crnciata L. St. erect, winged at the angles, fastigiate ; Ivs. in 4's, linear-ob- 
long, punctate ; spikes ovate, dense, obtuse, subsessile ; caruncle as long as the ovoid 
smooth seed, (x) Wet grounds. 3—12''. July, Aug. 

jB. cuspidata, Lvs. linear; heads squarrous with the wing-cusps. South. 

21 P. brevifolia Nutt. Slender, branched above; lvs. linear, short, remote, in 4's, oi 
on the branches scattered; spike oblong, dense, obtuse, on long peduncles; wing-s 
ovate-lanceolate, acute ; seed just as in No. 20. ® N. Y. to Fla. If. August. 

22 Po sPECiosA. Shrub 6f ; lvs. cuneate-oblong, alternate ; fls. purple. In terminal rac. 

23 P. MTRTiFOLiA. Shrub 3 — 4f ; lvs. oblong-obovate, altern. ; fls. purple, in lateral rac. 

24 P. OPPOsiTiFOLiA. Shrub 3f ; lvs. opp., sessile, cordate, smooth ; fls. roseate, large. 

25 P. LATiFOLiA. Shrub 3f ; lvs. opposite, ovate, glaucous, downy be»eath ; fls. purple. 

2. KRAMBRIA, L. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 collateral ovules. Seed, 
with no caruncle and no albumen. }j Kacemes terminal. 
K.. lanceolsLta Torr. Prostrate ; lvs. lance-lin., acute, longer than ped. ', fr. spiny. Fla 

Order XLIII. LEGUMINOS^. LEGmimous Pi^ants. 

Herbs, shrubs, or frees. Leaves alternate, usually compound, margins en- 
tire. Stipules 2, at the tumid base of the petiole. Stipels commonly 2. Se- 
'mis 5, more or less united, often unequal, the odd one always anterior. 
Petals 5, either papilionaceous or regular, perigynous, the odd one (when 
present) posterior. Stamens diadelphous, monadelphous, or distinct. An- 
thers versatile. Ovaries superior, single, and simple. Style and stigma 
simple. M'uit a legume, either continuous (1-celled), or (a loment) jointed 
into 1-seeded cells. Seeds solitaiy or several, destitute of albumen. Figs. 
59, 60, 102, 157, 190-1, 203-4, 214, 233, 308, 354-6, 361-2, 397, 401-2, 480.^ 

A vast and important order, containing 400 genera and 6,500 species, of 
which 350 are native in the United States. 

I. MIMOSE^. Corolla regular, valvate in bud. Stamens exserted, hypogynous. Lvs. bipmnate...(§) 

II. O^SALPINEjE. Corolla irregular, upper petal interior in bud. Stamens 5—10, perigynous... (§§) 
EII. rAPILIONACE^. Corolla papilionaceous, upper petal (the banner) larger and exterif>r. . .(*> 

* Stamens 10, all distinct to the base. Plants erect. (Tribe Podalykie^) . . . (1) 

* Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous... (*■*) 

** Leaves cirrhous, ending with a tendril. Stamens 9 and 1. Vines. (Tribe ViciE.®)...(2) 

** No tendrils. Pod a loment (§ 165), or rarely 1-seeded. Lvs. pinnate. (Tr. Hedtsarejs),..^ 

** No tendrils. Pod a legume (§ 165), rarely 1-seeded. . .(***) 

*** Erect (or if prostrate, with palmately 3-foliate leaves). (Tribe Lote^). . .(4) 

*•* Twining or trailing vines, with pinnately compound leaves. (Tribe Phaseolejs).. (6) 



Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 81 

J Pods flat, composed of 1 or more l-seeded joints. Petals united. Stamens4— 10. .Mimosa. 1 

f Pods continuous,— ?rt prickly, 4-sided and 4-valved. Petals united. Sta. 8— 10..Schrankia. 2 

— ffi smooth,— « Petals distinct. Pod linear. StamensS or 10..Desmanthu3. 3 

— « Petals distinct. Pod oblong. Stamens 10 Neptunia. 4 

—n Petals united. Trees, shrubs. Sta. 00, monadeL.ALBizziA. 5 

—n Petals distinct, ylw. Shrubs. Stamens GO ..Acacia. (5a) 58 

§§ Flowers perfect, red or yellow, showy. Trees or shrubs. Lvs. bipinnate. .Poinciana.(9 a) 59 

§§ Flowers perfect, red or rose-colored. Trees with simple broad leaves Cercis. 9 

§§ Flowers perfect, yellow (in our species). Herbs with pinnate leaves Cassia. s 

§§ Flowers imperfect, greenish. — Trees thornless, with bipinnate leaves Gymnocladus. 6 

—Trees thorny. Lvs. pinnate and bipinnate. . .Gleditschia. 7 

L FODALTUE.S!.—c Trees. Leaves pinnate. Pod flat and thin Gladastkis. 10 

— c Trees or shrubs. Lvs. ternate. ..Callistachts, 60, or pinnate in..SoPHORA.(10a) 61 

— c Shrubs in the greenhouse, with simple, spiny-toothed leaves Chorizema. (10 b) 62 

— c Herbs.— p Pod inflated, stipitate. Leaves 1-3-foliate Baptisia. 11 

—p Pod fi-.ittened, sessile. Leaves 3-foliate Thermopsis. 12 

k ViciK^.— <Z Erect. Tendrils obsolete. Fls. white, with a black spot on each wing. .Faba. 13 

— d Climbing. — q Leaflets serrate. Pods 2-seeded Cicer. 14 

— g Lfts. entire. — r Sty. grooved on the back. Sds. 3— 9glob. .PisuM. 15 

— r Sty. flattened on the bk. Sds. 3-9, flattish. Lath yrus. 16 

— r Sty. flattish. Seeds 1 or 2, lens-shaped Lens. (17 a) 64 

— r Style filiform. Seeds 2 — 7, roundish Vicia. 17 

I HsDTSAREJE. — e Fls. yellow. — s Leaves palmately4-foliate. Stam. monadelphous. .Zornia. 18 

—8 Leaves pinnate, 7-49-foliate. Stam. diadelphous. ..iEsCHrNOMEXK.19 
— s Lvs. pinnatcly 3-7-foliate. Stam. monadelplwus. .Chapmania. 20 
— s Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Pod slender at base. . .Stylos Anthes. 21 
— s Leaves pinnately 4-foliate. Pod gibbous at base.. Arachis. 22 

« Fls. cyanic. — u Lvs. pinnate, 5-21-foIiate. — t umbels pedunculate... Coroxiixa. 23 

— t rac. pedunculate Hedysarum. 24 

— u Lvs. pin. 3-foliate. — t stipellate. Pod 3-7-jointed. . .Desmodium. 25 
— < exstipellate. Pod l-joiuted..LESPEDEZA. 26 
'. IjOtk.«— (including GENiSTKiE, Gen. 27—30, Trifolie^, 31^34, and GALEGK.fi, 35 — iS). 

/ Leaves wanting ; if present, simple. Flowers yellow Spartium. 27 

/ Leaves present, simple. Flowers yellow. — v Keel oblong, straight Genista. 23 

— V Keel falcate, pointed Crotalaria. 29 

/ Leaves palmately 5-15-foliate (rarely simple). (Genus ;^, or) Lupinds. 30 

/ Leaves palmately 3-foliate. — lo Small tree with yellow hanging racemes Laburnum. 31 

— !o Shrubs. Fls. ylw., axil. Some of the lvs. simple. .Cytisus. (31 a) 65 
— tc Herbs with straight, small pods. Fls. capitate. ..Trifoliu.m. 32 

/ liWM. pinnately 3-foliate. — x Pods curved or spiral. Fls. in spikes, heads, Ac Medicago. 33 

— X Pods long and long-pointed. Flowers axillary.. Trigonklla, (33 a) 66 
— « Pods 1-2-seeded. Rac. (red, Gen. 50) white or yellow. .Mklilotus. 34 
—X Pod 1 -seeded.— 1/ Fls. yellow. Lvs. resinous-dotted.. (Genus 48 

—y Fls. cyanic. — z Lvs. dark-dotted. .Psoralka. 35 

— z Lvs. not dotted (In Genus 26 

/ Lv«. pinnate, with no odd leaflet.— * 15 to 25 pairs. Tall. Fls. yellow. S Srsbania. 36 

— *1 to 6 pairs. Flowers purple. Cult Orobus. (13a) 6S 

/ hn. odd-pinnate,— /i dotted with dark glands.- /i,- Shrub. Fls. spicate Amorpha. 37 

— A: Herbs 10-audrous Dalka. 38 

— fc Herb 5androus Pktai.ostkmon.IW 

— ft dotles8.—t Herbs. Stylo glabrous. Pod partly 2-celIed.. ..Vstuagalus. 40 

— »■ Herbs. Stylo hairy. Pod l-ccUed Tkpiirosi.U 41 

—t Herbs. Style glabrous. Pod l-celled Inpigofkka. 4i 

— t Trees or shriibs. Flowers white or roseate RoBixi a. 4S 

—i Shrubs with yellow [lowers Coi.i'TKA. 44 

— i Shrubs with soarlol Mowers Cm antuit8.(44 <i) 67 

Ik VmJkMMOUUB.—g Lvs. pinnate, 5-15-roliato.—(/» Vine shrubby. Keel falcate Wistaria. 44 

—in Herbs. Koel (.straight, Gon. 4n spiral. ..\riOS. 46 

—^ Leaves piuuately 3-(rarely l)-foUato...(M) 

n Flowers yellow. Legumes S-seeded Vu;n\. 47 

n Flowers yellow Legumes l---»eedod Kuymuosiv. it 

n Flowers cyanic. .(•) 



82 Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

• Keel with stamens and style spirally twisted. B ashy or twining , jc*haseolu8. 49 

• Keel straight or merely incurved. . .(o) 

o Shrubby at base. Flowers and seeds scarlet. Wings and keel very skcrt. ri. .Ertthrina/ 50 

o Herbs.— X Calyx ebracteolate. Style beardless. Petals suberect, pale Amphicarp^a 51 

— a; Calyx 2-bracteolate,— y 4-cleft. Style beardless. Fls. pale Galactia. 62 

— 2/ 4-toothed. Style bearded at top Dolichos. 53 

—y 5-cleft, long. Style bearded inside Clitoeia. 54 

— y 5-cleft, short. Style bearded at top , .Centrosema. 55 

— y 5-lobed. Style beardless. Cultivated... Kennedya. 56 
— y 4-toothed. Style beardless. Cult IIarbenbbrgia.57 

1. MIMOSA, L. Sensitive Plant. {MifxoZ, a buffoon : the leaves 
seem sporting with the hand that touches them.) Fls. ? $ 5 . ? Calyx 
valvate, 5-toothed. Cor. 0, or 5-toothed. Stam. 4 — 15. Legume separated 
into 1-seeded joints. ^ Like the perfect, but without ovaries or fruit. % 3 
Tropical. Leaves bipinnate. 

1 M. strigillosa T. & G. Nearly unarmed, prostrate, diffuse, strigous ; stip. ovate \ 

petioles aud peduncles very long ; pinnae 4 to 6 pairs ; Ifts. 10 to 15 pairs, oblong-linear ; 
heads oblong. %. Fla. to La. Flowers rose-color. 

2 OT. PUDicA L. St. prickly, more or less hispid ; Ivs. digitate-pinnate, pinnae 4, of many 

(30 or more) pairs of linear leaflets. Brazil. If. Leaflets "i". 

2. SCHRANKIA, Willd. Sensitive Brier. (In honor of Francis de 
Paula SchranTc, a German botanist.) Fls. 5 $ . Cal. minute, S-toothed. 
Pet. united into a funnel-shaped, 5-cleft corolla. Stam. 8 — 10. Pod long 
and narrow, echinate, dry, 1-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. If Prickly. 
St. procumbent. Lvs. sensitive, bipinnate. Fls. in spherical hds., purplish. 

S. uncinata "Willd. St. angled, grooved ; pinnae 6 to 8 pairs ; Ifts. numerous, minute, 
elliptic-oblong or linear ; heads axillary, 1 to 2 together, on peduncles shorter than 
the leaves. S. States. 2— 4f. Leaflets 2'\ May— July. (& S, angustata T. & G.) 

3. DESMANTHUS, Willd. [Jedur/, a bundle, av^oi, flower.) Cal. 
vaivate, 5-toothed. Pet. 5, distinct. Stam. 5 or 10, distinct. Pod diy, flat, 
3-valved, 4^6-seeded, smooth. U b With bipinnate lvs. and white fls. in 
axillary, pedunculate heads. Petioles with 1 or more glands. 

1>, ]»racliylobus Benth. Erect, smoothish ; pinnae 6 to 1.3 pairs ; Ifts. minate, 20 to 
30 pairs ; stam. 5 ; pods short 1', 2-4-seeded. 2f 111. to La. 2f. June— Aug. 

4. NEPTUNEA, Lour. Anthers 10, cro^med with a stipitate gland. 
Pod oblong, oblique, deflexed on the stipe, 2-valved. Otherwise as in 
Desmanthus. 

N, liitea Benth. Sts. ascending, strigous ; pinnae 4—5 pairs ; Ifts. linear-oblong, ciliate, 
crowded ; ped. longer thau the leaves ; pod 5-8-8eeded. 24 Prairies, Fla. to La. The 
leaves similar to those of Mimosa. Flowers yellow. Pods stiped. (Acacia lutea C-B.j 

5. ALBIZZIA, Durazz. Calyx 4- or 5-toothed. Petals united into a 
funnel-form corolla. Stamens Qo, monadelphous at base, very long. Pod 
linear and flat, jointless, dry, 2-valved, many-seeded. 5 1) Tropical, with 
the leaves twice pinnate. Flowers in dense heads or spikes, roseate or 
white, polygamous. 

A. JtTLiBRAssiN. Silk Tree. Tree about 20f, glabrous, thomless ; pinnae 8 — 12 pairs, 
each with 20 — 30 pairs oi halved leaflets (being oue-sided), acute; heads peduncu- 
late, forming a terminal panicle ; corollas white, with the innumerable long silky 
stamens purplish; pods some contracted between the seeds. Very ornamental, 
hardy Sofuth, sparingly naturalized in the Gulf States. 






Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 83 

6. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. Coffee Tree. {Fv/.ivo'i, naked, HXddo<iy 
a shoot ; for its coarse, naked shoots in winter.) Fls. $ S . Cal. tubular, 
5-cleft, equal. Pet. 5, inserted into tlie summit of the tube. $ Stam. 10, 
distinct. 2 Style 1. Leg. 1-celled, oblong, very large, pulpy within. ^ 
Unarmed, with unequally bipinnate Ivs. Lfts. ovate, acuminate. Fig. 480. 

G. Canadensis Lam.— Woods, N. Y. to III. and Tenn. 50f. Rac. greenish ; seeds 
round, polished, brown, very hard, i' diam. May— July. 

7. GLEDITSCHIA, L. Honey Locust. (To John O. Oleditsch, a 
botanical writer, Leipzig.) Fls. ? 5^ ^ . Sep. equal, 3 — 5, united at base. 
Pet. 3 — 5. Stam. 3 — 5, distinct, opposite the sepals. Style short. Legume 
continuous, compressed, often intercepted between the seeds by a sweet 
pulp, ^ With branched spines. Lvs. abruptly pinnate and bipinnate, 
often in the same specimen. Fls. small, green, racemous. Figs. 3(32, 401. 

1 G, triacantlius L. Branches armed with stout, triple, or multiplex spines ; lfts. 

alternate, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse ; leg. linear-oblong, compressed, many-seeded. 
Va. to Mo. and La. 40— 70f. Wood very heavy. Pods 8— 18^ May— July. 

2 G. monosperma Walt. Water Locust. Spines few, mostly simple ; lfts. ovate- 

oblong ; pod broadly oval, without pulp, 1-seeded, Swamps, S. 30f. 

8. CASSIA, L. Senna. (Hebrew KatziotJi) Sep. 5, scarcely united 
at base, nearly equal. Pet. 5, unequal, but not papilionaceous. Stam. dis- 
tinct, 10, or by abortion fewer, anth. opening by terminal pores, the three 
upper often sterile. Pod many-seeded, 1-celled or many-celled transverse- 
ly. ^ t) o^' herbs. Lvs. abruptly pinnate. Fls. mostly yellow. Fig. 357. 

§ Stam. 5 or 10, all perfect. Sep. acute. Lfts. small. Stip. persistent Nos. 1, 2 

§ Stam. 10, the 3 upper abortive. Sep. obtuse. Lfts. large. Stip. deciduous . . {a) 

a Gland on the petiole at or near the base Nos. 3, 4 

a Gland on the rachis between the two lowest leaflets Nos. 5, ti 

1 C. Cliamaecrista L. Sensitive Pea. Lfts. 8—12 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mn- 

cronate ; fls. large, pedicellate, 2 or 4 in each fascicle ; anth. 10, unequal, all fertile. 
(I) Dry soils. 12—18'. Flowers large, 2 petals spotted. August. 

2 C. nictitans L. Wild Sensitive Plant. Lfts. 6—15 paii-s, oblong-linear, obtuse, 

mncronate, sessile; fls. small, 2 or 3 in each subscsslle fascicle ; stam. 5, subcqual. 
® Sandy soils. If. Flowers small (3'0, palc yellow. July. 

3 C. Marllandica L. American Senna. Lfts. (5-9 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, mncro- 

nate, an obovoid gland near the base of the common petiole ; fls. raccmed ; pod curved, 
12-20-sceded. Of Stony places. 4— 5f. Flowers showy. August. 

4 C. occideutalis L. Lfts. 3—6 pairs, ovate or lance-ovate, sharply acuminate ; fls. 

in short racemes ; pod nearly straight, 25-40-8eeded. (J) Va. to Ga. 5— (>r. July. § 

5 C. obtusitolla L. Lfts. about 6, obovato. obtuse ; pod long (6') ami narrow, re- 

curved, 20-10-scedod ; seeds longitudinal. (T) Dry soil, S. 1 — If. July, Aug. 

6 t-. nu'lanocarpa Vegel. Shrubby; lfts. «— 3 pairs, narrowly lancoolate. scute, 

coviiK Dcus ; rac. as long as the leaves. Ga. § 

9. CEROIS, L. JuDAS-TRKK. Red-rud. Calyx 5-toothcd. Petals 
scarcely papilionaceous, distinct, wings longer than the banner and siuaUor 
than the keel petals. Stamens 10, distinct. Pod compressed. Seeds obo- 
vatc. ^ Leaves simple, appearing atYer the roseate tlowiM-s. Fig. ;>0{i^. 

1 O. SiUQUASTRUM. Lvs. rouud-rouiform ; floworu uioro opo.u tluHu iu Ni'. "J. Kur. -Atf 



84 OiiDER 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

2 C. Canadensis L. Lvs. broadly ovato-cordate, acuminate, villous on the veins bcv 
neath. Mid. and W. States. 20— 30f. Flowers covering the hranchlets. April. 

10. OLADASTRIS, Raf. Yellow-wood. Cal. 5-toothed, teeth short, 
obtuse. Pet. of nearly equal length, those of the keel distinct and straight 
like the wings. Vex. large, roundish, reflexed. Stam. 10, distinct. Fil. 
glabrous, incurved. Leg. flat and thin, short-stiped, 5 or 6-seeded. ^ With 
yellow wood, pinnate leaves, and pendulous clusters of white flowers. 

<). tinctoria Raf.— Hills, Ky. and Tenn. SO^lOf. Lfts. 7—11, oval, pointed, 3'; rae. 
6— 10', res^moling Eobinia. April, May. 

11. BAPTISIA, Yent. Wild Indigo. {BdcTtzGo, to dye ; a use to 
which some species are applied.) Cal. 4r-5-cleft half way, persistent. Pet. 
of about equal length, those of the keel nearly distinct and straight. Vex. 
orbicular, emarginate. Stam. 10, distinct, deciduous. Pod inflated, stipi- 
tate, many (or by abortion few)-seeded. il Lvs. palmately 3-fol. or simple. 

§ Leaves simple. Flowers yellow Nos. 1, 2 

^ Leaves 3-foliate.— Flowers blue, in few elongated racemes No. 3 

—Flowers white, in few elongated racemes. . (a) 
— Flowers yellow, solitary or in short racemes . . (5) 

a Stipules leaf-like, longer than the petioles. Hairy. Cream-white Nos. 4, 5 

a Stipules much shorter, or not longer than the petioles. Glabrous Nos. 6, 7 

b Pedicels not longer than the calyx. Drying dark Nos. 8— IC 

b Pedicels much longer than the calyx. Drying bright Nos. 11—13 

1 B. perfoliata R. Br. Glabrous and glaucous ; lvs. large, oval-orbicular, perfoliate ; 

fls. sohtary, axillary. Pine woods, S. Car. Ga. 1 -2f. Pod inflated. May— July. 

2 B. simplicifolia Croom. Lvs. broadly ovate, obtuse, sessile ; rac. terminal, elonga- 

ted, many-flowered. Quincy, Fla. 2— 3f. Pod ovate. Q". June. 

3 B. australis R. Br. Petioles short; lfts. obovate or oblong, obtuse; stip. lanceo- 

late ; rac. long, erect ; pod oblong-oval. Ohio River and S. 2— 3f. Flowers large 
and showy, indigo blue. June — Aug. 

4 B. leucophsea Nutt. Lfts. oblanceolate, varying to obovate ; stip. triangolai- 

ovate ; rac. nodding, the many flowers turned to the upper side on their long pedi- 
cels ; pod ovoid, inflated. Prairies, W. and S. 2— 3f. Flowers large. April. 

5 B. villosa EU. Lfts. lance-oblong, or oblanceolate ; stip. lance-linear, persistent ; 

rac. long, declining ; bracts minute, deciduous ; ped. not secund ; leg. oblong. N. Car. 
to Ga. : rare. 2— 3f. Plant of rough aspect, as well as No. 4. June, July. 

6 B. Icucantha T. & G. Lvs. petiolate ; lfts. cuneiform-obovate, obtuse ; stip. lance- 

linear, about as long as petioles ; rac. elongated, erect ; bracts caducous ; pod inflated, 
stipitate. Prairies, &c. "W. and S. 2— 3f. Flowers large. May— July. 

7 B. alba R.Br. Fastigiate-brancbed above; petioles slender; lfts. elliptic-oblanceo- 

late, acute at base; stip. and bracts minute, caducous; rac. erect or nodding, on a 
long peduncle. In rich soils, Va. to Fla. 2— 3f. March, April. 

8 B. lanceolafta Ell. Much branched, bushy ; lvs. subsessUe ; lfts. narrowly elliptic 

to oblanceolate, obtuse, petiolulate ; fls. axillary, subsolitary, short-pedicelled ; pod 
ovate-globous. Pine woods, S. l^f. Flowers large, dull yellow. April, May. 
(3. strictu. Erect, strict ; lfts. obovate, very obtuse ; rac. few-flwd., termin. La. Fla. 

9 B. tinctoria R. Br. Glabrous, branching; lvs. subsessile; lfts. small, roundish- 

obovate, acute at base, very obtuse at apex ; stip. setaceous, caducous ; rac. loose, 
terminal ; pod subglobous. Dry woods. 2f, bushy. Pod size of a pea. July— Sept. 

10 B. micropliylla N. Smooth, bushy; lvs. small, 2-3-foliate below, simple, ses- 
sile above ; stip. and bracts large, persistent ; fls. small, axillary, and in terminal ra- 
somes. S. Car. to Y^<\, 2— 3f. (B. stipulacea Ravenel.) 



Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 85 

11 B. liCContiiT. & G. Pubegc'ent; Ivs. short-petioled ; Ifts. obovate-oblong ; pedi- 
cels with 2 bractlets ; bracts persistent ; pod ehort-stiped ; branches, stipules, and 
racemes as in No. 9, Ga. Fla, 2f. May. 

13 B. Serenae Curtis. Smooth, difl'use ; Ifts. oblong-obovate, cuneate ; fls. in terminal 
racemes, the central longest. S. Car. 1— 2f. Pod oblong. 

13 B. megacarpa Chapm, Glabrour". slender; Ivs. petioled ; Ifts. oval; rac. short 
and short-stalked; stip. and bracts minnte, caducous ; fls. nodding; pod large, globu- 
lar, and much inflated. Ga. Fla. : rare. 2— 3f. Pods 1^'. 

12. THERMOPSIS, R. Br. (Named for its resemblance to the Egyp- 
tian Lupine — L. Thermis) Vex. roundish, sides reflexed. Sta. persistent. 
Pod subsessile, linear-oblong, many-seeded. U Rhizome creeping, stcmy 
Avith sheathing bracts at base. Leaves 3-foliate. Flowers large, yellow. 

1 T. mollis M. A. Curtis. Pubescent, difiiisely branched ; Ifts. obovate-oblong ; stip. 

leafy, as long as the petioles ; ped. shorter than calyx. Woods, N. Car. 2f. April. 

2 T. rraxinifolla Curt. Smoothisb, slender, branching; petioles longer than the 

stipules ; Ifts. wedge-oblong ; ped. as long as the flower. Mts. Term. Car, 2f. May. 

3 T. Caroliniaiia Curt. St. stout, simple ; petioles as long as the ovate clasping 

stipules ; Ifts. obl.-obov. ; fls. on short ped. with decid. bracts. Mts. N. Car. 4f. June. 

13. FAB A, Moench. Coffee Bean. Fls. as in Vicia. Seeds oblong, 
with a long scar (hilum) on the narrower end, and leathery, tumid legumes, 
(i) Lvs. equally pinnate, with the tendril obsolete (in the following species. 
Peduncle shorter than the flowers. 

F. VULGARIS Mosnch. St. rigidly erect, with very short axillary racemes ; Ifts. 2—4, oval 
entire ; stipules semisagittate Gardens. From Egypt. 2— 3f. Glaucous. 

14. CICER ARiETiNUM, the CniCK Pea, rarely cuUivated, may b2 
known by its serrated leaflets, a cliaiacter quite strange in this Order. 

15. PISUM, L. Pea. (Celtic pis, Lat. pisum, Eng. pea, Fr. pois.) 
Style dilated above, grooved on the back, villous and stigmatic on the in- 
ner side. Otherwise as in Lathyrus. (i) Figs. 59, 60, 190. 

P. SATIVUM L. Lfts. ovate, entire, usually 4 ; stip. ovate, semicordate at base, crcnate . 
ped. several-flowered. Nativity unknown. Many varieties. 

16. LATHYRUS, L. Calyx campanulate, the two upper sepals short- 
est. Stam. diadelphous (9 and 1). Style flat, dilated above, ascending, 
bent at a right angle with the ovary, pubescent or villous along the inner 
side next the free stamen. Pod oblong, several-seeded. ^> '^ Leaves 
abruptly pinnate, of 1 to several pairs of leaflets. Petioles produced into 
tendrils. Peduncles axillary. Fig. -197. 

♦ Native.— a Leaflets a single pair. Southern No. I 

—a Loivflots oommonl y ."> pairs. Perennial Nos. 2, ;3. 4 

— a Leaflets commonly ."> pairs. Perennial Xos. Ti, b 

♦ Exotic.—?/ Leaflets a single pair Nos. T- 9 

—b l,eaflets a to G pairs. (.Species of Orobusl Nos. 10—12 

1 li. piiNillii.s Ell. St. winged; lfts. 2, linear-lanoeolato, acute .Ht oacli end ; stip. con 

spiciions, lanco-lalcate, half-sagittate ; ped. long. S. Oar. to La. Purple. ^L-»y. 
3 I.. ocUroloacus Hook. St. slender ; Ills, broadly v>vate ; slip, semioorvliito. largo; 

ped. 7-10-flowered, shorter than the leaves : fls. cre»m-wluto. Sluulos. N. .^f. Juub. 



86 Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

3 li. palustr « L. St. winged; stip. semisagittate, mocronate; Iffcs. 2 or 3 pairs 

lance-linear or oblong, mucronate; ped. 3-5-flowered, equalling the leaves. Wet 
thickets, N. Eng. to Oreg. 1— 2f. Blue-purple. June— July. 

4 li. myrtifolius Muhl. St. slender, 4-angled ; Ifts. elliptic-oblong, obtuse ; stip. 

ovate, entire ; ped. longer than Ivs., 5-flwd. N. E. to Va, and Ind. 2-4f. Pale purp. JL 

5 li. venosus Muhl. St. 4-angled; stip. semisagittate, lanceolate, vtry small; ped. 

8-16-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; Ifts. 4—7 pairs, somewhat alternate, obtusish, 
mucronate. Shady banks. 2— .3f. Flowers large, purple. June, July. 

6 Ii. niaritimus Bw. Beach Pea. St. 4-angled, compressed; petioles flat above 5 

stip. cordate-hastate, nearly as large as the 8—12 ovate leaflets ; ped. many-flowered. 
Sandy shores, N. Y. to Oreg. 1 — 2f. Leaves pale green. Flowers blue. May, June. 
•J li. LATiFOLius. Everlasting Pea. Ped. many-flowered; Ifts. 2, lanceolate, Jiter- 
nodes membranous-winged. U Eur. 6f. Flowers large, pink. July, Aug. 

8 li. odokItus. Sweet Pea. Ped. 2-flowered; Ifts. 2, ovate-oblong; leg. hirsute, (f) 

SicUy. Flowers very large, fragrant, red-white. June. 

9 li. SATivus. Chick Pea. Ped. 1-flowered ; Ifts. 2 — 4; leg. ovate, compressed, with 

2 winged margins at the back. (1) S. Eur. An unhealthy food. 

10 li. VERNUS. Lfts. 6, ovate, acuminate; fis. red-purple-blue. Europe. If. April. 

1 1 li, NIGER. Lfts. 12, ovate-oblong ; fls, dark purple. Europe. 3f. July. 

12 li. ATROPURPUREUS. Lfts. hnear, 3 pairs, acute ; fls. dark puiple. Algiers. If. May. 

17. VIOIA, L. Vetch. (Celtic gwig^ whence Gr. ftiuiov, Lat. mcia, Fr. 
«escd, and Eng. mtch.) Style filiform, bent at right angles with the ovaiy, 
villous beneath the stigma on the outside (next the keel). Otherwise 
nearly as in Lathyms. 

* Peduncles 1-2-flowered, shorter (in flower) than the leaves Nos. 1—3 

* Peduncles 3-20-flowered. — a Leaflets 3 — 6, very narrow No. 4 

— a Leaflets 8 — 20.— 6 Stipules long-toothed No. 5 

—b Stipules entire Nos. 6— S 

1 V. sativa L. Vetch. Tares. Fls. solitary or in pairs, subscBsile ; lfts. 10—12, ob- 

long-obovate, often linear, retuse, mucronate ; pod linear, erect, 4r-8-seeded. (I) Fields. 
2— 3f. Fls. 6", pale purple. Jime. § Eur. 

2 V. tetrasperma, Loisel. Ped. 1-2-flowered, in fl. shorter (in fr. longer) than the 

Ivs. ; pod 4-seeded ; lfts. 4—6, small, linear, obtuse. Fields, Can. to Penn. St. very 
slendor, 1— 2f. Fls. bluish-white. Pod 5". July. 

3 V. luicrantlia N. Lfts. 4 — 6, linear, acute, obtuse or retuse ; fls. mostly solitary, 

minute, pale ; pod 1', sabre-shaped, erect, 6-10-seeded; seeds black. S. 2— 3f. 

4 V. acutifolia Ell. Leaflets 3—6, linear, acute; stip. lance-linear; tendrils mostly 

simple ; rac. 3-9-flowered, longer than the leaves. Ga. Fla. 2— 4f. Whitish. 

5 V, Americana Muhl. Ped. 4-8-flowered, shorter than the Ivs. ; stip. semisagit- 

tate, deeply dentate ; lfts. 10 — 14, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse ; pod oblong- linear, com- 
pressed, reticulated. N. Y. westward. 1 — 3f. Blue-purple. May. 

6 V, Caroliniana Walt. Pedicel 6-12-flowered, rather shorter than the .<3aves ; fls. 

loose ; calyx teeth very short ; stip. lance-linear ; lfts. S-12, linear-oblong or linear, 
smoothish ; pod oblong. Woods and banks. 4— 6f. Pale purple. May. 

7 V. Cracca L. Tufted Vetch. Fls. imbricated, 12—20 or more in the raceme ; lfts, 

12—24, oblong, puberulent ; stip, semisagittate, linear-subulate, entire. Thickets. 
2— 3f. Flowers blue-purple, A". July. 

8 V. liirsuta Koch. Hairy ; lfts. 8—20, linear, truncate, uracronate ; ped. 3-6-flwd«, 

shorter than leaves ; leg. hirsute, 2-seeded. Fields. 1— 3f. June. § 

18. ZORNIA, Gmel. (For John Zorne, M. D., of Bavaria.) Calyx bila- 
biate, upper lip obtuse, emarginate, lower 3-cleft. Vex. orbicular, with the 
•ides revolute. Sta. monadelphous, the alternate anthers different. Pod 



ORDER 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 87 

compressed, of 2- -5 roundish joints. U Lvs. palmatelj 2-4-foliate with 
sagittate stip., which are enlarged above and supply the place of bracts. 
Z. tetraph^lla Mx. Lfts. 4 ; stip. or bracts oval, acute : pod aculeate, about 3-jointed. 
U N. Car. to Fla. and Tex. 1— 2f. Deep yellow. Pods adhesive. June— Aug. 

19. ffiSOHYNOMENE, L. {Aidxvvo/iiai, to be modest ; alluding to 
its sensitive property.) Calyx bilabiate, bibracteolate ; upper lip bifid, lower 
Ti'ifid. Vex. roundish. Stamens diadelphous, 5 in each set. Pod exserted, 
composed of several truncated, separable, 1-seeded joints. — Lvs. odd-pin- 
n*ite. Stip. semisagittate, Rac. axillaiy (yellow). August. 

1 IE, Iiispida Willd. Erect, scabrous ; lfts. very smooth, 27—37, oblong- Jin ear, ob- 

tuse ; rac. 3-5-flowered ; pod 6-9-jointed. (T) Marshes, Pa. and S. 2 — 3f. 

2 JE, viscidula Mx. Slender, procumbent, viscidly pubescent ; lfts, 7 — 11, obovate; 

ped. filiform, 1 or 2-flowered ; pod 2 or 3-jointed. (D Sandy fields, S. 

20. CHAPMANIA, T. & G. (To A. W. Chapman, M. D., author ol 
" Flora of the Southern States.") Fls. nearly as in Stylosanthes. Cor. in- 
serted on the throat of the calyx. Keel 2-cleft at apex. Anth. alike, ob- 
long. Leg. hispid, 1-2-jointed. — A viscid-hirsute branching herb. Leaves 
piunately 3-7-foliate. Fls. small, yellow, in terminal racemes. 

C. Floridana T. & G.— E. Fla. 2— 3f. Lfts. oblong. 

21. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz. (2ruA.o?, a style, av^oi.) Fls. of 
two kinds. 6 Calyx bibracteolate at base, the tube slender and stalk-like, 
with the corolla inserted on its throat. Vex. orbicular. Sta. 10, mona- 
delphous. Ov. sterile, with a filiform style, ? Cal. and corolla 0. Ov. 
between 2 bracteoles. Leg. 1-2-jointed, uncinate with the short, persistent 
style. — Lvs. piunately trifoliate. 

S. elatior Swartz. Pencil Flo^ver. St. pubescent on one side ; lfts. lanceolate, smooth, 
acute ; spikes 3-4-flowered; loment 1-seeded Oower joint abortive), u Dry, gravelly 
woods, Long Isl. to Fla. If. Fls. yellow. July, August. 

22. ARACHIS, Willd. Peanut. (Lat. aracos, used by Pliuy to 
designate some subterranean plant.) Calyx bilabiate. Cor. resupinate. 
St. monadelphous. Pod gibbous at base, coriaceous, veiny, turgid, and in- 
dehiscent, the joints not separating. — S. American herbs, witli equally pin- 
nate leaves and yellow flowers. 

A* liypogtca Willd. Leaflets 2 pairs, oval or roundish, cunoate at base; stip. entire, 
lancc-subulato, as long as the leaflets ; fruit subterranean. Cult. South. 

23. CORONIIjLA, L. (Lat. corona, a crown ; from the inllorcsconcc.) 
Calyx bilabiate. Petals unguiculate. Loment somewhat terete, jointed. 
Seeds mostly cylindrical. +) y Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. in simjile, 
pedunculate umbels, rose-colored. 

1 C, iiMKRUS. SeorpUm Seinia. St. woody, angular ; pod. about 3-flowon.Hl ; claws of 

the petals thrice longer than the calyx. France. ',)(. May. 
aC. VAKiA. llorbaceous; lfts. 11— IS), oblong; pod. KMiVflwd. Eur. 0— If. Jl.— Sept. 

24. HEDYSARUM. L. ('AM r?, sweet, apcotta, smell.) C\il\ x elofl 
kito 5 linear-subulate, subequal segments. Kec^l obliquely truncate, umgor 



88 Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

tlian the wings. Sta. diadelplious (9 and 1), and, with the style, abrup ly 
bent near the summit. Pod (loment) of several 1-seeded joints connect-ed 
by their middle, li Leaves imequally pinnate. 
H, boreale N. Erect; Ifts. 13—21, oblong; stip. united, sheathing ; flowers deflexed, 

spiked on the long peduncle, violet-purple ; pod of 1 — 4 lens-shaped, veiny joints. 

Rocks, Wnioughhy Lake, Vt. and N. 1— 2f. Flowers large. June, July. 

25 DESMODIUM, DC. Bush Trefoil. Calyx more or less bila- 
biate. Vex. romidish, keel obtuse. Sta. diadelphous (9 and 1) sometimes 
monadelphous. Pod (loment) compressed, jointed, constricted most on the 
lower (dorsal) suture, the joints 1-seeded, separable, mostly aculeate and 
adhesive. If ^ Leaves pinnately trifoliate. Flowers in racemes or often 
large, loose panicles, purplish, in Summer. Figs. 191, 355. 

% Legumes distinctly stiped, the stipes about as long as the joints. . . (a) 

a Stems prostrate, creeping. Leaflets round or oval Nos. 1 — 2i 

a Stems erect. Leaflets broadly ovate, or (in Xo. 6) narrowly. . .(b) 

b Calyx teeth shorter than the tube Nos. 3 — 5 

b Calyx teeth longer than the tube,— upper one notched.. .Nos. 6 — 8 

— upper one entire No. 9 

i Legumes subsessile, the stipes, if any, not exceeding the calyx., .(c) 
c Bracts large, covering the flower buds, caducous. . .(d) 
c Bracts inconspicuous, smaller than the flower buds. . .(e) 

d Stipules large (6—9" long), ovate-lanceolate Nos. 10, 11 

d Stipules quite small, subulate , . , Nos. 12, IS 

e Leaflets large (2—3' by 1—2'), oblong-ovate... Nos. 14, 15 

e Leaflets small, orbicular or oval , Nos. 16 — 18 

e Leaflets long, linear. . .No. 19. Lfts. oblong.t. . .No. 20 

1 D. rotnndifolium DC. Plant prostrate, downy ; leaflets suborbicular ; bracts 

and stipules broadly ovate, acuminate ; racemes few-flowered ; loment constricted on 
both margins nearly alike. Eocky woods. 2— 3f. Purplish. August. 

2 I>. ochroleiicuin Curt. Plant decumbent, smoothish ; lfts. ovate, rarely single ; stip. 

ovate, pointed ; raceme long, fls. white ; loment twisted. Woods, Md. & S. (Porter). 

3 I>. nudiflornm DC. Lfts. roundish ovato, bluntly acuminate, slightly glaucous 

beneath ; scape radical, panicled, smooth ; joints of the loment obtusely triangular. 
Woods, com. St. If, scape 2— .3f, v.'ith many SLiall purple flowers. 

4 D. acuminatum DC. Plant erect, simple, pubescen<^. leafy only at top ; leafietb 

ovate, long-acuminate, the odd one round-rhomboidal ; pan. terminal, on a very long 
peduncle. Woods, com. 8— 12^ the panicle 2— 3f. Fls. small, flesh-color. Pod 3-jointed, 

5 I>. pauciflorum DC. St. assurgent, leafy all the way, retrorsely hairy ; lfts. thin, 

obliquely ovate, acutish, terminal one rhoTn>y>!dal ; rac. terminal, the flowers few, in 
pairs ; petals all distinct, spreading. Woods, N. Y. to III. and La. If. Whitish. 

6 D. paniculatum DC. Erect, slender, nearly glabrous ; lfts. oblong-lanceolate, 

obtuse ; stip. subulate, deciduoas : fls. on slender pedicels in panicled racemes ; lo- 
ment of about 3 triangular joints. Woods, common, 2 — 3f. Pui-ple. 

7 I>, viridiflorum Beck. Densely pubescent ; lfts. ovate, scabrous *oove, whitened 

beneath ; stip. lance-ovate, acuminate ; pan. naked, very long ; pod of 3 or 4 triangu- 
lar joints. Alluvion, N. Y. and S. 3— 4f, rigid. Violet, fading to green. 

8 U. Itevigatum DC. Glabrous, or nearly so ; lfts. ovate ; panicle subsimple, pedv 

eels slender, in pairs. Woods, N. J., and S. 2— 3f. Purple, 
/3. monophyllttm. Dwarf, simple ; lower Ivs. 1-foliate. Uxbridge. Ms. If. (IUcard,> 



Order 43.— LEGUMIKOS^. 89 

S ■^. glabelluim DO. St. emootMsh; Ifts, ovate, small, rough-pabcBcent on both 
sides ; pod of 3 or 4 triangular, minutely hispid joints. Shades, Car. 

10 I>. cuspidatuin T. & G. Smooth; Ifts. oblong-oval, or ovate, sharply acumi- 
nate; bracts deciduous, ovate, acuminate; joints of the loment suboval. Woods. 
S— 5f. Stipules and bracts 9'''. Flowers 8^^ purple. 

11 I>. canescens DC. St. striate, scabrous; Ifts. ovate, rather obtuse, scabrous on 
the upper surface, soft-villous beneath; pan. densely canescent, naked; joints of the 
loment 4, obliquely oval, hispid. Woods. .Sf. 

J2J9. Canadense DC. St. pubescent; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, nearly 
smooth; stip. filiform; bracts ovate, long-acuminate; joints of the loment obtusely 
triangular, hispid. Woods, Can. to Pa. and W. 3f. Flowers 8''', purple. 

3 3 1>. sessilifolium T. & G. St. tomentous-pubescent ; Ivs. sessile; Ifts. linear or 
linear-oblong, obtuse at each end, scabrous above, softly tomentous beneath ; stip. 
subulate; pod of 2—3 semiorbicular joints. Woods, W. 2— 3f. Fls. small, crowded. 

14 D. ©illenii Darl. Branching, hairy; Ifts. oblong, villous beneath; stip. subulate ; 
rac. panicled; joints of the loment 3, rhomboidal, reticulate, a little hairy, connected 
by a narrow neck. Moist soils, N. and W. 2 — 3f. Purple. 

15 I>. rigidum DC. Scabrous, pubescent; Ifts. ovate-oblong, obtuse; petioles 
short, hairy ; stip. ovate-acuminate, ciliate, caducous ; leg. with 2 — 4 obliquely obovate 
joints. Hills and woods, Mass. to La. 2— 3f. (D. Floridanum Chapm.) 

16 D. ciliare DC. Erect, slender, scabrous-pubescent; Ivs. crowded, on short, hairy 
petioles ; Ifts. small, ovate, ciliate on the margin ; joints of the short-stiped loment 2 
or 3. Woods. 2f. Purple. 

17 D. Marilandicum Boott. Erect, slender, nearly smooth; Ifts. ovate, obtuse, 
subcordate at base, the lateral ones as long as the petioles ; loment stipe as long as 
the calyx, joints 1 or 2. Woods. 2— 3f. Violet. 

18 D. lineatuiii DC. Slender, reclining; st. finely striate with colored lines; Ifts. 
small, roundish oval, smoothish, green both sides ; pod quite sessile in the calyx, 
joints about 2. Dry woods. 2 or 3f. 

19 D. strictum DC. Slender, nearly glabrous ; Ivs. petiolate ; Ifts. linear, elongated; 
pan. few-flowered ; pod hispid, incurved, of 1—3 lunately triangulw: joints, with a fili- 
form isthmus. Pine woods, N. J. and S. 3f. 

20 D. GYKANS. Moving-plant. Lateral Ifts. very small ; pods pendulous. From Beniral 
Wonderful for the leaves, which in warm weather are always in motion. 

26. LESPEDEZA, Mx. Bush Clover. Calyx 5-partcd, bibractoo- 
late, segments nciiiiy equal. Keel of the corolla very obtuse, on slender 
claws. Pod (loment) lenticular, compressed, small, unarmed, indchiscent, 
3 seeded. U Leaves pinnately trifoliate, reticulately veined. Summer. 

§ Fls. all complete. Calyx villous, long. Cor. whitisli with a purple spot Nos. 1, 2 

§ Fls. partly apctalous. Calyx short. Corolla violet.- a Stems upright Nos. S, 4 

—a Stems prostrate No. Ti 

1 li. capita-ta Mx. Bush Clorer. Lf'ts. elliptical to linear, silky beneath ; stip. subu- 

late ; fascicles of lluwers ovate, subcapitate, shorter than the loaves, axillary ; loinontt* 
hairy, shorter than the villous calyx. Dry soils, Can. to Car. 2 — tf. 

2 L. liirta Ell. Stem villous; Ifts. roundish oval, pubescent beneath; rao. capitate. 

axilbiry, oblong, longer than the leaves; corolla and pod about as long as the calyx. 
Dry woods. 2 — If. I'lowers reddish-white. 

3 Ij. Stcuvl Nutt. Branched and bushy, tomentous or pubescent; Ifls. oval-obovata 

or roundish, longer than the petiole; ric. axillary, capitate or loose; potl villous- 
pubescent. Dry soils, Mass. to Ga. 2f. Variable. 

4 Ij. violacea Pers. Erect or ditl\ise, siiaringly pubescent ; Ills, ov.al. varying to olv 

long and linear, obtuse, mucronate, as long jvs the petioles; nio. axillary fow-llow 
orcd, the apetAlous ones generally below. Dry woods. Leaflets 1'. 



90 oiiDER 43.— legumi:nos^. 

/3, se»siUAora, Flowers many, in clusters shorter than the leaves. 

y. reticulata. Leaflets linear, rigid ; flowers in short fascicles. Erect. 

S. divirg-ens. Leaflets ovate ; upper peduncle longer than the leaves. 
5 li. procikmbeiis Mx. St. prostrate, difi'use, tomentous-pubescent ; Ifts. oval ot 
obovate-elliptical, smooth above, on very short petioles ; ped. fiUform, few-flowered ; 
pod roundish. Dry soils. Leaflets 5— 9''. Fed. 2— 5^ 

j8. repens. Nearly smooth and very slender ; leaflets oval or elliptical. 

y. Feayana, Decumbent ; leaflets obovate ; upper ped. apetalous. South. 

27 SPARTIUM, L. Common Broom. (^^Tra'proT^, a rope; formerly 
made of tlie Broom.) Calyx spathe-like, split beliind, teeth veiy short. 
Keel incurved, acuminate, longer than the wings. Othei-wise like Genista. 

S. scopAiircrji.— Shrub native of Spain, 6f, with rush-like erect branches often leafless. 
Leaves simple (if any), oblong. Flowers showy, yellow or white. 

28. GENISTA, L. Dyer's Broom. Woad-waxen. (Celtic gen, Fr. 
genet ; a small shrub.) Calyx with the upper lip 2-parted and the lower 
3-toothed. Vex. oblong. Keel oblong, scarcely including the stamens 
and style. Stigma involute. Stamens monadelphous. 5 With simple 
leaves and yellow flowers. 

G. tinctoria L. Branches round, striate, unarmed, erect ; Ivs. lanceolate, smooth 
pod smooth. Dry lulls, Mass. N. Y. If. August. § Europe. 

29. OROTALARIA, L. Rattle-pod. {KftoraXov, a rattle ; from 
the rattling of the loose seeds in the homy pod.) Calyx 5-cleft, somewhat 
bilabiate. Vex. cordate, large. Keel acuminate. Stam. 10, monadelphous. 
Filamentous sheath cleft on the upper side. Pod pedicellate, turgid. — 
Herbs or shrabs. Lvs. simple or palmately compound. Flowers yellow. 

1 C. sagitta.lis L. Annual, erect, branching, hairy ; ivs. lance-oval to lance-linear ; 

stip. acuminate, decurrent ; rac. 3-flowered, opposite to the leaves ; cor. shorter than 
the calyx. Sandy fields. 6—12'. Cor. small. July. 

2 C ovalis Ph. Perennial, hairy, diffuse ; lvs. oval and elliptic ; stip. small or mi- 

nute, partly decurrent ; pedicels long, 3-6-flowered ; corolla longer than the calyx. 
Sandy woods, S. 4 — 12'. Flowers showy. April, May. 
S C. Purshii DC. Perennial; slender, assurgent, nearly smooth; lvs. oblong-linear 
or linear, subsessile ; stip. narrowly decurrent through the whole tatemode ; pediceln 
5-7-flowered ; coroUa as long as the calyx. Damp shades, S. 1 — l^f- 

30. LUPINUS, Tom-n. Luplne. (Lat. lupus, wolfish as a weed?) 
Cal. deeply bilabiate ; upper lip 2-cleft, lower entire or 3-toothed. Winga 
united at the summit. Keel falcate, acuminate. Stam. monadelphous, the 
sheath entire. Anth. alternately oblong and globous. Pod compressed. 
(i)lC 5 Leaves palmately 5-15-foliate, rarely unifoliate. Raceme terminal. 

1 li. vlllosus Willd. Unifoliate, densely silky-tQmentous ; sts. decumbent-assurgent; 

lvs. large, elliptic-oblong, loug-petioled ; rac. terminal, long, dense-flwd. Pine woods, 
S. 1— 2f. Flowers roseate, with a purple spot. Pods very woolly. April— June. 

2 li. diffusus N. Diffusely branched from the base ; lvs. oyal-oblong, obtuse, soft- 

silky, on short petioles ; pods very silky. Sands, S. Blue-purple. April. 

3 Ij. perennis L. Minutely pubescent, 5-7-foliate ; Ifts. oblanceolate. mucronatc: fls. 

altema+^^e : calvx without appendages, upper lip emarginate. lower entire. Sandy hills, 
lu Flowers blue, varying to white. May, June. Cultivated. 



Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 91 

4 li. roLTPHYLLtis. Lfts. 11—15, lanceolate ; calyx lips sulDentire. Oreg. 3f. Purp.-wh. 

5 li. NooTKATENSis. Villous ; lfts. 5— 9, oblong ; cal. lips subentire. N.W. Coast. 2f. Pur. 

6 li. IIartwegii. Hairy ; lfts. 7—9, obi. obtuse ; stip. and bracts setaceous. Mex. Blue 

7 Ij. VARias- Small and delicate ; calyx appendaged, lips 2-tid and 3-fid, Blue. 

31. LABURNUM, Bentli. Calyx campaniilate, bilabiate, upper lip 2-^ 
lower 3-toollied. Vex. ovate, erect, as long as the straight wings. Fil. 
diaclelphous (9 and 1). Leg. continuous, tapering to the base, several- 
seeded. +) ^. Leaves palmately trifoliate. Flowers mostly yellow. 

1 li. TDXGAKE L. Golden Chain. Arborescent ; lfts. oblong-ovate, acute at base, acu- 

minate ; raceme elongated (If), pendulous ; legume hirsute. Europe. 15f. 

2 li. ALPiNUM L. Arborescent; lfts. oblong-ovate, rounded at base; raceme long, sim- 

ple, pendulous ; legume glabrous. Alps. 30f. 

32. TRIPOLIUM, Tourn. Clover. {Tpiq)vXA.ov (three-leaved) , Lat. 
trifoUum ; Fr. trefle ; Eng. trefoil) Calyx 5-toothed. Pet. united at the 
base, withering. Yex. reflexed. Alas oblong, shorter than the vexillum. 
Carina shorter than the alse. Stam. 10, diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume 
mostly indehiscent, covered by and scarcely longer than the calyx, 1-4- 
Beeded. Seeds roundish. — Herbs. Leaves palmately trifoliate. Leaflets 
with straight veinlets. Flowers in heads or spikes. Figs. 233, 354. 

§ Flowers yellow, in small, dense, roundish heads. Legume 1-seeded Nos. 1, 2 

§ Flowers cyanic,— c pedicellate, finally deflexed... (a) 
— c subsessile, never deflexed.. .{b) 

a Heads small, on stalks some ten times longer. Legume 4-seeded Nos. 3, 4 

a Heads large, on stalks two or three times longer Nos. 5, 6 

b Calyx teeth plumose, longer than the whitish corolla .No. 7 

b Calyx teeth shorter than the purple or roseate corolla. Nos. 8—10 

1 T. prociimbens L. Yellow Clover. St. procumbent or ascending; lfts. denticu- 

late, terminal one stalked; stip. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, much shorter than the 
petioles ; heads small, subglobous ; style short. (I) Dry soils, N. H. to Va. 1— 2f. Jn. 

2 T. agrariuni L. St. ascending or erect ; lfts. denticulate, all subsessile ; stipules 

linear-lanceolate, cohering with and longer than the petiole ; heads ovoid-elliptic ; 
style equalling the pod. (i) Dry fields, N. PL to Va. If. July. 

3 T. Caroliuiauuiu Mx. Slender, dift'use; lfts. cuneate-obovate, the ro' Idle one 

obcordatc ; stip. ovate-acuminate, foliaceous ; cal. teeth thrice longer than its tube. 
(J) Fields, S. 

4 T. rcpens L. White Clover. Shamrock. St. creeping, diffiise ; ifts. obcordate, den- 

ticulate; stip. narrow, scarious; cal. teeth shorter than the tube. % Pastures, itc. 

5 T. roil^xuiii L. Buffalo Clover. Pubescent ; ascending or procumbent ; lfts. obiv 

vate, serrulate; stip. leafy, 8cMnicor(!iate ; cal. teeth nearly as long as the corolKi ; loir. 
4-Beeded. @ Prairies, W. and S. 8—1(5'. April— .Tunc. 

6 T. stoloiiifcruiu Muhl. Glabrous, creeping; lfts. broadly obcordate, doniicn;:Ue; 

stip. leafy, ovato lanceolate ; cal. teeth not hiUf the length of the con^Ua : .ioirnnic 
2-seoded. W. States. (5-12'. May, Juno. 

7 T. arveiise L. Hds. cylindrical, very hairy ; cal. teeth setaceous, longer than the cor. ; 

leatlota narrow-obovate. Dry, sandy fields. 5— llV. June— Aug. § Kur. 

8 T. prateuse L. Hid Clover. Ascending, thinly hirsute ; lfts. spotted, oval, ontir\» ; 

stip. ovate, cuspidate-acuminate; heads sessile; lower tooth of the cal. longv^r than 
the four (Whora which are equal, if Fields and meadows. 2f. 

9 T. iiiiMliiiiit L. '/.ig-:a(j Clover. St. suboreot, branching, floxuous, nearly gla- 

brous ; lfts. not spotted, oblong, subeutiro ; stip. lanceolate, acuminate ; heads ovold- 
globous, podunc ilate ; cal. teeth setoct ous, hairy, u Hills, N. § Knr 



92 Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

10 T. iNCAjRNATUir. St. erect, flexuous; Ifts. round-ovate, obtuse Oi obcordate, vil* 
lous ; spike dense, oblong, pedunculate. Italy. 2f. Ked. 

33. MEDICAGO, L. Medick. Calyx 5-cleft. Cor. deciduous. Vex. 
free and remote from tlie keel. Leg. variously curved, or spii-ally coiled or 
twisted. — Lvs. pinnately 3-foliate, denticulate. European. 

* Pods smooth Nos. 1, 2, 3. * * Pods spiny Nos. 4, 5, 6. 

1 JTI. lupnlina L. None-such. Procumbent, pubescent; Ifts. wedge-obovate ; fls. 

yellow ; pod reniform, 1-seeded. (T) "Waste grounds. 6 — 20^ May— July. § 

2 M. sativa L. Lucerne. Erect, glabrous ; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate ; stip. lance-lincar ; 

fls. violet-purple, large ; pod spiral, u Fields : rare. 2— 3f. June, July. § 

3 M. scutellata L. Snails. Lfts. elliptical and obovate ; ped. 1-3-flowered, shorter 

than the leaf; pod coiled like a snaU-shell. Gardens. July. § 

4 M. dentlcnlata WiUd. Lfts. obovate ; stip. bristly-gashed ; ped. with 1—3 yellow 

flowers ; pod loosely spiral, border doubly echinate. (T) 1 — 2f. June. § 

5 OT. luacnlata Willd. Lfts. obcordate, with a purple spot; ped. 2-3-flowered; pod 

compactly spiral, outer edge grooved and doubly spiny, (i) § 

6 M. intertexta L. Hedgehog. Lfts. rhomboidal ; stip. gashed ; pod spirally coiled 

in 5 or 6 turns, bordered with bristly prickles. Bare. § 

34. MELILOTUS, Tourn. IVlELrLOT. Legume ovoid, wrinkled, longer 
than the calyx, 1-2-seeded. Fls. as in Trifolium. (i) (g) Leaves pinnately 
tiifoliate, leaflets toothed. Flowers in racemes. June, July, 

1 M. officinalis Willd. Fls. yellow ; lfts. obovate-oblong, obtuse ; stem erect, with 

spreading branches. Alluvion. 3f. Raceme slender, one-sided. § 

2 HI, alba Lam. Sweet-scented Clover. Fls. white; lfts. ovate-oblong, truncate, mu 

cronate ; vex. longer than the other petals. Fields. 4 — 6f. 

35. PSORALEA. Cal. 5-cleft, campanulate. Segm. acuminate, lower 
one longest. Stam. diadelphous, rarely somewhat monadelphous. Pod as 
long as the calyx, 1-seeded, indehiscent. U 5 Often glandular-dotted. 
Stip. cohering with the base of the petiole. Flowers cyanic. 

* Leaves, at least the upper ones, 1-foliate, lowest 3-foliate Nos. i, 2 

* Leaves all pinnately 3-foliate Nos. 3, 4, 5 

* Leaves pinnately 19-21 -foliate , No. 6 

* Leaves pahnately 3-7-foliate.— a Silky or smooth. Fls. loosely spicate. . .Nos. 7, 8, 9 

—a Villous. Flowers densely capitate , . ,. . .Nos. 10, 11 

1 P. canescens Mx. Bushy, downy-caaescent ; lower lvs. palmately 3-foliate ; lfts. 

roundish obovate, dotted, upper simple. Woods, S. 2f. 

2 P. Tlrgata N. Virgate, smoothish ; lowest lvs. pinnately 3-foiiate ; lfts. linear or 

obiong, often aU simple ; spikes rather dense. Ga. 2f. 

3 P. stipulata T. & G. Smoothish ; lfts. elliptic-ovate, obtuse ; stipules large, ovate ; 

ped. as long as the leaves ; spikes capitate. Falls of Ohio, Ky. 

4 P. melilotoides Mx. Smoothish ; lfts. lance-oblong, obtuse ; stip. lanceolate ; 

ped. much longer than the leaves. Dry soils, S. and W. 2f. 

5 P. Onobrycllis N. Pubescent; lfts. ovate, acuminate; stipules filiform; ped. 

long, with slender spikes. Thickets, W. 3— 5f. June, July. 

6 P. multijiiga Ell. Lfts. numerous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; spikes oblong; 

calyx villous, with long teeth. Upper country. Car. Ga. 

7 P. liupinellus Mx. Slender, glabrous ; lfts. 5—7, linear-fihform ; rac. elongated ; 

fls. violet ; pod S-shaped. Woods, S. 2f. May. June. 



Order 4)3.— LEGUMINOS^ 93 

8 P. floribwiida N. Canescent; lft8. 3, rarely 5, dotted, oblong to linear; rac. slen- 

der; ped. as long as the flowers (3'0 ; Pod smooth. 111. and W. 3f. June. 

9 P. argopliylla Ph. Erect, silky -white; Ifts. elliptic, obtuse, 5, rarely 3 ; ped. much 

longer than the leaves ; fls. whorled. Wis. to Dakota (Matthews.) 

10 P. subacaulis *T. & G. Nearly stemlcss, hirsute; Ivs. T-foliate on very long 
petioles ; Ifts. obovate-oblong ; ped. long, rigid ; cal. teeth obtuse. Tenn. April. 

IIP. esculeiita Ph. Erect, rigid, difl'use, white-haired ; Ifts. 5, oblanccolate ; peti- 
oles long, ped. longer (30 ; head oblong ; sep. and bracts long, pointed. Minn, to Da- 
kota (Matthews, Colman.) If. Tubers farinaceous. • 

36. SESBANIA, Pers. Calyx bell-shaped. Vex. spreading or re- 
flexed. Keel incurved, with long claws. Leg. linear or oblong, go- or 
few-seeded. Seeds transverse. — Lvs. abruptly pinnate, with many leaflets. 
Raceme axillary, loose (yellowish). Fig. 356. 

1 S. macrocarpa Muhl. Tall, glabrous ; Ifts. oblong-linear, 20— ,30 ; pod linear, 

long, jointed, many-seeded. (T) Damp, S. 3— 9f. Pods If. Aug.— Oct. 

2 S. platycarpa Pers. Tall, glabrous ; Ifts. as above ; pod oblong-elliptic, valves 

double, the inner membranous, 2-seeded. ® S. lOf. Aug. (Glottidium Flor. DC.) 

37. AMORPHA, L. Lead Plant. Calyx 5-cleft. Vex. concave, 
unguiculate, erect. Wings and keel none. Stam. exserted. Leg. oblong, 
somewhat curved at the point, scabrous with glandular points, 1 or 2- 
seeded. }j 5 American. Lvs. unequally pinnate, punctate. Fls. bluish- 
white, small, in virgatc racemes. 

* Leaves stalked (lowest leaflets remote from base). Legume 2-?codod No. 1 

* Leaves sessile or nearly so. Lfts. 16—20 pairs. Legume 1-seeded Nos. 2, 3 

1 A. friiticosa L. Scarcely pubescent ; lfts. 0— If), oval, obtuse (!') ; cal. teeth short, 

obtuse, the lowest pointed. ^V. and S. to Rocky Mts. ()- lOf. May, June. 

2 A. licrbacea Walt. Pubescent or not : lfts. 41— 51, oblong, obtuse (T'O ; cal. teeth 

subequal, villous, upper obtuse, lower acute. South. 2— If. June, July. 

3 A. caiit'scens N. Villous-canescent ; lfts. small (4"), crowded, ovate-oblong; vex. 

bright blue ; calyx teeth equal, acute. Wis. to Ga. and W. 2— 4f. July, Aug. 

38. DALEA, L. Calyx subequally cleft or toothed. Pet. unguiculate, 

claws of the wings and keel adnate to the stamiuate tube half way up. 

Vex. free, the limb cordate. Sta. 10, united into a cleft tube. Ov. 2-ovuled. 

Pod enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — Glandular-punctate. 

Lvs. odd-pinnate. Stipcls 0. Stip. minute, setaceous. Spikes mostly dense. 

D, iilopccuroides Willd. Glabrous and much branched; lfts. S— 14 pairs, linear- 
oval, obtuse or retuse, punctate beneath ; spike pedunculate, oblong-cylindric, silkv- 
villous. (T) ^ll- to Ala. and W. 2f. Flowers white and violet. August. 

39. PETALOSTEMON, M\. Calyx 5-toothed, nearly equal. Pet. o, 
ou liliform claws, 4 of them nearly equal, alternate with the stamens and 
'U'itrd with the stamiuate tube. Stam. 5, mouadelphous, tube cleft. Leg. 
I seeded, indehiscent, included in the calyx. U Leaves unequally pinnate, 
I "cylipellate. Flowers in dense, pedunculat(\ oblong spikes or heads. 

S KuuNisTKUA liani. Heads corjmbed, each with an involucre of scales: ; calyx teolh 
linig, i)lunious, pappus-like, setaceous No. 5 

5 Pktalostkmon i)roihr. Spikes solitary, not Involucrate. Calyx teeth short. ..^d) 

a Bracts awn-pointed, longer than the calyx. West Nos. 1, S 

a IJracts jiot awned. s'lort, acute or obtu^^e. Si>uth Nos. 3. 4 



94 Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

1 P. eandiduni Mx. Glabrous, erect; Ifts. 7— 9, all sessile, linear-lauceoiate, ma 

cronate, glandular beneath ; spikes on long peduncles ; bracts longer than the white 
petals. Dry prairies, S. and W. Slender. 3f. Leaflets 1'. July. 

2 P. violaceum Mx. Minutely pubescent, erect; Ifts. 5, linear, glandular beneath ; 

spikes pedunculate ; bracts shorter than the violet petals. Prairies, West. 2i. Leaf- 
lets V. Heads V long, brilliant. July, Aug. 

3 P. carneuiM. Mx. Glabrous, erect ; Ifts. 5 — 7, lance-linear ; spikes oblong, pedun- 

culate ; bracts obovate ; pet. oblong. Ga. and Fla. Slender. 1— 2f. Rose-wh. Aug. 

4 P. gracile Nutt. Glabrous, decumbent at base ; Ifts. 7, lance-linear ; spikes some- 

what sessile ; bracts acute ; petals ovate. Pine woods, Fla. and W. 1— 2f. White. 

5 P. corymbosum Mx. St. corymbously branched; spikes capitate, sessile; bracto 

broad, colored, the outer leaf-bearing ; Ifts. linear, 5—7. South. 2f. White. Sept. 

40. ASTRAGALUS, L. Milk Vetch. Calyx 5-toothed. Pet. elon- 
gated, erect, clawed. Vex. narrow, equalling or exceeding the obtuse keel. 
Stam. diadclplious (9 and 1). Legume mostly turgid, 2-valved, 1-celled, or 
2-celled partly or completely by the intrusion of the sutures. Seeds 1 — 00, 
funiculus slender. U chiefly. Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers in 
spikes or racemes. (Including Phaca, L.) 

§ Legume abruptly stipitate, oblong, straight-pubescent Nos. 1, 2 

§ Legume sessile in the calyx.— a Fls. white or yellowish. ..(b) 

—a Fls. blue or tipped with blue. , . (c) 

b Legume straight, ovoid-oblong, smooth, dry, turgid Nos, 3, 4 

b Legume curved, oblong, woolly or veiny, dry, flattened Nos. 5, 6 

c Legume curved, crescent-shaped, 1-celled, smooth , No. 7 

c Legume globular, fleshy ; when dry splittiug into two Nos. 8, 9 

1 A, Robbinsil Oakes. Erect; Ifts. 5—11, elliptical; cor. white, twice longer than 

the calyx ; pod puberulent, 1-celled. Rocky shores, Vt. Rare. 8 — 14^ Cor. white, 
5'\ May, June. 

2 A. alpinus L. Diffuse; Ifts. 13—21, ovate; cor. blue above, thrice longer than the 

calyx ; pod pubescent with black hairs, 2-celled. Mts. Yt. Me. Can. June, July. 

3 A. Canadensis L. Canescent, tall ; Ifts. 21—31, elliptical ; bracts as long as the 

calyx ; fls. greenish ; pod 2-celled. Banks. 2— 3f. Pod 6'^ July, August. 

4 A. Co^peri Gray. Smoothish ; Ifts. 13—27, elliptical ; rac. exceeding the leaves ; fls. 

white ; pod inflated, 1-celled, roundish-ovate, with a deep groove at the ventral su- 
ture. Banks, N. Y. and W. 1— 2f. June, July. (Phaca neglecta T. & G.) 

5 A, glaber Mx. Erect, smoothish ; Ifts. 15—23, lance-oblong or linear ; spikes loose ; 

pod smooth, flattened, 2-celled. Pine woods, S. 1 — 2f. Flowers greenish. July. 

6 A. V'illosus Mx. Low, villous ; Ifts. 9—15, oblong-oval ; rac. ovoid, dense ; pod 3- 

angled, 1-celled, clothed with long hairs. Dry, S. 3—6'. Fls. dull yellow. Mar. Apr. 

7 A. otocordatus Ell. Low, assurgent, smoothish; Ifts. 7—12 pairs, 4''', oblong to 

obovate, cordate at apex ; ped. as long as the leaves, 8-15-flowered ; pod deflexed, in- 
curved, pointed. 111. to Ga. 6—10'. April — June. (A. distortus T. & G.) 

8 A. caryocarpiis Ker. Low, diflTuse, whitish, downy or nearly smooth; leaves 

stalked; Ifts. 15—21, obovate; ped. longer; fls. 8 — 10'', capitate; pod as large as a 
grape, smoothish, eatable. 111. W. and S. May. (A. Mexicanus DC.) 

9 A. Plat4ensis N. Yi'lous, diff"use ; Ifts. 8—12 pairs, oblong ; stip. lanceolate ; rac. 

capitate ; pod ovoid, villous. Gravel, 111. Tenn. and W. May. 

41. TEPHROSIA, L. Goat's Kue. Cat-gut. Calyx with 5, nearly 
equal, subulate teeth. Bracteoles 0. Vex. large, orbicular. Keel obtuse, 
cohering with the wings. Sta. diadelphous (in the following species) or 
monadelphous. Legume linear, much compressed, many-seeded. 2^ Lvs. 
unequally pinnate. Leaflets mucronate. Flowers white-pui-ple. 



Order 43.— LEGUMINOSiE. 95 

§ Flowers large (9—10''' long) in a leafy terminal cluster. Lfts. 1.5—27 No. 1 

§ Fls. small, spicate, on long peduncles.— a Lfts. 9—17. Pods downy Nos. 2, 3, 4 

—a Lfts. 5 — 9. Pods smoothish Nos .5, 

1 T. Virginica Pers. Erect, villous ; lfts. oblong; fls. subsessile, asillary and termi- 

nal, variegated with white, rose, and purple ; pod villous. Dry. 1— 2f. July. 

2 T. spicata T & G. Rusty-villous, diffuse; lfts. oval-oblong, obtuse or retuse ; ]>ed 

very long ; calyx teetn longer than tube. S. 1— 3f. July. 

3 T. liispidula Ph. Minutely hispid or pubescent, slender, decumbent; lfts. ellip- 

tic-oblong, acute ; cal. teeth not longer than tube. S. 1— 2f. May — July. 

4 T. ambigua M. A. Curt. Smoothish, decumbent; Ifls. 7—1.5, oblong-oblanceolate, 

truncate, brownish beneath ; ped. angular, 2-3-flowered, as long as the leaves ; calyx 

teeth shorter than tube. S. If. June, July. 
6 T. gracilis Wood. Slender, diffuse, subglabrous ; Ivs. stalked ; lfts. oblong-obovate, 

emarginate ; ped. twice longer than the leaves ; fls. on slender pedicels ; cal. teeth very 

short ; pod smooth. Fla. to La. G— 12'. 
6 T. clirysopliylla Ph. Prostrate, rust-pubescent ; Ivs. sessile ; )**?. round-obovate, 

acutish, wavy, yellowish ; pedunc. much longer than the leaves ; calyx teeth subnlato 

Dry woods, Ga. Fla. to Tex. 10—20'. May— July. 

42. INDIGOFERA, L. Indigo-plant. Calyx witL 5 acute seg- 
ments. Vex. roundish, emarginate. Keel spurred each side, at length 
reflexed. Legume 2-valved, 1 to co-seeded. ^ if Stip. smail, distinct from 
the petiole. Leaves odd-pinnate. Legume pendulous. 

§ Racemes longer than the leaves. Leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse Nos. 1, 2 

§ Racemes shorter than the leaves. Leaflets oval. Naturalized South Nos. 3, 4 

1 I. Caroliiilana Walt. Erect, branched; lfts. 11—15, petiolulate ; fls. yellowish- 

brown ; pod oblong, veiny, rugons, 2-seeded. Sandy woods, S. 3— Tf. July— Sep. 

2 I. leptosepala N. Decumbent, strigous ; lfts. 7—9, subsessile ; calyx teeth subu- 

late ; fls. pale-scarlet ; pod linear, 6-9-seedcd. Ga. Fla. to Ark. 2 — 3f. 

3 I. TiNCTORiA L. Erect; lfts. 9—11 ; pod terete, tornlous. curved. Waste pi. § E. Ind. 

4 I. Anil L. Erect ; lfts. 7—11 ; pod flattened, even, with thick edges. Waste. § W. Ind. 

43. ROBINIA, L. Locust. Calyx 5-cleft, the 2 upper segments more 
or less coherent. Vex. large. Aire obtuse. Sta. diadelphous (0 and 1). 
Style bearded inside. Legume compressed, elongated, many-seeded. 5 b 
With stipular spines. Lvs. odd-pinnate. Fls. showy, in axillary ra- 
cemes. Fragrant. Fig. 402. 

1 R, Psc lid acacia L. Coj»nion Locust. Branches armed with spinca ; lfts. ovata 

and oblong-ovatc ; rac. pendulous, white, smooth, as well as the pods. Poun. S. and 
W. Introduced everywhere. 30— SOf. Wood very durable. April, ^lay. 

2 R. viscosa Vont. Chniwuj Locust. Spines very short ; brauchlots, petioles, and 

pods glHudulnr-viscid ; lfts. ovate ; rac. crowded, erect, roseate. Mts. S. 40f. Ap. Jn. t 

3 R. l»ispi«la L. Tiose Acacia. Spines almost wanting, shrub mostly hispid; rac 

oose, mostly pendulous ; fls. large, rose-red. Mts. S. 3 — Sf. May, Juno, t 

44. COLUTEA, L. Bladdkk Sknna. Calyx o-tootluHl. Vox. -svith 
2 callosities, expanded, larger than the obtuse carina. Stig. lateral, under 
the hook<Ml summit of the style, which is longiludinnlly beardoil on thft 
back side. Legume inflated, scarious. 5 Leaves odd-iunnato. 

C AnnouKscKNS L. I-fts. elliptical, rotuse ; vex. shortly gibbous befiind. Mt V<>t«Lvir'i\ 
8-^12f. Leaflets about 0. Flowers lari;o. yellow. Jinie- .\ui:. 



96 Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

45. WISTARIA, Nutt. Cal. bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, the lowti 
one 3 subequal teeth. Yex. with 2 callosities ascending the claw and 
separating above. Wings and keel falcate, the former adhering at top. 
Legume torulous. Seeds many, reniform. "^ Leaves odd-pinnate. Ra- 
ceme large, with large, colored bracts. Flowers lilac-purple. 

1 "W. frutescens DC. Pubescent when young, at length glabrous ; Ifts. 9—13, ovate 

or elliptic-lanceolate, acute ; raceme densely QO-flowered ; calyx teeth obtuse ; ovary 
glabrous. Swamps, S. 15— 30f. Woody. April, May. 

2 W, CONSEQUANA Benth. Pubescent : Ifts. 9—13, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi 

nate ; raceme loose, pendulous, If long ; calyx teeth acuminate. China. April. 

46. APIOS, L. Ground Nut. Calyx obscurely bilabiate, the upper 
lip of 2 very short, rounded teeth, the 2 lateral teeth nearly obsolete, the 
lower one acute and elongated. Keel falcate, pushing back the broad, 
plicate vex. at top. ^ Glabrous. Root bearing edible tubers. Leaves 
pinnately 5-7-foliate. 

4. tuberosa Ph. St. twining; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate; rac. shorter than the Ivs. Thick- 
ets and shady woods. 2— 8f. Rac. 1—3' long. Fls. brownish-purple. Handsome. Jl.Aug. 

47. VIGNA, Savi. (To Dominic Vigna, commentator on Theophras- 
tus.) Calyx of 4 lobes, the upper twice broader, the lower longer. Vex. 
broad, with 2 callosities near the base of the limb. Keel not twisted. 
Stigma lateral. Legume terete. ^ Leaves pinnately trifoliate. 

V, Iiirsuta Feay. Plant hirsute, the stem retrorsely so ; cal. with 1 bractlet at base , 
segm. all acute, the lower acuminate ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, pointed. Marshes, S. Car. 
Fla. to La. 6— lOf. Flowers pale yellow, G'^ Pod 2', 4-G-seeded. July— Sept. 

48. RHYNCHOSIA, DC. Calyx somewhat bilabiate, or 4-parted, witn 
the upper segment 2-cleft. Vex. without callosities. Keel falcate. Style 
glabrous. Legume oblique, short, compressed, 1-2-seeded. Seeds carun- 
culate. U ^ Leaves resinous-dotted beneath, pinnately 3-foliate, sometimes 
reduced to a single leaflet. Flowers yellow. 

§ Phaseoloidb^. Twining. Raceme long, CO-flowered. Calyx teeth short No. 1 

§ ARCYPHfLLUM. Low, Or twining. Flowers in fascicles or short racemes. 

Calyx teeth leaiy, as long as the corolla Nos. 2, C 4 

§ Orthodanum. Erect. Ped. 1-flowered, axillaiy. Calyx teeth subulate No. 5 

1 R. u&inima DC. Scrambling ; Ifts. thin, rhomboidal ; rac. with about 12 remote, re- 
flexed fls. ; pod torulous. 6" long. Banks, S. Car. to Fla. and La. 3— 5f, delicate. 

3 IS. simplieifolia (Ell.) Low, erect, pubescent; Ivs. reduced to a single leaflet, or- 

bicular or reniform. obtuse. Sandy woods, S. 1 — 3'. Leaves ly. April, May. 

3 K. voliibilis Wood. Twining, pubescent ; Ivs. 3-fol. ; Ifts. oval or orbicular; rac. 

3-10-flwd. ; calyx teeth ovate, cuspidate. Dry woods, S. 3 — 4f. Lfts. 1^ June, July. 

4 K. erecta Wood. Tall, velvety pubescent : Ivs. 3-foliate ; lfts. oval, acute ; sepals 

scarcely uxited, lance-ovate to linear. Dry. Md. to Fla. 2 — 5f. June — Aug. 

5 H. gaIactoid.es Chapm. St. erect, rigid, branched; lfts. small, elliptic or oval, 

margins revolute ; ped. half as long as the flowers. Ala. Fla. 2— 3f. 

49. PHASEOLUS, L. Kidney-bean. Cal. upper lip 2-toothed, lowei 
3-toothed. Keel with the stamens and style spirally twisted. Leg com- 



Order 43.— LEGIUVIINOS^. 97 

pressed and falcate, or cylindric, many-seeded. Seeds compressed, reni* 
fonn. Leaves pinnately trifoliate. Leaflets stipellate. Figs. 157, 203-4, 214. 

§ Flowers arrauged in racemes. Legume falcate. July— Sept No. 1 

S Flowers few. capitate on loixg stalks. Legume straight, linear Nos. 2 — 4 

Exotic— a Stems climbing Nos. 5, 6, 7 

—a Stem erect, bushy No. 8 

1 P, pereniiis Walt. Wild Bean Vine. Twining, pubescent ; rac. paniculate, mostly 

in pairs, axillary; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, 3-veined; leg. pendulous, falcate, broad- 

mucronate. Dry woods : common. 4 — 7f. Pod 2\ 

3 P. diversiloliiis Pers. St. prostrate, scabrous ; Ifts. angular, 2-3-lobed or entire ; 

ped. longer than leaf; pod pubescent, broadly-linear, cylindric. (2) Sandy shores. 3— 5f. 

3 P. lielvolus L. St. slender ; Ifts. between oblong-ovate and lance-ovate, not lobed ; 

ped. slender, several times longer than the leaves; pod straight, cylindric, 8-10- 
seeded. K Sandy fields. 3— 5f. 

4 P. paiicilSorus Benth. Stem slender, retrorsely hirsute; Ifts. linear-oblong, not 

lobed, as long as the petiole, hirsute ; pod hirsute, 5-8-seeded. Prairies, 111. (Mead) 
and W. 2-4f. 

5 P. VULGARIS. Lfts. ovate, acuminate ; rac. solitary ; pod pendulous, long-pointed ; 

seed reniform, variously colored. (I) E. Ind. Flowers white. 3 — 8f. 

6 P. LUNATUS. Lima B. Lfts. ovate-deltoid; pod broad, flat, falcate, with large, flat, 

white seeds ; flowers whitish, (i) E. Ind. 6— 12f. 
T P. MULTiFLoRus. Scarlst Pole B. Lfts. ovate, acute ; rac. as long as the Ivs. ; fls. 

scarlet ; pod pendulous, seeds reniform. (i) S. Am. 6 — lOf. 
8 P. NANUS. Bush B. Lfts. broad-ovate, acute ; pod torulous ; flowers and seeds 

white. (I) India. If. There arc many varieties. 

50. ERYTHRINA, L. Calyx truncate or lobed. Vex. long, lanceolate, 
with no callosities. Wings and keel much smaller. Stam. straight, nearly 
as long as the vexillum. Style glabrous. Legume torulous. ^ t) ^ Often 
prickly. liCavcs pinnately trifoliate. Flowers racemed. 

1 E. liorbacca L. Glabrous; lfts. rhombic-hastate, with 3 rounded, shallow lobes, 

petioles with here and there a small hooked prickle ; rac. terminal ; flowers slender, 
deep scarlet, 2'. Rich soils, S. Rhizome thick. 3— 4f. April. 

2 E. Crista-galli. Shrub or tree ; Ills, ovate or elliptical, with hooked prickles be- 

neath ; banner recurved ; fls. scarlet, in large racemes. IMantcd South. 

51. AMPHIOARPiEA, Ell. Pea-vine. Calyx with 4 or 5 nearly 
equal segments. Pet. oblong. Vex. with the sides apprcssed. Stig. capi- 
tate. Ovary on a sheathed stipe. Leg. flat, 2-4-seeded. (i) Slender, 
twining. Leaves pinnately trifoliate. The upper flowers complete, but 
usually barren, the lower apetalous and fruitful. 

1 A. iiionoica Nntt. St. retrorsely pubescent; lfts. ovato, thin; caulino nu'onnca 

pendulous ; cal. scgm. very short ; bracts minute. Woods. 4— Sf. Very slender. 
Flowers pale purple. Upper jxhIs (-seeded, lower 1-seeded. July— Sept. 

2 A. Pil<'liorl T. it (J. Stem rusty-villous : lfts. rhomboid-ovate; r;u\ oreot, oltoti 

bnuieluHl ; bracts broad, eouspiouous. N. (.>rleans and W. Seeds blackish. 

52. GALACTIA, L. Cal. bibrai-teolate, 4-elon, [\\c segments o( nearly 
equal UMigth, upper oiu^ broadt'st, entire. Pet. oblong. Vex. broadest and 
mcumbent. Keel petals slightly e(^hering at top. Legume many-seeded. 
■^ ^t^ Lvs. pinnati>ly eiMupound. Kae. axillary. Fls. purplish. Aug. Sei-t 

5 



98 Ordes 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

§ Leaves -pinnate, 7-9-foliate, Sts. prostrate, twining. Lvs. coriaceous No. 1 

§ Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Sts. prostrate, twining. Pods 12— IS" long. . .Nos. 2 — 4 
§ Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Sts. erect or ascending. Petioles longer than Ifts. .Nos. 5, 6 

1 G. Elliottii N. Lfts. elliptic-oblong, obtuse ; ped. longer than the lvs., few-flwd. at 

the top ; upper sep. (double) broad-OA-ate. iiGa. Fla. .3— 7f. Rose- white. May, Jn. 

2 O. glabella Mx. St. nearly glabrous ; lfts. elliptic-oblong, emarginate at each end, 

shining above, a little hairy beneath : rac. pedunculate, about the length of the leaves ; 
flowers G", pedicellate. U Arid soils, N. J. to Fla. 2 — 4f. Rose-purple. 

3 G. mollis Mx. St. softly pubescent; lfts. oval, obtuse, nearly smooth above, softly 

villous and whitish beneath ; rac. longer than the leaves, pedunculate, fasciculate ; fls. 
4''', on very short pedicels ; pod villous. ii Dry soils, Md. to Ga. 2 — 4f. 
p. microph/)Ila, Lfts. small (4— 6'0, oval ; fls. solitary, and nearly sessile in the 
upper axils : pods 5 or 6-seeded. Ga. Fla. (Miss S. Keen.) 

4 G, pilosa N. St. pubescent or smoothish : lfts. thin, oblong-ovate or oval, obtuse or 

retuse at both ends ; rac. very slender, twice or thrice longer than the leaves, with 
scattered, distant flowers. i[ Dry soils, S. 3— Tf. Leaflets 1—2'. Flowers 4''. 

5 G. bracliypoda T. & G. Slender, branching ; lfts. oblong, odd one petiolulate ; 

rac. stalked, shorter than the leaves, u Sandy woods, W. Fla. 2— 3f, ascending. 

6 G. sessilifloj'a T. & G. St. simple, flexuous ; lfts. oblong-linear, odd one subses- 

sUe ; rac. very f-hort, sessile. Sandy woods, S. 1— 2f. Lfts. V—2(y\ Pod erect. 

53. DOIilCBOS, L. Calyx 4-lobed, tlie upper lobe 2-toothed or entire. 
Vex. with 2 or 4 callosities at the base of the limb. The free stamen spur- 
red at base. Legvime flattened with a few oval, flattened seeds. ^ Leaves 
pinnately 3-foliatti. 

1 D. multiflon^*^ T. & G. Lfts. ample, orbicular, acute, thin, pubescent : racemes 

equalling the prtioles. densely GC-flwd. at the top of the stout peduncle ; calyx upper 
lip entire ; pod 'J-o-seeded. 71 Banks, Ga. to La. 

2 D. Halei Wo<xi. Lfts. ample, round-ovate, acuminate ; petioles 3 times longer than 

the few-(.3-8)-''tTrd., stalked raceme ; pod broad, 2-3-seeded, the point incurved. 7i N. 

Orleans and W. (Dr. J. Hale.) Pod 2\ 
/3 I>. SESQUiPFP'Ai.is. Pods smooth, subterete, very long (If). W. Ind. t South. 
' 4 I>. CAT-iAjSTi. Pods linear, erect, twin at top of the long ped. E. Ind. t South. 

54. OIjTT^ORIA, L. Calyx bibracteolate, 5-toothed, segm. acuminate. 
Vex. large spreading, roundish, emarginate, not spmred. Keel smaller 
than the wings, acute, on long claAvs. Legume linear-oblong, torulous, 
several-sepaed. ^ Leaves pinnately 3-5-foliate. Flowers veiy large, soli- 
tary, or several together. 

C. MartAna L. Glabrous; lfts. 3, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, obtuse, lateral ones 
petiolamte ; ped. short, 1-3-flwd. ; bracteoles and bracts very short ; pod 3-4-seeded 
71 I'lry soUs, N. J. to Fla. 1— 3f. Flowers pale purple. July, Aug. 

55 OBNTROSEMA, DC. Sep. lance-linear, slightly united, the lowei 
lonffcM and with 2 broad bractlets. Yex. very large, with a short spui 
en the back near the base. Keel and stamens much shorter, incurved 
ILefiCume long, linear, margined and long-pointed. ^ Leaves pinnately 3 
oUate. Flowers very large, purple. 

C. Virginiana Benth. St. very slender ; lfts. oblong-OA^ate to oblong-linear, firm, very 
veiny, the veins incurved ; ped. 1-4-flowered, bractlets larger (not longer) than the 
calyx ; pod veined along the margin, n Dry soils, S. 2 — 5f. July, August. 



OiiDER 43.- LEGUMINOS^. 99 

56. KENNED YA, Vent Two upper lobes of ealyx half-united. Ban- 
ner broad, spreading, keel as long as the wings, incurved. Legume linear. 
2 Australian twiners with brilliant flowers in clusters. Leaves 3-nate. 

1 K. CoMPTONiANA. Smoothish ; Ift.s. 3, ovate, retuse, veiny; peduncle bearing an 

erect raceme of many bright blue flowers, very ornamental in the conservatory. 12f. 

2 K. KUBicuNDA. Hairy ; Ifts. ovate ; ped. 3 flwd., fls. dark-red or crimson, to scarlet. 5f. 

57. HARDENBERGIA, Benth. Two upper teeth of calyx united. 
Banner broad, spreading, keel much shorter than wings. Legume linear. 
■^ Australian. Flowers in racemes, very delicate. Leaflet mostly but 1. 
H. MONOPHYLLA. Plant very smooth. ; 1ft. lance-ovate ; rac. erect ; fls. blue-purple. lOf. 

58. ACACIA, Necker. Calyx valvate, 4- or 5-toothed. Pet. 4 or 5, 
small, distinct or nearly so. Sta. numerous, distinct. Legume not jointed, 
dry, 2-valved, oo-seeded. Beautiful trees or shrubs, native of warm cli- 
mates. Lvs. twice pinnate, or reduced to phyllodia (§ 321). Fls. yellow 
or 3^ellowisli, in spikes or heads, very numerous and showy. 

§ Leaves bipinnate. Flowers collected in heads or spikes Nos. 1—3 

§ Leaves aboi-tive— reduced to flattened petioles (phyllodia) with their edges 

vertical. Flowers yellow,— a; in globular, solitary heads Xos. 4, 5 

— X in globular, racemed heads Nos. 6, 7 

— X in cylindrical spikes Nos. 8 — 11 

1 A. Farnesiana L. Sponge Tree. Tree armed with straight stipular spines; lvs. 

with 4— S pairs of pinnte, leaflets 15—20 pairs, oblong, crowded ; pcd. 2 or 3 together. 
Naturalized along the Gulf, Fla. to N. Orleans. Pi)ds -2—3' long. (Vachcllia, C-B.) 

2 A. ALBICANS. Shrub from Mexico, 5f, with stipular spines, silvery-pubescent ; leaves 

with 8 or 9 pairs of pinnae, leaflets 1!) — 30 pairs, linear-oblong, glabrous; flowers 
white, the heads in axillary racemes, 2—5 together. 

3 A. DEALBATA. Shrub thornlcss, 5f, from N. Holland, all velvety-pubescent; pinnae 

15 pairs, leaflets 30—35 pairs, linear, crowded ; heads in axillary racemes. 

4 A. JUNiPKRiNA. Shrub from N. Holland, spinesccnt ; phyllodia linear-subulate, pun- 

gent; branches terete, hairy or downy ; heads solitary ; petals 5. 

5 A, ARiHATA. Shrub 5— Bf, downy vi- iiairy, with spinoscent stipules ; phyllodia half- 

oblong-ovate, entire, 1-veined ; heads solitary ; pods velvety. N. Holland. 

6 A. VESTiTA. Shrub (if, clothed with a soft down ; leaves (phyllodia) halved, elliptic- 

oblanceolate ; heads loosely racemed along the ped., one being terminal. N. Holhuid. 

7 A. cuLTKipoRMis. Shrub 5f, smooth and glaucous ; leaves curved, triangular-lanceo- 

late, coriaceous; heads in racemes, panicled at the end of the branches. 

8 A, VKRTiciLi.\TA. Shrub bushy, leafy, with the phyllodia and leaf-like stipules crowded 

and irregularly whorled ; spikes oblong, solitary, axillary. New Holland. 

9 A. LONoiPOLiA. Shrub 5r, unarmed, with the phyllodia long, linear-lanceolate, 3- 

veined at base, veiny above ; spikes axillary, in pairs ; flowers l-parted. N. S. Wale.-*. 

10 A. LiNK.xuis. Shrub 5f, unarmed, with phyllodia very long i^T') and narrowly lin 
car, 1-veined ; spikes axillary, mauy, often branched ; calyx 4-parteil. 

11 A. Fi.oKimrNDA. Shrub or small tree. (5— lOf ; phyllodia linear-lanceolate, atteiiuato 
both ways, 3 r)-veir.ed ; spikes siin^)!i\ axillary, solitary; calyx t-toothed. N. Holland. 

59. POINCIANA, L. Sepals 5, united just at base. Petals broad, uu- 
guiculate, spre;idiug. Stam. 10, very long, deeurved with the slender style. 
Legume Hat. +) Tropical. Leatlets ver}- many, no odd one. Fls. large. 

1 P. ruLCMKURiMA. Shrub prickly (used in the W. Ind. for hodgf <, hence called Fioto^r- 
fence); leatlets oval-oblong ; fls. 'J' broad, orange, with crimson flhunonle '2' long. lOf, 



100 ■ Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

2 P. GiLLEsii. From S. Am. Thornless ; Ifts. very small ; fls. 2', ylw., the pet. subequal, 

snbsessile. giandular-ciliate at apex. [one epotted. From Madagascar. lOf. 

3 P. KEGiA, has crimson flowers 3' broad, the petals long-clawed, creuate-edged, upper 

60. CALLISTAOHYS, Vent. Calyx 2-lipped. Banner erect, keel and 
wings deflexed. Stam. 10, separate, as in Baptisia. Style incurved. Pod 
woody before ripening, many-seeded. ^ From New Holland. Leaves 
3-foliate but sessile. Flowers yellow, in a terminal cluster. 

1 €. LANCEOLATA. Hairy, half-shrubby ; leaflets lanceolate, apparently ivJwrled in S's. 

2 C. OVATA. Pubescent ; leaves ovate, acute ; spike short and broad, many-flowered. 

61. SOPHORA, L. Keel obtuse, not shorter than the wings or round- 
ish banner. Pod stipitate, many-seeded, moniliform, indehiscent. Seeds 
globular. ^ +> Leaves odd-pinnate. Panicles terminal. 

1 S. tOMientosa L. Shrub 4— 6f, hoary-tomentous ; Ifts. about 15. oblong, thick ; fls. 

in long racemes, yellow, handsome ; calyx obscurely 5-toothed ; pod 6'. Coast, Fla. 

2 S. Japonica. Tree 30 — 40f, from Japan, hardy from Philadelphia south. Leaflets 

about 13, smooth ; panicles large, erect, open, v/hite, in July and August. 

62. CHOROZEMA ilicifolia. Shrub from N. Holland, 3f, bushy, 
with thick spinescent, holly-like, simple leaves, and a profusion of deep orange or scarlet 
racemes. Calyx 2-lipped. Keel shorter than the wings. Pod inflated, many-seeded. 

63. OROBUS, Tourn. Bitter Vetch. Calyx obtuse at base, deeper 
cleft on upper side. Cor. long, keel incurved, shorter than wings or banner. 
Sty. terete, downy above. U Lfts. 2 — 12, rachis ending in a short point. 

1 O. VERNUS. Lfts. 6, ovate, pointed; stip. j^-sagit., entire ; fls. blue and purp. Apr. If. 

2 O. NIGER. Branched, 3f ; lfts. 12, ovate to oblong; flowers dark purple. June— Aug. 

3 O, ATKOPUKPUREUS. Leaflets 6, linear ; flowers dark purple, in long 1-sided racemes. 

64. LENS ESCHLENTA. Lentil. Herb cultivated for food at the East 
since the times of Esau, seldom seen here. Stem weak, If. Leaves of many pairs of ob- 
long leaflets, ending in a branched tendril, Eaceme of 2 or 3 pale flowers succeeded by a 
short broad pod. Seed exactly lens-shaped, giving the name. @ 

65. CYTISUS, L. Cul. 2-lipped, with 5 teeth, keel obtuse, straightish. 
Style incurved or at length involute. Seeds with a scale at the liiium 
(strophiolate). 5 Leaves of 3 leaflets, the upper becoming simple. 

C. scoPARius. Scotch Broom. Shrub with smooth angular, virgate branches ; lfts. oblong, 
pedicels solitary, axillary ; flowers yellow, showy ; pods hairy at edge. Europe. 

66. TRIGONELLA Fcenum-Gr^cdm. Fenugreek. Herb from Eu- 
rope, in gardens. Cult, for its strong-scented herbage. 2f. Lfts. 3, cuneate at base. Fls. 
axillary, sessile, small, white. Pods linear, long, slightly falcate at point, 2 or 3 together. 

67. CLIANTHUS, Soland. Cal. bell-form, 5-cleft. Banner lance-ovate, 
acuminate, reflexed, keel boat-shaped, decurved, as long as the banner, 
longer than the narrow wings. Pod oblong, inflated. ^ From New 
Zealand. Leaves odd pinnate. Flowers large and splendid. 

1 C. PUNiCEUS. Shrub smoothish, 4f; leaflets about 17, oblong, retuse, alternate, 
flowers 3' wide, crimson-red, in dense hanging racemes of superb appearance. 

a C. Dampierii. Shrub hairy, 4f; leaflets about 17, oval, acute; flowers very larffe, 
pcailet, with a black prominence at the base of the banner. Flowers freelv. 



Okder 44.— rosacea. 10] 

Order XLIV. ROSACEA. Roseworts. 
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate, stipulate leaves and regular floTV- 
ers. Sepals 5, rarely fewer, united, often re-enforced by as many bract! ets. 
Petals 5, rarely 0, distinct, inserted on the disk which lines the calyx tube. 
Stamens oo, rarely few, distinct, inserted with the petals (perigynous) 
Ovaries 1, 3, 5, or go, distinct, or often coherent with each other, or im- 
mersed in the tube of the calyx. Fruit a drupe, or achenia, or a dry or 
juicy etoerio (§ 158), or pome. Seeds 1 or few in each carpel, anatropous, 
exalbuminous. Embryo straight. .Figs. 5, 35, 38, 117, 139, 158, 183-5, 188, 
197, 244, 251, 285, 297, 300-1, 307, 358, 365-6, 400, 428. 

A Ovary superior, and the fruit not enclosed in the tube of the calyx. ..(a) 
A Ovary inferior, and the fruit enclosed in the calyx tube. ..{m) 

a Carpel 1, forming a drupe in fruit. Calyx deciduous. Trees or shrubs. . .(6) 

a Carpels 2 — CO. Calyx persistent, bractless. Shrubs or herbs. . .(c) 

a Carpels 4— CO. Calyx persistent, with 5 bractlets added. Herbs mostly. ..(/) 

6 Tribe I. CHRYSOBALANEyE.— Style lateral. Ovules 2, ascending Chrysobalan-us. 1 

6 Tribe II. AMYGDALEiE.— Style terminal. Ovules 2, pendulous Prunus. 2 

<• Tribe III. SPIRyEEj'E.— Carpels 2—8, several-seeded follicles in fruit... (d) 

d Petals obovate, equal, imbricate in the bud Spir^a. 3 

d Petals lance-linear, convolute in the bud Gillexia. 4 

c Tribe IV. RUBEyE.— Carpels 2— 00, 1-seeded drupes or achenia {e) 

« Shrubs unarmed. Carpels5— 8. Petals 5 (or 00), yellow Kerria. 6 

e Shrubs unarmed. Carpels 2 — 1. Petals 0. Calyx leafy Netidsia, 6 

e Shrubs prickly. Carpels CO , drupaceous and juicy Rubus. 7 

e Herbs not prickly. Carpels 5—10 (2— (5 in No. 12), dry Dalibarda. 8 

/Tribe V. FRAGARIDE^.— Carpels 4— CO, 1-seeded achenia in fruit... (7) 

g Style persistent on the dry achenia. — h Petals 8 or 9 Dryas. 9 

— 7j Petals 5 Geum. 10 

g Style deciduous.— /c Torus pulpy, globular, red Fkagaria. II 

—k Torus spongy or dry.— Z Bractlets minute or Waldsteinia. 12 

—1 Bractlets 5 Potentilla. 13 

m Tribe VI. SANGUIS0RBE;E.— Carpels 1—3, acheniate. Petals or 5. . .(«) 

«. Stamens 1 — 4. Style lateral. Flowers apetalous, scattered Alchkmilla. 14 

n Stamens 4— CO. Style terminal. Flowers apetalous, spicate Poterium. 15 

r» Stamens 10— 15. Styles 2. Petals 5, yellow Agrimon'ia. 16 

m Tribe VII. ROSEyE.— Carpels 00 , 1-seeded, free in the calyx tube Rosa. 17 

m Tribe VIII. POaME.'E.- Carpels 2—5, consolidated with the calyx tube...(o) 

o Petals oblong-spatulato. Carpels half-2-celled Amelaxchier. 18 

o Petals roundish.— p Carpels 1-seedcd Crat.egus. 19 

— p Carpels 2-seedcd Pykvs. 20 

— ;) Carpi'ls CO-soedod Cypoma. 21 

1. OHRYSOBALANUS, L. Cocoa Plum. Calyx 5-cleft. Rot. 5. SUu 
about 20, in a single scries. Ov. solitary, sessile, the style arising from the 
base. Ovules 2, collateral. Pnipe l-seodod, with thin pulp. +) With 
entire, veiny leaves, minute stipules, ami ttM-ininal panlclos. 

€. ol)loii}>ifollus ]Nrx. Lvs. oblontr, varying to oblnncoolato, smbtJOtisilo. podicels and 
calyx toincMiiovis-hoary ; (llaiuiMits and ovary glabrous; drupe as largo as a plum. 
Pino-barrons, (,!a. .Ma. Fla. S- I'.M'. f.oavi-s shining. Flowersi small, \vl\iti\ 

2. PRUNUS, Tourn. Ti-uM, c^c. C:ilyx n-cledt, the tube bell-shapoil 
or cup-shaped, deciduous. Tet. 5, spreading. Sta. 15 — 30. Ov. si>litary, 
■with 2 pendulous ovuU>s. Drupe tloshy, "vvith a bony nucleus. J-) +■> Fruit 
mostly edilile. Fls. w]iit(> or purplish. I'^^s. 51, 1 U) 01, 121 '>. 158. 2S:>. 2l>T 



102 Order 41- ROSACEA. 

§ Pklts-us. Drupe smooth, more or less glaucous with a bloom. Stone smooth, more 
or less flattened. Leaves mostly convolute (roUed) in vernation. Plums. . .(a) 

a Umbels 2-5-flowered. Leaves conspicuously acuminate No. 1 

a Umbels 2-5-flowered. Leaves acute or obtuse Nos. 2, 3, 4 

a Umbels 1-2-flowered. Leaves acute, obovate, or oval Nos. 5, 6 

§ Cerasus. Drupe smooth, without bloom. Stone smooth, globular. 
Leaves conduplicate (folded §254) in vernation. Cherries ... (6) 

h Flowers in lateral leafless umbels. Drupes small. Native Nos. 7, 8 

h Flowers in lateral leafless umbels. Drupes large. Exotic ... .Nos. 9, 10 

& Flowers in racemes— c terminating the leafy branches Nos. 11, 12 

— c in the axils of the evergreen leaves No. 13 

§ Armeniaca. Drupe soft-velvety. Stone smooth, compressed. Lvs. 

convolute in bud, expanding after the flowers. Apricots Nos. 14, 15 

§ Amtgdalus. Drupe tomentous or smooth. Stone rugous-fuiTOwed, 
compressed. Leaves conduplicate in vernation. . . (cf) 

d Fruit with a soft juicy pulp. Small trees. Peach, &c No. 16 

d Fruit with a hard dry pulp. Trees or low shrubs. Axmond. . .Nos, 17, 18, 19 
2 P. Americana Marsh. Bed Pluvi. Yellow Plum. Somewhat thorny ; lvs. oblong- 
oval and obovate, abruptly and strongly acuminate, doubly serrate ; drupes roundish 
oval, reddish orange, with a tough skin. Low woods. 10— 15f. May. t 

2 P. mai'itima Wang. Beach Plum. Lvs. oval or obovate, slightly acuminate, 

sharply serrate ; petioles with 2 glands ; umbels few-flowered ; ped. short, pubescent ; 
fruit nearly round. Sea beach, Me. to Va. 3 — 4f. Fruit size of a grape. May. 

3 P. umbellata Ell. Lvs. lanceolate or lance-oval, acute or barely acuminate, ob- 

scurely serrulate ; petioles glandless ; umbels 3-5-flowered, precocious ; fruit oval, 
small, glaucous, red. Dry soils. South. 10 — 15f. Fruit pleasant. May. 

4 P. Cliicasff Mx. CMcTcasaiu Plum. Branches spinous ; lvs. obloug-lanceolate or 

oblanceolalc, ^^iandular serrulate, not at all acuminate ; pedicels short, smooth ; drupe 
globous. Thickets, South. 6— 12f. Fruit red or yellowish. April. 
b P. spiiiosa L. ^. inslfiiia, Bullace Plum. Branches thorny ; lvs. pubescent 
beneath ; obovate-elliptical, varying to ovate, shai-ply and doubly dentate ; umbels 
1-2-flowered ; fruit globular, black, glaucous. Roadsides. 15— 20f. § 

6 P. domestic A L. Common Garden Plum. Damson Plum. Branches unarmed ; lvs. 

oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute ; pedicels nearly solitary ; drupe globous, oval, ovoid, 
and obovoid. Long cultivated, lof. Italy. 

7 P. pieiniila L. Sand Cherry. Lvs. oblanceolate or obovate, acute, subserrato, 

smooth, paler beneath ; umbels few-flowered, sessile : dmpe ovoid. Shrub trailing in 
sandy soils. 1— 2f. Fruit small, dark red, pleasant. May. 

8 P. Pennsylvanica L. Wild Red Cherry. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, tnely 

serrate, thin, smooth ; umbels corymborirs, with elongated pedicels ; drupe small; 
ovoid-subglobous. Woods, N. 25f. Bark red-brown. May. 

9 P, AVIU3I L. Ox-heart. English Cherry. Branches erect or ascending ; lvs. oblong- 

obovate, acuminate, haiiy beneath; umbels sessile, with rather long pedicels; drupe 
ovoid-globous, subcordate at base. Gardens, parks. 30— 50f. t 

iO P. Cerasus L. Sour Cherry. Large Red. Morello, &c. Branches spreading; lvs. 
ovate-lanceolate, acute at apex, narrowed at base, nearly smooth ; fls. with short pedi- 
cels ; drupes globous. Tree 15— 20f. t 

IIP. serotiiia Ehr. Black or Wild Cherry. Lvs. finn, oval-oblong or elliptic, acu- 
minate, smooth, shining above, unequally glandular-serrate ; petioles with 2— 4 glands ; 
raceme long ; drupes black. Woods. 50— 80f. Bark black. May. 

12 P. Virginiaiia L. Choke Cherry. Lvs. smooth, oval or obovate, short-pointed, 
thin, not shining, with sharp, subulate serratures, veins bearded at base ; petioles 
with 2 glands ; raceme short. Thickets. 5— 20f. Fruit blackish, astringent. May. 

8 3 P. Caroliiii^na Ait. CheJTy Laurel. Lvs. oblong-oblanceolate, acuminate, on 
short petioles, entire, coriaceous ; fls. small, in numerous, dense racemes shorter than 
the le.ivo<; drupes per>:isteTit. Doisonons. Banks, S. 30— .50f. April. + 



Order 44.— ROSACEA. 103 

14 P. Armeniaca Willd. Apricot. Lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate, Biihcordate at base, 
denticulate ; stip. palmate ; fls. sessile, subsolitary ; drupe large, subglobous. From 
Armenia. 10— 15f. Fruit purple-yellow, 1—2'. 

15 P. DASYCARPA Ehrh. Black Apricot. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, doubly sei-rate ; peti- 
oles with 1 or 2 glands ; fls. pedicellate ; drupe subglobous. From Siberia. 10— 15f. 
Fruit dark purple, in July. Flowers white, April. 

16 P. VULGARIS Mill. Peach. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, with all the serrature? acute; 
fls. solitary, subsessile, preceding the leaves ; drupe tomentous. Persia. 8— 1.5f. Fls. 
rose-color, with the odor of prussic acid. Fruit yellow-purple. 

/3. L^vis. Nectarine. Drupes glabrous, yellow, purple, red, large. 

17 P. COMMUNIS. Almond. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, with the lower serratures glandu- 
lar ; flowers sessile in pairs. Barbary. 1.5f. Varies with flowers double. 

1 8 P. NANA. Dwarf single-flowering Almond. Lvs. ovate, attenuate at base, simply 
and finely serrate ; flowers subsessile. Kussia. 3f. May, June. 

19 P. LANCEOLATA. Dwarf double flowering Almond. Lvs. lanceolate, doubly serrate ; 
fls. pedicellate, covering the stems. China. 2— 3f. Roseate. (Amygd. pumila, Ait.) 

3. SPIR^A, L. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Pet. 5, roundish. Stam. 
10 — 50, exserted. Carp, distinct, 3 — 12, follicular, 1-celled, 1-2-Yalvecl, 
1-10-seeded. Styles terminal. +> if Branches and leaves alternate. Flow • 
ers white or rose-colored. Fig. 244. 

§ Shrubs, with stipulate, simple, lobed leaves. Carpels inflated No. 1 

§ Shrubs, with stipulate, pinnate leaves. Carpels 5, united. Exotic No 2 

§ Shrubs, without stipules. Leaves simple. Ovaries distinct. . .(a) 

a Flowers in umbels or corymbs.— ft Corymb compound, terminal. Mts No. .3 

— J Clusters many. Gardens. Exotic. .Nos. 4 — 7 

a Flowers in a terminal panicle,— c roseate-purple Nos. S. 9 

—c white, rarely blush-colored Nos. 10—12 

§ Herbs, without stipules. Leaves tripinnate. Ovaries 5, drooping No. 1.'3 

§ Herbs, stipulate. Leaves pinnately divided.— c? Flowers rose-purple No. 1 i 

—d Flowers white Nos. 15—17 

1 S. opiilifolia L. Mnebark. Lvs. roundish, 3-lobed, doubly serrate ; fls. while, m 

pedunculate corymbs ; carp. 3—5. By streams. Rare. 4f. June. 

2 S. soRBiFoLiA. Lvs. odd-pinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, acuminate, doubly serrate, termi- 

nal one lobed ; fls. white, in terminal panicles. Siberia. Gf. May. 

3 S. coryiiibosa Raf. Lvs. ovate, cut-serrate above, whitish beneath ; fls. innumer 

able, white or roseate, in a dense, level-topped corymb ; styles and carpels generally 3. 
Penn. Ky. and S. 1— 2f. May, June. 

4 S. HYrEUiciPoMA. St. looter's Wreath. Lvs. obovale-oblong, subontiro; fls. in many 

lateral clust(M-s, on short branches, white, mostly double. Europe. 3f. May. 

5 S. PRUNiFoLiA. Branches virgate ; lvs. ovate, pctiolate, serrate, 5-veined, silky be- 

neath ; fls. in 3''s— 5's (very double), white. Japan. Beautiful. 

6 S. Rkkvesiana. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, ;Mobedor pinnatifld, glaucous beneath ; rar, 

capitate, pedunculate, often forming long wreaths. June. 

7 S. tuit.ob.\ta. Lvs. roundish, lobed, orenate, veiny : fls*. corymbed. Alps. 

8 S. toiiioiitosa L. llardhack. Rusty tomentous; lvs. lanoe-ovate, smoothish above, 

serrate; rac. short, dense, aggregated into a dense tliyrse like, terminal panicle ; carp, 
5. Pastures, ttiielcets. Connnon. 2 -.\L July, Aug. t 
S. l)ou{n..\sn. Much like No. 8, but larger, smoother, and with redder fls. Oreg\>n. 

10 S. walloilolla I;. Nearly smooth ; lvs. lanceolate to oblanoeolato. serrate; rac. 
panieled, dense or lax, white, ol^en witli a blush ; carp. 5. ^lendows, tlilokets. Coin 
mon. Stem purplish. 3— tf. Slam, conspicuous as in other species. July, t 

11 S. AKi.iCFoMA. Lvs. elliptic oblong, crenately lobeil and toothed; lis. innumorablu 
in large, (eruiiuid VJniicles. wliito Oreg. (> - 12f. Stems virgate J'ne, Jily. 



104 Order 44.— ROSACEA. 

12 S. L^viCri-TA. Lvs. obovate-oblong, very smooth and entire, sessile. Siberia, 

13 S. Ar uncus L. Goafs Beard. Lvs. tripinnate ; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, straight-veined, douWy serrate, odd ones lance-ovate ; pan. large, of numerous 
slender racemes ; carpels 3 — 5, glabrous, V. Mts. N. Y. to Ga. 3— 5f. July. 

14 S. jOba.ta L. Queen-of-tlie-Prairie. Lvs. pinnatifid, the term, lobe largest, ped- 
ately T-O-parted, lobes all doubly serrate ; stip. reniform ; panicle la^-ge, roseate, ex- 
ceedingly delicate ; cai-pels 6—8. Low prairies, W. & S. 4 — Sf. June, July, t 

15 S. Ulmaria. Double Meadow-sweet. Lvs. interruptedly pinnate, white-downy be- 
neath ; Ifts. lance-ovate, the terminal one large, palmately .3-o-lobed. Eur. July. 

16 S. FiLiPENDULA. Pride-of-the-Meadow. Lfts. 9—21, pinnatitid-serrate, minute ones 
between ; stip. clasping, large ; corymbs lax ; sep. reflexed. Europe. Root tuberous. 

1 7 S. Japonica. Lvs. biternate ; Ifts. oblong, acuminate, cordate, their stalks bearded 
at base ; panicle terminal ; flowers with 10 stamens and 2 styles, pure white. 3 — if 

4. GILLENIA, Moench. Inbl^n Physic. Calyx tubular-campanu- 
late, contracted at tlie orifice, 5-cleft. Pet. 5, linear-lanceolate, long. Sta. 
10 — 15, very sliort. Carpels 5, connate at base. Styles terminal. Follicles 
2-valved, 2-4-seeded. li With, trifoliate, doubly-sen'ate leaves. 

1 G. trifoliata Moench. Lfts. ovate-oblong, acuminate ; stip. linear-setaceous, entire ; 

fis. on long pedicels, in pedunculate, corjTnbous panicles. In woods, W. N. Y. to Ga. 
2— 3f. Flowers axillary and terminal, rose-white, \\' broad. Jime, July. 

2 G. stipuliicea Nutt. Bowman's Boot. Lvs. lanceolate, deeply incised ; radical 

leaves pinnatifid ; stipules leafy, ovate, doubly incised, clasping ; flowers large, in 
loose panicles. W. N. Y. to Ala. Flowers rose-color. June. 

5. KERRIA, DC. Calyx of 5, acuminate, nearly distinct sepals. Cor. 
of 5 petals. Ov. 5 — 8, smooth, globous, ovules solitary. Sty. filiform. 
Ach. globous. ;^ Stems virgate. Lvs. simple, ovate, acuminate, doubly 
serrate, with stipules. Flowers terminal on the branches, solitaiy or few 
together, orange yellow. 

K. Japonica. Japan Globe-flower.— Gardens. 5— 8f. Flowers double. 

6. NEVIUSIA, Gray. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes leafy, cut-serrate, 
persistent. Cor. 0. Sta. go, filiform. Ov. 2 — 4, 1-ovuled. Ach. drupa- 
ceous. 5 Lvs. simple, ovate, petiolate. Stipules subulate, free. Flowers 
terminal, numerous, showy. 

N. Alabaiaieiisis Gr.— Tuscaloosa, Ala. (Rev. R. D. Nevius.) 2— 3f. 

7. RUBUS, L. Bra]mble. Calyx spreading, 5-parted. Pet. 5, decidu- 
ous. Stam. 00, inserted into the border of the disk. Ovaries many, with 
2 ovules, one of them abortive. Achenia pulpy, drupaceous. ^ [^ With 
(2) stems, armed with prickles. Inflorescence imperfectly centrifugaL 
Fruit esculent, July — Sept. Flowers in May, June. Fig. 185. 

§ Fruit inseparable from the juicy, deciduous receptacle. Blackbereies , .(a) 

a Stems (mostly) erect, stout, armed with stout, recurved prickles Nos. 1, 2 

a Stems procumbent, trailing, mostly with slender, minute prickles Nos, 3—5 

§§ Fruit separating from the dry, persistent receptacle. Raspseeetes. . . (5) 

b Leaves simple, lobed. Not prickly Nos. 6—8 

b Leaves compound.— Stems not pricldy, herbaceous No. 9 

—Stems prickly, shrubby.— Corollas single Noa. 10 — 13 

—Corollas double No. 13 

1 5C. villosus Ait. Nigh Blacl-heii^y. Pubescent, viscid, and prickly; st. recurved 



Order 44.— ROSACEA. 105 

at top, angular ; Ifts. 3—5, ovate, acuminate, serrate ; petioles prickly ; calyx acumi- 
nate ; raceme leafless?, GO-flowered ; fruit ovoid, small-grained, sweet. Thickets. .3 — 6f. 
Fruit black, in August. 

/3. frondosus. Law ton B. Smoothish ; rao. leafy at base, short; fr. subglobons, 
large-grained, very acid. Fields and gardens. 

y. htimifustis. Trailing ; leaves smaller ; peduncles few-flowered. 

2 R. cuneifolius Ph. Sand B. Pubescent; Ivs. .3-foliate; Ifts. wedge-obovate, en- 

tiro at base, dentate above ; racemes few-flowered, loose. Sandy woods, L. I. to Fla. 
2— 3f. Pet. white, thrice longer than calyx. May, June. 

3 R. liispidus L. Hispid with retrorse bristles; Ivs. C-foliate, smooth, green both 

sides; Ifts. obovate, thickish, persistent; fls. and fr. small, corymbed, on filiform 
pedicels. Damp woods. 3— 7f long. Fruit sour. May, June. 
/3. aetbsus, Lvs. oblaneeolate ; fruit red. (R. setosus Bw.) 

4 R. Canadensis L. Northern Dewberry. Slightly pricldy ; lvs. 3 (rarely 5)-foliate ; 

Ifts. elliptic or rhomb-oval, acuminate, thin ; ped. long, hardly in clusters ; fruit large, 
black, very sweet in August. Stony fields, North. 

5 R. trivialis Mx. Southern Dewberry. Prickly and bristly; lvs. 3-5-foliate, thick. 

ovate-oblong or oval ; ped. 1-3-flowered ; sep. obtuse, reflexed. South. 
G R. odoratms L. Mulberry. St. erect or reclining, unarmed, glandular-pilous ; lvs. 
palmately 3-5-lobed, middle lobe longest, unequally serrate ; fls. large, in terminal 
corymbs ; pet. orbicular, purple. Woods : common. 3— 5f. Fr. red, sweet, in Aug. 

7 R, Nutkanus Mocino. Somewhat pilous ; lvs. broad, 5-lobed, lobes nearly equal, 

coarsely serrate ; ped. few-flowered; sep. long-acuminate, shorter than the very large, 
round-oval, white petals. Mich., Wis. to Oreg. 5~7f. 

8 R. Cliamaemorus L. Cloudberry. Herbaceous, dioecious ; st. decumbent at base, 

erect, unarmed, 1-flwd. ; lvs. mostly but 2, cordate rcniform, rugous, with 5-rounded 
lobes, serrate ; sep. obtuse ; pet. obovate, white. White Mts. If. June. 

9 R. triflorus Rich. Branches herbaceous, green ; lvs. .3- or 5-foliate ; Ifts. nearly 

smooth, thin, rhombic-ovate, acute, odd one petiolulate ; stip. ovate, entire ; pet. erect, 
oblong-obovate. Hilly woods, N. Fruit few-grained, dark red. 

10 R. strigosiis Mx. Wild Red Ra^jbernj . St. strongly l^ispid ; lvs. pinnately 3- or 
5-foliate ; Ifts. oblong-ovate or oval, obtuse at base, canescent tomcntous beneath, odd 
one stalked; cor. cup-shaped, white. Old fields, N. Common. Fruit red. 

11 R. occidentalis L. Black Raspberry. Thimble-berry. St. glaucous with bloom, 
long, recurved, prickly; lvs. pinnately 3-foliate ; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, hoary-tomon- 
tous beneath, lateral ones sessile ; pet. shorter than sep. ; fr. blk. Rky. fields and g:\nl. 

12 R. Id^us. Garden R. Hispid or prickly; lvs. pinnately 3-5-foliate ; Ifts. rhomb- 
ovate, acuminate, hoary-tomentous beneath ; sop. hoary-tomentous, poiutod, longer 
than the white petals ; fruit red, white, or yellow. § ? % 

13 R. Ros.'RFoLius. Bridal Rose. Prickles straight; lvs. pinnately 3-7-foliatc ; Ifts. 
lancc-ovate, doubly serrate, velvety ; flowers large, white. Mauritius. 

8. DALIBARDA, L. False Violet. Calyx inferior, doeply ^-Q>- 
parted, spreadii\i]^, 3 of the segm. larger. Pet. 5. SUi. oo. Sty. 5 — S, long, 
deciduous. Acli. nearly dry. |^, Lvs. undivided. Scapes 1-2-rtowered. 
D. rcpens L. Low, pubescent, bearing creeping shoots ; Ivs. simple, roundish-cordate, 

crenatc ; stipule linear-setaceous ; calyx spreading in flower, erect in fruit. :; Danip 
woods, Ponn. to Can. 2— 1'2'. Scapes with I small wliito llowor. Juno. 

9. DRYAS integrifolia, Vahl.— On (he White Uills of X. 11. Prof. 
Peck (Pursh). Ou Pike's Peak, (\)lorado. (A. IT. Thduipson.) 

10. GEUM, L. AvKNS. Calyx H-eleft, ^vith 5 alterniite segments or 
braetlets sin;dl(M- und exteriin-. IVt. T^. S(;i. oo. Aeh. jo, aggn^gated 



106 Order 44.— ROSACEA. 

on a dry receptacle, and caudate witli tlie persistent, mostly jointed, geniC' 
ulate and bearded style. If Leaves pinnately divided. 

§ SiEVEKSiA. Style straight, jointless, all of it persistent. Flowers large. . .Nos. 1, 2 
§ Geum proper. Style bent and jointed in the middle, upper part deciduous. . . (a) 

a Head of fruits raised on a stipe. Flowers yellow or purple Nos. 3, 4 

a Head of fruits sessile (no stipe).— ^> Flowers yellow Nos. 5, 6 

— b Flowers white Nos. 7, 8 

1 G. triflorum Ph. Villous, erect, about 3-flowered ; Ivs. mostly radical, interrupt- 
edly pinnate, of numerous cuneate, incisely dentate, subequal Ifts. ; bractlets linear, 
longer than the sepals ; styles plumous. very long in fruit C^— 30. N-W. States, rare 
in the North. S— 12'. Flowers pui-plish-white. May, June. 
2i G. radiatum Mx. Hirsute or smoothish; stem erect, nearly leafless ; root Ivs. 
lyrate, the tenninal leaflet large, reniform, lobed and toothed, lateral ones minute ; 
bractlets minute ; pet. obcordate, yellow, large ; styles hairy a^ base. White Mts. 
N. H., Eoan Mt. N. Car. 9—15'. (G. Peckii Ph.) 

3 G. vernum T. & G. Smoothish ; Ivs. pinnately divided, incisely lobed and toothed, 

the lowest often simple ; fls. small, yellow ; sep. reflexed ; torus conspicuously stipi- 
tate. W. and S-W. 12—20'. Stipules large. April— June. 

4 G. rivale L. Pubescent ; st. subsimple ; radical Ivs. lyrate ; stip. ovate, acute ; fls. 

nodding, purple; pet. as long as the erect cal. segments, purplish-yellow ; upper joint 
of the persistent style plumous. Wet meadows, N. and M. 1— 2f. June. 

5 G. strictiim Ait. Hirsute ; Ivs. interruptedly pinnate ; Ifts. ovate, lobed and toothed; 

pet. roundish, longer than the reflexed sepals ; torus densely pubescent. Fields, y. 
States and Can. 2— 3f. Terminal leaflet largest. July, August. 

6 G. macropliyllum WJIld. Hispid; Ivs. interruptedly lyrate-pinnate, the termi- 

nal 1ft. much the largest, roundish cordate, 3—5', all unequally dentate ; petals longer 
than the calyx; recept. nearly smooth. White Mts. and Can. 1— 2f. June, July. 

7 G, album Gmel. Smoothish or pubescent ; root Ivs. temate or often simple, upper 

Ivs. simple ; Ifts. ovate, lobed and dentate ; pet. as long as calyx ; torus wbite-bristly. 
Thickets. Common. 2— 3f. July. (G. Virginianum T. & G. &c.) (See Addenda.) 

8 G. "Virginianum L. Hirsute ; Ivs. pinnate below, then ternate, the upper simple; 

Ifts. incisely lobed, wedge-lanceolate, very acute, cut-toothed; pet. shorter than calyx ; 
torus nearly naked. Wet thickets. 2— 3f. Stout. July. 

11. FRAGARIA, L. Strawberry. Cal. concave, deeply 5-cleft, with 
an equal number of alternate, exterior segments or bractlets. Pet. 5, 
obcordate. Sta. Qo. Sty. oo, lateral. Acb. smooth, affixed to a large, 
pulpy, deciduous receptacle. % Lo Stems stoloniferous. Leaves trifoliate. 
Fruit red. Flowers white, in Spring. Figs. 5, 117, 184, 251, 428. 

§ Bractlets entire ; petals white. Stemless, stoloniferous Nos. 1, 2 

§ Dtjchesi^a. Bractlets 3-lobed ; petals yellow. Stems trailing No. 3 

1 F. Virginiana Ehrh. Pubescent; Ivs. thick; cal. of the fruit erecl -spreading; 

acii. imbedded in pits in the globous receptacle ; ped. commonly shorter than the Ivs. 
Fields and gardens. 6 — 12'. Some of its varieties are polygamo-dioecious. 
jS. Illinoensis, Larger, very villous in the stems. Prairies. Westward. 

2 F. vesca L. Alpine, Wood, or English Strawben^y. Villous-pubescent; cal. c( 

the fruit spreading or reflexed ; ach. superficial on the conical or hemispherical recep- 
tacle, which is without pits ; ivs. thin. Fields and woods. 
^. pallida. Fruit white. A var. well established in Wajme Co. N.Y. (Hankenson.) 
8 F. indica Ait. Pubescent, rooting at the joints ; Ifts. ovate, obtuse, incisely ere- 
nate-serrate ; stip. lanceolate, free ; pedicels axillary, solitary 1-flowercd ; bractletfl 
le&fy in fruit, li Damp places, Penn. and S. § India. 



Order 44.— ROSACEJS. 107 

12. WALDSTEINIA, Willd. Dry Strawberry. Cal. 5-cleft, with 

5 alternate, sometimes minute and deciduous bractlets. Pet. 5 or more, 
sessile, deciduous. Sta. oo. Sty. 2—6. Acb. few, dry, on a dry receptacle. 
U Acaulescent, with lobed or divided leaves, and yellow flowers. 

1 W. fragarioid.es Trant. Lvs. trifoliate ; Ifts. broacl-cuneifoi-m, incisely dentate- 
crenate, ciliate ; scapos hracteate, many-flowered. Hilly woods. 8'. June. 

2. W, loba,ta T. & G. Lvs. simple, roundish, cordate, 3-5-lobed, incisely crenate ; 
scapes filiform, bracted, S-T-flowered. Hills, South.. G\ May, June. 

13. POTENTIIiLA, L. Cinquefoil. Calyx concave, deeply o-cleft, 
with 5 bractlets added. Pet. 5, roundish. Sta. go, slender. Ovaries col- 
lected into a head on a small, dry, hairy torus. Sty. terminal and lateral, 
deciduous. Achenia oo. (D y b Leaves compound. Flowers solitary 
or cymous, mostly yellow. Figs. 365-6. 

§ SiBBALDiA. stamens 5. Achenia 5— 10, styles lateral. Low herbs. Mts No. 1 

§ CoMARUM. Sta. GO. Flowers brown-purple. Torus in fruit ovoid, spongy — No. 2 
§ PoTENTiLLA^jroper. Sta. 00. Flowers yellow to white. Torus not enlarged.. (o) 

a Leaves palmately 3-foliate Nos. 3, 4, 3 

a Leaves palmately 5-foliate. Flowers yellow Nos. 6, 7 

a Leaves pinnate.— 6 Shrubs, with the flowers axillary above No. 'J 

—b Herbs, with the flowers asillaiy, solitary Nos. 9, 10 

— b Herbs, with the flowers in terminal cymes Nos. 11, 19 

Exotic species, with fis. roseate and purple.. Nos. 13, 14 

1 P. procumbens Clairv. Lfts. 3, obovate, 3-toothed at apex, hairy beneath ; fls. 

corymbed. White Mts. ? (Pursh), and N. (Sibbaldia L.) 

2 P. palustris Scop. Lvs. pinnate; lfts. 3— 7, lance-oblong, obtuse, sharply serrate, 

hoary beneath ; sep. much longer than the purple petals ; torus persistent, large, 
tasteless, n Swamps, N. 1— 2f. June. (Comarum L.) 

3 P. Norvegica. L. Hirsute ; st. erect, dichotomous above ; lfts. 3, elliptical or obo- 

vate, dentate-serrate, petiolulate; cymes leafy; cal. exceeding the emarginatc pale- 
yellow petals ; sty. terminal. @ Old fields, thickets, Can. to Car. 1 — 4f. July— Sept. 

4 P. tridentilta Ait. Smooth ; st. ascending, woody and creeping at base ; lfts. 3. 

obovate-cuneate, evergreen, entire, with 3 large teeth at the apox; cymes nearly 
naked ; petals white, obovate. if High Mts. N. Eng. (5—12'. June. 

6 P. miiiiiiia Haller? St. pubescent, ascending, mostly 1-flowerod; lfts. 3, obovate, 

obtuse, incisely serrate with 5—9 teeth above ; petals yellow, longer than the sepals. 
2f White Mountains 1—3', tufted. June, July. 
6 P. Canadensis L. Villous-piibescent, procumbent, producing runners : lfts. 5, 
obovate, cut-toothed above ; i>c(licels axillary, solitary, 1-flowored. 
a.pumila. Small and delicate, flowering in .\pr. May, everywhere. 
|8. ftimplcv, Sub^'implo, ascending. 8—11', smoothish ; fls. June — Aug. Coanion. 
T P. argentca L. St. ascending, tomentous ; lfts. 5, oblong-cuneiform, with a few, 
large, incised teeth, smooth above, silvery cAuescent beneath, sessile ; flowers in a 
cymoKS corymb, small (3"). U Rocky hills, N. (5—10'. June— Sept. 

8 P. frnf Ifosa li. St. friiticons, very branching, hirsute, erect ; lfts. T^ — 7, line.ir- 

oblong, all sessile, margin entire and revolute ; petals large, much longer tli;ui (he 
calyx. A low, bushy shnib, N. States. 1— ^f. Flowers 1'. June-.\ng. 

9 P. ansorina Ti. Silirr-nwd. 0(X))i<'-(jrasii. St. slender, proslnite, rooting; lvs. 

iiilerrnpd'Jly i)innnte ; lfts. many pairs, oblong, deeply serrate, oanosoout beneath; 
peduncle solitary, 1-flowored, very long, if Wet, N. Kng. N. and W. 1— Of. Jn.— Sent, 

10 P. i>ara<loxa N. Decumbent at base, pubescent; lvs. pinnate; Ifls. 7— 9, o\-atc- 
obl. ineistMl, upper ones confluent; ped. solitary, recurved in iVuit ; ach. *J-lobcd. (i) 
t*hores of Sodas Pay (.llanke>»son\ \V. \o Oreg. If. ihine— July. 



108 Order 44.— KOSACE^. 

11 p. Pennsylvanica L. Erect, wMtish-downy ; Ifts. 5—9, oblong, obtuse, puk 
natifid, upper ones larger ; cyme fastigiate, at length loose, u N. Eng. : rare. 

15J P. arguta Ph. Erect, grayish, pubescent and villous ; radical Ivs. on long peti- 
oles, 7-9foliate, cauline few, 3-7-foliate ; Ifts. broadly ovate, cut-serrate, crowded; fls. 
in dense terminal cjones. U By streams, N. and W. 2 — 3f, stout. May, June. 

1 3 P. Nepalensis. Eoot Ivs. quinate ; stem ternate ; Ifts. wedge-oblong, serrate ; stip. 
large, adnate, entire. U Nepal, lit Flowers large, rose, scarlet, orange, &c. 

IIP. ATROSANGUiNEA. Lvs. tematc ; Ifts. obovate, cut-serrate, white-downy beneath ; 
scp. elliptic ; pet. obcordate. u Nepal. l|-f. Flowers crimson, often double. 

14. ALCHEMILLA, L. Ladies' IVIa^tle. Calyx 4-tootliecl, with 4 
external bractlets. Petals 0. Sta. 1 — 4. Carp. (1 — 4) mostly solitaiy, with 
the style lateral. Stig. capitate. Seed suspended. Low herbs, with pal- 
mately lobed oi iucised leaves and small green flowers. Fig. 38. 

1 A. arvensis Scop. Parsley Piert. Lvs. creuate at base, incisely 3-lobed or parted, 

the segm. 2-3-cleft, pubescent ; fls. axillary, (i) E. Va. A small weed. § Europe. 

2 A. alpiniis L. Lvs. radical, silky beneath, o-T-parted, cut-serrate at apex ; fls. co- 

rymbed. High Mts. of N, Eng. (Pursh, 181(5.) t Europe. 

15. POTERIUM, L. Burxet. Calyx tube contracted at the top. 
Lobes 4, imbricated, petaloid, deciduous. Pet. 0. Sta. 4 — co , exserted. 
Styles slender, 1 — 3. Stig. penicillate. Ach. included in the hardened, 4- 
angled calyx tube. U Lys. unequally pinnate, with long stalks and ad- 
nate stipules. Lfts. petiolulate, serrate. Fls. in a spike or head, on a long 
peduncle or scape, often 8 . (Includes Sanguisorba L.) 

1 P. Canadense (L.) Glabrous ; lfts. many, ovate or oval, obtuse, cordate, with 

serrate stipels and stipules ; spikes cylindric (30 ; stam. 4, long exserted. "Wet 
meadows along the mountains. Can. to Ga. 2 — 4f. Flowers green-white. Aug. 

2 P. Sanguisorba L. Glabrous; leaflets many, ovate or roundish, deeply serrate , 

heads subglobous ; sta. GO, in the lower fls. L. Huron {Hooker) andW. Purp. i' Aug, 

16. AGRIMONIA, L. Agrenignt. Calyx tube turbinate, contracted 
at the throat, muricate, limb 5-cleft, connivent in fruit. Pet. 5. Sta. 12 — 
15. Ov. 2. Styles terminal. Ach. included in the indurated tube of the 
calyx. U Lys. pinnately diYided. Fls. yellow, in long, slender racemes. 

1 A. Eapatoria L. Lfts. 5 to 7, lance-oval or obovate, with small ones interposed, 

coarsely dentate ; stip. large, dentate ; pet. twice longer than the reflexed calyx. Dry 
soils, common. 1— 3f. Rac. spicate, 6'— If. Fls. 3 — <^" broad. July, Aug. 

2 A. parviflora Ait. Lfts. 9—17, crowded, pubescent beneath, lanceolate, cut-serrate, 

with smaller ones interposed ; pet. small. Woods, &c.. Pa. S. and "W. Plant fragrant, 
3— 4f, with spreading brownisn bairs. July, Aug. 
jS. incisa, Lfts. incisely pinnatifid. South. (A. incisa T. & G.) 

17. ROSA, Toum. Rose. Calyx tube urceolate, contracted at the ori- 
fice, lined with the fleshy disk. Petals 5 (greatly multiplied by cultiYa- 
tion). St. 00, inserted into the rim of the disk. Ach. oo, bony, hispid, 
borne free within the cal5'X tube. +) Prickly. Lys. odd-pinnate. Stip. 
mostly adnate to the petiole. Figs. 35, 139, 197, 301. 

Ohs. Our innumerable varieties of garden Roses have mostly originated with the few species men- 
tioned belo-w. To define these varieties in order to their recognition would generally be impossible, for 
their forms are as evanescent as their names are arbitrary. All that we propose is to aid the learner in 
tracing back each form to the Kpecies whence it sprung. This will be easily done in all cases except w Ith 
the hybrids 



Order 44.— ROSACEA. 109 

♦ Wild Eoses, with simple, S-petalled flowers, open in June and July. . .(§) 

§ Leaflets 3, rarely 5, smooth. Branches long, climbing or trailing Nop. 1, 3 

§ Leaflets 5— 9,— a rusty glandular and fragrant beneath Nos. .3, 4 

—a not glandular. Erect.— 6 Prickles stout, falcate No. 5 

—b Prickles weak, straight Nos. 6, 7, 8 

♦ Garden Roses, with either simple or double flowers.. .(§§) 

§§ Styles cohering in an exserted column. Climbers. . . (a) 

a Leaflets 3—5, mostly 3. Prickles stout, deflexed No, 1 

a Leaflets 5 — 9. — h Stipules and sepals mostly entire Nos. 9, 10 

—b Stipules, or sepals, dissected. Prickles slender Nos. 11, 12 

§§ Styles separate.— c Stipules nearly free, and caducous Nos. 2, 13, 14 

— c Stipules adnate to the petiole.— c? Prickles falcate. . .(e) 

—d Prickles straight. . . (/) 

e Leaflets not at all glandular. Shrubs erect, often slender Nos. 15, 16, 17 

e Leaflets glandular and fragrant beneath, downy or not — No's. 3, IS, 19 

/ Lvs. and often the calyx, glandular. Fls. roseate or yellow.. Nos. 20, 21 
/ Lvs. not at all glandular. Prickles numerous, weak, or 0. .Nos. 22, 23, 24 

1 It, setigera Mx. Prairie Rose. Spines strong, straightish ; Ifts. ovate; stip. adhe- 

rent ; fls. in cor}Tnbs, deep roseate, becoming pale, scentless ; styles united in an ex- 
serted column. Prairies, &c., N. Y. W. and S. 12— 20f. June, July, t 
Var. Prairie Queen., Baltimore Belle., Rosa Si/perba^ &c. 

2 R. lievigata Mx. Cherokee R. Prickles very strong, recurved ; Ifts. elliptical, ever- 

green, polished; stip. free, setaceous ; fls. solitary, large, white; calyx bristly ; styles 
separate. Tenn. to Fla. 15— 30f. § ? In hedges and gardens. 

3 R. rubiginosa L. Sweet Brier. Eglantine. Prickles strong, recurved, many weak 

ones intermixed; Ifts. broad-oval ; fls. solitary; fruit obovoid and, with the pedicels, 
glandular hispid. Fields, roadsides. 4— 8f. Fls. light red, single or double. 
Var. Clementine, Maiden, Royal, Scarlet, Tree-dovble, White, &c. 

4 R. micrantlia Smith. Prickles strong, recurved, few and equal; Ifts. ovate: fls. 

solitary, small (15'0, mostly white. Pastures, &c. N. Eng. 6— Sf. June. 

5 R. Carolina L. Swamp R. Tall, er^ct, glabrous ; Ifts. elliptical, glaucous beneath, 

not shining; fls. corymbed ; fr. depressc'-globous, dark red, with hispid peduncles. 
Damp woods. 4— Sf. Fls. varying from red to white. June, July. 

6 R. lucida Ehrh. Wild R. Prickles scattered, setaceous ; Ifts. elliptical, simply ser- 

rate, shining above ; fls. in pairs (1—3) ; fr. depressed-globous and, with the pedi- 
cels, glandular-hispid. Dry woods. 1— 3f. Branches greenish. Fls. red. 

7 R. niticla Willd. Wild R. Stems reddish with very numerous reddish prickles; 

Ifts. narrow-lanceolate, smooth and shining; fls. solitary ; calyx hispid. Swamps, X. 
Eng. 1— 2f. Fls. red. Fr. scarlet. PerhapsavarietyofNo.fi. 

8 R. blanda Ait. Thmmless mid R. Prickles few, slender, deciduous ; IHs. oblong, 

obtuse, not shining; stip. broad; ped. short, and with the calyx smooth and glau- 
cous ; fr. globous. Dry hills, N. and M. 2— 3f. Petals reddish. 

9 R. SEMi'KKViuKNS. Pricklos subeqnal ; Ifts. thick, evergreen ; fls. clustorod. mostly 

white ; fr. round-ovoid, yellow, gliindul.nr-hispid. S. Eur. (>— I'Jf. 

10 R. AUVKNSis. Ayresh'ire R. Prickles unequal, falcate ; Ifts. ovate, acute, deciihioiis, 
glaucous beneath ; fls. solitary or clustered, white to purple. Eur. 20f. 

Var. Dvndee Rambler, Virginia Lass, Wicping-trte R., &.c. 

1 1 R. moscii.Ita. Musk R. Lfts. lanceolate, acuminate ; stip. verj' narrow ; sop. Ioml,'- 
ai)pendaged, pinnatitld ; fls. paniclod, peculiarly fragrant, white. Asi.i. 10— I'.T. 

12 R. MUi.TiFi.oitA. .fapan R. Lfts. lance-ovate, rugous, soft ; stip. pootinato-fringed ; 
fls. corymbed ; scp. sihort and ped. tonientous. South. 15— 20f. Pet. wh. topurp. §t 

Var. Boursault, Seven Sisters, Russd's, &.c. 

13 R. ukactk.Ita. Macartneij R. Erect; prickles recurved; lfts. 5— 9. olnnato, shin- 
ing; stip. bristle-fiinged ; fls. solitary, with large bmets under the touuMitous cnlyx. 
China. 2— :]f. Fls. white, creamy, Arc. § S. 



110 Order 44.-E0SACE^. 

14 K. BANKsiiE, rhornless R. Prickles none; Ifts. lanceolate, 3—5, subentire; fls. 
small, in umbels ; fruit globular, nearly black, China. 

15 R. Indica. Chinese Monthly E. Bengal R. Lfts. 3—5, ovate, pointed, shining; 
stip. very narrow ; sep. subentire ; stam. inflexed ; fruit top-shaped. China. 1— 8f. 
Fls. white to crimson, April to November. 

/3. Lawkenciana, Miss Lawrence's R. Aculeate ; fls. small (10. pink-purple. 
Other var. Noisette, Touland of Aragon, Giant of Battles^ Cloth of Gold (sulphur- 
yellow), and the favorite Tea Roses. 

16 R. CANiNA. Bog R. Prickles strong, compressed; lfts. 5—9, with acute, incnrved 
serratures ; stip. rather broad, serrulate ; sep, deflexed after flowering, deciduous ; ft. 
ovoid, red. Bar. 4— 8f. Fls. often simple, red. Often runs wild. 

|8. BouRBONiANA. Lfts. ovate, subcordate, glossy ; fls. double and semidouble, pur- 
ple. Numerous subvarieties, everblooming. 
1 7 R. crNNAMOiiEA. Cinnamon R. Lfts. 5 — T, oval-oblong, grayish-downy beneath : 

stip. broad, involute, pointed ; ped. and cal. glabrous ; sep. as long as the petals, closed 

and persistent on the fruit. Eur. 6— 12f. Purple. 
18 R. DAMASCENA, BamasJc R. Prickles broad, unequal; lfts. large, broad-elliptic, 

whitish-downy ; sep. reflexed. Levant. 3 — 4f. Fls. pale roseate, very fragrant. The 

common Monthly is a variety, 
] 9 R. ALBA, White R. Erect, tall ; prickles slender, or ; lfts, round-ovate ; petioles 

and veins downy, glandular; sep. pinnatifld ; fr. ovoid, Eur. Stout, 4 — Sf. Flowers 

large, clustered, sweet-scented, pure white, semidouble. 

20 R. CENTiFOLiA. Pvovens R. Cabbage R. Very prickly ; leaflets 5—7, ovate, edges 
gland. -ciliate ; cal. and ped. gland. -hispid, viscid and frag. S. Eur. 2-^f. Fls. pink, &c. 

Var. very numerous, among which is the incomparable Moss Rose. 

21 R. EGLANTERiA. Yellow R. AvstHan Eglantine. Branches red, all prickly; lfts. 
5—7, small, broad-oval, or obovate ; sep. smooth, entire ; pet. large, yellow, Aust, 3f. 

Var. The Copper Austrian., single ; Persian Yellow., double, and others. 

22 R. ALPiNA. Boursault R. Climbing; lfts. 5 — 11, ovate or obovate, sharply serrate; 
ped. deflexed after flowering, and sep. connivent on the ovoid hip. Alps. 10— 20f. 
Older stems thomless, Fls, clustered, pink, blush, crimson, &c, 

23 R. Gallica, Common French R. Erect ; leaflets 5—7, oval to lanceolate, thick; fls. 
erect, with large spreading red petals ; sep. ovate, some viscid, Eur. 2— 5f. 

Var. 300 or more ; as the Velvet., Carmine., Carnation. Some are variegated, as 
Yoi^k-and-Lancaster, Tricolor, Picotee, Nosegay, &c. 

24 R. PiaiPiNELLiFbLiA, Scotch R. Burnet R. Very prickly, erect ; lfts. 5—9, round- 
ovate, obtuse, smooth; sep. entire, finally convergent on the fruit; fls. small, rose- 
ate ; but there are varieties with purple and even yellow flowers. 

18. AMELANCHIER, Medic. Shad-flower. Wild Service. Cal. 
5-cleft, Pet. 5, oblong-obovate or oblanceolate, Sta. short. Sty. 5, some- 
wliat united at base. Pome 3-5-celled, cells partially divided, 2-seeded. 
^ 5 Leaves, simple, serrate. Flowers racemous, white, 

A. Canadensis T. & G. Lvs. oval or oblong-ovate, sharply serrate, smooth ; raceme 
loose; calyx segments lance-triangular; fruit globous, purplish. Woods: common. 
5— 35f. Flowers showy, in early Spring. Fruit pleasant, ripe in June. 
;8. oblong-ifolia. Shrub; lvs. oblong-oval, mucronate ; pet. oblong-oboTate. 
y. rotundifhiia, Lvs. broad-oval ; pet. linear-oblong. Shrub 10— 20f. 
8. alnifblia, Lvs. round-oval, serrate near apex ; pet. linear-oblong. 15 — 30£ 
£. olig-ocdrpa. Shrub; lvs. elliptic-oblong, cuspidate; rac. 2-4-flowered. North. 

19. CRAT.ffiGUS, L. Thorn. Hawthorn. Calyx" urceolate, limb 
5-cleft. Pet. 5. Sta. go. Ov. 1 — 5, with as many styles. Pome fleshy, 
containing 1 — 5 bony, 1-seeded carpels, and crowned at the summit by thp. 



Order 44.— ROSACEA. Ill 

persistent calyx and disk. ^ +) Armed witli tliorns. Lvs. simple, often 
lobed. Bracts subulate, deciduous. Fls. corymbous, white or purplish. 
§ Corymbs 6-30-flwcT., appearing with the leaves. Fruit red or yellowish. . . (a) 

a Villous or pubescent. Leaves plicate or sulcate along the veins Nos. 1, 2 

a Pubescent. Leaves plain, not at all plicate, cleft or not Nos. 3, 4 

a Glabrous throughout.— 6 Leaves abrupt at base, lobed, petioled Nos. 5—7 

—b Leaves attenuate at base, seldom lobed Nos. 8, 9 

§ Corymbs 1-6-flowered, — c appearing before the downy leaves No. 10 

— c appearing with the leaves,— cZ pubescent No. 11 

— «J glabrous Nos. 12, 13 

1 C tomentosa L. BlacTc Thorn. Lvs. broad-ovate or oval, abrupt at base, doubly 

serrate or cut-lobed, villous beneath when young, and plicate ; fls. large. In compound 
pubescent corymbs ; fruit oval, large (8^0, 2-5-seeded, i-ed. Can. to Ky. and Car. Mts. 
15— 25f. Flowers white, April, May. Fruit July, Aug. Varies greatly. 

/3. pUchtat Lvs small, glabrous, strongly plicate. Vt., N. H., N. Y. 

y. pyrifolia, Lvs. elliptic, acute at base, thinly pubescent. Styles 3, W. 

5. Uabellata, Lvs. fan-shaped ; corymbs glandular-pubescent. W. 

£ mollis, Lvs. large, soft-villous, subcordate, many-lobed ; corymbs cancscently- 
villous ; fruit downy when young. Ohio to Iowa. 

2 C. punctata Jacq. Lvs. cuneiform-obovate, doubly and often incisely serrate, entire 

at base, and narrowed to a short, winged petiole, veins straiglit and prominent, co- 
rymbs villous-downy ; styles 3 ; fruit globous, punctate. Woods. 12— 25f. April- 
June. (See Addenda.) 

3 C. arborescens Ell. Thoniless ; lvs. lanceolate, acute at each end, deeply serrate ; 

calyx hairy ; segments subulate, obtuse, entire ; corymbs very numerous ; styles 5 ; 
fruit ovoid, red, W. Ga. Fla. and W. 20— 30f. March, April. 

4 C. apiifolia Mx. Thorny. Lvs. deltoid, truncate at base, cut-lobed and toothed ; 

petioles slender ; styles 2 or 3. Woods, S. 8— 12f. March, April. 

5 €. Oxyacaiitlia L. Ilaiothorn. Lvs. wedge-obovate, 3-5-lobed at apes ; corymbs 

glabrous, white to purple; styles 1—3; fruit small, red. Hedges, &c. 8— ISf. § 

6 C. cocci nca L. White Thorn. Lvs. broadly ovate, acutely serrate, 7-9-lobed (lobes 

shallow), thin, abrupt at base ; petioles long, slender, and (with the calyx) subglandu- 
lar ; styles 3—5. Thickets : common. 10— 20f. May. 

7 C. cordiita Ait. Washington Thorn. Lvs. cordate-ovate, somewhat deltoid, in- 

cisely and often deeply 3-5-lobed, serrate, with long petioles; sep. short ; sty. 5 ; fr. 
small, globous-depressed. Banks, Va. to Fla. 15—201'. X 

8 C. Crus-galli L. Cock-spur Thorn. Lvs. obovate-cuneiform, tapering to a short 

petiole, serrate, coriaceous, shining above ; spines very long; corj-mbs glabrous ; sop. 
lanceolate, subserrate ; styles 1 (2 or 3). Thickets. 10— 20f. Fruit pyritbrm. June. 

9 C. spatlmliita Mx. Lvs. small, coriaceous, shining, oblong-spatulato, attenuated 

to the subsessile base, crenate above, sometimes lobed; corymbs numerous, lateral. 
20-25-ll()\vered ; sepals very short ; fruit very small, scarlet. South. 10— 15f. June. 

10 €. ;cstival»is T. & (}. Apple I fair. Young lvs. rust-downy, older smooth above, 
elliptic, repand, short-stalked; corymbs glabrous, 2-5-tlowored ; iVuit largo (,S— D'O, 
globular, red. Wet shores, S. 20— 301". Fruit pleasant, in May. (,Soo .\ddontla.'> 

11 i). parvitlora Ait. Thorns straight and slender; lvs. cunoate-obovato. subses- 
sile ; Us. subsolitary, villous-tomentous ; sop. incised, leufy, as long as the petals ; sty. 
5; fi-. large, roundish, yellowish. Sandy woods, N. J. and S. 4— Tf. -\pril. May. 

12 C Uava Ait. :^ii/ni)U'r Jfair. Thorns straight or nR*uato; h-s. rhmnbie-ohovato, 
attenuate into a glaiulular petiole; corymbs 1 (often 2 or 3)-tlowercd ; stylos l or 5; 
fruit largo, pear-shaped, ^'a. to Fla. 15-2r)f. April. May. 

13 €. viridis L. Thorns few and short; lvs. roundish or oval, aouto at each oiul. 
sharply and doubly toothed above; petioles glandless ; oi^rymhs 3 G-iUnvorod; stylosi 
2or 3: fruit largo, globular. Iowa to Fla. 12— ISf. April, May. 



112 Order 45.— SAXIFRAGACE^. 

20. PYRUS, L. Pear, Apple, &c. Calyx urceolate, limb 5-cleft Pet 
5, roundlsli. Styles 5 (2 or 3), often united at base. Pome closed, 3-5- 
carpelled, fleshy or baccate. Cai-p. cartilaginous, 2-seeded. ^ ^ Lys. simple 
or pimiate. Flowers white or rose-colored, in cymous corymbs. 

S Pmus. Leaves simple, glandless. Styles distinct. Pome pyriform No. 1 

§ MAiiTTS. Leaves simple, glandless. Styles united below. Pome globous .Xos, 2 — 4 

§ Aronia. Leaves simple, glandular on the midvein. Styles united, &c No. 5 

§ SoKBUs. Leaves pinnate. Styles 2— 5, distinct. Pome small (scarlet) Noa 6, T 

1 P. COMMUNIS. Pear-tree. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, obscurely crenate, glabrous and 

polished above, acute or acuminate ; corymbs racemous ; cal. and pedicels pubesi ent ; 
styles 5, distinct and villous at base. Europe. 20— 35f. 

2 P. Malus. Common Apple-tree. Lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate, not lobe], 

downy, the veins all incurved; corymbs subumbellate ; pet. with short claws ; styles 
5, united and villous at base. Europe. 20— 30f. Nearly §. 

3 P. coronaria L. Wild Crab-tree. Lvs. ovate, rounded at base, cut-serrate, often 

Bublobate, straight-veined, soon smoothish ; sep. subulate ; fls. large, roseate, corymbed, 
fragrant ; pome large (18'0, sour. Glades. 10— 20f. May. 

4 P. angastifolia Ait. Lvs. lanceolate, often acute at base, crenate-serrate or sub- 

entire, short-stalked ; sep. ovate ; styles distinct. Pa. and S. 20 — 30f. March. 

5 P. arl>iitifolia L./. Choke Berry. Downy ; lvs. oblong or obovate, crenate-serru- 

late, narrowed at base into a short petiole ; fruit pyriform or subglobous, dark red. 
Damp woods. 5 — 8f. Fruit size of currants. May, June. 
|3. melanocdrpa. Nearly smooth ; fruit blackish purple. Swamps. 2 — 4f. 

6 P. Americana DC. Mountain Ash. Lfts. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucro- 

nately serrate, smooth, subsessile ; cjTnes compound, with numerous flowers ; pome 
small, globous ; styles 3 — 5. Mountain woods. Can. to Ga. 15 — 20f. May, t 

7 P. AuctrpAEiA. English Mountain Ash. Lfts. as in P. Americana, except that they 

are always smooth on both sides, and, Avith the serratures, less acute at apex , flowers 
corymbous; fruit globous. Europe. 20 — 40f. t 

21. OYBONIA, Toum. QurtsrcE. Flowers and leaves as in Pyrus. 
Carpels cartilaginous, many-seeded. Seeds covered with mucilxguious 
pulp. ^ ;^ Flowers mostly solitary. 

1 C vuLGAKis. Lvs. oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, acute at apex, very entire , smooth 

above, tomentous beneath ; fls. solitary, large, roseate ; pome tomentous, obovoid. 
Europe. 8 — 12f. Stems crooked. April, May. 

2 C. Japontca. Japan Quince. Lvs. glabrous, shining, coriaceous, ovate-lnnceolate, 

acute at each end, serrulate ; stip. reniform ; spines short, straight ; fls. axillary, sub- 
sessile, crimson. Japan. 5 — 6f. Very bushy. April, May. 

- Order XLY. SAXIFRAGACEJE. Saxifrages. 

Herbs or sJirubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes -stipulate. 
Sepals 4 or 5, cohering more or less, and partly or wholly adherent. Pe- 
tals as many as the sepals, inserted between the lobes of the calyx. 
Stamens as many, as the petals, and alternate with them, oi 2 to 10 
times as many. Ovary mostly inferior, usually of 2 (2 — 4) carpels cohering 
at base and distinct or united above. Fruit generally capsular, 1-2-celled. 
Seeds small, many, albuminous. Figs. 25, 52, 53, 132, 250, 273. 

A large order, now including Ribes and Parnassia, each often regarded 
as constituting separate orders. 



Order 45.— SAXIFRAGACE^. 113 

I. SAXIFR^GE/E. Herbs. Stipules none or adnate. Petals imbricate, rarely 
convolute in the bud. Calyx free or partly adherent. . .(a) 

a Petals wanting. Ovary adherent, 1-celled. Stamens 10 ChrysosplBnium, 1 

o Petals pinnatifid. Ovary half adherent, 1-celled. Stamens 5 or 10 Mitella. 2 

a Petals entire. — d Stam. 10.— e Ovary 1-celled, nearly free Tiarella. 3 

—e Ovary 2-celIed. Fls. perfect. Lvs. simple Saxifraga. 4 

—« Ovary 2-celled. Fls. polyg. Lvs. compound. . .A.stilbe. 5 

— tZ Stam. 5.—/ Ovary 2-celled, adherent. Seed rough Boykinia. 6 

— / Ovary 2-celled, free. Seed wing-margined Sullitantia. 7 

—/■ Ovary l-celled.—^ Styles and carpels 2 Heuchera. 8 

—ff Styles and carpels S Lepuropetalox. 9 

—g Stigmas and carpels 4 Parnassia. 10 

n ESCALLONIEjE. Shrubs with alternate leaves, no stipules, and a valvate corolla bud. . .(6) 

b Calyx free from the 2-celled ovary. Stamens 5. Capsule CO -seeded Itea. 11 

6 Calyx adherent to the ovary. Stam. 5. Berry GO -seeded. (From S. Am.) Escallonia. 12 

ni. HYDBANGEjE. shrubs with opposite, simple leaves, and no stipules. ..(c) 

c Corolla valvate in the bud.— A Cymes radiate. Shrub erect Hydrangea. 13 

—7( Cymes naked. Shrub climbing Decumaria. 14 

c Corolla convolute in the bud.— A- Stamens 20 — 10 Petals 4 Philadelphus. 15 

—J: Stamens V). Petals 5. (Asiatic) Deotzia. 16 

IV. KIBESIE.(E. Shrubs with alternate, palmately-lobed leaves, and baccate fr... Kibes. 17 

1. CHRYSOSPLBNIUM, Toiirn. Water Carpet. Calyx adnate 
to the ovary, 4-5-lobed, colored inside. Cor. 0. Sta. 8 — 10, short. Sty. 2. 
Caps, obcordate, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. ^ Prostrate, small. 

C. Americiiimin Schvv. Lvs. opposite, roundish, slightly crenate, tapering to the 
petiole ; cal. 4-cleft. Cool springs, Northward. 3—0'. Calyx yellowish. Apr. May. 

2. MITEIjLA, Tourn. Mitre-wort. Calyx 5-cleft, adherent to the 
ba^c of tlie ovary. Pet. 5, pectinatcly pinnatitid, inserted on the throat of 
tlie calyx. Sta. 5 or 10, included. Sty. 2, short. Caps. 2-bccUved, 1-celled, 
with two equal valves. U Flowers small, in a slender raceme or spike. 

1 M, dii>]iylla L. Lvs. cordate, acute, suhlobate, serrate-dentate, radical ones on 

long petioles, the cauline 2, opposite, subsessile ; fls. white, in a long, loose spike. 
Woods, N. Eng. to Car. if. May, June. Curious. 

2 M. Hilda L. Lvs. orbicular-reniform, doubly crenate, with scattered hairs above; 

scape filiform, few-flwd., naked or with a single leaf; pet. pinnatifid with liliforoi 
eegmenls. Damp woods, N. Eng. N. Y. : rare. G'. Very delicate. June. 

3. TIARELLA, L. Bishop's Cap. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes obtuse 
Pet. 5, entire, the claws inserted on the calyx. Sta. 10, exserted, inserted 
into the calyx. Sty. 2. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved, one valve much larger. 
U Flowers white. 

T, cordilolla L. Lvs. cordate, aiMitely lobed, mucronate-dentate, pilous ; scape r.v 
cemous ; stolons creeping. Rocky woods, Can. to Ga. Common North. If. 

4. SAXIFRAGA, L. Saxifrage. Sep. 5, more or less united, often 
adnate to the bas(> of the ovary. Pet. 5, entire, inserted on the tube t)f tlie 
calyx. Sta. 10. Anth. 2-cH'll('d, witli lonii:itudinal dehiscence. C.tps. of 
2 connate carpels, oiuMiiiii;- belwcH-n the 2 diverginu-, acuminate beaks 
(styles). S(>eds oo. If 

§ Loaves o])posito (small) tin the prostrate stem. Flowers purplish No. 1 

$ Leaves altornato on the asooniling stem. Flowers yellow or white No^. li, "J, -1 

§ Leaves losiilate at the base of the mostly leatless scape. . .(a) 



114 Order 45.— SAXIFRAGACE^. 

a Calyx entirely free from the ovary (inferior) Nos. 5, 6, T 

a Calyx adherent to the base of the ovary (half superior) Nos. 8, 9, 10 

Exotic species, cultivated Nos. 11, 12 

1 S. oppositifolia L. Lvs. opposite, obovate, carinate, obtuse, punctate, persist 

ent i ils. solitary ; cal. free ; pet. large, obovate, 5-veined, longer than the stamens. 
Eocky clifls, Willoughby Lake, Vt. June. 

2 S. aizoides L. Cfespitous, leafy ; lvs. linear-oblong, thick, flat ; sep. ovate, slightly 

adherent ; pet. oblong, yellow, longer than the sepals ; capsules as long as the styles. 
With No. 1, and N. W. June. 

3 S. rivularis L. St. weak, ascending, 3-5-flowered ; radical lvs. petiolate, reniform, 

crenatelv lobed, cauline lanceolate, subentire ; cal. lobes broad-ovate, nearly as lonar 
as tne white, ovate petals. White Mts. and N. 

4 S. tricuspidata Retz. St. thick, erect ; lower lvs. crowded, oblong, 3-cuspidate ; 

fls. few, large, somewhat corymbed ; sep. thick, ovate, shorter than the oblong-obo- 
vate, yellow, dotted petals. Lake shores. Can. and N. 

5 S. leucantliesulfolia Mx. Viscid-pubescent ; lvs. radical, spatulate, cut-dentate, 

tapering to a petiole ; scape diffusely paniculate ; calyx free, reflexed ; pet. unequ^U, 
white, 3 of them spotted. Mts. S. 18'. 

6 S. erosa Ph. Viscid-pubescent ; lvs. radical, thin, oblong-lanceolate, acute, witb 

erose teeth ; panicle oblong, loose, with leafy bracts ; cal. free, with reflexed, obtuse 
sepals as long as the equal, obtuse white petals. Mts. Pa. to Car. IS'. 

7 S. Careyaiia Gr. Lvs. round-ovate to deltoid, coarsely dentate, abrupt at base; 

panicle difi"use ; pet. equal, ovate or oblong, white, dotted, twice longer than the 
recurved sepals. Mts. S. (and S. Caroltniana Gray). 

8 S. aizoon Jacq. Lvs. spatulate, obtuse, bordered with white cartilaginous teeth, 

and a marginal row of impressed dots ; flowers corymbous paniculate ; pet. obovate, 
white. Piocky shores, N. Ver. to Mich, and N. 5— 10'. July. 

9 S. Virginiensis Mx. Early Saxifragf,. Lvs. spatulate obovate, crenately toothed, 

shorter than the broad petiole ; scape nearly leafless, paniculately branched ; petals 
white, oblong, much exceeding the calyx. Rocks, common. 4—12''. April, May. 

10 S. Pennsylvanica L. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, tapering at base, 
denticulate; scape foi'ming a difi'use panicle; fls. pedicellate; pet. greenish, linear- 
lanceolate, but little longer than the cal. Wet meadows, N. Eng. to O. 1 — 2f. May, Jn, 

lis. SARMENTOSA. With Creeping runners ; leaves roundish ; pet. white, 2 longer than 

the other 3 ; scapes naked ; plant hairy, China. Pretty for baskets. 
12 S. CRAssiPOLiA. No runners; lvs. thick, oval ; so. naked ; fls. pk. Siberia. Jn. Jl. 
/ 

5. ASTILBE, Don. 6 5? Calyx obconic, with 4 or 5 erect segments. 

Pet. 4 or 5, spatulate. St. 8 or 10, exserted. Ov. 2-cellecl. Carpels in fr. 
separating and dehiscing lengthwise inside. Seeds 1 — 4 in each cell. % 
Coarse, weed-like plants. Leaves bi- or tri-ternate. Fls. small, yellowish- 
white, in spicate rac. forming a compound panicle (like Spiraea Aruncus). 

A. decandra Don. St. tall, angular ; Ifts. subcordate, incisely lobed, mucronate-ser 
rate ; sterile flowers mostly apatelous ; sta. 10. Mts. South. 4— 6f. June — August. 

6. BOYKINIA, Kutt. Calyx turbinate, adherent, 5-cleft. Pet. 5, deci- 
duous. Sta. 5. Ov. 2-celled, 2-beaked. Capsule invested with the calyx, 
dehiscent between the beaks, i: Lvs. alternate, petiolate, palmate. Fls. 
cymous, white. 

15. aconltifolia Nutt. St. viscid-glan-lular ; lvs. smoothish, deeply 5-7-lobed (like 
those of Aconitum) ; cyme fastigiate, the fls. secund. Mts. S. 1— 2f. July. 

1. SULLIVANTIA, T. & G. Calyx adherent to the base of the ovary 



OiiDEK 45.— SAXTFRAGACE^. 115 

Segm. ovate, acute. Pet. oval-spatiilate, twice as long as the calyx. Sta. 
5, shorter than the calyx. Capsule 2-beakecl, 2-cellecl. Seeds wing-mar- 
gined. U Lvs. mostly radical, palmate-veined. Fls. in a loose pan., small, wh. 

S, Ol&ionis T. & G.— Ohio, Wise. Stem weak, ascending, (j — 12^. Lvs. roundish, cor- 
date, lobed and toothed. May, June. 

8. HEUCHERA, L. Alum Root. Calyx of 5 obtuse segm. Cor. 
of 5 small, entire petals, inserted with the 5 stamens on the throat of tlie 
calyx. Cap. 1-celled, 2-beaked, dehiscent between the beaks. Seeds many, 
with a rough, close testa. U Lvs. radical, long-petioled, petioles witli ad- 
nata stipules at base. 

§ Fls. small (1 — 2'' long), regular ; si;amens and style much exserted Nos. 1 — 3 

§ Fls. larger (3—5''' long), oblique ; stamens and style short Nos. 4, 5 

1 H, Aiiiericaiia Willd. Viscid-pubescent; leaves roundish, cordate, somewhat 7- 

lobed ; pan. elongated, loose, divaricate ; cal. obtuse, short, about equalling the spatu- 
late petals ; stara. much exserted. Shades, W. and S., rare N. 2 — 4f. May, June. 

2 H. villosa Mx. Villous, with rusty, spreading hairs ; radical lvs. round-cordate, thin, 

glabrous above, 7-i)-lobed ; pan. loose, filiform ; pet. white, about as long and narrow 
as the filaments. Mts. Md. to N. Car. and Ky. 1 — 3f. June, July. 

3 H. caiilesccMS Ph. Smooth or nearly so ; lvs. 5-7-lobed, dentate ; pan. loose, slen- 

der ; scape bearing one or two leaves below ; pet. linear-spatulate, twice longer than 

the calyx. Mts. Car. Tcnn. Ky. 1— 2f. (IL Curtisii Gr.) 
<t H. pubescens Ph. Lvs. glabrous, round-cordate, 7-9-lobed ; panicle dichotomous, 

geniculate; style exserted, stam. included; pet. white. Mts. Middle States. 
5 H. liBspida Ph. Lvs. hispid-rough, 5-7-lobed, lobes very obtuse ; fls. scattered ; pet. 

spatulate, purple; sta. a little exserted. Mts. S. and prairies W. June. 

9 LEPUROPETALON, Ell. Calyx 5-parted, lobes obtuse, tube tur 
binate, adherent to the base of the 3-carpelled ovary. Petals 5, minute, 
spatulate, persistent. Sta. 5, short. Capsule globous, 1-celled, 3-valved, 
many-seeded. Placentae opposite the stigmas, (i) A minute, succulent 
herb, growing in tufts. Lvs. entire, dotted. Fls. terminal. 

li. spatuld-tiiin Ell.— Hard soils S. Stems scarcely 1'; leaves spatulate, veiuless ; fls. 
large in proportion, white. March, April. 

10. PARNASSIA, Tourn. GiiAss of Parnassus. Sep. 5, united at 
base, persistent. Pet. 5, persistent, M'ith a bundle of sterile til. at the base 
of each, and 5 perfect stamens alternating. Caps. l-ccUed, 4-valved. Pla- 
centa) opposite the stigmas, in tlic middle of each valve. Seeds winged 
It Ghibrous. Lvs. radical. Scape 1-tlowored, often with one sessile leaf. 
Pet. white, with green veins. 

1 P. Caroliuiaiia L. Sterile filaments 3 in each group, each with a httlo round 

head; pet. sessile; lvs. broad-oval, rounded at base, one sessile ou the scape. Wet 
meadows. 10—15''. Flower handsome, 1' broad. June— August. 

2 P. aNai-il'olia Vent. Sterile til. 3 iu each set ; pet. abruptly clawed ; lvs. ronlibrm. 

Mts. Va. and Car. 10'. Lvs. large (1—20. 

3 P. palnstrls L. Sterile til. pellucid, setaceous. <V- ir. in each set : eaiihue U'M\ i( 

any, sessile; radical lvs. all cordate. P.ogs. Mich. N. aiul W. 0'. Vis. I'. Aujrust. 

11. ITEA, L. Calyx sniall, \\\\]\ o subulate segm. Pet. 5. lai\ee-linear, 
inllexed, inserted witli the 5 siani. on tlu> ealvN. Stylos united. Caps. 0- 



116 Order 45.— SAXIFRAGACE^. 

celled, 2-fiirrowecl, 8-12-seeded. +) With alternate, simple leaves, ana a 

simple, spicate, terminal raceme of wliite flowers. 

I. VlrginicaL.— Swamps, Pa. to Fla. 6f. Lvs. oval, acuminate, short-stalked. May,Ca. 

12. ESCALLONIA rubra and E. glandui^osa are handsome shrubs, 
with evergreen leaves and scarlet flowers, prized in the greenhouse. S. Am. 

13. HYDRANGEA, L. Hydrangea. Marginal fls. sterile, neutral— 
an enlarged, rotate 5-lobed, colored calyx only, g Calyx tube hemispheri- 
cal, adherent. Limb 4^5-toothed, persistent. Pet. ovate, sessile. Stamens 
twice as many as the petals. Caps. 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. 
Seeds oo. +) With opposite leaves. Fls. cymous, generally radiant. 

§ Cymes paniculate. Lvs. siuuate-lobed. Fls. rose-white No. 1 

§ Cymes corjonhous, level-topped. Leaves nwdivided Nos. 2, 3, 4 

1 H. quercifoliaBartram. Lvs. deeply sinuate-lohed, dentate, tomentous beneath, 

and on the petioles and veins above ; cjnnes paniculate, radiant, the sterile fls. very 
large and numerous. Shady banks, S. 4 — 8f. A superb plant, t 

2 H. arborescens L. Lvs. ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, acuminate, serrate-deu 

tate, paler beneath, nearly smooth ; fls. white-red. Banks, S. and W. 5 — 6f. 

3 H. radiata Walt. Lvs. ovate, abrupt or cordate at base, acuminate, serrate, silvery- 

tomentous beneath ; fls. white. Uplands, S. 6 — 8f. 

4 H, HORTENSis L. Changeable Hydrangea. Lvs. elliptical, narrowed at each end, den 

tuic-serrate, strongly veined, smooth. China ? 1— 3f. In cultivation the fls. are gen- 
erally all neutral, of varying hues, white, blue, pink, &c. 

14. DE CUM ARIA, L. Calyx 7-10-toothed, tube adherent to the 
5-10-celled ovary. Pet. as many as calyx teeth, valvate in the bud. Sta. 
3 times as many as the petals, in one row. Stig. radiate. Caps, many- 
ribbed, crowned with the style, oo-seeded. ^ With rootlets, oppositH 
leaves and cymes of white, fragrant flowers. 

D. barbara L.— A beautiful climber, in damp woods, S. 15— 30f. 

15. PHILADELPHUS, L. False Syringa. Calyx 4-5-parted, halt 
superior, persistent. Cor. 4-5-petalled. Sty. 4-cleft. Sta. 20 — 40, shortei 
than the petals. Caps. 4-celled, 4-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence. Sds. 
many, arilled. '^ Handsome. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. 

1 P. inodorus L. Lvs. ovate, acute or pointed, 3 (rarely 5)-veined, smooth, entire 

or with remote slender teeth ; calyx lobes ovate, acute, as long as the tube ; stj'lea 
united; fls. scentless, 1 or several together, pure white, V. Uplands, S. 5— 8f. May-Jl. 

j8. g-randiHorns, Pubescent ; flowers larger (1^0 : sepals acuminate. Cultivated. 

■y. hirsiitus. Hairy ; leaves and flowers smaller, the latter 1". Mt. woods. 

2 P. coRONAEius. Moclc Orange. Glabrous ; lvs. ovate, remotely serrate above, 5-7- 

veiued; flowers in dense clusters, cream-white, very fragrant; styles separate. S. 
Europe. 5— Sf. June, July. 

16. DEUTZIA, Thunb. Pet. 5, valvate or imbricate in bud. Sta. 10, 
the alternate longer, fil. dilated, 3-toothed, middle tooth antheriferous. Ov 
inferior. Caps. 3-5-celled. J) Leaves opposite. Fls. numerous, white. 

1 I>, SCABRA. Lvs. ovate, acute, serrate, rough-haii-y ; racemes terminal, dense ; styles 

3 ; flowers bell-shaped. Japan. 5— 8f. Very fragrant. June. 

2 D. GRA.f5iLis. Foliage similar to the other buv smoot er. Shrub only 2—31, branches 

covered with flowers in June. 



Order 4G.— CPvASSULACEvE. 117 

17. RISES, L. Currants. Calyx tube ovoid, adherent to the one- 
celled ovary, limb tubular or bell-shaped, 4-5-cleft. Pet. 4 — 5, small, in- 
serted with the 4 — 5 stamens on the top of the calyx tube. Sty. 2. Berry 
filled with pulp, with 2 parietal placentae. Seeds oo, albuminous. +) b 
Leaves alternate, palmately lobed. 3 — 6f. Styles often united. 
§ RiEESiA. Currants. Stems and berries not prickly. Flowers in racemes. . .(a) 

a Flowers greenish or red. Lvs. plicate in the bud.— 6 Fruit smooth Nos. 1, 2, 3 

—b Fruit hairy Nos. 4, 5, 6 

a Flowers bright yellow. Leaves convolute in the bud No. 7 

§ Grossularia. Gooseberries. Stems spinescent. Leaves plicate., .(c) 

c Peduncles 5-S-flowered. Style 2-cleft. Berries small, hispid No. S 

c Peduncles 1-3-flowered.— c? Calyx tube and fruit prickly Nos. 9, 10 

—d Fruit smooth. — e Leaves cordate at base No. 11 

— e Leaves not cordate Nos. 12, 13, 14 

1 R, rubrum L. Common Red C. Lvs. obtusely 3-5-lobed, pubescent beneath, sub- 

cordate ; rac. smoothish, pendulous ; calyx limb rotate ; bracts short ; fr. globous, 
glabrous, red, rarely amber. Woods, Vt. Wise, t 

2 R. floridum L'Her. Wild Black C. Lvs. acutely 3-5-lobed, resinous-dotted, sub- 

cordate ; rac. pubescent, pendulous ; cal. cylindrical ; bracts long ; fruit obovoid, 
smooth, black. Copses, Can. to Ky. 3— 4f. May, June. 

3 R. NIGRUM. Black C. Lvs. 3-5-lobed, resinous-dotted beneath, not cordate ; rac. lax, 

hairy ; calyx bell-shaped ; fruit roundish, black. Eur. 4 — 5f. 

4 R. SANGUiNEUM. Lvs. 3-5-lobed, white-downy beneath, cordate ; rac. long, lax, all 

rose-red; calyx segments spreading ; styles united ; fruit blue. Oregon. 

5 R. prostra.tum L'Her. Afountain C. Stems reclined ; lvs. 5-7-lobed, rugous, cor- 

date ; rac. erect, lax ; cal. i-otate ; berries globous, glandular-hispid, red, ill-sceutod. 
Eocks, N. Eng. to Car. Raceme becoming erect. May. 

6 R. resiiiogum Ph. Clothed with resinous-glandular hairs ; lvs. 3-5-lobed, round 

ish ; raceme erect ; calyx spreading. Mts. Car. (Lost.) 

7 R. AUKEUM Ph. Glabrous ; lvs. 3-lobed, subentire, shorter than their stalks ; raceme 

lax; calyx limb tubular, longer than the pedicels; fruit oval, yellow, soon brown. 
Mo. to Oreg. 6— lOf. Flowers fragrant. 

8 R. laciastre Poir. Spiny and prickly; lvs. deeply 3-5-lobed and incised, cordate; 

raceme hairy ; style 2-cleft ; fruit hispid. Swamps, Northward. 

9 R. Cyiicsbati L. Prickly G. Spines in pairs, prickles few or none ; lvs. cordate, 

lobed, pubescent, cut-dentate ; styles united to the top ; fruit brown-purple, with long 
spines, eatable. Thickets, Northward. Maj\ 

10 R. srEciosuM. Glabrous; lvs. roundish, lobed, crenatc, polished; spines long, in 
3's; flowers nearly solitary, pendulous, scjirlet. California. Very handsome. 

1 1 R. Itirtelliiitii Mx. Si)ines few and short, prickles ; lvs. roundish, lobed, toothed ; 
calyx limb bell-shaped, lobes twice longer than the petals; stanicns exserted ; style 
2-cleft. Rocky woods, N. Eng. to Wise. Fruit purple. 

12 R. rotiindiroliiiiti Mx. SjMues few and sl>ort; prickles few or 0; lvs. roundish, 
hibed, cut-crenate-dentate, smooth or downy ; calyx lobes linear, refloxod ; stamens 
and styles much exscrted. Rocky woods. May. 

13 R. UvA-cuisi'A. English G. Spiny; lvs. roundish, short-stalked, hairy bononth ; 
peduncle hairy, 1-tlowored; iVuit oval or globous, large (S— 12"), rod, greon, amber, 
white, &c. Europe. 

Ouniai XTA' I. CPASSULACEiE. IIousk-lkkks. 

PliDifs herbaceous or shrubby, succulent. Liinrs eutiro iv,- piunatiful 
fidpnh-s 0. Flowers sessile, usually in cvuk^s and perreelly syuunetricnl. 



118 Order 46.— CRASSULACE^. 

Sepds 3 — 20, more or less united at base, persistent. Petals as many as the 
sepals. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternating with them, or twice 
as many. Ovaries as many as the petals. Filaments distinct. Anthers 
2-celled, bursting lengthwise. M^uit distinct follicles or a capsule, many- 
seeded. Figs. 8, 9, 468. 

S Carpels distinct, forming a circle of follicles. . .(*) 

• Petals distinct. — a Flowers all 3- or 4-parted. Stamens 3 or 4 TiLL.ffiA. * 

— a Flowers 5-, or 4- and 5-parted. Stamens 8 or 10 Sedum. » 

— a Flowers all 5-parted. Stamens 5 Ckassula. 3 

—a Flowers 6-12-parted, with cleft h3rpogynous scales Sejipervitum. 4 

Petals united at base. — ft Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 8 Beyophtllum. 5 

— & Flowers 5-parted- Stamens 5 Rochka. 6 

— b Flowers 5-parted. Stamens 10 Echieveria. 7 

S Carpels united into a many-seeded capsule. ..(x) 

X Flowers 4-parted, with 8 stamens Diamorpha. 8 

X Flowers 5-parted, with 10 stamens. Petals often wanting Penthoruji. 9 

1, TILL.ffiA, jMx. Pigmy- weed. Calyx of 3 or 4 sepals united at base. 
Petals 3 or 4, equal. Sta. 3 or 4. Caps, 3 or 4, distinct, follicular, opening 
by the inner surfoce, 2- or many seeded. >^ Very small. Lvs. opposite. 

T. simplex Nutt. St. ascending or erect, rooting at base ; lvs. connate at base, linear- 
oblono:, fleshy ; flowers axillary, solitary, subsessile, their parts in 4's ; pet. greenish ; 
carpels S-lO-seeded. ® Muddy banks, Ct. to Md. 1—2', July— Sep 

2. SEDUM, L. Stone-crop. Sep. 4 or 5, united at base. Pet. 4 or 
5, distinct, spreading. Sta, 8 — 10. Carp. 4 — 5, distinct, many-seeded, with 
an entire scale at the base of each, if Lvs. fleshy. Inflorescence cymous. 

§ Fls. in scorpoid racemes or spikes, or axillary, the latter often 4-parted Nos. 1 — 4 

§ Fls. in corymbou? cymes, all 5-parted.— a Leaves mostly alternate Nos. 5—7 

—a Leaves opposite, and whorled No. 8 

1 S. ternatum Mx, Leaves scattered, flat, obovate, the lower mostly in whorls of 3, 

the upper spatulate ; spikes 3, rarely 2 — 4, radiating, secund ; central flower 5-parted, 
the rest 4-parted, white. Damp woods. 3— S'. May, June, 

2 S. Nevii Gr. Stem weak, branched, 3 — 5' ; leaves alternate, imbricated, small, obo 

vate-spatulate ; petals lance-linear, white. Mts., Va. (Porter), and S. June, July, 

3 S, pulcliellisui Mx. Leaves linear, alternate, crowded ; spikes radiating, dense 

flowered, secund, central flower 5-, the others 4-parted, rose-purple. Rocks, Va, to 
Tex. 4—12', May— July. Very pretty in gardens. 

4 S. acre L. English Moss. Procumbent, difi'use ; leaves very small, fleshy, crowded, 

alternate, appressed : cyme leafy, somewhat trifid ; fls. yellow. Gardens, Jl. § Eur, 

5 S. Rliodiola DC, Stems clustered, erect. .5— !(/ ; leaves mostly scattered, obovate, 

with several angular teeth or entire, crowded ; flowers 4-partod, in a small cyme at 
top, yellowish, dicpcious. Rocks. Penn. (Prof. Porter), Me., and Can. 

6 S. telepliioades Mx. Ascending, tall; lvs, roand-oval to lance-oval, narrowed to 

the base, subdentate, alternate ; pet. acuminate, pink. Rocks, Md., and S. Stems If, 
leaves 1—2'. Flowers numerous, in a terminal branching cyme. June. 

1 S. Telepliium L. Live-fcn^ever. Clustered, erect, very leafy ; lvs. of= ng-ovate, ob 
tuse, dent-serrate ; corymb dense, leafy, blue-purple. Waste grounds, &c. Stems l-2f, 
round, simple, with a compact pale-purple cyme at top, August. § Europe. 

8 S. SiEBOLPn, Lvs. opposite, or in 3's, roundish, glaucous, sessile ; c^mes dense, IcQfj'j 



Order 46.— CRASSULACE^. 119 

flp. B-parted, small, blnish-parple, blooming in October. Japan. In dense tnfts. A 
pretty plant, and one of the last to flower in the f^arden. Like most of the yedums 
its severed stalks will grow even if suspended in air. 

3. ORASSULA, Haw. Parts of the flower all in 5's, distinct and free 
Scales at base of ovaries 5. ^) if Fleshy plants, from S. Afnca, remark 
able for the perfect symmetry of their flowers. 

1 C. ARBORESCENS. Stem shrubby, terete, erect ; Ivs. opposite, fleshy, roundish, cuspi 

date, flatfish, glaucous, dotted above; cyme 3-parted ; flowers handsome, roseate. 

2 C. LACTEA. Stem erect, twisted below, branched ; Ivs. ovate, narrowed to the counaio 

bases, dotted along the margin ; cyme panicled, with many white star-like flowers. 
Leaves bright green. From S. Africa, as are many other species. 

4. SEMPERVIVUM, L. Live-forever. House-leek. Sep. 6—20, 
nearly distinct. Petals and pistils as many, and stamens twice as many. 
Scales lacerated. 5 U Leaves thick and fleshy, crowded. 

S, TECTORUM. Lvs. oval-obovatc, ciliate-fringed, densely packed at the ends of the off- 
sets, scattered on the stems; flowers purplish, usually 12-parted. Europe. Will 
grow on walls and on the roofs of houses (teciorum), or in borders. 

5. BRYOPHYLLUM calycinum. ^) Evergreen, fleshy, 2f Leaves 
opposite, 3-5-foliate, with thick, oval, crenate leaflets. Flowers in a loose, terminal 
panicle, with an inflated calyx and a tubular, exserted, purplish corolla, which has a 
4-lobed limb. The plant is propagated from the leaves, which produce buds on their 
margins becoming new plants,— like ovules from a carpellary leaf. 

6. ROCHEA, DC. Corolla fimnel-form, 5-cleft. Sepals, stamens, ova 
ries, and hypogynous scales each 5. 5 Fleshy. S. African. 

1 K. FALCATA. Shrub 2f; leaves opposite, the pairs some united at base, glaucous, ob- 

long, defl(!xed-falcate ; flowers in corymbous cymes, nxl, open, fragrant. 

2 R. cocciNBA. Leaves connate-sheathing, ovate-oblong ; cymes scarlet. Beautiful. 

7. ECHEVERIA, DC. Corolla tubular to bell-form, 5-lobcd or parted. 
Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens 10. Ovaries 5, with 5 scales, |) U Fleshy. 

1 E. GKANDiFOLiA. Plant 2f, erect, glaucous with a bloom ; lvs. spatulate to obovato, acute, 

the lowest large, rosulate ; flowers urn-shaped, panicled, orange-red. From Mexico. 

2 E. cocciNKA. Plant 21', erect ; leaves obovatc-cuueate, acute, scattered ; flowers car 

mine outside, yellow within, in a tall leafy spike. Mexico. 

8. DIAMORPHA, N. Fls. 4-parted, with 8 stamens. Carp. 4, united 
below, at length spreading, opening by an irregular valve on the back, 
4-8-seeded. @ Small, fleshy, tufted, with cymes of white or pink flowers. 
D. pusillsi N.— Sunny rocks, S. 1—3'. Loaves oval, sessile, 1". March, April. 

9. PENTHORUM, L. Virginia Stonk-crop. Caly.x o( o sepals 
united at base. Pet. 5 or 0. Sta. 10. Caps, of 5 united carpels, r)-augled, 
o-ccIUhI, r)-beaked, dehiscent by an obliquely-terminal valve. Seeds oo, 
muuite. U Not succulent. Lvs. alt(M-n;ite. Fls. yi'llowish, cymiMis. 

F sedoido.s L. Stem branched and angular above ; leaves nearly sossilo, lancool.Hto, 
acute, serrate ; fls. iu eecund, radiatiivjj racemes. Wet p iice». 10— li>'. July — SopU 



120 Order 48.— HOLORAGE^. 

Order XLVII. HAMAMELACE^. Witch Hazelworts. 

Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules. 
Flowers in heads or spikes, often 5 5? or 6" . Calyx adherent. Petals 
linear, or 0. Stamens twice as many as the petals, the opposite sterile and 
scale-like, or oo. Ovaries of 2 carpels, 2-celled, 2-styled, ovules 2 or oo. 
Fruit a woody capsule, 2-beaked, 2-celled, 1-2-seeded. 

§ Petals 4. Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Flowers mostly 5 Hamamelis, 1 

§PetalsO. Calyx truncate. Stamens 20— 28. Flowers g Fothergilla. 2 

§ Petals 0. Calyx 0. Stamens 00. Flowers g , in globular heads. ..Liqtjidambar. 3 

1. HAMAMELIS, L. Witch Hazel. Calyx with an involucel of 
2—3 bracts at base. Pet. very long, linear. Sterile stamens scale-like, 
opposite the petals, alternatuig with the 4 fertile ones. Caps, nut-like, 
2-celled, 2-beaked. ^ ;^ Flowers yellow. 

¥1, Virginid-iia L. Lvs. oval or obovate, acuminate, crenate-deotate, obliquely coi- 
date ; fls. sessile, 3 — 4 together, blooming in late autumn and winter. Woods. Stems 
crooked, 10— 15f. Pet. twisted, 9'' long. 

2. FOTHERGILLA, L. filius. Calyx campanulate, truncate and ob 
scurely 5-7-toothed, bearing the stamens in one marginal row. Styles 
distinct. Caps. 2}obed. +> Lvs. oval or obovate, expanding after the 
dense spikes of flowers. 

F. ainifolla L./.— Swamps, Va. to Fla. 2— 4f. Calyx white, fringed with the lonj' 
white or pink filaments. Styles long, recurved. March, April. 

3. LIQUIDAMBAR, L. Sweet Gum Tree. Involucre 4-parted 
deciduous. $ Anient conical. 9 Ament globular. Calyx a scale, if any. 
Fruit a globular sorosis (^ 171), woody, consisting of the scales, and 
capsules which open between their beaks. Ovules oo, 1 or 2 maturing. 
^ Leaves and gum fragrant. Twigs winged with corky bai'k. 

li. styraciflua L. Lvs. palmate, with 5 acuminate, serrate lobes; veins villous at 
♦^heir bases. A large and handsome tree, Conn, to 111. and S. 60f. May. 

Okder XLVIII. HALORAGE^. The Hippurids. 

Herbs mostly aquatic, with incomplete or minute ^ — y/ flowers. Calyx 
tube adherent. Petals — 4. Stamens 1 — 8. Pollen 4-grained. Ovary 1-4- 
celled. Styles 1 — 4, distinct, one pendulous ovule in each ceil. Fruit iu- 
dehiscent, 1-4-celled, 1-4-seeded. Seed pendulous, anatropous, albuminous 
(Formerly joined to Onagracese.) 

* Flowers 3-parted, apetalous, perfect Proserpixaca. 1 

*» Flowers 4-parted, moncEcious ; petals 4 or Mykiophyllum. 2 

* Flowers l-parted, apetalous, perfect ..Hippuris. 3 

1. PROSERPINACA, L. Mermaid Weed. Calyx tube adherent to 
the ovary, 3-sided, limb 3-parted. I'et. none. Sta. 3. Stig. 3. Fruit 3- 
angled, 3-celled, bony, crowned with the calyx. ^ Roots creeping. Lvs. 
alternate. Fls. greenish. 



Order 51.— MYRTACE^. 12] 

1 P. palustris L. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate above the water, those be 

low (if any) pinnatifid. 2; Swamps : common. 6— 20^ Lvp. 1— 2'. June, July. 

2 P. pectinacea Lam. Lvs. all pectinate, with linear-subulate segm. ; fr. obtusely 

3-anglecl. 7i Sandy swamps, Ms. (rare) to Fla. 5—10'' ; long creepers at base. Jl. Aug. 

2. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. Water Milfoil. Flowers <? , or fre- 
quently 5 . Calyx 4-tootlied in the ? and 2 flowers, 4-parted in tlie $ . 
Pat. 4, often inconspicuous or none. Sta. 4 — 8. Slig. 4, pubescent, sessile. 
Fr. of 4 nut-like carpels, cohering by their inner angles. ^ U Submersed 
lvs. parted into capillary segments. Upper fls, usually $ , middles ones 
^ , lower $ , greenish, emerging in summer. 

§ stamens 8. Carpels smooth and even. Leaves whorled in 3's, rarely in 4'6. .Nos. 1, 2 

§ Stamens 4.— Carpels ridged on the back. Leaves whorled in 4's and S's Nos. .3, 4 

—Carpels smooth and even. Leaves alternate or wanting Nos. .5, 6 

1 OT. splcatum L. Floral lvs. ovate, entire, shorter than the flowers, the rest all i)tii- 

nately capillary ; fls. in term, spikes. Deep waters, fls. emerging. lOf. 

2 Itt. verticillatum L. Floral lvs. pectinate-pinnatifid, much longer than the flow- 

ers, the lower pinnately-setaceous. Spikes leafy, terminal. Slow waters. 

3 M. Iieieropli^lluMi Mx. Floral lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, longer than the fls. 

crowded, the rest pinuately or pectinately capillary. Ponds : rare. 

4 M. scabratiim Mx. Floral lvs. linear, pectinately toothed ; fr. roughened, sharply 

angled ; verticils axillary. Shallow waters. G — 12'. Capillary segments few. 

5 M, tenellum Bw. Erect and almost leafless ; floral leaves or bracts alternate, mi- 

nute, entire, obtuse ; fls. 8 ; petals linear. Water edges, N. Eng. N. Y. and X. Scapes 
4—12', from long creeping rhizomes. Fls. purplish-white, sessile. 

6 M. ainbi<^uuin Nutt. Lvs. many, submersed ones pinnate, with capillary seg- 

ments, middle ones pectinate, upper linear ; fls. mostly 5 . Floating in ponds and 
ditches. Ms. to Ga. 

p. limbsum. Small, procumbent, rooting, in muddy places ; lvs. all linear. 

y. cfipiUaceum, Very slender ; lvs. all immersed and capillary, in ponds. 

3. HIPPURIS, L. Mare's Tail. Calyx with a minute, entire limb 
crOAvning the ovary. Cor. 0. Sta. 1, inserted on the margin of the calyx. 
Anth. 2-lobed, compressed. Style 1, longer than the stamen, stigmatic the 
whole length. Seed 1. ^^^ 2; St. simple. Lvs. verticillate, entire. Fls. ax- 
illary, greenish. 

H. vulft-aris L. Lvs. in vtM-ticils of 8 to 12, linear, acute, smooth, entire ; fls. solitary, 
minute. Borders of i)onds, marshes. N. and W. : rare. 1-— 2f. Dakotah (Matthews) 

Order LI. 3IYRTACE^. Myrtleblooms. 

Trees and shrubs, without stipules. Leaves opposite, entire, punctate 
usually with a vein running close to the margin. Cali/.v adherent below to 
the compound ovary, the limb 4- or n-clol't, valvato. J\ials as many as the 
segments of the calyx. S/<(i/ie/is numi'roiis. Ant/urs introrse. ,Sfi/h- and 
stigma simple. Fruit with many seeds. Albumen- none. 

Our JMyrtleblooms are either tender exotics, or indigenous far South 
The follow iug table must sullice for their recognition. 

• Calyx truiioato. I'otuls oonimto into 11 ciuliu-ous oul.vptrft or livl. ..i.j^ 

a Kniit a ciipsulo. Stam. IVoo. .Vustialiuii tivos, aUiMnato-loavod Kccalypti*s. 

(» Fruit a borry. Stam. tVco. I.oavos opposiio. Small iroos in S. Floriii;* Cai.yitk vnthk<i 

• Crtl. i-lobod. rot. 1, sproadiu- Kr. Xuxc. l,vs, opp. Troos. shrubs. S. Kliu .Uhpicr, Acli IUKm v. I 

• Ci»l. ft-lobcii. IV't. .\ spicailinj?. Stam. IoiiK-o.\!ii«rtoa. Shrubs, (.'ultivateii. . .iM 



122 Oeder 52.— MELASTOMACE^. 

5 stamens united into 5 sets. Fruit capsular. Lvs. alternate or opposite. AastrL.MELALECCA. 2 

i Stamens distinct. — c Flowers in dense lateral cymes. (Lvs. alternate.) Austrl. .Callistemon. 3 

— c Flowers solitary, axillary. Sepals equal. Lvs. opposite... MyRTCS. 4 

— c Flowers solitary, axiDary. Sep. unequal. 0pp. GuuDa... VsiDivn. 5 

1. EUG£3NIA Jambos. Bose Apple. Tree (20— 30f in India), with 
lanceolate leaves. Flowers white, in terminal showy cymes. Fruit round ovoid, crowned 
with the calyx, ly diam., yellow, with a thick rind, which has a sweetish, rose-like flavor. 

2. MELALEUCA htpericifolia. Shrubby, 5f, with opposite, elhp- 
tic-oblong, shining, 3-veined leaves on the drooping branches. Flowers of a splendid. 
red, in slender spikes, with innumerable stamens (IMong) radiating in all directions.— 
M. iiErcADENDKON, the famous Cajeput Tree of the East, has long lance-linear leaves, 
white- fls. spiked on the pendent branchlets. The trunk is black and the branches white. 

3. CALLISTEMON LA^^CEOLATmL Bottle-hrush. Beautiful shrub, 

with long, thick, lanceolate leaves, and the flowers in dense, cylindric spikes, crimson sta- 
mens iunumei-able, radiant at right angles, suggesting the English name. Often cultivated. 

4. MYRTUS coMMinsris. Myrtle. Evergreen shrub or tree of S. Eu- 
rope, emblematic of victory in honorable contests. The leaves are long, ovate, stiining, 
the flowers pure white or roee-tinged, with innumerable stamens, and the berries black. 

Order LII. MELASTOMACE^. JVIelastomes. 

Trees, shrubs, or Jierhs, with square branches and usually no stipules. 
Leaves opposite, undivided, dotless, and 3-5-veined. Calyx tube urceolate, 
adherent, at least to the angles of the ovary. Petals 4 — 6, convolute in bud. 
Stamens definite, AntJiers opening by terminal pores. Fruit capsular or 
baccate. — Genera more than a hundred, all tropical except the following. 

1. RHEZIA, L. Deer-grass. Calyx 4-cleft, swelling at the base. 
Petals 4. Stamens 8, 1-celled. St}des declined. Capsules 4-celled, nearly 
free from the investing calyx tube. Seeds numerous. 2^ Leaves opposite, 
uxstipulate, 3-veined. Flowers showy. June — September. 

§ Anthers curved, saccate and appendaged at base. Flowers purplish. . .(a) 

a Stem square, winged. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, bristly-serrate Nos. 1, 'Z 

a Stem terete or teretish. Leaves lanceolate to linear Nos. 3, 4 

§ Anthers straight, oblong.— & Stems simple, with purple flowers Nos. 5. 6 

—6 Stems brachiate, with yellow flowers No. 1 

1 K, Virginiea L. Meadow Beauty. Stem narrowly 4-winged ; leaves sessile, and 
with the stem clothed with scattered hairs ; calyx hispid. Wet grounds, E. Mass., 
S. and W. 12 — 16'. Cymes corymbed. Flowers purple. July, August, 

Z R * stricta Ph. Stem tall, strongly 4-winged, glabrous ; leaves acuminate, glabrous ; 
calyx glabrous, tube very short. Bogs, S. 3 — If. Purple, June, July. 

3 R. Mariana L. Hairy; leaves lanceolate and lance-linear, acute, bristly-serrate, 
tapering to a short petiole. Sandy bogs, N. J. to Fla. 1— 2f. Purple. 
/3, linearis. Diffusely branched ; lvs. almost linear. South, (R. lanceolata Walt.) 

1 R. glabella Ph. Glabrous, glaucous; lvs. lanceolate, subserrnlate, acute, .sessile ; 
cal, glandular-hispid. Damp woods, S. 2— 3f. Fls. few, large, purple, June— Aug. 

5 R. eiliosa Mx. Stem 1— 2f, squarish ; leaves broad-ovate, sparsely hispid above, 

margin ciliate with long bristles ; flowers few, subsessile, terminal ; calyx glabrous, 
lobes acute. Damp woods, Md. to Fla. Petals roundish. Jane- August. 

6 R. serrulata N. Stem 6— S', square ; leaves small, roundish-oval, glabrous both 

sides, serralate-ciliate ; calyx glandular-hispid, lobes obtuse. Swamps, S. 



obdbb i)'6.— Li mmACEAi. 123 

7 R. Iwtea T^alt. Leaves obi oug-li near; flowers panicled ; calyx much constricted 

above the ovary, 4inib bell-form, w^ith cuspidate teeth. Damp woods, S. 18'. 

.2. CENTRADENIA ROSiiA, from Mexico, is often seen in conservato- 
ries. A small shrab, with opposite, lanceolate leaves (one of each pair much smaller or 
obsolete). Fls. 4-parted, roseate, in numerous hanging clusters. Sta. 8, anthers append- 
aged.— C ORANDiFOLiA has the large lanceolate leaves crimson beneath, and cymes erecl. 

Order LIII. LYTHRACEvE. Loosestrifes. 
Plants with entire, exstipnlate, mostly opposite leaves, witli a tubular 
eal:i/x bearing the (4 — 7) petals and stamens in its throat, and a compoimd 
ovary and style. Stamens 4 — 14, rarely 00, Fruit capsular and free, or 
baccate, 2 — 6-, or by abortion, 1-celled, oo-seeded. Albumen 0. 

§ Shrabs, with alternate leaves, 00 stamens, and a bell-shaped calyx Lagerstrcejiia. 1 

§ Shrubs, with opposite leaves, 00 stamens, and a tubular, adherent calyx Punica. 2 

§ Herbs — a Flowers irregular Calyx inflated, gibbous at base Cuphea. 3 

— a Flowers regular. — h Calyx cylindrical, striate, with 5 minute horns Lythrdm. i 

— b Calyx campauulate,— c 5 teeth with 5 long horns Nas.'ea. 5 

— c 4 teeth with 4 short horns. . .Ammanma. 6 

— <; 4 teeth. Horus 0. Petals 0. .Didiplis. 7 

1. LAGERSTRCEMIA Indica. Crape Myrtle. Petals 6, crisped, 
on claws inserted into the calyx tube. Sta. QO. Lvs. round-ovate, thick, smooth. Branches 
winged. Flowers blue-purple, in panicles. Common S. t and §. From E. India. 

2. PUNICA GRAKATUM. POMEGRANATE. Lvs. lauceolatc. Pet. 5, oval, 
obtuse, erect, scarlet, large. Fr. lar^je, crim., crowned with the calyx, eatable, of singulai 
structure, being 3-celled below and 5-celled above, 10— 20f. Ilardy in Fla. and La. (Eur.) 

3. CUPHEA, Jacq. Calyx tubular, 13-veined, gibbous at base, with 6 
erect teeth, and often as many intermediate processes. Pet. 6 or 7, unequal. 
Stam. about 12, unequal. Sty. filiform. Caps, thin, 1-2-celled, few-seeded. 

1 €. viscosissima Jacq. (T) Viscid-pubescent ; branches alternate ; lvs. opp., lance- 

ovate ; flowers violet-purple, short-stalked, 1 in each axil ; capsules bursting laterally 
before ripe. Wet grounds, Mass., W. and S. Not common. 9—18'. August. 

2 €. PLATYCENTRA. Low, bushy perennial ; leaves lanceolate ; fls. with a scarlet calyx 

tube and short, purple petals, produced in profusion all Sum. From Mcx. Not hardy. 

3 C. STRiGULosA. Shrubby, hispid and viscid ; lvs. oblong-ovate ; cal. scarlet, gibbous 

at base; petals (J, subequal, large, violet-purple, varying to yellow ; sta. 11, hairy. 

4 C. siLENoiuES. Lvs. lanceolate ; cal. green and red ; pet. 5, purple, 2 large and 3 small. 

4. LYTHRUM, L. Loosestrife. Calyx cylindrical, striate, limb 
4-C- toothed, Avitli as many intermediate, minute processes. Pot. 4 — 0, 
equal. Stam. as many or twice as man}' as the petals, inserted in \\\^ 
calyx. Style filiform. Capsule 2-colled, many-seeded. U ^[ostly wit!) 
entire leaves and puri^le or pale tlowers. June — Au^i::. 

§ Stamens as many as the petals. Flowers axillary, solitary Nos. 1 —^ 

§ Stamens twice as many as the petals. Flowers spicate or raceraod Nos. -1, > 

1 li, Iiy.sKopiloIiiiin L. (rra{<t!-j)oti/. Olabrous, slender; branches sqn.'iro ; lvs. alter 

uate or opposite, linear or oblong lanceolate, obtuse ; tls. solitary, axillarj'. subsossile; 
pet. and stain. 5 or (5. Low grounds, constward, Ms., N. Y. Karo. (>— 10'. 

2 li. alii turn Ph. (.Jlabrous, erect, branched ; stem winged below; lvs. Ismce-ovato 

acute, sessile, broadest at fcase, alternate and opposite; flowers^ axillary, solitary 
with () wavy petals and (> short stamens. Damp. S. and \V. 1— 2f. 

8 1«. Huodrc L. St. slender, somewhat 4-angled, branched above ; lvs. linear, most!; 

opi-osite, obuise; lis. nearly sess';.> ; pi't. and sta (V Swai^;p<. N .1 to Fla i \( 



124 OiiDKR 54.— OXA.GEACE^. 

4 li. Salicaria L. More or less pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, cordate at 'base; lis 

nearly sessile, in a long, somewhat verticillate, intemipted spifee ; pet. 6 or 7 ; stam. 

twice as many. Wet meadows, N. Eng., N. Y. Rare. 2— of. Fls. showy, piiri-sle. -t 

/3, EosEUM. Flowers rose-red, in many spikes, all smnmer. A fine garden variety. 

5. NESSA, Jiiss. Calyx short, broadly campanulate, with 5 erect 
teeth, and 5 elongated, spreading, hornlike processes. Sta. 10, alternate 
ones very long. Sty. filiform. Caps, globous, included, oo-seeded. it Lvs. 
opposite or verticillate. Flowers axillary, purple. 

N, Terticillata Kunth. Swamps, common. Stems woody at base, stoloniferoas, 
3— if, angular ; lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, opposite or in whorls of 3's ; fls. in a long, 
leafy, sho-s^-y, slender panicle of umbels. (Decodon verticillatum ED.) 

6. AMMANNIA, L. Calyx campanulate, 4-5-toothed or lohed, gen- 
erally with as many hornlike processes, alternating with the lobes. Pet 
4 or 5. Sta. as many, rarely twice as many as the calyx lobes. Capsule 
globular, 2^-celled, oo-seeded. (i) Stems square and leaves opposite, 
entire. Flowers axillary. 

A.. Ixiimilis Mx. St. branched from the base, ascending ; lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, 

tapering at base into a short petiole : fls. solitary, closely sessile, aU the parts in 4's ; 

sty. very short. Ditches. A low herb, with inconspicuous flowers. Aug., Sept. 

2 A. latifolia L. St. erect, branching ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, dilated and au- 

ricled at the sessile base ; cal. 4-angled, 4-horued ; fls. crowded. Wet, W. 1— 2f. Purp. 

7. DIDIPLIS, Raf. Calyx 4-lobed, without accessory teeth. Pet. 0, 
Sta. 2 — 4. Ov. 2-celled. Stig. 2-lobed, subsessile. Caps, globous, bm-st- 
ing irregularly, oo-seeded. /C Leaves opposite, crowded, linear. Flower? 
axillary, sessile, minute. (Hypobrichia, Cmt.) 

n, diandra,— Ponds and sluggish streams, 111. and S. 10—20' long. Jn.-Aug. 

Order LIV. ONAGBACE^. Onagrads. 

Herbs, rarely shrubs, with the flowers 4-(sometimes 2 or 3)-parted, with 
the calyx tube adhering to the 2-4-celled ovary, and teeth valvate in tlie 
bud ; the petals convolute in the bud, sometimes obsolete as well as the 
calyx teeth. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or calyx 
teeth. Ovary 2-4-celled, styles united, and stigmas capitate or 4-lobecl. 
Fruit capsular or baccate, 2-4-cellcd. Seeds with little or no albumen 
Figs. 13, 54, 138, 317, 385. 

» stamens 8, or twice as many as the petals or sepals. . .(a) 

a Calyx tube not prolonged above the ovary. — b Seeds comous Epilobiuji. 1 

— h Seeds glabrous ...Jussi^A. 2 

a Calyx tube prolonged, — c the free summit slender. — d Seeds comous, CO Zauschneria. 3 

—d Seeds glabrous, GO CExothera. 4 

—J Seeds glabrous, 1 — i Gaura. .5 

— c the free summit enlarged, — e short. Pet. clawed Ci.arkia. 6 

— e long. Pet, sessile Fuchsia. 7 

* Stamens 4 or 2, as many as the sepals. — d Flowers 4-parted Ludwigia. S 

—cZ Flowers 2-parted Circ^ba. 

1. EPILOBIUM, L. Willow-herb. Kose Bay. Cal. tube not pro- 
louficd beyond the ovary, limb deeply 4-cleft, deciduous. Sta. 8. Stig 



Okder 54.— ONAGEACE^. 125 

Dfteii with 4 spreading lobes. Ov. and caps, linear, 4-cornered, 4-cellcd, 
4-valved. Seeds oo, comous with long silky hairs. U Flowers purple 
to white. July — Sept. 

♦ Lvs. alternate. Fie. showy, expanding. Stig. with 4 long lobes. Sty. declined .No. 1 

♦ Lvs. opposite. Fls. small. Stigma undivided.— a Petals entire Nos. 2, 3 

—a Petals 2-lobed Nos. 4, 5 

1 E. angustifolimia L. St. simple, erect ; lvs. lanceolate, subentire wi:h a mai 

ginal vein ; rac. long, terminal, spicate ; pet. iinguicuiate, purple ; stig. with 4 linear, 
revolute lobes. In newly-cleared lands, fence-rows, &c., E. and W. 4— 6f. 
(3. cnneacens. Flowers pure white throughout ; ovaries silvery canescent. 

2 E. alpanum L. St. creeping at base, usually with 2 pubescent lines, few-flwd. ; lvs. 

glabrous, oblong-ovate, obtuse ; caps, glabrous. HighMts.N. 6—12''. Fls. pale-roseate, 
/3, ntitanr. Taller (If), nodding at the summit ; lvs. oblong, denticulate. White Mts, 

3 E. palaAStre L. 13. albiilbrum. Minutely downy, branching; lvs. sessile, linear 

or narrowly lance-lin. ; caps, pubescent. Swamps, Pa., N. & W. 6'— 2f. Fls. nearly wh. 

4 E. molle Torr. Velvety-pubescent, strict, branched above ; lvs. sessile, crowded, 

lanceolate- to linear-oblong, subentire ; pet. deeply-emarginate, rose-color. Swamps. 
E. and W. 1— 2f. Varies to nearly smooth, and less leafy. (N. Y., Hankenson.) 

5 E. coloratum Muhl. Nearly smooth, much branched ; lvs. lance-oblong, dent- 

serrulate, some petiolate, often with reddish veins ; pet. 2-cleft, rose-color. Wet. l-3f 

2. JUSSIffiA, L. Calyx tube long, but not produced beyond the 
ovary; the lobes 4 — 6, leafy, persistent. Pet. 4 — 6, spreading. Sta. 8 — 12. 
Pod 4-6-cellcd, long, opening between the ribs. Seeds yciy numerous.— 
Herbs with alternate leaves and yellow flowers. 

1 jr. deciEvrens DC. Glabrous; lis. 4-parted, 9'''; st. erect, branched, winged by the 

decurrent, lanceolate lvs. ; pod clavate, '^Uangled. ii Wet. Pa., and S. 6-20'. Jl.-Sep. 

2 J. repens L. Smooth, or hairy above, creeping, with erect branches ; fls. 5-parted, 

2' ; lvs. oblanccolate to oblong, narrowed to the slender pet. ; ov. much shorter than 
the ped. n Ponds, ditches. Pa. to 111., and S.' 2— 3f. IVIay- Aug. (J. grandiflora Mx.1 

3 J. leptoearpa N. Hairy ; fls. mostly 6-parted, small (9'0 ; lvs. lanceolate, subses- 

sile ; pod slender, much longer than the ped. ® Marshes, Fla. to La. 1— 2f. June. 

3. ZAUSOHNERIA Californica. U Bushy, hairj'-viscid, with lan- 
ceolate leaves and scarlet (varying to white) flowers resembling Fuchsias. Sta. exbertrd. 

4. CENOTHERA, L. Evening Primkose. Calyx tube prolonged 
beyond the ovary, deciduous. Scgm. 4, reflexed. Pet. 4, equal, obcordatc 
or obovate. Sta. 8. Caps. 4-celled, 4-valved. Stig. 4-lobed. Seeds many, 
without a coma.— Herbs with alternate leaves. Summer. 

♦ Native. Fls. nocturnal, yellow. Pods sessile, oblong, terete Nos. 1— ,S 

♦ Native. Fls. diurnal, yellow. Pods dubshaped, 4-anglod and 4-ribbed..(<j") 

a Calyx tube not longer than the ovary. Fls. 5" or 6" diameter Nos. 4, 5 

a Calyx tube about twice longer than the ovary. Fls. 15"— 18"" Nos. (>— S 

a Calyx tube '■ii or 4 times longer than tlic ovary. Fls. 2' — V Nos. 0, .10 

♦ Exotic. — b Fls. yellow, largo. Tube much longer than the ovary Nos. 11. Vi 

—b Flsi. white, very large. Pods 4-wiiiged and 4 ribbed Nos. 13, II 

—b Fls. purple or roseate. Tube sliort. funt\ol -forn\. (.Iodkti.v. .Nos. IS— 18 

1 flR. l>li'i»iils L. St. erect, hirsute ; lvs. ovate lanoeolaie, repaml-vlentieulato ; fl?. in 
a tevniinnl, leafy spike ; oal. tube 2 to ."1 times longer than the ovary; stnm. short* f 
than the obeonlate or obtuse petals ; pod oblong, obtusely J angled. Com. 4-^f. 



126 Order 54.— ONAGRACE^. 

j8. muricata. Stem rongh-Mrsute ; petals but little longer than the stair ens. 

y. g-ranfliffbra, St. branching ; pet. much, longer than stam., deeply obcordate. t 

h. parviffora. Calyx tube elongated ; petals small, as long as the stamens. 

f. crticiata. Petals linear-oblong, shorter than the stamens. 

s. can^scens. Petals enlarged ; whole plant canescently hairy. 

2 <E. rliomljipetala N. St. erect, tall, smooth; Ivs. lance-linear: pet. rhombic- 

elliptical, pointed ; cal. tube 3 — 4 times longer than ovary. (2) Prairies, W. 2 — 3f. + 

3 <E, sinuata L. Pubescent, decumbent at base ; Ivs. oval-oblong, sinuate-dentate, 

or incised ; fls. axillary, solitary ; tube twice longer than ovary. ® N. J. and S. 3 — 8'. 
/3. minima. Low, simple, l-flowered ; Ivs. subentire. Pine-barrens, N. J. and S. 

4 <E. pikmila L. Low, pubescent, half-erect ; Ivs. lanceolate ; fls. ^". in a leafy spike ; 

cal}^x tube shorter than the oblong-clavate ovary. (2) Meadows, Can. to Car. 6 — KK. 

5 CE. clirysantlia Mx. Ascending, slender: fls. small (S'O crowded, spicate; Ivs. 

lanceolate ; cal. tube as long as the ovary; pet. emarginate. (2) N. Y. to Wis. 12 — 18'. 

6 <E. friitieosa L. St. rigid, hairy or downy ; Ivs. lance-oblong; rac. corymbed ; fls. 

IS" diam. : pod oblong-clavate, 4-wiuged, 4-ribbed, pedicellate. ii Hard soils. 1— 3f. 
Y <E. ripa.ria N. St. slender, branched, purple, and polished ; Ivs. lin.-lanceolate, peti- 
olate, denticulate ; rac. corjonbed; fls. large (IS'O. Banks, N. J., and S. 1— 2f. IkSay-v. 

8 CE. linearis Mx. Hoary-puberulent, subsimple; Ivs. linear, subentire, obtuse; fls. 

large, corymbed ; pod obovoid. 7f Montauk Pt. to Teim., and S. 1— lif. May, June. 

9 <E. glaHca Mx. Smooth, glaucous ; Ivs. ovate, sessile, pointed; fls. large, clustered 

at the ends of the branches ; pod oval, li Va. to Ky., and S. 2— 3f. May— July. 

10 €E. MissouEiENSis Sims. Simple, decumbent; Ivs. thick, lanceolate, petiolate; fls. 
very large (4'), tube very long; pod very large, 4-winged. Diy hills, Mo. July— Oct, 

11 CE. NOCTUKNA. St. erect, downy ; Ivs. lanceolate, repand-dentate. (2) S. Af. 2f. 

12 CE. LONGiTLORA. Simple, hairy ; Ivs. lanceolate, denticulate ; pet. 2-lobed. (2) S. Am, 

1 3 <E. SPECiosA. Lvp. pinnatifid below ; fls. diurnal, white, fading red. 2f Ark. IB'. 
1-4 <E. TETRAPTERA. Lvs. pinnatifid bclow ; fls. noctum., large, pure wh. ©Max. l-2f. 

CE. RUBicuNDA. Erect ; Ivs. lance-linear ; pet. rose-purp., orange at base. (I) Cal. 2f. 

6 <E. LiNDLETi. Diffusely branched ; Ivs. lance-lin. ; pet. lilac, red at base. (1) Cal. If. 

17 CE. VTNOSA. Erect ; Ivs. linear-oblong ; pet. white-roseate ; fls. 2' broad. ©Cal. 2f. 

1 8 OE. LEPiDA. Erect, simple ; Ivs. lance-obl. ; pet. pale-purp., crimson-spotted at edge, 

5. GAURA, L. Calyx tube much prolonged above tbe ovary, cylin- 
dric, limb 4-cleft. Pet. 4, unguiculate, somewhat unequal. Sta. 8, decli- 
nate, alternate ones a little shorter. O vary oblong, 4-celled, nut usually by 
abortion, 1-celled, 1-4-seeded. — Herbaceous or shrubby, Lvs. alternate. 
Flowers white and red, in slender spikes. July, August. 

1 G. biennis L. St. branched, pubescent ; lvs. lance-oblong, spikes dense ; cal. tube 

as long as the segments, the pet. rather shorter. (2) Dry bluff's, rare, handsome. 3— 5f. 

2 G. filipes Spach. Paniculate and naked above; lvs. linear-oblong, tufted at the 

base of the slender racemes ; calyx segments longer than the tube or petals ; pods 
obovoid-clavate, on slender pedicels. Dry soils, S. and W. 3 — 5f. 

3 G. ang'ustlfolia Mx. Pubesccrt; lvs. linear, veiy acute ; calyx seg. much longer 

than tube or pet. : pod sessile, ovoid, sharply 4-angled. S. Car. to Fla. Fls. small, wh 

4 G. LiNDHEiMERi. Erect, much branched ; lvs. lin. ; cal. red ; pet. blush, long in bloom. 

6. OLARKIA, Ph. Calyx tube slightly prolonged beyond the ovary, 
limb 4-parted, deciduous. Pet. 4, unguiculate, 3-lobed or entire, claws 
with 2 minute teeth. Sta. 8. Sty. 1, filiform. Stig. 4-lobed. Capsule 
largest at base, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. -(1) Herbs (from Oreg. and 
Cal.) with showy, axillary flowers. 

1 €, ruLCHELLA. Lvs. lin.-lanceolato : pet. 3 parted ; 4 sterile sta. Fls. wh.,rose, or lilao 



Order 51— ONAGRACE^. 127 

2 C. ii^LEGANS. Lvs. lance-ovate ; pet. rhombic-ovate ; sta, all fertile. Turple to white. 

3 C KHOMBOiDEA. Lv8. ovate-obl. ; pet, rhomb. -ovate, 2-toothed, lilac, with purple spots. 

7. FUCHSIA, L. Ladies' Eardrop. Calyx tubu]ar-fimn el-form, 
colored, cleciduous, limb 4-lobed. Pet. 4, in the throat of the calyx. Sta. 
8, exserted. Disk glandular, 8-farrowed. Baccate capsule oblong, obtuse, 
4-sided. J) S. American, beautiful. Fls. drooping, axillary. Figs. 54, 138. 

1 F. cocciNEA. Smooth ; lvs. opp. or 3-v/horled, ovate, denticulate ; pet. convolute, vio- 

let-purple, half as long as the scarlet sepals, quarter as long as the purple stamens. 

2 F, GRACILIS. Half-shrubby; lvs. ovate, glandular-dentate; pet. nearly as long as sep. 

3 F. FULGENS. Lvs. cordatc-ovatc ; cal. tube long, trumpet-shaped, bright red. — Many 

hybrid varieties of the above three species are in cultivation. 

8. LUDWIGIA, L. Bastard Loosestrife. Calyx tube not pro- 
longed beyond the ovary, limb 4-lobed, mostly persistent. Pet. 4, equal, 
obcordate, often minute or none. Sta. 4, opposite the sepals. Sty. short. 
Caps, short, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded, and crowned with the persist- 
ent calyx lobes. U and mostly ^. Leaves entire. Flowers in summer, 

§ Leaves opposite. Stems creeping. — a Petals none. Flowers very small. . .Nos. 1, 2 

— a Petals yellow, showy Nos. 3, 4 

§ Leaves alternate, sessile. Stems mostly erect. . .(b) 

b Petals large, yellow. Pods pedicellate, short Nos. 5—7 

b Petals small, yellowish. Pods sessile, elongated, smooth Nos. 8, 9 

b Petals or minute.— c Pods elongated, hairy or smooth Nos. 10, 11 

—c Pods short, rounded, shorter than the sepals.. Nos. 12, lo 

—c Pods short, square,— f? axillary Nos. 14 — 1(5 

—d capitate No. 17 

1 li. paliistrls Ell. Water Purslane. Creeping or floating, smooth, some fleshy; 

lvs. ovate-spatulate, on winged petioles ; fls. sessile, solitary, apetalous ; pod oblong 
(2''0, with 4 green angles. Stem 10-18', round, reddish. 

2 IL, spatulikta T. & G. Ascending, branched, downy, not fleshy; lvs. obovato- 

ppat., on winged petioles ; fls. very small, sess. ; pod ovoid, 4-sided, downy, Fla. (i-10'. 

3 ]L. natans Ell. Creeping or floating, smooth; lvs. oblong, on margined petioles; 

fls. sessile ; pet. as long as the calyx ; ov. with 2 bractlots at base. Swamps, S. Pod 4". 

4 li. arcuata Walt. Creeping, smootiiish ; lvs. lincar-oblanccolate, tapering to the 

slender base ; fls. solitary, on pcd. twice longer than the lvs. ; petals brfght yellow, 
longer than the narrow sepals ; pod clavate, finally arcuate. Ya. to Fla. 3—10'. 

5 Ij. alternifolia L. Seed Box. Erect, glabrous ; lvs. lanceolate, acute; pcd. axil- 

lary, 2-bracted ; sep. large, purplish, crowning the 4-wingcd pod. Swamps. 1 — of. 

6 L*. lilrtella Raf. Erect, hairy; lvs. ovate-oblong, obtuse; ped. axillary, 2-bractcd ; 

sep. shorter than the yellow petals; pod4-winged, subglobous. Wet. N.J. to Fla. 1 ;>r 

7 li. "vlrffata Ph. Erect, with virgate branches, smoothlsh ; lvs. oblong to linear, ob- 

tuse ; fls. large ; pet. longer than the leafy calyx, which is finally persistent and re- 
flexed on the roundish-cubical 4-winge(l pod. Dry soils, S. 2— 3f. Flowers 1'. 

8 li. linearis Walt. Slender, with erect branches ; lvs. lance-linear, acute : fis. axil 

lary, sei^silo ; pet. obovate-obl. ; pod clavate, 4-sidod, longer than sep. N. J. and S. 2r 

9 li. liiiilolia Poir. Simple, erect from a creeping base; lvs. spreading, lin., attenii 

ate at base ; sep. ovate, pointed, equalling the pet. and oblong poils. JlKd, S. If. Lvs. 1'. 

10 li. oyliiidrlca KU. Smooth ; lvs. lanceolate ; fls. minute, 1—," to-^ether. ajuM.Hlous ; 
pod slender, eyliiulrica!, blunt, longer tlian the calyx segm. S. Car. to Fla. and l.a. ."f 

I 1 li. pilosa Walt Villous pubescent ; lvs. lanceolate ; lis. axillary ami spiked above 
pod villous, oblong, 1 sided, as long as the ovate, pointed sepals. Swamps, S, 2f. 



128 



Order 56.— TURNERAUEiE. 



12 li. spliserocarpa Ell. Lvs. lanceolate, attenuate to base ; ped. subsol., bractless. 
short ; sep. as long as the small subglobous pod. Wet swamps, Mass. to Ga. : rare. 3f. 

13 Ij. microcarpa Mx. Ascending from a creeping base; lvs. spatulate-obovate • 
sep. roundish, acuminate, larger than the very small obovoid pod. Wet, S. If. 

14 1^. alata Ell. St. slender, strongly 4-angled; lvs. wedge-lanceolate ; fls. in the up- 
per axils few, white, apet. ; pod cubic-obconic, winged ; sds. ovoid. Marshes, S. 2-3f. 

15 li. lanceolata Ell.? (Chapm.) St. stout, terete; lvs. lanceolate; fls. in all the 
axils green, apetalous ; pod cubical, with sharp angles. Swamps, Ga. Fla. l-2f, bushy. 

1 6 li. polycarpa Short & Peter. Lvs. lance-linear, on the runners oblanceolate ; fls 
solitary, with 2 subulate bractlets at base ; pod cubical-obconic. Swamps, W. 1— 3f. 

1 1 li. capitata Mx. Erect ; lvs. lance-linear to lance-obl., obtuse at the sessile base ; 
flowers sessile, crowded in a terminal bracted head or spike. Wet barrens, S. 2— 3f. 

.9. CIRO^A, L. Enchanter's Kightshade. Calyx slightly pro- 
duced above the ovary, deciduous, limb 2-parted. Pet. 2, obcordate. Sta. 
2. Caps, obovoid, imcinate-hispid or pubescent, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Sty. 
united, if Leaves opposite. Flovfers small, racemed. Figs. 13, 317, 385. 

1 C. liUtetiana L. St. erect, piibescent above ; lvs. ovate, subcordate, acuminate, 

slightly repand-dentate, opaque, longer than the petioles ; bracts none ; fr. reflexed, 
hispid-uncinate. Damp shades. 1— 2f. Eac. slender. Fls. rose-colored. June, Jl. 

2 C. alpina L. Smooth ; st. ascending at base, weak ; lvs. broad-cordate, diaphanous, 

dentate, as long as the petioles ; bracts setaceous ; caps, pubescent. Wet, rocky 
n-oods, N. Eng. to Oreg, 6—10'. Fls. white. Plant small and delicate. July, Aug. 

Order LV. LOASACE^. Loasads. 

Herbs often hispid with stinging hairs, with leaves opposite or alternate 
and no stipules. Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 or 5-parted, lobes persist- 
ent, equal. Petals 5, or 10 in 2 circles. Stamens oo. Ovary 1-celled, with 
.■=5everal parietal placentoe. 

1. MENTZBLIA, L. Calyx tubular, limb 5-parted. Pet. 5—10, flat, 
spreading. Sta. go, 20 to 200. Ov. inferior. Sty. 3, filiform, connate, and 
often spirally twisted. Stig. simple, minute. Caps. 1-celled, many-seeded. 
—Branching herbs. Leaves alternate. 

1 M. oligosperma Nutt. Very rough, with barbed hairs ; stem dichotomous ; lvs. 

ovate-lauceolate, lobed or incisely toothed ; pet. entire, cuspidate, longer than the 20 -H 
sta. ; caps. .3-5-seeded. n Dry rocks, HI. Mo. and S. If. Fls. deep yellow, 9''. May-Jl. 

2 M. Floridaiia N. Slightly roughened ; lvs. deltoid-ovate, unequally toothed, petio- 

late ; pet. weslge-oval, obtuse ; sta. .30 ; caps. 6-seeded. Fla. If. Fls. small, yellow. 

3 M. LiNDLETi. Golden Bartonia. Hispid ; lvs. lance-ovate, pinnatifid, lobes often den- 

tate ; pet. broad obovate ; seeds GO ; stamens 200. @ Cahfomia. Fls. golden, 2—3'. 

2. LOASA, Adans. Cal. 5-parted. Pet. 5, concave. Scales 5, petaloid, 
2-3-lobed, connivent, with 2 sterile filaments inserted at base. Sta. go, in 
many fascicles. Style 3-fid. Caps. 1-celled, half 3-valved. 

li, LATEEiTiA. Brick-red L. Climbing, stinging; leaves palmately lobed, cordate; fls. 
large, on long stalks, brick-red to orange. Chili. 20f. June— October. 

Order LYI. TURNERACE^. 
Herbs with alternate, exstipulate leaves, solitary, 5-parted flowers, a free 
calyx bearing the 5 petals and 5 stamens in its throat. Ovary 1-celled, with 



Ordek 58.— CUCURBITACE^. 129 

3 parietal placentae. Styles 3, distinct. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Seedz 
albuminous, strophiolate. 

TURNBRA, L. Calyx campanulate. Styles 3. Stigmas 2-5- co- 
parted or fringed. Caps, of 3 valves separating to the base. Herbs pubes- 
cent or tomentous. Flowers on jointed pedicels, yellow. (Piriqueta, Aub.) 

1 T. cistoides L. Hairy, erect ; Ivs. lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate ; the upper bract- 

like, shorter than the peduncles ; pet. obovate, cor. V. Dry. S. If. June, July. 

2 T. tomentosa, Tomentous ; Ivs. oblong (1'), longer than the peduncles. Fla. If. 

3 T. glabra (Chapm.) Smooth, branched ; ped. 2—3 times longer than lin. Ivs. Fla. 

Order LYII. PASSIFLORACE^. Passionworts. 

Plants often woody, climbing by tendrils, with alternate leaves and leafy 
stipules. Flowers perfect, 5-parted. Calyx tubular, the throat crowned 
with several rows of sterile filaments, and the corolla above them. Sta- 
mens 5, monadelphous, sheathing the stipe of the ovaiy. Fr. fleshy, oo- 
seeded. Figs. Ill, 112, 348. 

PASSIFLORA, L. Passion-flower (^. c, emblematic of our Saviour's 
passion). Cal. colored, deeply 5-parted, the throat with a complex fila- 
mentous crown. Ov. raised on a stipe. Stig. 3, with 5 large anthers. Fr, 
a pulpy berry. "^ ^ Fls. large, wonderful and beautiful. May — July. 

1 P. lutea L. Lvs. glabrous, cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse ; petioles glandless ; ped. mostly 

in pairs ; pet. gr.-yel., narrower and much longer than scp. ii Woods, O., and S. lOf. 

2 1*. incarnata L. Lvs. deeply S-lobed, serrate ; petioles with 2 glands above ; in- 

volucre .3-leavcd ; crown triple, roseate, n Dry fields, Va. to Fla. 20— 30f. Pet. wh. 

3 r*. cosRULEA. Shrubby ; lvs. palraately 5-partcd, entire ; invol. 3-bracted ; petioles 

glandular ; pet. longer than the crown, blue, purple, and white. Brazil. Not hardy 

Order LVIII. CUCURBITACE^. Cucurbits. 

Ilerhs succulent, creeping or climbing by tendrils, with alternate leaves. 
Flowers monoecious or jiolygamous, never blue. Calyx 5-toothed, adherent. 
Petals 5, often united, inserted on the calyx. Stamens 5, generally cohering 
in 3 sets. Anthers united, contorted. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal pla- 
centae often filling the cells. Fruit a pepo or membranous. .Strd'.v fiat, with 
no albumen, often arilled. Figs. 18G, 476, 4S2. 

§ Corolla wluto,—<i 6-cloa. Stiirinns 2. Fruit oohinnto EontNOrYSTis. I 

— (I 5-potiillod. I'opo smooth, nmny-sooded Ij.\i;knakia. 2 

— a 6-pnrtiHl. Berry sinootli, fmv-soedod ..Rkyonia. .1 

— a 5-lobod. Fruit prickly, 1-soodod SiOYOS. 4 

S Corolla yellow,— A S-lobed. licrry suiall, smooth, QO-socdod Mklotiikia. 5 

—I) 5-lobed. I'opo liu'sp. Soods thick at odj;c Crci'KiiiTA. 6 

—h B-clcft. T'opo huso, — c Seeds colored, thick-edired Citki'i.lvs. 7 

— c Seeds white, ncuto-edsed (H'CUMis. 8 

1. EOHINOOYSTIS, T. & G. Flowers 6-. Calyx of (5 filifonn-subu- 
latc segments, shorter than the corolla. Petals (5, united at base into a nv 
tate-cainpanulato eH>rolla. j: St:u 3, diadolphous. -T .VIuMiive til. 3, dis- 



130 Order 58.— CUCURBITACJLE. 

tinct, minute. Style yery sliort Stig. 2, large. Fruit roundish, inflated; 
echiuate, 4-seeded. ® Climbing, with branched tendi'ils. 

E. lobata T. & G. Alluvion, Can. to Penn. and W. Smoothish. Lvs. thin, palmately 
5-lobed. Fls. small, white, the barren in large racemes, fertile few below. Jl. — ^Sep. 

2. LAGENARIA, Ser. Gourd. Fls. 8 . Calyx campan., 5-toothed. 
Pet 0, obovate. $ Sta. 5, triadelphous. 5 Stig. 3, thick, 2-lobed, subses- 
sile. Pepo ligneous, 1-celled. Seeds arilled, obcordate, compressed, mar- 
gin tumid. — Mostly climbing by tendrils. 

li. YiTLSARE. Stem soft-pubescent ; tendrils branched ; Its. roundish, cordate, 2 gkinds 
beneath at base ; fls. solitary, peduncled, white : pepo bottle-shaped. @ Gardens. 

3. BRYONIA. L. Brtont. Fls. 8 or 6 5. Cal. 5-toothed, teeth 
short. Cor. 5-cleft or -parted. $ Stamens 5, triadelphous, with flexuous 
anthers. 5 Sty. trifid. Berry small, globular. ^) Fls. greenish- wh. June. 

B. Boykinii T. & G. Scabrous pubescent; lvs. deeply 3-5-lobed, cordate; flowers 
small. axUiary, mixed, on short, pedicels ; berries S-seeded, bright red. Ga. to La. lOf. 

4. SICYOS, L. SesGle-seed Cuciimiber. Fls. 8. Cal. 5-toothed. 
Pet 5, united at base. Anthers cohering, contorted. Styles 8, united at 
base. Fruit ovate, membranous, hispid or echinate, with one large, com- 
pressed seed. 2 "^ith compound tendrils. Flowers axillaiy, mixed. 

S. an^nlatas L. Hairy, branched ; lvs. roundish, 5-angled or lobed, lobes pointea , 
fls. wh. with gr. veins, the 5 in long rac. the $ smaller, capitate. Thickets. Jl. — Sep. 

5. MELOTHRIA, L. Fls. 5 § 6 or 6> . Calyx bell-form, limb in 5 
subulate segments. Pet. 5, united into a bell-form corolla. Sta. 5, triadel- 
phous. Style 1, stig. 3. Berry ovoid, small, oo-seeded. ^ Tendrils simple. 
ITI. pendnla L. Lvs. roundish, small, 5-lobed or angled, pointed ; fls. axillary, $ in 

small rac, 9 solitary, on long peduncles. N. Y. to Ga. Delicate. Fls. yellowish. Jl. 

6. CUOURBITA, L. Squash. Fls. 8 . Cal. 5-toothed, limb decidu- 
ous after flowering in ? . Cor. bell-shaped, cohering with the calyx. 
Stam. 5, anth. connate, straight Stig. 3. Pepo fleshy. Seeds thick at 
margin, smooth. ^ Flowers yellow. 

1 C. Pepo. Pumpkin. Eough-hispid ; lvs. very large, cordate. 5-lobed or angled ; fls. 

large, $ long-stalked ; fr. very large, roanded, smooth, tonilous. finally yellow. ® 

2 C. Melopepo. I^lat Sgvash. Hairy ; lvs. cordate, 5-lobed ; fr. depressed-orbicular, 

margin tornlous, smooth or warty, whitish, (i) Hybridizes with No. 1. 

3 C. VEP.RUcosA. Crookneck S. Hairy ; lvs. cordate, deeply 5-lobed ; fr. oblong or cla- 

vate, often elongated and curved at base. (I) The varieties are numerous. 
^. iiEDULLosA. Vegetable ^tarrow. Lvs. triangular in outline, deeply .3-lobed ; fr. 
oblong or club-form, dark-green and wh.. 10—20' long. Highly prized in England. 

4 C. maxima. Mammoths. Winters. Rough-hairy ; lvs. round-reniform, obtusely 

5-lobed; fruit 10'— 3f 1 diam., with a lobed, yellowish-white surface and dense pulp. 

7. CITRULLUS, Neck. T^'atermelox. Citrox. C-al. deeply 5-cleft, 
segm. liucar-lanceolate. Pet. 5, united at base. Sta. triadelphous. Style 
trifid. Stig. renifoiTii-cordate. Fr. rounded or oblong, the succuleut pla- 
centae filling the cell. Seeds colored, truncate at base. ^ 



Ordek 59.~BEG0NIACE^. 131 

C vul^^aris Schrad. Hirsute; Ivs. Bomewhat 5-lobed, the lobes sinuate-pinnatifid, 
giaucus beneath ; fls. with a bract ; fr. dark-spotted. ® India. Africa. 

8. CUCUMIS, L. Fls. 8 ov ^ . Cal. tubular-campanulate, with sub- 
ulate segments. Cor. deeply 5-parted. Sta. triadelphous. 8tyle short 
Stig. 8, thick, 2-lobed. Pepo elongated. Seeds lance-ohlong, white, acute, 
not margined at the edge. ^ Fls. axillary, solitary, yellow. 

* Leaves angular, not lobed, subcordate. Tendrils simple Nos. 1, 3 

* Leaves deeply-lobed or cleft. Tendrils simple or forked Nos. 3—5 

1 C SATivus. Cnaimber. Rough ; If. angles acute ; fr. oblong, prickly when young. (I) 

2 C. Melo. Musk Melon. Hairy ; If. angles obtuse ; fr. globular, torulous. (x) Asia. 

3 C. Anguria. PncJdy C. Lvs. sinuate-lobed ; tendrils simple ; fr. ovoid, echinato. 

4 C CoLOCYNTHis. Colocyntli. Lvs. cut-lobed ; tend, short ; fr. round, yel., very bitter. 

5 C. ANGUiNUS. Serpent C. Lvs. 3-5-lobed; tendrils forked ; fr. long, coiled, snake-like. 

Order LIX. BEGONIACE^. Begoniads. 

Herls or shrubby plants, with alternate, inequilateral leares, and dicli- 
nous, unsymmetrical flowers. Perianth of 2 — go lvs., all petaloid or the in- 
ner only. Stamens oo, anth. connate. Ovary inferior, 3-angled or winged, 
3-celled, the placentae in the angles. Styles united at base. Albumen.Q, or thin. 

BEGONIA, L. s Sepals 2. Pet. 2, rarely more, or 0. ? Sepals 2, 
larger than the 4 petals. Cap. with 3 angles unequally winged, opening 
below the apex. Sds. go, minute. U ^ Lvs. alternate, stipulate, with the 
sides unequal, margins toothed or lobed. Fls. often showy. Species 320, 
mostly tropical, often found in the greenhouse. IMuch mixed. 

§ Leaves feather-veined, and glabrous as well as the whole plant Nos. 1 — 1 

§ Leaves palmi-veiued, with 5—9 veins from near the base.. .(a) 

a Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves toothed or crenulate Nos. ."j— 7 

a Leaves hairy, at least on the deeply 5-9-lobed margins Nos. S, 9 

a Leaves hairy, at least on the undulate or toothed margins. . .0) 

b Starainate flowers with 2 sepals only, the petals usually Nos. 10, 11 

b Staminate flowers with 2 sepals and -2 petals. E. India Nos. 1*2—15 

1 B. 5IACULATA. Very smooth ; lvs. ovato-oblong, wavy, cordate, white-spotted above, 

purple beneath; fls. white or flesh-colored, in tbrked cymes. Brazil. (B. argentoa.) 

2 B. FUcnsioiDES. Smooth ; lvs. oblong to obovate. obtuse -A base, serrulate ; fls. bright 

red, drooping like Fuchsias, in many terminal cymes, very handsome. N. Granada. 

3 B. SEMPKUViRENS. Lcaves bristly on the cronate edges, ovate, subcordate; fls. wliito 

to rose-colored, 1'— 18", in an open panicle, with scarious, persistent bracts. Brazil. 
'1 B. iNCAKNATA. Lcavcs bristly-serratc, ovate to oblong; fls. roseate, large, in com 
pound, pendulous cymes, with caducous bracts or t). Mexico. (B. insignis.") 

5 B. NiTiDA. Leaves ovate, half-cordate, subcrcnate, shining, green as well as the stip- 

'i'es ; flowers purplish-white, with caducous bracts, on axillary peduncles. W. Ind. 

6 B. SANouiNKA. I;eaves obIique-t)vate, ileeply cordate, crenulate, red beneath, largo; 

flowers white, small, many, in cymes Umger than the leaves. Stalks red. 

7 B. coccInka. Leaves oblique oblong, lialf cordate, dentate ; etipule;} obovate, cadu- 

cous ; flowers scarlet, pendulous. 8'' broad, in cymes equalling the leaver v.">'>. 
S B. HiKUACiKOMA. Leaves roundish, palmately T-deft. lobes tootlied : fringed scales 

on the petiole above ; scape long, with many roseate flowers, 1' diameter. .Mexico. 
9 B. rAKViFi.ouA. Shrub rusty-downy ; leaves an\ple, roundish, subeonlate, T-9-lolHHi, 

lobes serrulate ; cymes If Imig. with numerous small pale flowers. Peru. 



132 OiiDER 60.— CACTACE^. 

10 B, MANicATA. Leaves oblique-ovate, cordate, angular, toothed, with purple-fringed 
scales on the petioles ; flowers flesh-colored, in open cymes, on long peduncles. Mex. 

1 1 IB. PHTLLOMANiCATA. Stem covered with leaf-like bulblets ; leaves broad-ovate, 
cordate, doubly dentate ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; flowers roseate. Brazil. 

12 JB. EvANSTANA. Lcaves ovate, subcordate, bristly denticulate, purple beneath; 
flowers roso-colored, 1', in cymes on long stalks. Our oldest specier^, from China. 

1 3. 13. Rex. Leaves ample, ovate, cordate, variegated with zones of dark-green, silvery- 
gray, and purple, sinuate-crenate ; scape 1 — 2f, with large roseate flowers. E. Ind. 

14 11. GKiFrfrHii. Like No. 13, but densely downy all over, even the large whitish fls. 

1 5 SS. XANTHiNA. Lvs. like No. 13, but varied with metallic spots ; scape with yellow fls. 

Okder LX. CACTACEiE. Indian Figs. 
Plants ^^ith. a green fleshy caudex or stock, angular or jointed, mostly 
leafless, armed with numerous prickles and terrible spines. Flowers soli- 
tary, mostly very showy. Sepals <x> on the surface. Petals and stamens oo 
on the top of the ovary or calyx tube. Fruit fleshy, 1-celled, with parie- 
tal placentae. Style filiform, with stellate stigmas. Figs. 472, 487. 

* Calyx tube not produced above the ovary. Stock jointed, branching Ofuntia. 1 

* Calyx tube produced above the ovary. — a Joints flat, leaf-like, spineless. . .(x) 

— a Stocks 3- GO -angled or grooved, spiny... (y) 

X Flowers rose-red, oblique, from the top of the short truncated joints Epiphylmtm. 2 

X Flowers pink to red, regular, from the notches of the long joints Phyllocactus. 3 

7/ Stock long-cylindrical, many-ridged. Flowers lateral, long-tubed Ceeecs. 4 

2/ Stock depressed-globular to oblong. Flowers siibtermina), short-tubed Echinocactus. 

y Stock globular to conical. Flowers terminal, small, woolly-tubed Melocactus. 5 

y Stock globular to cylindrical, covered with tubercles. Flowers lateral Mammillarta. 

1. OPUNTIA, Mill. Indian Fig. Sep. and pet. go adnate to the 
ovary, not produced into a tube above it, longer than the stamens, the in- 
ner obovate. Stig. 4 — 10. Berry smoothish or prickly. J) Branches com- 
posed of fleshy, mostly flattened joints. Lvs. small, deciduous, alternate, 
with tufts of prickles in their axils. Flowers large, yellow. 

§ Joints obovate or broadly oval. Stigmas 8—10. Seeds many. Fr. eatable... Nos. 1—4 
§ Joints oblong or nearly cylindrical. Stigmas 4—6. Seeds 1—6 Nos. 5, 6 

1 ©. Ficus-Indicua Haw. Stock branches stout, erect-spreading, pale-glaucous ; 

lvs. subulate, with pungent bristles, no spines ; fr. bristly, obovoid, purple. Florida I 
to San Diego ! 3— 20f. Joints If. Fruit pleasantly acid. § Trop. Am. 

2 O. "«^ulgaris Mill. Stock prostrate, pale-glaucous ; lvs. minute, scale-like, with 00 

bristles and few spines ; fr. nearly smooth, ovoid, eatable, crimson when ripe. Dry 
rocks, &c., Ct. to Fla. 1— 2f, the joints 4—6'. Flowers 2^—4' broad. Pet. 7—10. Jn. 

3 O. Mafinesquii Eng. Stock prostrate, bright green ; lvs. spreading, subulate, longer 

(3—4"); spines 1-5 in each axil ; petals 10-12, often purplish af base. Ky. to EL, and W. 

4 O. Missouriensis DC. Stock prostrate ; leaves minute, the axils bristly and 

with whorl of many spines ; fruit prickly, dry. Wis., along the rivers, and W. June. 

5 O. polyantlia Haw. Erect ; joints oblong, the upper bearing many lowers at top ; 

spines strong, yellow, unequal ; stigmas 6 ; fruit small, 6-seeded. Waysides, Fla. Jn. 

6 0» Pes-Corvi Leconte. Stk. prostrate ; joints compressed-cylindric, small (20; spines 

in pairs, unequal ; pet. few, spatulate ; stig. 4 ; fr. small, prickly, 1-4-seeded. Ga., Fla. 

7 O. Braziliensis, Stock cylindrical, 6— lOf ; branches short, bearing ovate joints, which 

are thin and somewhat leaf-like ; spines 1 — 3 together, sharp and strong. Brazil. 

2. EPIPHYLLUM truncatum. Stock consisting of short, flat, notched 
joints, truncate at top ; flowers at top of the joints, 2—3' long, conspicuously obliqna 
Style longer than the stamens or C— 8— 10 reflexed petals. From Brazil. If. 



Order G3.— UMBELLIFER/i^:. 133 

3. PHYIiLOOACTUS PHYLLANTnoiDES. Stock consisting of narrow, 
cnsjform, crenate joints, fleshy but leaf-like. FloAvers 4' long, open by clay, with many 
rose-colored petals and sepals longer than the tube, gradually spreading. Mexico. 

2 P. AcKERMANNi. Fls. Bcarlet ; pet. channelled, pointed, very many, 3 — 4'. Mexico. 

3 I*. PUYiiLANTUus. Spleenwovt. Joints ensiform, serrate ; lis. 9 — 12', the white fun- 

nol-form cor. much shorter than the slender tube, opening by night, fragrant. S. Am. 

4. CEREUS, DC. Sep. and pet. imbricated, adnate to and prolonged 
into a long tube above the ovary. Sta. and style filiform, adnate to the 
tube. Stig. iO. Berry scaly with the remains of the sepals. ^ "^ Stock 
fleshy, green, prismatic, often jointed, with fascicles of spines on the ridges. 

1 C. GRANDiFLOKUS. Mght-Mooming G. Stock long, about 5-angled ; flowers very large, 

nocturnal; pet. spreading 6—8', pearl-white ; sep. yellow. Mex. A magnificent flower. 

2 C. TRIANGULARIS. Stock 3-angled, prickles bristly; fl. very ]:irge, white; sep. green. 

3 €. FLAGELLiFORMis. Stock slendcr, long, prostrate, 10-angled, hispid ; fls. pink-color, 

smaller, open by day many days in succession ; tube longer than the petals. 

4 C, SBRPENTiNus. Stock 12-angled, 4f ; spines white, bristly ; fls. pale, open by night. 

5 C. spEciosissiMus. Stock 3- or 4-angled, erect, 4f ; angles winged, undulate ; fls. large 

(4' long), with many red or crimson petals and white stamens, diurnal. Common. 

6 C. SENILIS. Old-Man C. Stk. erect, oblong, with tufts of long, white, hair-like bristles. 

5. MELOOACTUS communis. Stock very succulent, roundish ovate, 
If, 12-18-ribbed, surmounted by a sort of spadix, consisting mostly of dense wool, in 
which at the top the small red flowers are imbedded. W. Indies. 

Order LXI. FICOIDEtE. Mesembryanths. 

Plants fleshy, of forms variously singular, with entire, mostly opposite 
leaves, and solitary, regular flowers, remarkable for their profusion and 
duration. Calyx lobes 4 or 5. Petals oo — 5, or rarely 0, Stanwns oo, dis- 
tinct, pcrigyuous. Ovary more or less adherent. Stigmas 2 — go. Caj-)- 
sules 1- oo-cclled, oo-sceded. Embryo curved. 

§ Petals and stamens oo , in several rows. Capsule fleshy, valvate Mesembry^\nthemum. 1 

§ Petals none, stamens 00—5. Capsule S-S-celled, circumsessile Sesuvium..2 (it p. 4-16') 

1. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, L. Ice Plant. Calyx lobes 5. Tct 
linear, inserted with the filiform stamens on the calyx tube. If [-) Air bub- 
bles beneath the epidermis appear like dew or frost. 

1 Hd, CRTSTALLiNUM. Procumbeiit, fleshy ; Ivs. large, ovate, acute, wavy at the margin, 

3-veined beneath. 2^ Greece. Stem If. Flowers white, all summer. Not hanly. 

2 M. GRANDiFi-oRUM. Procumb. ; Ivs. cord, ovate ; cal. 4-clcft, 2-horncd ; pot. pink. Afr. 

2. SESUVIUM, L. Sea Purslane. Sep. 5, united at base, colored 
Inside. Sta. 5—50, inserted on the calyx tube. Ov. free, 3-5-celled. Sly. 
3 — 5. Pyxis opening transvei-sely by a lid. if Prostrate sea-side herbs. 

S. Portiilacnslriiin Tourn. Lvs, lincar-spatulatc ; fls. on short peduncles ; sta. c<>, 
Sandy coasts, N. 0. to Fla. lf + . riant very su\ooth and fleshy. Fls. axil., rv^soato. J1.+. 

Order LXlll. UMBELLIFER.E. Umuklwouts. 
Herbs with hollow, striate stems, sheathing potit>los. and flowers \\\ uni- 



134 Order 63.— UMBELLIFER^. 

bels. Calyx adherent to the ovaiy. Petals 5, usually inflected at tlie point 
Stamens 5. Ovaries 3-carpelled, surmounted by the fleshy disk which hears 
the petals and stamens. Styles 2, distinct, or united at their thickened 
bases. Fruit a creraocarp (§151), consistmg of 2 coherent achenia called 
mericarps, which f^eparate along the middle space, which is called the 
commissure. 

Carpophore^ the slender, simple, or forked axis attached to and supporting the morl- 

carps at top, enclosed between them at the commissure. 
Bibs^ 5 ridges traversing each mericarp lengthwise, and often 4 intermediate or second- 
ary ones, some, aU, or none of them winged. 
Vittce, little tubular receptacles of colored volatile oil imbedded in the substance of 
the pericarp, just beneath the intervals of the ribs, and also sometimes in tie face of 
the commissure. 
Embryo in the base of abundant, horny albumen. 
Figs. 42, 177, 235, 238, 303, a34-5, 360, 442-3. 

A large and well-defined Order. As the flowers in all are nearly alike, the genera are 
best distinguished by characters taken from the fruit— the number and form of the ribs, 
the presence or absence of vittas, the form of the albumen at the commissure, &c. These 
parts, therefore, minute as they are, will requke the special attention of the student, 
g Flowers in. simple umbels, sometimes spicate. Leaves simple... (aj 
§ Flowers in capitate umbels, i. e., sessile, forming dense heads... (&) 
§ Flowers in regularly-compound umbels, not sessile in heads... (2) 

2 Fruit flattened on the back, singly-winged on the margin only...(«J 
2 Fruit flattened on the back, doubly-winged on the margin only. . .(d) 
2 Fruit flattened on the sides, or terete and not flattened either way. . .(3) 

3 Fruit slender, teretish, 2 — 3 times longer than wide. Flowers white... (e) 
3 Fruit nearly as broad as long. — m Flowers yellow. . .(/) 
— m Flowers white. . .(4) 
4 Ribs of the fruit either muricate, or crenuiate-winged...(.g'J 
4 Ribs smooth, entire, winged or sharply prominent., .(/i) 
4 Ribs obtuse or obsolete. — n Calyx teeth obsolete or 0. . .(A:) 
— n Calyx teeth prominent. . .(l) 

a Fruit flat, orbicular. Leaves round or roundish HrDROCOTTLB. 1 

o Fruit globular. Leaves linear, fleshy phyllodia Crantzia. 2 

h Flowers partly sterile. Fruit densely muricate, few Sanicula. 8 

6 Flowers all fertile. Fruit scaly, many in the head Erynghjm. 4 

c Flowers of two sorts, the marignal with enlarged coi-ollas, radiant Heracleum. 5 

c Flowers all alike. — o Fruit with a thick, corky margin. Vittas CO Polyt.enia. 6 

— o Fruit with a thin margin. Vittfe single Feucedanuk. 7 

d Seed adherent to the pericarp. Intervals with single vittsc Angelica. S 

d Seed loose in the pericarp. Intervals with numerous vittas Archangelica. 9 

e Beak slender, longer than the fruit, all without vittas. South Scandix. 10 

6 Beak short ornone.— J) Fruit clavate, upwardly hispid .OSjMORHIZA. 11 

—p Fruit smooth, linear-oblong. Styles very short Ch^rophtllijm.12 

—p Fruit smooth, elliptical. Styles very slender Cryptot^nia. 13 

/ Involucels of 5 ovate, entire bracts. Leaves simple, entire B'JPLEURUM. 14 

/ Involucels of 3 subulate bracts.— r Fruit laterally compressed Carum. 15 

— ?• Fruit subterete transversely Thaspium. 16 

/ Involucra none. — s Fruit laterally compressed. Vittae 00 Pimpinella. 17 

— s Fruit transversely subterete. Vittte single Fq;niculum. 18 

g Calyx teeth prominent. Ribs of the fruit muricate D aucus. 19 

ff Calyx teeth obsolete. Ribs of the fruit crenulate-undulate Conium. 20 

h Marginal wings twice broader than the dorsal Selinum. 21 

ft Marginal and dorsal ribs alike sharp, — u with 00 vittfe Ligusticuji 22 

—It, with single vittae .(Ethusa. 23 

k Fruit a double globe. Petals not inflected. Low, early-flowering Erigenia 24 

ft Fniit cvate-oblong. Petals emargiuate-inflected. Involucra Carum. Ifi 



Okdek 63.— UMBELLIFER.E. 135 

fe Fruit round-ovate.— u Petals concave, not emarginate. Vittae single Ap cm. 2S 

—V Petals inflected, emarginate. Vittae CO Pimpinella. 17 

I Ribs of the carpels obsolete. Fruit ovate, covered with large vittae Eulophus. 26 

i Ribs of each carpel 9. Fruit globular. Outer flowers radiant Coriandrum, 30 

i Ribs of each carpel 5. — x Fruit round, didymous Cicuta. 27 

— a; Fruit oval. Leaves pinnate Siusi. 28 

— X Fruit ovate. Leaves capillaceous Discopleura. 29 

1. HYDROCOTYLE, L. Pennywort. Calyx limb obsolete. Pet. 
spreading, the point not inflected. Fr. laterally flattened, the commissure 
narrow. Carpels 5-ribbed, without vittae. ^ Low, smooth, creeping. Umb. 
Bimpie. Invol. few-leaved. Fls. small, white. June — Aug. Figs. 334-5. 

* Leaves reniform or cordate, the base lobes not united Nos. 1—3 

* Leaves peltate, orbicular, the base lobes united Nos. 4, E 

1 H. Americana L. St. filiform ; Ivs. round-reniform, slightly lobed, crenate ; umb. 

sessile, 3-5-flwd. ; fr. orbicular, u Damp shades. 2 — 6'. Plant very smooth and shining. 

2 H. ranuiiculo-ides L. /. Lvs. round-reniform, deeply 3-5-cleft, lobes crenate ; 

ped. 1—2', branched ; umbels 5-9-flwd., capitate. ii Waters.Pa., and S. Lvs. veiny, 4-8'. 

3 M. repasida Pers. Lvs. broad-ovate, cordate, rounded, margin repand-dentate ; 

ped. 2— .3', simple ; umb. capitate, 3 or 4-flwd. ; invol. 2-bracted. U Muddy shores, S. 

4 M. iimbellata L. Lvs. crenate, with a notch at base, long-stalked (4—6') ; scapes 

4— G', bearing a simple (rarely proliferous) umb. of 20-30 fls. 7i Ponds, bogs. Ms. to La. 

5 H. interrikpta Muhl. Lvs. crenate ; umb. proliferous, 5-flwd. 2{ Wet. Ms. to Ga. 

2. CRANTZIA, Nutt. Calyx margin obsolete. Pet. obtuse. Fr. sub- 
globous. Carpels unequal, 5-ribbed, with a vitta in each interval. ^'O." Small, 
creeping, with linear or filiform, entire lvs. Umbels simple, involucrato. 

C. liiiCiita Nutt. Lvs. cuncate-linear, sessile, obtuse at apes, and with transverse 
veins, shorter than the peduncles, u Muddy banks, coastward. Umb. 4-S-flowcred. 

3. SANIOULA, Tourn. Sanicle. Fls. 2 ^ S. Cal. segm. acute, 
leafy. Pet. obovate, erect, with a long, inflected point. Fr. subglobous, 
armed with hooked prickles. Carpels without ribs. Vitta? numerous. 
If Umbel nearly simple. Rays few, with many-flowered, capitate umbel- 
lets. Involucre of few, often cleft leaflets, involucel of several entire. 

1 S. Marllsinclica, L. Lvs. 5-7-partcd, digitate, mostly radical ; segm. thick, oblong, 

incisely serrate ; sterile fls. many, pedicellate, fertile ones sessile ; cal. segm. entire ; 
styles slender, conspicuous, recurved. Woods : connnon. 2— 3f. May— July. 

2 S. CaiiadcnsiK L. Lower lvs. 5-j)artcd, upper 3-partod ; segm. cunoato-obov.ito, 

mucronate-serrate ; sterile fls. few, much shorter than the fertile ; sty. shorter than 
the prickles. Woods, thickets: com. l-3f. Lvs. thin, 1-3'. Umb. few-flwd. Jn.-Aug. 

4. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. Fls. sessile, collected in dense heads. Cal 
lobes somewhat leafy. Pet. inflexed. Sty. filiform. Fr. scaly or tiibereii 
late, obovate, terete, without vittte or ribs. U (2) Fls. blue or white, brac- 
teate; lower bracts invohicrate, the others smaller and chatly. Sunimer. 

* Scales and chafl' of the heads entire, often spinosoent Nos«. 1—^ 

* Scales and chafl' of the hoails triouspidate.— a Flowoi-s white Nos. 4. 5 

—a Flowers blue Nos. (i, 7 

1 K. yiKU'U'ioliuiit Mx. Erect; lvs. broadly linear, pamllol-veinod. ciliato with nv 
Eotc, soft spines; invol. bracts entire, spinescent, shorter than the ovoid-glob, he.-wlsi. 
at Prairies and pino-b.'urons, W. and S. 2 -Of. Fls. white, iuoonspiouous. Jl., Aujj. 



136 Ordeh 63.— UMBELLIFER^. 

2 E. Kald^viiiii Spr. Sts. prostrate, filiform ; rt. Ivs. wedge-oblong, st. Ivs. 3-partcd, 

scgm. lance-lin., cut-toothed; invol. jfcales and chaflf alike : hds. ohlong. Fla. W. Blue, 

3 E. p.rostra,tuiii Baldw. Sts. prostrate, filiform, rooting : Ivs. of two forms at the 

same node, small, some ovate, some 3-parted with lance-linear segm. : invol. scales 

linear, longer than the small oblong heads ; fls. blue. U Swamps, Ga. Fla. (y-W. Jn.+ 

^. foli'osum. Bracts of the invol. leafy, twice longer than the heads. Fla. La. 

4 E. aromaticmn Baldw. Sts. assurgent ; vs. short (10, pinnate, wita cuspidate 

segm., the .3 terminal largest; hds. globons (6— S'O ; invol. scales 5. Dry. Fla. 9— ly. 

5 E. jtlettaueri. Erect, tall ; Ivs. linear-terete, consisting chiefly of the fistulous, 

jointed midvein, barely winged and toothed ; bracts 8 — 10. leafy. Wet. Fla. 4— 6f. 

6 E. VirgiBiiaaum Lam. Erect; Ivs. lance-oblong to linear, flat, the lower long 

stalked, upper uncinate-serrate ; bracts longer than the roundish head, if Swamps, 
2— 4f. nds. in umbel-like cymes, numerous, 5—6". Varies with Ivs. all linear. Jl. Aug, 
•7 E. Tlrgatum Lam. Erect ; Ivs. oval or oblong, thin, petiolate, dentate, the upper 
sessile ; bracts 6—8, longer than the depressed, cymous heads, u Wet, S. 2 — 4f. 

5. HERAOLEUM, L. Cow Parsxip. Calyx 5-tootlicd. Pet. often 
radiant in the exterior flowers, and apparently deeply 2-cleft. Fruit com- 
pressed, flat, with a broad, flat margin, and 3 obtuse, dorsal ribs to each 
carpel ; intervals with single yittse. Seeds flat. If Stout, with large um- 
bels. Involucre deciduous. Involucels many-leaved. 

H. lanatnm L. Villous ; Ivs. temate, petiolate, tomentous beneath ; Ifts. petioled, 
round-cordate, lobed ; fr. orbicular. Can. to N. Car. and W. 4f. Lvs. very large. June. 

6. POLYT.ENIA, DC. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, glabrous, com- 
pressed on the back, with a thickened, corky margin. Commissure with 4 
to 6 vittae. Seeds plano-convex. U A smooth herb, with bipinnately- 
divided leaves. Involucre 0. Involucel of setaceous bracts. 

P. Nuttallii DC— Prairies, W. 2— 3f. Smoothish. Lower leaves long-stalked. Um 
bels 2'. Fruit 3''. May. 

7. PEUOEDANUMj L. Fruit ovate, oval, or roundish, compressed 
on the back, the margin acute or broadly winged, carpels plane or convex, 
intervals with single vittse. Seeds plano-convex. U (2) Smooth, rarely 
pubescent. Lvs. pinnately or ternately divided or decompound. Umbels 
compound, with or without involucra. Fls. yellow or white. Fig. 238. 

§ EuPETTCEDANiTM. Cal. 5-toothed. Lvs. pinnatisect. Fr. narrowly winged. Yellow.. .1, 2 
§ Akchemop.a. Cal. 5-toothed. Lfts. 1—11, narrow. Fr. narrowly winged. Fls. white. 3-5 
§ Pastinaca. Calyx teeth 0. Lfts. oval. Fruit broadly winged. Flowers yellow No. 6 

1 P. foeniculaceuBa N. and other species with radical, pinnatisect leaves grow in 

Kansas, and W. (Rev. J. H. Carruth.) 

2 P. GRAVEOLENS. DiU. Lvs. caultue, tripinnate ; seg. capillary; umb. on long stalks ; fr. 

oval, flat, brown, aromatic, pungent, medicinal. (2) Spain. 2f. (Anethum, C-B.) 

3 P. rigidum Cotvbane. St. rigid, striate ; lvs. pinnate ; lfts. 3—11, lance-ovate, sub 

entire ; umb. 2 or 3, spreading, with slender rays ; fr. with large pui-p. vittse. U Swamps, 
N. Y., W. and S. 2— 5f. August. 
^. ambi§-iia^ has the leaflets linear and entire. 

4 P. ternatuiu. Stem slender, smooth; lvs. on long petioles, ternale ; segm. very 

long, Imear, entire, 3-veined ; invol. 0-3-leaved ; involucel 4-6-leaved. Swamps, in 
pine-barrens, S. 2— 3f. Sept.— Nov. (Neurophyllnm longifolium, C-B.) 

5 P. teretifoliiim. Tall, slender, smooth ; lvs. reduced to fistular, jointed phyllodia, 

terete tapering, 6— 16^ long ; fr. .3" ; invol. 5-G-leaved. 2f Wet, S. (T=-ftf.mannia, C-B.) 






Order 63.— UMBELLIFER^. 137 

6 P. «ati vum. Root fuBiform ; stem furrowed : Ivs. pinnate, downy beneath ; Ifts. 
oblong, incisely toothed, the terminal 3-lobed : umbels large ; involucra nearly 0. 
(2) Fields, gardens. 3 — 4f. July— Sept. $ Wild and Common P^^rsnip. 

8. ANGELICA, L. Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit dorsally compressed^ 
doubly winged. Carpels 5-ribbed, the 3 dorsal ribs filiform, the 2 marginal 
winged, intervals with single vittse. Carpophore 2-parted. Seed semi- 
terete. U Leaves bi- or tri-ternate, sessile. Umbels terminal. Invol. or 
few-leaved. Involucels many-leaved. 

A, Curtisii Buckley. Lvs. bitemate or with 3 quinate dinsions ; Ifts. thin, ovate or 
lance-ovate, acuminate, incisely toothed ; fr. broadly winged. Mts. Pa., & S. Aug. 

9. ARCHANGELICA, Hoffm. Angelica. Calyx teeth short. Fr. 
dorsally compressed, with 3 carinate, thick ribs upon each carpel, and 2 
marginal ones dilated into membranous wings. Seed loose in the ripe car- 
pel, covered with vittoe. U Petioles usually k,rge, inflated and 3-parted. 
Umbels perfect. Involucels many-leaved. Fls. greenish white. Fig. 177. 

* Involucels less than half the length of the pedicels. Fruit 3''' long, winged No. 1 

* Involucels about as long as the pedicels. — « Fruit scarcely winged No. 2 

—a Fruit broadly winged No?. 3, 4 

1 A. atropuriJ urea Hoffm. St. dark purple, furrowed ; petioles 3-parted, the divi- 
sions quinate ; Ifts. incisely toothed, terminal 1ft. rhoiiiboidal, sessile, the others do 
current; involucels setaceous. Meadows, E. and W. 4— Gf. Stout, aromatic. Juno. 
tl A, pcrejrrina N. St. striate; If. divisions ternate, segm. incisely serrate ; involu- 
cel of many bracts, as long as the pedicels ; fruit ribs corky, thick. Sea-coast, Mass. 
to Labrador. 2— 3f. July. (A. Gmelini DC.) 

3 A. l»ir.swta T. & G. Stem striate, the sixmmit with the umbels tomcntous-hirsnte ; 

lvs. bipinnately divided, the divisions quinate ; segm. oblong, acutish, the upper pair 
connate, but not decurrcnt at base. Dry woods, N. Y. to Car. 2 — 5f. July. 

4 A. dentata Chapm. Slender, smooth ; lvs. 1-2-ternatc ; segm. lance-ovate, incised ; 

umbels few-rayed ; involucel 5-G-leavcd, as long as the pedicels. Ga. Fla. 2— 3f. Jl. + 

10. SCANDIX, L. Venus's Comb. Cal. limb obsolete. Fr. laterally 
compressed or nearly terete, attenuated into a beak which is longer than 
the seed. Carpels with 5 obtuse, equal ribs. Vitta^ 0, or scarcel}'- an3^ (\) or 
(2) Lvs. finely dissected. Invol. 0. Involucel 5-7-leaved. Flowers white. 
S. apiciiliita Willd. Petioles and peduncles slender ; Ivp. finely dissected into subu- 
late segments ; umbels 3-rayed ; fruit with beak and forked style 0". Ga. If. § Eur. 

11. OSMORHIZA, Raf Sweet Cicely. Calyx margin obsolete. Sty. 
conical at base. Fr. linear, very long, clavale, attenuate at base. Carpels 
with 5 equal, acute, bristly ribs. Vitta: Commissure Avith a deep, 
bristly chann(>l. U Leaves biternately divided, with the umbels oppi>sile 
Involucels 4-7-l(>aved. Flowers white. May, June. Figs. -I'J, 4 10-3. 

1 O. lonsestylis DC. Sty. filiform, nearly as long as the ovary ; IV. iiav;»to ; rt. spiry 
• and sweet-llavored ; st. and lvs. smoothish. Rich woods. Can. to Va. 1 -iJf. Fruit!'. 

2 O. brovBstylis DC. Sty. conical, scarcely as long as tlio broailtli of ttu' ovary; tt. 

somewhat tapering at the summit; root nauseous ; plant hairy. Woods. 1— ,Sf. 

12. OH.ffIROPHYLLUM, L. (^hkuvil. Calyx limb obsolc«te. l-Vuit 
laterally compr(>ss(Ml, linear or oblong, ocMitraetod above but scarcel}' 



138 Order 63.— UMBELLIFER^. 

beaked. Carpels with 5 obtuse, equal ribs, intervals with single vittte. 
Commissure deeply sulcate. (T) (2) Leaves 2-3-pinnately divided. Segrrt 
incisely cleft or toothed. Invol. 0, or few-leaved. Involucel many- 
leaved. Flowers mostly white. Umb. mostly sessile. 

1 C. procMml>eiis Lam. Slender, spreading, smoothish ; If. segoi. trifid and pin- 

natifid, lobes oblong, obtuse ; umb. few-rayed, sessile or pedunculate ; fr. acute, riba 
narrower than the intervals. Damp woods. 111. to Penn., and S. 1— 2f. April, May. 

2 C. Tainturieri Hook. Ascending or erect, some hairy; If. segm. crowded, again 

pinnatifld or bipinnatifid, ultimate segm. acute ; fr. short-beaked, ribs broader than 
the intervals. Ga. to Fla. and La. 10—20'. Much branched. Fruit 4'\ March, Apr. 

3 C, SATIVUM. Garden C. Lf. segm. ovate, cut or cleft ; fr. smooth, shining. Eur. 18^ 

13. CRYPTOT^NIA, DC. Honewort. Margin of the calyx obso- 
lete. Fruit elliptical, with slender styles. Carpels with 5 obtuse ribs. Car- 
pophore free, 2-parted. Vittae very narrow, twice as many as the ribs. U 
Leaves 3-parted, lobed and doubly-serrate. Umbels compound, with very 
unequal rays. Invol. 0. Involucels few-leaved. Flowers white. 

C, Canadensis DC— Common in moist woods. Plant smooth, 2— 3f, with large Ifts. 
(3'' by 20- Umb. panicled, slender, involucels minute. Fr. 2" long, styles V\ Jn.-Sept. 

14. BUPLEURUM, Tourn. Thorough- wax. Calyx teeth 0. Fruit 
laterally compressed. Carpels 5-ribbed, lateral ones marginal. Seed terete- 
ly convex, flattish on the face. — Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. (or phyllo- 
dia) entire. Involucra various. Flowers yellow. 

B. rotundifolium L. Lvs. (phyllodia) roundish-ovate, entire, perfoliate; invol. 0, 
involucels of 5, ovate, mucronate bracts, (i) Fields, N. Y. to Va. Rare. § Europe. 

15. OARUM, L. Caraway. Alexanders. Cal. teeth minute or 0. 
Disk broad-conic. Fr. ovate or oblong, laterally compressed. Carpels 5- 
angled, with 5 — 10 prominent, filiform, equal ribs, the two lateral border- 
ing the commissure. Intervals with a single, rarely 2, vittae. Seeds sub- 
terete. — Leaves ternate to decompound. Involucra various. 

§ ZiziA. Lvs. simple, or 1-2-ternate, ovate. Cal. teeth minute. Pet. yellow... Nos.L 2 
§ Carum. Lvs. pinnately or teruately dissected. Cal. teeth 0. Pet. vv^hite. ..Nos. 3, 4 

1 C aiireum. Golden Alexanders. Lvs. 1-2-ternate ; Ifts. thin, lance-oblong, sharp- 

ly serrate ; umb. rays 1-'; invol. ; involucels 3-lvd. ; fr. oval, the ribs acute or winged. 
U Meadows and banks. 1— 2f. Smooth throughout. Fls. deeii yel. Jn. (Thaspium, N.) 

2 C. cordatum, Root lvs. simple, cordate, crenate, on long stalks ; st. lvs. becoming 

3-parted, ternate, or quinate, serrate : fr. roundish-oval, with acute or winged ribs ; 
fls. yellow, varying to brownish. Rocky shades. 2— 3f. May, June. (Thaspium, N.) 

3 C. Petroselinum B. & H. Parsley. Leaf segm. numerous, wedge-ovate to lance-ob- 

long, acute, incised ; invol. lvs. few or ; involucels subulate. 2i Greece. 2— 3f. Jn. 

4 C. Carvi. Caraway. Lf. segm. numerous, linear to filiform ; invol. 1-lvd. or ; invo- 

lucels 0. % Europe. 2— 3f. Lvs. large. Fls. white. Fr. oblong, aromatic. June. 

16. THASPIUM, Nutt. Golden Alexanders. Calyx margin 5- 
toothed. Fruit ovoid, transversely subterete. Carpels semiterete, with 5 
prominent or winged ribs, the lateral margined. Intervals with single 
vitt£r. U Umbels without an invol. Involucels 3-lvd., lateral. Fls. yellow 



Order 63.— UMBELLIFER^. 139 

1 T. barbinode N. St. pul)escent at the norlts; Ivs. tritemate and bitematc ; Ifts. 

wedg-e-ovate. cut-serrate : fr. large (S'O. elliptical, fj-winged. River banks. St. 2 — 3f, 
angular and grooved. Rays 2', each 20-flo\vered. Flowers deep yellow. June. 

2 T, IValteri Shutt. Stem rough-puberulent above ; Ivs. triternate to temate ; lft:<, 

pinnatifid with linear oblong segments ; fruit oblons, narrowly 8-10-winged. Barrene, 
Ky. to E. Tenn. and "W , Car, iZizia pinnatiflda Buckley.) 

17. PIMPINELLA, L. Anise. Zizia. Calyx teetli obsolete. Fruit 
ovate, oval, or roundish, laterally compressed and contracted at the com- 
missure, ribs very slender, with many vittas. Styles slender. Seeds teretely 
5-angled. U Leaves decompound. Involucra 0, or scarcely any. 

1 P. integrifoiia (B. & H.) Smooth, glaucous ; Ivs. bi- or tri-ternate, with elliptic- 

oblong, entire, acute Ifts. (10 ; umb. (yellow) with 13 very slender (2—30 rays ; fr. oval, 
with 3 vittse in each interval. Rocky woods. l-2f. May — July. (Zizia, DC.) 

2 P» Anisum. Anise. Smooth, shining ; root Ivs crifid, cauline multifld, with narrow- 

ly-linear segments ; umbels large, many-rayed. Egyi^t. Richly aromatic. 

18. FCENICULUM, Adans. Fennel. Fruit elliptic-oblong, sub- 
terete. Carpels each with 5 carinate ribs, intervals with single vittJE. 
Involucra 0. Leaves biternately dissected. Flowers yellow. 

F. vtTLGAEE. Leaf segm. linear-subulate, elongated, or filiform ; umb. of 15—30 unequal 
rays. @ Europe. 3— 5f. The turgid seeds are wai-mly aromatic. (Anethum, C-B.) 

19. DAUCUS, Toura. Carrot. Calyx limb 5-toothed. Pet. the 2 
outer often largest and deeply 2-cleft. Fr. oblong. Carpels with 5 pri- 
mary, bristly ribs, and 4 secondary, the latter more prominent, winged, 
and divided each into a single row of prickles, and having single vittJB 
beneath, (2) Invol. pinnatifid. Involucels of entire or 3-cleft bracts. Fls. 
white, the central one abortive. 

1 D. Carota L. Stem hispid ; Ivs. tripinnatifld, the segm. linear, cuspidate-pointed ; 

umbels dense, concave ; invol. pinnate. Fields, waysides : common. 3f, § Eur.— la 
cultivation tl\c root becomes conical, fleshy, red to yellow, and nutritious. Jl.— Sept. 

2 D. pusilliis Mx. Slender, retrorsely hispid; Ivs. bipinnatilid, divisions deeply 

lobed with linear-oblong, merely acute segments ; invol. bipinnatilid. Dry soils, S. 
Car, to Fla., and W. 1— ;3f. June. 

20. CONIUM, L. Poison Hemlock. Calyx margin obsolete. Fruit 
ovate, laterally compressed. Carpels with 5 acute, equal, undulnto-cronu- 
late ribs, lateral ones margiunl, Vitttu 0. Seeds with a deep, narrow grom-e 
on the face. (2) Poisonous. Leaves decon\pound. Invtilucra an^l involii- 
no\s 8-5-leaved, tlie latter unilateral. Flowers white, 

r, inaculatiiiu L, St, spotted ; Ivs, tripinnate; Ifts. lanceolate, pinnatitUl ; involu- 
eel short; fruit smooth. Waste grounds, waysides. 4f, Much bninohod. Ar. il'.- 
eccntod narcotic, July. § Europe. 

21. SELINUM, L. Calyx teeth ol)S(4ete. Fr. ovoxd to oblong, terete. 
Carpels slightly compressed on the ))aek, somiterc te. with 5 wiuged ribs, 
the lateral wings broadest, intervals with 1 (ran>ly 0) vittav ?; Clabnniei, 
tall, branched. Lvs. piunately dirompouml. Tub. rays oc. Invol. bracts 
0- -few. Involucels 00-bracted. Fiu,'. oOo. 



140 Order 63.— UMBELLIFER^. 

S, Canadense B. & H. Petioles large, sheath-like, inflated ; If. segm. linear-oblong, 
very acute, or acuminate ; umb. 12-rayed, long-stalked ; bracts lin. -filiform ; fls. white, 
conspicuous. Wet woods, Me. to Va. and Wis., rare. .3-5f. Aug., Sept. (Conioselinnm.i 

22. LIGUSTICUM, L. Lovage. Calyx teeth minute. Fruit as in 
Belinum, except- that the intervals are filled with numerous vittse. U Gla- 
brous. Lvs. ternately divided. Involucra few- oo-bracted. Fls. white. 

1 li. Scoticnin L. Sea L. Lvs. 2-1-temate ; Ifts. rhombic-ovate, cut-dentate, some 

oblique ; invol. bracts 00-linear ; fr. oblong. Sea-coast, northward. 2f. Fruit h". July. 

2 li. actiefoliuni Mx. Angelico. Lvs. tritemate, Avith ovate, dent-serrate leaflets ; 

umbels panicled or triply compound ; involucra about 3-bracted ; fruit short. Woods, 
Ms. to Tenn. 3— 6f. May— .Tuly. 

23. .SITHUSA, L. Fool's Parsley. Calyx margin obsolete. Fruit 
globous-ovate. Carpels with 5 acutely-carinated ribs, lateral ones mar- 
ginal, broader. Intervals acutely angled, with single vittse, commissurQ 
with 2. @ Poisonous herbs. Leaves ternately or pinnately decompound. 
Involucra 0. Involucels one-sided, 3-leaved, deflexed. Flowers white. 
-E. Cynapium L. — Waste grounds, N. Eng. to Penn. : rare. 2f. Stem green. Leaf 

segm. numerous, wedge-shaped, uniform. Plant ill-scented, dark green. Jl. § Eur. 

24. ERIGENIA, Nutt. Daughter-of-Spring. Calyx limb obsolete. 
Pet. not inflexed, entire. Fr. contracted at the commissure. Carpels 8- 
ribbed, ovate-renifoi'm, if Rt. tuberous. Radical leaf triternately decom- 
pound. Involucrate lvs. solitary, biternately compound. Involucels of 
3 — 6 entire, linear-spatulate bracts. Figs. 235, 369. 

E. 'bulbosa Nutt. A small, early-flowering herb, 4 — 6'. Shady banks, Penn.,W. N.Y. 
and W. Tuber roundish, deep in the ground. Pet. white, anth. brown-purple (l^.euce 
called Pepper-and-Salt). March, April. 

25. APIUM, L. Celery, &c. Calyx teeth obsolete. Pet. not emar- 
ginate. Fr. ovate or globular, laterally compressed, often didyinous. Car- 
pels 5-angled, ribs equal, obtuse. Vittse single in each interval. Carpophore 
undivided. Seed terete. ® if Smooth. Leaves pinnately decompound. 
Involucra various. (Flowers white.) 

§ HELOsciADrrar. Lvs. simply pinnate. Involucels GO-bracted. Fr. roundish .. Nos. 1—S 
§ EuAPrtTM. Lvs. pinnately decompound. Involucels 0. Involucre 1-leaved.. .Nos. 4 — 6 

1 A. lineare. Stem angular, tall ; Ifts. 9—11 (3 above), linear-oblong or linear, taper- 

ing to a very acute point, serrate ; umb. pedunculate ; invol. CD-bracted ; fr. globular 
with very prominent ribs, n Wet. 2 — 4f. July. Aug. Sium, C-B.) 

2 A. Carsbnii (Durand). Erect, bran^;hed ; Ifts. .3—7. lia. to ovate, serrate to gashed 

fr. broadly ovate, the ribs filiform, with broad intervals. Wet. Coua. to Pena. Jn.,J]. 

3 1. Rodiflorum. Stems procumbent : lvs. pinnate; Ifts. lance-oblong, equally ser- 

rate; umb. opposite the lvs., subsessile; invol. 0-2-lvd. (I) Wet. S. Car. 1— 2f. Apr. S 
1 A. leptopliyllum. Erect or diftuse ; If. segm. linear to filiform ; umb. opp. the 

lvs., sessile ; fr. very small {\"), globular, with thick ribs, (i) Ga. to La. Jn. (Helosc.) 
5 A. divarieatuni. Small and slender; If. segm. filiform or capillary, obtuse ; umb. 

ver> small, pedunculate. 3-o-rayed ; fr. rough with minute scales, (i) Dry sands, S. 

S— 8'. March, April. (Leptocaulis, N.) 
tj A. uRAVEOLENS. Celerij. Lvs. on long petioles, segm. broad-cuneate, incised, uppei 

lvs. 3-parted and cut-lobed; invol. ; fr. roundish, (g) Eur. Well known as a salad. 



Order 63.— UMBELLIFERJE. 1^11 

26. EULOPHUS, N. Calyx limb 5-tootlied, deciduous. Fr. contracted 
laterally, somewhat double. Carpels surrounded with large vittse, ribs 
obsolete. Seed channelled on the inner face. U Smooth, branched. Lvs. 
ternately decompound. Invol. nearly 0. Involucel setaceous. Fls. white. 

E. Americana N. Lvs. mostly radical ; segm. lance-lin., V long, acute, upper lvs. in 
3 long, entire seg. ; umb. long-stalked, 3-10-rayed. Prairies, O. to 111. and Tenn. 3 — 4f. 

27. OICIJTA, L. Water Hemlock. Calyx margin of 5 broad seg- 
ments. Fr. subglobous, didymous. Carpels with 5 flattish, equal ribs, 2 
of them marginal, intervals filled with single vittse. Seeds terete. ^ U 
Poisonous. Leaves compound. Stems hollow. Umbels perfect. Invol. 
few-leaved or 0. Involucels many-leaved. Flowers white. 

1 C, macnlata L. St. streaked with purple; lower lvs. tritemate and quinate, up- 

per biternate ; segments lanceolate, mucronately serrate, the veins running to the 
notches. Wet meadows. 3-6f. Smooth, glaucous. Leaflets 1— 3'. Fruit If , 10- 
ribbed. Umbels 3'. July, August. 

2 C. Ibulbifera L. Lvs. biternate ; Ifts. linear, with remote, divergent teeth ; lvs. of 

the branches 3-cleft or simple, subopposite. bearing bulblets in their axils. Swamps, 
Can. to Penn. and W. 3 — 4f. Leaflets 2 — 4' by 1 — i". Umbels few. August. 

28. SIUM, L. Water Parsnip. Calyx teeth acute. Pet. obcordate, 
with an inflexed point. Fr. nearly oval, laterally compressed. Carpels 
with 5 obtusish ribs, and several vitta3 in each interval. Carpophore undi- 
vided. U Leaves pinnate, dentate. Umbels perfect, with many-leaved 
involucra. Flowers white. — Stout herbs. 

S. latifoliiiiML L. St. angular, sulcate ; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, acutely and coarsely 
serrate, barely acute; cal. teeth conspicuous. Swamps, Ind. (Green Co. !) and Can. 
3— If. Lfts. 4—6' by 1—2^ 2-10-toothed. Umb. with 20—30 long (.3-10 rays. Jl., Aug. 

29. DISCOPLEURA, DC. Bisnop--\VEED. Cal. teeth subulate, per- 
sistent. Fr. ovate, often didymous. Carp. 5-ribbcd, the 3 dorsal ribs tili- 
form, subacute, prominent, the 2 lateral united with a thick, accessory 
margin ; intervals with single vitta3. Sds. subtercte. @ Lvs. capillaceous 
dissected. Umbels compound. Bracts of the invol. cleft. Fls. white. 

1 D. capillacca DC. Erect or procumbent ; umbels 3-10-rayed ; lfts. of the invol. 

3— 5, mostly 3-cleft ; fr. ovate. Swamps near the coast, Mass. to Qa. 1— 2f. JHue + . 

2 D. costata Ilale (1850). 'Branched, erect ; umbels 7-15-rayed ; bracts of the invol. 

10 — 12, 2-5-parted ; If.-sogm. filiform, numerous, apparently verticillate; ft:, with riba 
and vittic strongly contrasted. Swamjis, Ogoochce K. and W. 1- -if, stout. Oct., Nov. 

3 D. Nnttallii DC. Erect, tall ; umbel ir>--20-rayed ; invol. few bracted, bracts eu 

tire ; fr. broadly cordate-ovate. Wet prairies, Ky. and S. Slondor, 2— tf. 

30. CORIANDRUM, L. Cori.vndeu. Cal. with 5 ci)n^;pici;ous loolh. 
Outer petals radiant, intlox-biful. Fr. globons. Carp, cohering, with the 
5 depressed, primary ribs, aiul 4 secondary more prominent ones. sihhU 
roncavo on the face. (T) Smooth. Invol. or 1-loaved. Involucels 3 
leaved, unilateral. 

C. sativum L. Lvs. bipiunate, lower ones with broad omu^aie lfts.. upiK: w'.th lln 
ear lfts. ; carp, homisphorical. Europe. 2f. Cultivated for Its spii-y fruit. 



142 Order 65.— CORNACE^. 



Order LXIY. ARALIACE^. Araliads. 

Trees, shrulis or lierhs closely allied to the UmbelTvorts in tlie leaTes, in- 
florescence and flowei-s, but the styles and cells of the oyart are usually more 
than 2 (3 to 5), cells 1-ovuled. Fruit baccate or diy, 3-o-celled, with 1 al- 
buminous seed in each cell, and the petals not inflected. Fig. 242. 

§ Styles and carpels 5. Umbels CO. Flowers perfect. Leaves alternate, pinnate Araltju 1 

I Styles and carpels 2 — 3. Umbel 1. Flowers dioecions. Leaves verticillate, palmate Glsskxg. 2 

I Styles 5, united into L Umb. GO. Flowers polygamous. Lvs. simple. Climbing Helkea. 3 

1. ARALIA, L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Cal. tube adherent, limb "5- 
toothed. Pet. 5, ovate, spreading. Stam. 5, epigynous. Styles 5, recurved 
above, persistent. Fi\ a berry, o-celled, 5-seeded, and 5-angled when dry. 
U 5 Lvs. pinnately compound, alternate. Umbels several or many, white 
or greenish, in summer. 

* Plants low (1 — 2f), "with, few (3—7) umbels corrmbously arranged Nos. 1, 2 

* Plants tall (3— 12f), with, numerous umbels in racemes Nos. 3, 4 

1 A. nadieaulis L. Nearly stemless, with 1 ternate-pinnate leaf longer than the 

scape, which bears 3 umbels at top ; plant smooth, it Eich, Eocky wds. E. & "W. if. 

2 A. bispida L. Wild Elder. Stem shrubby and hispid-prickly at base, herbaceous 

above ; lvs. l--2-pinnate ; Ifts. ovate, cut-serrate, often lobed ; umbels about 5. long- 
sraiked, forming a terminal corymb, ii Dry fields. X. Eng. to Va. 1 — "Sf. Fr. blue-blk. 

3 A. racemosa L. Pettymorrel. Herbaceous, smooth, branched ; lvs. large, bi-ter- 

nate-pinnate, Ifts. ovate, serrate ; tmib. small, 00, in a panicle of racemes, n Eocky 
woods. 3 — of. Eoot aromatic, an ingredient in sniail-beer. 

4 A. spinosa L. Angelica-tree. Hei^cules' Club. Shrub prickly ; lvs. bi- and tri-pin- 

nate. Ifts. thick, ovate, cusp-pointed, glaucous beneath. Damp woods, O. to Fla. 8— 
13 — 20f. Tmrik usually simple, bearing all the lvs. and panicles at the top. 

2. GINSENG. (Panax, L. m jparO Dicecious-polygamous. Cal. tube 
adherent, limb obsolete. Pet 5, ovate, obtuse. Stam. 5, epigynous. Stj"-. 
2 or 3, distinct, erect. Fruit baccate, 2- or 3-seeded. 3 Stvdes obsolete. 
% Root tuberous. Stem simple, bearing 3 leaves in a whorl and one um- 
bel. Flowei-s white. Fig. 242. 

1 G. trifolium. Qrmnd-nut. Root a round tuber ; stem low (3—60 : lvs. palmately 

.3-5-fbliate, Ifts. lance-oblong, serrate, subsessile ; peduncle longer than the petioles ; 
sty. 3 ; berries 3-lobed, greenish-yeUow. Low woods : com. May. Eoot farinaceous. 

2 G. quinquefolinm. Tnie Ginseng. Eoot fusiform, fleshy ; st. taller (If +) ; lvs. 

palmately 5-foliate, Ifts. ample, obovate, petiolulate. acuminate, serrate ; peduncle 
shorter than the petioles ; sty. 2 ; berries 2-seeded, bright red. Eocky woods. Jn.-Aug. 

3. HBDERA. L. Europkan" Ivy. Calyx o-toothed. Pet. 5, valvate. 
Sta. 5. Sty. united into 1. Fr. ovoid, baccate, 5-seeded. t> Lvs. coriace- 
ous, simple. Flowers gi-een. 

if. Helix. Stems woody, slender, climbing high by radicating fibres : lvs. dark green, 
wit "i whitish veins, roundish ovate, 5-angled ; tunbels corymbed ; fr. black. Europe. 

Order LXY. COEXACE^. Cornels. 

Trees and shrubs, seldom herbs, without stipules. Leaves opposite or 
rarely alternate, simple, with pinnate veinlets. Calyx adherent to tlie 



Okdeh 65.— CORNACEJE. 143 

ovary, llie limb minute, toothed or lobecl. Petals distinct, alternate with 
the calyx teeth, valvate in the bud, often 0. Stamens same number aa 
petals, inserted on the margin of the epigynous disk (in the ^ flowers.) Ovary 
1- or 2-celled. Fruit a baccate drupe, crowned with the calyx. Fig. 43C. 

1. CORNUS, L. Dogwood. Flowers perfect. Calyx limb of 4 minute 
segments. Pet. 4, oblong, sessile. Sta. 4. Style somewhat club-shaped. 
Drupe baccate, with a 2- or 3-celled nut. 5 1) ^ Lvs. entire. Flowers in 
cymes, often involucrate. Floral envelopes valvate in aestivation. Bark 
bitter, tonic. Fig. 430. 

§ Cymes subtended by a 4-leaved, white involucre. Fruit red Nos. 1, 2 

§ Cymes naked. — a Lvs. alternate, clustered at the ends of the branches No. 3 

—a Lvs. opposite.— 6 Twigs and cymes pubescent Nos. 4, 5 

—b Twigs, &c., glabrous.— c Drupes blue. Nos. 6, 7 
—c Drupes wh...Nos. 8, 8 

1 C. Canadensis L. Low Cornel. Herbaceous, low; upper lvs. whorled, veiny, on 

short petioles ; st. simple ; invol. lvs. ovate. 2f Damp woods, N. 4— S'. May, June. 

2 C. florida L. Flowering Dogwood. Arboreous ; lvs. opposite, ovate, acuminate, 

entire ; fls. small, in a close, cymous umbel or head, surrounded by a very large, 4-lvd. 
obcordate involucre. Tree in woods, 20— 30f. Invol. showy. May. Bark tonic. 

3 C alternifi^Iia L. Lvs. alternate, oval, acute, hoary beneath ; branches alternate, 

warty ; drupes purple, globous. ShruD or tree, 8— 20f, with a flattened top. June. 

4 C. sericea L. Branches spreading, purplish, branchlets woolly; lvs. ovate or ellip- 

tical, acuminate, silky-pubescent beneath ; cymes depressed, woolly ; cal. teeth lance- 
olate ; drupes light blue. Shrub 5— 9f. Flowers yellowish white, crowded. June. 
6 C. asperifolia Mx. Branches erect, brownish, branchlets rough-downy ; lvs. lance- 
oval, scabrous above, downy beneath ; cymes hispid ; sep. minute. W. and S. May-i-. 

6 C stricta Lam. Branches erect, brown, smooth ; lvs. ovate to lanceolate, smooth 

and green both sides, long-acuminate ; cymes loose, smooth ; sepals subulate, half as 
long as the ovary ; anth. and fr. pale bine. Swamps, Va. to Fla. 8— 12f. April. 

7 C, circiiiata L. Branches warty ; lvs. round-oval, Avhite-tbmentous beneath ; cjTues 

spreading, depressed ; drupes light blue. Shrub 5— lOf, E. and W. Lvs. large. June. 

8 C paniculata L'Her. Branches erect, grayish, smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 

acuminate, hoary beneath ; cymes and drupes small, paniculate, white, (if. May, Jn. 

9 C. stolonifera Mx. Red Osier. St. often stoloniferous ; branches smooth ; shoots 

virgate, reddish-purple ; lvs. broad-ovate, acute, pubescent, hoary beneath ; cymea 
naked, flat ; berries bluish-white. Small tree, E. and W. 8— lOf. May, June. 

2. NYSSA, L. Tupelo. Gum-tree. Fls. dioecious or polygamous. 

5 Calyx tube very short, limb truncate. Pet. 5, oblong. Sta. mostly 10, 
inserted in the bottom of the calyx. Ov. 0. $ Calyx tube oblong, adhe- 
rent to the 1-celled ovary, limb as in S . Pet. 3 — 5, oblong, often 0. Sly. 
large, sligmatic on one side. Drupe oval, 1-seeded. ^ with snuUl green 
fls. clustered on axillary peduncles, the sterile more numerous. Apr. June. 

1 N. niiiltlflora Wang. Lvs. oblong-obovate, acutish or obtuse at each end, entiro ; 

the petiole, n\idvein, and margin villous ; fertile peduncles 8-(,0-;>Vno\verod ; sty. revo- 
lute; nut short, obovate, stri;ite, obtuse. Tree 8l) — TOf. Drupe Mne-blaok. t 

2 N, iinlflora Walt. Swamp Tuikio. Lvs. groon, oblong-ovato or ovate. long-potli>- 

late ; tortile fls. solitary, 3-braeteil, on slender peduncles ; sty. nearly stniiglit ; sterile 
fls. 5—10 ; drupe oblong, as largo as a plum. Tree 50— 80r, in swamps, S. 

3 N. cnpltuta Walt. Ogtechee Litiie. Leaves oval or oblong, short-potiolate, entire, 



144 Order 66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^. 

whitened beneath, obtuse at apex, acute at base ; fertile fls. solitary, on short pedun 
cles, downy, S-4-bracted, with 5 petals and 10 stamens ; sterile fls. 20—30 in each dense 
globular head ; fruit large, oblong. Eiver banks, S. 20— 30f. 

CoHOET 2, GAMOPETAL^, 

Or Moxopetalous Exogexs. — Plants having a double peri- 
anth, consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed 
of petals partially or wholly united. (Cohort 3, page 278.) 

Order LXYI. CAPRIFOLIACE^. Hoxetsuckles. 

Shrubs, rarely 7ie?''bs, often tTdning with opposite leaves ; no stipules. 
Flowers clustered and often fragrant, 5-parted and often ii-regular. Corolla 
monopetalous, tubular or rotate. Stamens inserted on the corolla tube, 
rarely one less than the lobes. Ovary adherent to the calyx. StyU 1, s-tig- 
mas 3 to 5. Fruit a beny, drupe, or capsule. Emh^o small, in fleshy 
albumen. Figs. 67, 383, 390, 466, 471, 477. 

I. LOXIGEREiE. Corolla tubular, with a filiform style. . .(a) 

a Herbs. — 6 Corolla 5-lobed, the stamens bnt 4 Lhtn'^sa. 1 

— h Corolla 5-lobed, the stamens 5 TRiosTEtrM. 2 

a Shmbs. — c Corolla bell-shaped, regular. Berry 4-celled. 2-seeded SrMPHORiCAEPUS. 3 

— c Corolla tubular, lobes unequal. Berry 2-3-celled Lo>ncERA, 4 

— c Corolla funnel-form. Capsule 2-celled, 00 -seeded. (Addenda.).. Dieetella. 5 
TI. SAilBUCE^. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas sessile... (6) 

6 Shrubs with pinnate leaves. Berry 3-seeded Sajibfcus. 6 

& Shrubs with simple leaves. Drupel-seeded ViBXjRXtnf. 7 

1. LINN.ZEA, Gron. Ttvun'-flovter. Calyx tube ovate, limb o-parted, 
deciduous. Bractlets at base 2. Cor. campanulate, limb subequal, 5-lobed. 
Sta. 4, tvro longer than the others. Beny dry, 3-celled, indehiscent, l-seed- 
ed (tTR'o cells abortive). \^ Lvs. roundish, petiolate. Ped. filiform, erect, 
2-flowered. Inhabits the N. temperate zone of both hemispheres. 

li. borealis Gron.— Moist rocky shades, N. J. to Greg, and X. Filiform stems 3 — 6f. 
Ped. 3, bearing at top a pair of nodding, beU-skaped, roseate, fragrant flowers. June. 

2. TRIOSTEUM, L. Feverwort. Calyx tube ovoid, limb 5-parted, 

segm. linear, nearly as long as the corolla. Cor. tubular, gibbous at base, 
limb 5-lobed, subequal. Sta. 5. included. Stig. capitate, lobed. Fr. drupa- 
ceous, crowned vrith the calyx, 3-celled, containing 3 ribbed, bony seeds. 
IC Coarse, hauy, with large, connate leaves and axillary flowers. 

1 T. perfoliatum L. Hirsute ; lvs. oval, acuminate ; fls. verticillate or clustered, 

sessile, brownish-purple. Rocky woods. 2 — 4f. Fruit orange-colored, G". June. 

2 T. angustifoliuni L. Hispid : lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely connate : fls. 

mostly solitary, short-stalked, yellowish or straw-colored. L.I.,TV. &S. 2 — 3f. May. 

3. SYMPHORICARPUS, DiU. Sxowberry. Calyx tube globous. 
limb 4r-5-toothed. Cor. fimnel- or bell-shaped, the Umb in 4 — 5 equal lobes 
Bta, 4 or 5. Stig. capitate. Beny globous, 4-celled, 2-seeded (two oppo- 
site cells abortive). 5 Leaves oval, entire. Flowers small, roseate. 



ORDER 66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^. 145 

1 S. raccmosus Mx. Fls. in terminal, loose, interrupted, often leafy rac. ; cor. cam- 

panulate, densely bearded within ; sty. and sta. included ; berries snow-white. W. Vt. 
to Wis. and Pa., on rocky banks. 2— 3f. A smooth, handsome shrub. July— Aug. 1 

2 S. occidentalis R. Br. WoJfberry. Lvs. ovate, obtusish ; spikes dense, axillary 

and terminal, nodding ; cor. densely bearded inside ; sta. and bearded style exserted : 
berries white. Woods, Mich. Wis. and N. 2 — 4f. July. 

3 S. vtrlgaris Mx. Lvs. roundish-oval ; spikes axillary, subsessile, capitate, and 

crowded ; cor. lobes nearly glabrous ; sta. and bearded style included ; berries dark 
red. River banks, Penn. to Iowa, and S. 2— 3f. Flowers greenish-red. July. 

4. LONIOERA, L. Honeysuckle. Woodblne. Calyx S-toothed, 

tube subglobous. Cor. funnel- or bell-form, limb 5-cleft, often labiate. Sta. 

5, exserted, Ov. 2-3-celled. Berry few-seeded. Stig. capitate. "^ ^ Lvs. 

entire, often connate. Fls. fragi-ant and beautiful. May-Jl. Figs. 67, 390. 

§ Xylosteon. Shrubs erect. Leaves never connate. Flowers in pairs., .{a) 

a Corolla gibbous at base, lobes somewhat irregular Nos. 1 — 3 

a Corolla not gibbous, lobes spreading, equal, roseate No. 4 

§ Caprifolium. Shrubs climbing. Flowers sessile, mostly whorled.. .(6) 

b Leaves all distinct. Corolla ringent. Cultivated exotics Nos. 5, 6 

b Leaves (the upper pair) connate-perfoliate . . . (c) 

c Corolla subequal, both tube and limb scarlet No. 7 

c Corolla limb ringent, — d tube equal (not gibbous) at base Nos. 8 — 10 

— d tube gibbous at the base Nos. 11, 12 

1 li. ciliata Muhl. Fly HoneysucMe. Lvs. ovate, subcordate, ciliate ; cor. limb with 

short and subequal lobes, tube saccate at base ; sty. exserted ; berries distinct, red. 
Woods, Me. to O. and N. 3 — 4f. Flowers straw-yellow, on short ped. May. 

2 Ij. oblongifolia Hook. Lvs. oblong or oval, velvety beneath; cor. limb deeply 

bilabiate ; ped. long, filiform, erect ; berries connate or united into one, globous, pur- 
ple. Swamps, N.Y., W. and N. 2— 3f. Purple-yellow, t 

3 li. coerulea L. Lvs. oval-oblong, ciliate, obtuse, villous both sides, at length smooth- 

ish ; ped. short, reflcxed in fruit ; bracts longer than the ovaries ; cor. lobes short, 
subequal ; berries connate, deep blue. Rocky woods, Ms. N. Y. and N. 2— 3f. 

4 li. Tartarica. Tartarian Honeysuckle. Much branched ; lvs. ovate, cordate, polish- 

ed ; cor. segm. oblong, obtuse, purple-white. Russia. 4— lOf. 

5 Ij. Japonic A. Chinese Honeysuckle. Sts. soft-pubescent ; lvs. ovate and oblong ; ped. 

axillary, 2-bracted and 2-flowcrcd ; flowers orange, &c. China. 15f. 

6 li. Periclymenum Tourn. Woodbine. Lvs. deciduous, elliptical, acute, on short peti 

oles ; fls. in dense, terminal heads, red, yellow. Europe, 15f. 
/3. QUERCiFOLiuM. Lcavcp sinuatc-lobcd. 

7 I*, scmpervlrens Ait. Trumpet Honeysuckle. Lvs. oblong, evergreen ; flowers in 

nearly naked spikes of distant whorls; cor, trumpet-shaped, nearly regular, vontri- 
COU8 above. Moist groves, N.Y., W. and S. 15f. May— Sept. t 

8 li. flava Sims. Yellow Honeysuckle. Lvs. ovate, glaucous both sides ; spikes ternu 

nal, of about 2 close whorls ; cor. smooth, slender, bright yellow ; staiu. exsorteil. 
N. Y., W. and S. Shrub scarcely twining. Corolla 15", t 

9 li. grata Ait. Evergreen Honeysuckle. Lvs. evergreen, obovatc, smooth, glaucous 

beneath ; fls. in sessile, termitml, and axillary whorls ; cor. ringent, long, slender, rod- 
dish without, yellowisli within. Damp woods, M. and \V. States. 12f. 

10 Ij, Caprifolium. Italian Honeysuckle. Lvs. deciduous; tls. in a single, terminal 
verticil; lips of corolla revolute, red, yellow, white. Europe. 

11 li. parviflora Lam. Lvs. smooth, shining above, glaucous beneath, oblong, all 
eessile or connate, the upper j>air perfoliate ; fls. in heads of 1 or mon« approximate 
whorls; cor. glabrous, short, yellow-red: fll. beanled. Rocky wotxls. S— lOf. 

fi. noiti;ldfiti. Lvs. large, pubes. beneath, lower petiolnte ; fls. pubo». O.. .ind W 

10 



14G Order 66 — CAPRIFOLIACE^. 

12 li* hirsuta Eaton. Lvs. hairy above, soft-viilous beneath., veiny, broad-oval, sty- 
ruptly acuminate ; fls. in verticillate spikes, greenish-yellow ; fil. bearded. "Woode, 
N. Eng. to Mich, and N. 15— 20f. 

5. DIERVILLA, Tourn. Bush Honeisuckle. Calyx tube oblong, 
limb of 5 linear segm. Cor, twice as long, funnel-shaped, limb 5-cleft and 
nearly regular. Sta. 5. Capsular fr. 2-celled, 2-val\'ed, crowned with the 
cal., many-seeded. }j Lvs. acuminate, serrate, deciduous. Ped. axillaiy. Ju. 

1 D, trifida Moench. Lvs. ovate, on distinct petioles ; ped. 1-3-flwd. ; pod attenuate 

at top beneath the calyx limb. Thickets, Can. to Car. 2f, bushy. Fls. greenish-yellow. 

2 I>. sessilifolia Buckley. Lvs. lance- oblong, sessile or subamplexicaul ; peduncles 

3-5-flwd., crowded in the axils above ; caps, short-beaked. High Mts. N. Car. 2 — 4f. 

6. SAMBUCUS, L. Elder. Calyx small, 5-parted. Cor. 5-cleft, segm. 
obtuse. Sta. 5. Stig. obtuse, small, sessile. Berry globous, pulpy, 3-seeded. 
+) If Lvs. odd-pinnate or bipinnate. Fls. in cymes, white. Figs. 466, 477. 

1 S. Canadensis L. Woody, with large pith ; Ifts. 7—11, oblong-oval, acuminate, 

smooth ; cymes fastigiate ; berries dark-purple. Hedgerows, thickets : common. S— 
12f. Cymes broad, white. May— July. 

2 S. pubens Mx. Woody ; Ifts. lance-oval, acuminate, 5—7, downy beneath ; cymes 

paniculate ; berries scarlet. Copses. Can. to Car. 5— lOf. June.— Berries rarely 
white. Catskill Mountains. 

7. VIBURNUM, L. Calyx small, 5-toothed, persistent. Cor. rotate, 
limb 5-lobed, seg. obtuse, Stam. 5. Stig. 1 — 3, sessile. Fr. a drupe, 1- 
celled, 1-seeded, — a stony nut covered with soft pulp. J) ^ Lvs. simple, 
petioles often minutely stipulate. Fls. white, in compound flat cymes, 
which are often radiant. Fig. 383. 

§ Cymes radiant, — the outer flowers sterile and showy. Leaves stipuled Nos. 1, 2 

§ Cymes not radiant, — the flowers all alike perfect.. (a) 

a Leaves 3-lobed, palmately 3-5-veined, with setaceous stipules Nos. 3, 4 

a Leaves not lobed,— 6 coarsely toothed, straight-veined. Cyme stalked . . .Nos. 5—7 

— b finely and sharply serrate. Cymes sessile. June Nos. 8, 9 

—b entire, or nearly so. — c Species native Nos. 10, 11 

— c Species exotic Nos. 12, 13 

1 v. lantanoidcs L. Hobble-bush. Leaves round-cordate, abruptly acuminate, un- 

equally serrate ; petioles and veins rasty-downy ; cyme sessile ; fruit ovate. Rocky 
woods, N. 5f. Shoots often reclined and rooting. Handsome. May. 

2 V, Opulus L. Higli Cranberry. Smooth ; lvs. 3-lobed, 3-veined, broader than long, 

rounded at base, lobes acuminate, crenate dentate ; petioles glandular ; cymes pefi'iu- 
culate. Bordersof woods, N. 8— 12f. Fruit bright red, very acid. June. 
p. KosEUM. Snow-ball. Fls. all neutral, in globous cymes. + 

3 V. acerifolium L. Dockmackie. Leaves subcordate, 3-veined, lobes acuminate, 

acutely dentate, downy beneath ; stam. exserted ; fr. purple. Woods. 4 — 6f. June. 

4 V. pauciflorum Pylaie. Lvs. roundish, 5-veined at base, with 3 short lobes, ser- 

rate ; cymes few-flowered ; stamens included ; fr. red. Mts. N. : rare. 2 — 3f. 

5 V, dentatum L. Arrow-wood. Smooth ; lvs. round-ovate, acute]3'-t6othed, often 

with downy tufts in the axils of the stout veins beneath ; petioles slender ; fr. blue ; 
nut concavo-convex. Damp woods, Can. to Ga. 8— 12f. Branches virgate. June. 

6 V. puljescens Ph. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, broadly dentate, hairy most beneath \ 

petioles short, downy ; fr. black, nut plano-convex, grooved. Rocks, Can. to Car. 2— 3f 

7 V. molle Mx. Poison Haiv. Downy throughout, with forked or stellate hairs ; lvs 

broad oval, acute, crenate dentate ; fr. blue, nut grooved. Woods. Ky. to Fla. lOf. May 



I 



Order 67.— RUBIACEiE. l-i7 

8 V.IiCntago L. Sweet Viburnum. Lvs. ovate and oval, long-acuminate, acutely and 

finely uncinate-serrate ; petiole with undulate margins ; fr. glaucous-black, oval, eat 
able. Rocky woods. Can. to Ga. and Ky. 10— 20f. A small, handsome tree. June. 

9 V, prunifolium L. Black Haw. Sloe. Lvs. shining, oval or ovate, obtuse, sharply 

uncinate-serrulate ; petioles slightly margined ; cymes sessile ; fr. blackish, oval, 
sweet. Woods, N. Y. to Ga. and 111. 10— 20f. A small tree. Lvs. 2—3'. 
|3. ferrug-inetim. Possum Haw. Lvs. lance-oval, rusty beneath ; fr. tasteless. S. 

10 V, nudum L. Smooth; lvs. oval-oblong, or lance-oval, subrevolute at edge, en 
tire or subcrenulate, not shining, veiny and dotted beneath ; petioles not winged ; 
cymes on short stalks. Thickets. 10— 20f. Lvs. 3 — 4'. Drupes blue, eatable. Apr.-Jn. 

/3. ang-usUfoliutn, Lvs. lance-oblong, acute at both ends, subentire. S. 
y. cassinoides, Lvs. ovate or oval, denticulate, obtuse, acute, &c. N. 
<5. ovale, Lvs. small (15'0, oval, obtuse, very entire. South. 

1 1 V, obovatum Walt. Lvs. small (6— 12'0i obovate, obtuse, entire or nearly so, 
subsessile, dotted ; cymes small, many, sessile. Eiver banks, S. 12f. Fruit black. Ap. 

12 V, TiNus. Laurestine. Lvs. lance-ovate, entire, thick, shining. Eur. 5f, 

13 V. ODORATissiMUM. Lvs. elliptic-oblong, rcpand-dcntatc, thick. China. 

Order LXVII. RUBIACE^. Madderworts. 
Plants with opposite or verticillate, entire leaves. Stipules between the 
petioles sometimes leaflike or 0. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary ; limb 4- 
to 5-cleft. Corolla regular, inserted upon the calyx tube, and of the same 
number of divisions. Stamens inserted upon the tube of the corolla, equal 
in number and alternate with its segments. Ovaries 2-(rarely more)-celled. 
Style single or partly divided. Fruit various. 

g STELLATiE. Herbs with the leaves in whorls of 4— 8 and no stipules. .(</) 

a Flowers 4-parted. Fruit twin, separating into 2 nutlets Galium. 1 

a Flowers 5-parted. Fruit twin, separable, baccate, smooth RuBi a. 2 

CINCIIONE^. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, with stipules.—/^ Herbs. .(<;) 

—b Shrubs or trees.. ((7) 

c Flowers in pairs, with a double ovary. Berry double Mitchell a. 3 

« Flowers separate. Carpels 2,— e each 1-seeded, separating in fruit. .(/) 
— e each 00 -seeded, forming a capsule. .((/) 

f Fls. in clusters.— 7i Both carpels open after separating Bokkkria. S. Fla. 

— 7( One carpel open, the other indehiscent Spkkm acoce. 4 

/ Flowers subsolitary. Both carpels indehiscent, — /.-dry DioniA. 5 

—A: baccate Ernodea Uttomli.t. S. Fhi. 

g Corolla funnel-form. Seeds 16-^, cup-shaped Houstonia. 6 

.7 Corolla wheel-shaped. Seeds 80 + , angular Oldexlandia. 7 

d Flowers capitate, iu round, dense heads. Leaves often ternate. .(7) 
d Flowers not capitaic— ?» Carpels 2—10, each 1-seeded. In S. Florida, .(h) 
—m Carpels 2—.'), each 00 -seeded. Florida. .(«) 
n Carpels 2—1, fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit fleshy. .(;>) 
« Carpels 4 — 10, symmetrical with the corolla lobes. .(</) 

I Flowers 4-parted, white. Fruit compacted but distinct, dry CKrHAi.AXTnr*. S 

7 Flowers 5- parted, red. Drupes united into a compact berry Morixpa Uovk. S. K1». 

p Leaves opposite. Racemes axillary. Carpels flattened CmorooCA ni»vmiv<»u 

p Leaves opposite. Corymbs terminal. Carpels angular Tsyootkia. 

p Tjoaves in 3's, linear, rigid. Racemes axillary. Shrub Stki'miti a ))i<iri7«w.i. 

q Spikes axillary, forked. Anthers on the throat of corolla OrKTXAKnA. 

q Panicles axillary. Filaments inserted on the base of corolla KKiTHAMs/rMfi--»v«a. 

o Fruit baccate, .'V colled. Corolla tubular. Stigma entiiv 11 vvki.ia |w/r«.«. 

o Fruit baccate, "J celled. l\ir. funnel-form, white. t..Oi;x'.7c-,«.vx«;«ivif..i! akpkxia, p. 446. 

O Fruit cnp.sular.— xs- Flowers in radiant cymes. .V slender trvH> risoKNKrA. 9 

—« Flowers in cymes, not radiant, red. Shrub, t. • .BorvAKmA. 10 
—ss- Flowers solitary, nxill;\ry Sbrnb (> lOf rxosTKUM* S Kl.v 



148 Order 67.— RUBIACE^. 

1. GALIUM, L. Cleavers. Bedstraw. Calyx limb minutely 4- 
toothed. Cor. rotate, 4-cleft. Sta. 4, sliort. Sty. 2. Carpels 2, united, 
separating into 2 1-seeded, indehiscent nutlets. — Hei-bs with slender, 4- 
angled stems. Yerticels of 4, 6, or 8 leaves, rarely of 5. 

a Flowers yellow. Leaves in whorls of about 8. Fruit smooth No. 1 

a Flowers dull-purple. Leaves (large) in whorls of 4. Fruit hispid or not. .Nos. 2-4 

a Flowers white. — b Leaves In 4's only. Fruit dry. Panicle tei-minal No. 5 

—b Leaves in 4's only. Fruit smooth, purple berries Nos. 6, 7 

—5 Leaves in 4's — 6's.— c Fruit hispid with hooked hairs No. 8 

— G Fruit smooth or nearly so, dry. .Nos. 9 — 11 
—b Leaves in 8's, long and narrow. Fruit hispid No. 12 

1 <x. veriim L. Yellow Beds tr aw. Erect; Ivs. in 8's, grooved, entire, rough, linear ; 

fls. densely paniculate. % Dry soils, Mass. 1— 2f. Branches short. June. § Eur. 

2 G. pilosuni Ait. Hirsute ; Ivs. in 4's, oval, punctate with pellucid dots ; ped. several 

times 2- or 3-forked ; fls. pedicellate, densely hispid, n Dry thickets. 1— 2f. June. 

3 G. circsezans Mx. Wild Liquorice. Smoothish ; Ivs. oval or ovate-lanceolate, ob- 

tuse, .3-veined, ciliate on the margins and veins ; ped. divaricate, few-flowered ; fr. 
subsessile, nodding, hispid. % "Woods : common. 8 — 12''. July. 

^. lanceolatum. Very smooth ; leaves lanceolate, 2' long ; fruit sessile. 

y. monthnuni. Dwarf; leaves obovate. White Mountains. (Oakes.) 

4 G. latifolium Mx. St. erect, smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate, 3-veined, very acute ; ped. 

axillary (leafy) and terminal, about twice 3-forked ; purple flowers and smooth fruit 
on filiform pedicels, u Woody hills. Pa. S. and W. 2f. July. 

5 G. boreale L. Erect, smooth ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, rather acute, 3-veined, smooth; 

fls. in a terminal pyramidal panicle, if Shaded rocks, N. If. July. 

6 G. Iiispidnlum Mx. Difi'use, minutely hispid ; Ivs. oval, thickish, mostly acute ; 

ped. axillary, 1-3-flwd. ; fr. large, bluish-purple. 2f Sandy. S. 2f. May — Oct. 

7 G. uniflorum Mx. Glabrous, csespitous, slender ; Ivs. linear, acute ; ped. axillary, 

solitary, mostly 1-flwd. bracted ; fr. purple, u Damp woods, S. If. May. 

8 G. triflorum Mx. Stems weak, rough on the angles ; Ivs. in 5's and 6's, lance-el- 

liptic, cusp-pointed, 1-veined ; ped. mostly 3-flowered. u Moist woods. 1 — 3f. July. 

9 G. asprellnm Mx. Bough Cleavers. St. difi'use, very branching, rough backward , 

Ivs. in 6's, 5's, or 4's, lanceolate, acuminate, or cuspidate, margin and midvein re- 
trorsely aculeate ; ped. short, in 2's or 3's. u Thickets, N. 2— 5f. July. 

1 G. trifidnm L. Dyer's Cleavers. Goose-grass. St. decumbent, very branching, 
ronghish with retrorse prickles ; Ivs. in 6's and 4's, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, ob- 
tuse, rough-edged ; flowers mostly .3-parted. n Swamps. (V. July.— Variable. 

/3. tinctbrium, Ped. 3-6-flowered; parts of the flower in 4's. The root dyes red. 
y. latifolium, Lvs. in 4's, oblanceolate ; ped. 3-flowered ; fls. 4-parted. 

11 G. concinnum T. & G. St. decumbent, difi'use, scabrous; lvs. in 6's, linear, 
glabrous, 1-veined, scabrous upward on the margins ; ped. filiform, twice or thrice 
3-forked, panicled. U Dry woods, Pa. Va. HI. If June. 

12 G. Aparine L. St. weak, procumbent, retrorsely prickly ; lvs. in 8's, 7's, or 6'8, 
linear-oblanceolate, mucronate ; ped. axillary, 1-2-flwd. ® Wet thickets, N. 3-5f. Jn. 

2. RUBIA, Tourn. Madder. Like Galium, but its flowers are mostly 
5-merous, and its fruit always smooth and berry-like. 

H. TiNCTORUM L. stem weak, rough backward; lvs. in 6's, lanceolate, aculeate ; fls, 
brownish-yellow, paniculate above, with 3-forked peduncles. Europe. 3— 5f. 

3. MITOHELLA, L. Partridge Berry. Flowers 2 on each double 
ovaiT Cal. 4-parted. Cor. funnel-shaped, hairy within. Stam. 4, sliort, 



Order 67.— RUBIACE^. 149 

inseited on the corolla. Stig. 4. Berry composed of the 2 united ovaries, 
each 4-seeded. [^ Smooth. Leaves opposite. 

]fl, reopens L.— Woods : com. Sts. creeping, 6-18'. Lvs. roundish-ovate, petiolate, ever- 
green. Cor. reddish-white, fragiant. Berry red, seeds (nutlets) bony. Very pretty. Jn. 

4. SPERMACOCE, L. Cal. 2-4-parted. Cor. tubular, limb 4-lobed. 
Stam. 4. Stig. 2-cleft. Fr. dry, 2-celled, crowned with the calyx, separat- 
ing into 1 open and 1 indehiscent carpel. Sds. 2. — Low herbs. Stip. bristly. 
Flowers small, in dense, axillary, sessile whorls, or clusters, white. 

1 S, glabra Mx. Glabrous ; lvs. lanceolate ; cal. 4-toothed ; cor. fimnel-form, short, 

throat hairy ; anth. included in the tube ; stig. subsessile. ii Kiver banks, W. 1— 2f. 

2 S. Chapmanii T. & G. Nearly glabrous ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate ; cor. funnel-form, 

thrice longer than the calyx ; stam. and sty. exserted. Fla. Ga. lO''. 

3 S. Involucrata Ph. Hispidl'y hairy ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate ; heads terminal, invo- 

lucrate ; stam. exserted. Carolina (Fraser). If. Leaves oblique. 

5. DIODIA, L. Carpels 2, rarely 3, separating, each 1-seeded and inde- 
hiscent. Fls. otherwise as in Spermacoce. — Herbs. Stip. fringed with 
bristles. Fls. few or solitary, axillaiy, sessile, small, white ; the tube often 
slender. Summer. 

1 I>, Virginica L. Procumbent; lvs. lanceolate, sessile ; corolla tube slender, with a 

broad, spreading limb ; sta. exserted. U Damp places. 1— 2f. "Varies with the lvs. 
ovate-lanceolate ; also with the leaves more or less hairy. 

2 D. teres Walt. Erect or ascending, nearly terete ; Ive. lance-linear, rigid, sessile ; 

bristles long ; cor. reddish-white, with a wide tube and short limb ; sta. scarcely ex- 
serted. (T) Sandy fields, N. J. to 111., and S. 5—18'. 

6. HOUSTONIA, L. Blxjets. Cal. 4-toothed or cleft, persistent. Cor. 
tubular, the 4 lobes spreading. Fil. 4, inserted on the corolla. Style 1. 
Anth. and stig. dimorphous, that is, in some plants the former exserted 
and the latter included — in others the style exserted and anthers included. 
Caps. 2-lobed, the upper half free, cells few- (8-20)-seeded. — Herbs. Stip. 
connate with the petiole, entire. Fls. solitary or in cymes, white, bluish, &c. 

§ Corolla salver-form, glabrous. Peduncles 1-flowered— a terminal Nos. 1, 2 

—maxillary Nos. 3, 4 

§ Corolla funnel-form. Peduncles QO-flowered, cymous.— i Lvs. lance-ovate No. 5 

—b Lvs.lance-linoar..Nos. 6,7 

1 H. coeriilea L. Dwarf Pink. Innocence. CiPspitous ; radical lvs. ovatc-spatulate, 

petiolate ; sts. erect, numerous, dichotomous ; ped. filiform, l-J-fiowcred. (?) Moist 
soils. 3—5'. Flowers 5", pale blue, with a yellow centre, ^fay, June. Pretty. 
]8. minor. Branches divaricate ; flowers smaller (3—4" wide). South. 

2 H. scrpyllirolta Mx. Ciespitous ; sts. filiform, procumbent; lvs. roundish-ovate, 

petiolate, ciliolate ; ped. terminal, very long, i; Mts. of Car., Tcnn. (5 — 12'. ^May— .11. 

3 H. luiiiiiua Beck. Glabrous ; lvs. linoar-spatulate ; ped. at first nearly radical, at 

length axillary, often not longer than the leaves ; seed;* concave, smooth. ij> Pniiries, 
111. to La. 1—;}'. Flowers roso-color, 3—1". ^laroh— ^lay. 

4 H. rotiindllolla Mx. rrocumbont, creeping, leafs- ; lvs. roundish-oval, abrupt at 

base, petiolate ; pod. mostly longer than the leaves ; caps, emarglnate. few-soevled. 
11 Sandy, damp places, S. In patches. 2-5'. Flowers white. Mar.- Dec. 
6 H. purpurea L. Erect ; lvs. 3 s'S-veined, closely sessile ; cymes 3 -T-nowerotl, ofton 
clustered ; calyx segm. lance-linear, longer than tlio pod. 2X Pouu., S. and W. If. 
White-purple. May— tluly. Very pretty. 



150 OiiEER 68.— VALERIANACE^. 

6 H. longifolia Gaert. Radical leaves oval-elliptic, cauline linear or lance-linear, 1 

veined ; fls. in email, paniculate cymes ; sepals shorter than the pod. 
/3, tenuifolia. Much branched ; leaves very narrow ; ped. filiform. 
y. cilioldta. Leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, often ciliate ; branches erect. N. and 
W.,— all the forms, on river banks and prairies. If. June, July. 

7 H. angustifolia Mx. Slender, tall, strictly erect ; Ivs. narrowly linear, 1-veined ; 

fls. very numerous, short- pedicelled, in compact, terminal cymules ; cal. lobes subu- 
late ; caps, obovoid or top-shaped, n Prairies, El. to La. 1— 2f. June— July. 

7. OLDENIiANDIA, L. Calyx 4- or 5-lobed, persistent. Cor. funnel- 
form, with a short tube, little longer than the calyx, 4-o-lobed. Sta. 4 — 5. 
Sty. short or 0. Stig. 2. Caps, wholly adherent. Seeds very numerous 
and minute (40 — 60 in each cell), — Herbs erect or prostrate. Stipules with 
2 — 4 subulate points each side. Flowers small, axillaiy, white. 

1 O. glomerata Mx. Creeping Greenhead. Stems assurgent ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 

pubescent, nan-owed at the base ; fls. glomerate in the axils and terminal ; cor. shorter 
than the leafy calyx teeth. Swamps, N. Y. to La. 1—12'. June— Sept. 

2 O. Boscil. Erect, much branched ; Ivs. lance-linear, acute ; fls. subsolitary, axillary, 

sessile, u Banks of rivers, S. 6— KX. Corolla purplish. July, Aug. 

3 O. Halel. Weak, diffuse, succulent ; Ivs. oval-oblong, acute ; fls. subsolitary, white, 

pentamerous. n River banks, Fla. to La. 8— KX. 

8. OEPHALANTHUS, L. Button Bush. Calyx limb 4-toothed. 
Cor. tubular, slender, 4-cleft. Sta. 4. Sty. much exserted. — Shrubs with 
opposite Iys. and short stip. Fls. in globous heads, without an involucre. 

C occidentalis L. Lvs. opposite and in 3's, oval, acuminate, entire, smooth ; heads 
pedunculate. Margins of streams. 6f. Heads nearly V diam. July. 

9. PINOKNEYA, Mx. Calyx 5-parted, one of the segm. in the outer 
flowers changed to a large, rose-colored bract. Cor. tubular, lobes 5, spread- 
ing. Sta. 5, exserted. Stig. 2-lobed. Caps. 2-Yalved, oo-seeded. ^ Lvs. 
large, ovate. Cymes coiymbous, terminal, splendidly radiant. Cor. purplish. 

p. pubescens IVIx.— Swamps, S. : common. 15 — ^25f. Pods size of a hazel-nut. May, 
June.— Li cultivation it is a shrub, flowering when 8— 12f high. 

10. BOUVARDIA, H. K. Calyx toothleted between its 4 lobes. Coi. 
tubular. Anth. 4, included. Caps. 2-partible, oo -seeded. Sds= margined. 
5 Glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, coriaceous. (See p. 445.) 

1 B. TKiPHTLLA. Lvs. in whorls of 3's ; cjrmes corymbed ; fls. scarlet. Mexico. 2f. 

2 B. VER?fooLOR. Lvs. opp. ; cymes racemed ; cor. clavate, curved, red and purp. S. Am. 

Order LXYHI. YALEEIANACE^. Valerians. 

Herds with op])Osite leaves and no stipules. Calyx adherent, the limb 
either membranous or resembling a pappus. Corolla tubular or funnel- 
form, 4-5-lobed, sometimes spmTed at base. Stamem distinct, inserted into 
the corolla tube alternate with, and generally fewer than its lobes, (hary 
inferior, with one perfect cell and two abortive ones. Seeds solitary, pen- 
dulous, in a dry, indehiscent pericarp. 

1. VALERIANA, L. Valerian. Calyx limb at first very small, m- 



Order 69.— DIPSACEiE. 151 

volute, at length evolving a plumous pappus. Cor. funnel-form, regular, 
6-cleft. Sta. 3. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seecled. U Leaves opposite, mostly pin- 
nately divided. Flowers in close cymes. June, July. 

§ stems climbing and twining. Leaves temately divided, long-stalked No. 1 

§ Stem erect. — a Leaves and leaflets broad, somewhat ovate. Eoot fibrous . . .Nos. 2, 3 

— a Leaves and leaflets narrow, nearly linear. Eoot fusiform No. 4 

t Garden exotics, native of Europe Nos. 5—8 

1 v. Kcandens L. Glabrous ; Ifts. ovate, thin, entire, pointed ; cymes difiusely pani- 

cled, axillary and terminal ; corolla very short. E. Fla. 4 — 6f, slender. 

2 V, pauciflora Mx. Rt. Ivs. ovate, cordate, crenate-serrate ; cauline of 3—7 ovate, 

toothed Ifts. ; cor. tube long (7— S'O and slender, rose-white. O. to Va. and W. 1— 2f. 

3 V. sylvatlca Richd. Rt. Ivs. ovate or oblong, never cordate, entire ; cauline of 5— 

11 lance-ovate, entire Ifts. ; cor. short (3 — 4'0, roseate. Swamps, Vt. and W. 

4 V, edulis N. Smooth, thickish ; root Ivs. liuear-spatulate, entire ; cauline of 3 — 7 

lance-linear, acute segm., the margins ciliate ; cor. white, short (2 — 3"), in a dense 
panicle. Low grounds, O. Wis. and W. The thick root is edible. 1 — 3f. 

5 V, DioicA. Root Ivs. undivided ; cauline pinnatifid ; fls. panicled, $ ? , blush. If. 

6 V. Phtj. Root Ivs. undivided ; cauline pinnate ; fls. corjonbed, a , white. 3f. 

7 V. OFFICINALIS. Lvs. all pinnate and toothed ; fls. corymbed, blush-colored. 3f. 

8 V, Pykenaica. Lvs. cordate, toothed, upper pinnate ; fls. corymbed, pink-red. 1 — 2f. 

2. VALERIANELLA, Moencli. DC. Calyx limb obsolete. Cor. tube 
short, not spurred, limb 5-lobed, regular. Sta. 3. Stig. 3-cleft or entire. 
Fr. 3-celled, 1-seeded, 2 cells empty, (i) Stems forked above. Lvs. oppo- 
site, oblong or linear, entire or toothed, sessile. Fls. in dense, terminal 
cymelets. The specific characters are afforded mainly by the fruit. (Fedia, 
Gaert. T. & G.) 

* Flowers pale blue. Fruit orbicular, fertile cell larger than the empty No. 1 

* Flowers white.— a Fruit ovoid, fertile cell larger than the 2 empty Nos. 2, 3 

—a Fniit subglobous, empty cells larger than the fertile Nos. 4, 5 

1 V, olitorla Moench. Lamb Lettvce. Fr. finally broader than long ; fertile cell with 

a corky back, seed laterally compressed. Fields, N. Y. to Va. : rare. S — 12'. June. 
JJ V, Fa^opyrum, Fruit smooth, ovoid-triangular, the empty cells at the obtuse 

angle, and no groove between ; fls. large (H'O- W. N-Y. to Wis. If. June. 

3 V, radiata Dufr. Fruit pubescent, ovoid, somewhat 4-angled, 1-toothed at apes ; 

empty cells with a groove between ; fls. small H''). N. Y. {Howe) to Mich., and S. 

4 V. uiiibllicata. Fr. inflated, apex 1-toothcd. the anterior face deeply umbilicvito. 

and perforated into the empty cells, which are much larger. Ohio (SulUvanf). 

5 V. patcllarla. Fruit orbicular, flattened, the empty cells widely divergent, at 

length forming a winged margin to the fertile cell. N. Y. to O. (Howe, St/Niranf.) 

Order LXIX. DIPSACExE. Teasetavokts. 

Herbs with whorlcd or opi-)ositc loaves and no stipules. Flowtrs in donst 
heads, surrounded by an involucre as in Com]>osita\ C<rl(/.v adhoront, pav>- 
pus-like, surrounded by a special scarious involucel. Corolh tubular. .SI^<i- 
mens 4, alternate with the lobes of corolla, and distinct. Odrn/ inferior, 
1-cclled, 1-ovulcd. Sti/h' 1, simple. Fruit dry, indcliiscent, with a sijigln 
Buspcnded seal. Fig. 441. 

1. DIPSAOUS, L. Teasel. Fls. in heads, luvolucro uianv-leavtHi. 



152 Oeder to.— co:^iposit^. 

Involucel 4-sided, closely inyesting the calyx and fruit. Cor. 4-cleft, lobes 
erect Fruit 1-seeded, crowned with the calyx. (2) Stout, prickly. Leavea 
connate at base. Hds. oblong, the middle zone of florets fii-st expanding, 

1 I>. sylvestris Mill. Wild T. Lvs. sinnate or jagged : bracts slenler, erect, pun- 

gent, longer than the heads ; chaff pungent, with a straight point. Waysides and 
hedges. Mass. to Cal. ! of. Flowers bluish. July. § Europe. 

2 I>. FUixoNir^r. Fullers^ T. Leaves serrate or entire ; bracts of the involucre spread- 

ing ; chaff rigid, erect, with sharp, hooked points. Europe. 4f. July. 

2. SCABIOSA, L. Scabish. Fls. in heads. Inyolucre many-leaved. 
Involucel nearly cylindiical, with 8 little excavations. Calyx limb con- 
sisting of 5 setae, sometimes partially abortive. % Mostly European. 

S. ATEOPCEPUP.EA. Mourrdng Bride. Leaves pinnatifid and incised : heads radiant , 
receptacle cylindric. Lidia ? Zt Purple. Beautiful. 
/3. cAXDroissEMA. Flowers pure white.— There are many other varieties. 

Okdek LXX. C0:\IP0SIT^. Astee worts. 

Plantt^ Herbaceous or shrubby, with compound flowers (of the old bota- 
nists), i. «., the flowere in dense heads (capitula) smTOunded by an involucre 
of many bracts (scales), with 5 united anthers, and the fniit an achenium 
(cypsela). Leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate, simple, yet often much 
divided. Flowers (florets) 00, crowded, sessile, on the receptacle with or 
without pales (chaff). Calyx adherent, the limb wanting or divided into 
bristles, hairs, &c. (pappus). Corolla tubular, of 5 lobes with a marginal 
vein, otlen lignlate or bilabiate. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes of the 
corolla, anthers cohering into a tube. Ovary 1-ceUed, with 1 erect ovule. 
Style single, with 2 stigmas at summit. Fruit a cypsela (^ 151), dry, inde- 
hiscent, 1-seeded, often crowned with a pappus. (See § 104, 348, 362.) 

Figs. 68, 72-7, 103, 146, 160, 178, 261, 319, 341-6, 387-8, 433-4, 446-8, 492. 

An immense and perfectly natural assemblage, of about 1000 genera and 
9000 species. In the United States very few are shrubby. 

The flowers are perfect or variously diclinous. If the head has aU its 
flowere of one kind, whether » , or 5 , or s , it is Tiomogamous ; if of dif- 
ferent kinds, it is heterogaraou^s. — The following are De Candolle's Subor- 
dei^ and Tribes, with a convenient artificial analysis appended. 

I. TUBUJLilFIjOR-I].— Coro7?« of the perfect Hoicers ttihular^ 5-lobed, (A,) 
Tbibe 1, VERXOXIACE-E. Branches of the style long, slender, terete, and hispid all 

over Heads discoid. Flowers all alike, perfect Xos. 1 — 3 

Tribe 2, EUPATORLA.CE^. Branches of the strle clavat«, obtuse, flattened, minutely 

pubescent. Heads discoid. Flowers all alike, perfect Xos. 4 — 15 

Tribes, ASTEROIDE-E. Branches of the style flat, linear, downy ah ore and opposite 

the distinct, stigmatic lines, appendaged at top. Heads discoid or radiate Xos. 16 — 3i 

Tribe 4, SEXECIOXID^. Branches of the style linear, fringed at the top, tnmcate or 

extended into a conical, hispid appendage Xos. 35 — S9 

Tribe 5, CTXARE-E. Style thickened or node-like at top. Branches not appendaged, 

the STigmatic lines not prominent, reaching the apex Xos. 90—93 

II. JjIG CLTFTiOTiJE,— Corollas all lig-ulate (radiant)^ Howers all perfect, (B.) 
Tribe 6, CICHORACE^. Branches of the style long, obtuse, pubescent all over ; stig- 

matic lines commencing below their middle. Jaice milfcy Xos, 99 — 115 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 153 

III. L.A BJATIFJuORJE,— Corolla of the perfect flowers bilabiate, (C.) 
Tkibe 7, MULISIACE^, Style nearly as in Cj-nareEe, the branches obtuse, very convex 

outside, minutely downy at the top No. \\8 

A. Suborder TUBULIFLOR^. 

I Heads discoid, that is, without rays. ..(1) 

i Heads radiate, i. e., the outer flowers ligulate. . .(8) 

1 Receptacle naked, i. e., with no pales or bristles among the flowers. . .(2) 
1 Receptacle chaffy, bearing pales among the flowers. . .(6) 
1 Receptacle bearing bristles, or deeply alveolate (honeycombed) ... (7) 
2 Pappus a circle of 5 — 20 chaffy scales. ..(a) 
2 Pappus none, or a short, toothed margin ... (fi) 
2 Pappus composed of many capillary bristles. . .(3) 
3 Leaves opposite. (Heads horaogamous) ... (cf) 
3 Leaves alternate. ..(4) 

4 Heads homogamous, — flowers all perfect. . .(c) 
4 Heads heterogamous, — flowers not all perfect... (5) 
5 Scales herbaceous, often deciduous. . .(e) 
5 Scales scarious, persistent, often colored... ( /') 
6 Leaves alternate. ..ig) 
6 Leaves opposite... (7i) 

7 Pappus none, or consisting of scales. . .(i) 
7 Pappus composed of many bristles. . . (J) 
8 Receptacle naked (not chaffy), or (in No. 67) deeply honey comb-cellod...(S) 
8 Receptacle chaffy, with pales among the flowers... (13) 

9 Pappus of 5 — 12 scales, which are 1-awned or (in No. 62) cleft-bri&tly. ..(fc* 
9 Pappus none, or of a few short awns...(0 
9 Pappus of many capillary bristles. . .(10) 
10 Rays cyanic, in a single row. ..(to) 
10 Rays cyanic, in several rows...(n) 
10 Rays yellow, in about one row. . .(11) 

11 Pappus double, or of very unequal bristles... (o) 
11 Pappus simple, the bristles all similar... (12) 

12 Involucre scales imbricated, the outer shorter. ..(p) 
12 Involucre scales equal, not imbricated... (r) 
• 13 Disk and ray flowers both fertile, the latter pistillate. . .(14) 

13 Disk flowers sterile, ray flowers fertile. ..(u) 
13 Disk flowers fertile, ray flowers sterile. . .(15) 
14 Rays yellow... (s) 
14 Rays cyanic... (() 

15 Achenia obeompressed, often beaked... (w) 

15 Achenia compressed laterally, or not at all., .(.t) 

a Corolla lobes one-sided. Head large, many-flowered Stokksia. * 

a Corolla lobes one-sided. Heads 4-5-Howered, aggregated ELKPH.VNTOriTS 3 

a Corolla lobes equal. — Leaves opposite. Pappus awned Agkratcm. i 

— Leaves whorled. Pappus obtuse .... Sclkkolkpis, 5 

—Leaves alternate.— Pappus scales S — 10 P.^uvkoxia. 64 

—Pappus scales 12 — 20 IlYMKxoPAFPrs. 68 

6 Leaves opposite. Flowers dicecious, obscure .A.MBKOSi.t. 47 

fc Leaves alternate.— Flowers yellow. Disk conical Matrioakia. 73 

— Flowers yellow. Disk convex Taxacktpm. 74 

—Flowers whitish.— Erect, leafless above AiiknooauiO!*. 16 

— Fls. 8 .....VuTKMisiA. 76 Fl9. ....HcMK.v. (S3 a) 118 

— Low iiiul depressed SoiiVA. 77 

e SoiklflS of the Involucre in one row.— Flowers cyanic Cacaua. 88 

—Flowers yellow.— Receptacle flat SKXKCta, 87 

— Receptacle convex Urr.Ki.i.v. 81 

SookA imbricated.— -Flowers yellow (No. Si\ or> Hicri.ori i. J7 

—Flowers whitish Kupatoku'xi, 10, tuid KriiMA. S 

—Flowers purple— Pappus simple. Involucre not radinte. . .Li.vtkis. 7 

—Pappus simple. Involucre dry, mdiate-.-RnonANTHK S3 
—Pappus double Vkknon-h I 



154 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 



d Achenia lO-striate. Flowers purple Brickellia. 9 

d Achenia 5-angled. — Receptacle conical. Flowers blue Conoclinium. 12 

— Eeceptaele flat. — Scales 4 or 5 Mikania. 11 

— Scales 8—20 Eufatorium. 10 

e Shrubs. Flower dioecious, the ? and $ in different heads Baccharis. 34 

e Herbs. — Stem winged. Heads spicate Pterocaulox. 35 

— Stem wingless. — Heads, corymbous, purplish Pluchea. 33 

— Heads paniculate.— Pappus reddish CoirrzA. 31 

—Pappus white Erechtites. 85 

^ Receptacle chafify except in the centre Filago. 80 

/ Receptacle naked.— Heads dioecious Antennaria. 79 

— Heads heterogamous. — Involucre erect Gnaphalium 78 

— Involucre radiato Helichkysum. S^ 

§ Scales dry, fadeless. Pappus 4 teeth. Stem winged. Ammobiitm. 81 

g Scales dry, fadeless. Pappus of scale-like awns Xeranthemum. 84 

^ Scales herbaceous. — Flowers heterocephalous. Fruit a burr Xanthiujt. 48 

—Flowers all perfect.— Pappus of 5 or 6 scales Marshallia. 68 

—Pappus of many bristles Carphephorus. 6 

h Flowers yellow. Pappus 2 inversely hispid awns Bidens. 59 

A Flowers yellow. Pappus 2 erectly hispid awus .-Coreopsis. 58 

A Flowers whitish,— heterocephalous. Anthers yellowish Ambrosia. 47 

— moncecious. Anthers yellow Iva. 46 

—all perfect. Anthers black Melanthera. 49 

1 Outer scales of the invol. leafy. Pappus none Carthamus. 91 

t Outer scales pectinate or ciliate-fringed, or entire CE^^:AUREA. 93 

/ Pappus plumous. Achenia obovate Cynara. 90 

/ Pappus plumous. Achenia oblong CiRSiinsi. 97 

)■ Pappus scabrous, — triple, each row by lO's Cnicus. 95 

—simple.— Scales spinescent, Onopordon. 96 

—Scales hooked Lappa. 98 

t Leaves opposite. Pappus scales deeply cleft into bristles Dysodia. 62 

k Leaves alternate.— Receptacle with deep horny cells Baldwinia. 68 

— Receptacle with shallow fringed cells Gaillardia. 63 

—Receptacle areolate. — Rays all yellow Hellenium. 67 

— Rays spotted at base + Gazania. 64 

J Leaves opposite. Involucre double, outer 8 united Dahlia. 23 

I Leaves opposite. Involucre single. Scales united , . .Tagetes. 91 

I Leaves alternate. — Pappus of a few short awns or bristles Boltoxia. 24 

— Pappus a membranous margin Matricaria. 73 

— Pappus 0.— Rays fertile, disk sterile Calendula. 91 

—Flowers all fertile.— Involucre scales equal Bellis. 22 

—Invol. broad, flat LeuC-INTHEMUji. 72 

—Invol. hemispherical Chrysanthemum. 75 

m Rays 4 or 5 Involucre oblong, imbricated. Cypsela very sUky Sericocarpus. 17 

"Ti Rays 5 — 75 Involucre loosely or closely imbricated. Pap. simple, copious... Astef.. 18 

m Rays 8 — 12 Involucre imbricated. Pappus doiible, the outer very short Diplofappus. 19 

Bi Rays 40—200. Involucre scarcely imbricated, scales nearly equal Erigerox. 29 

n Flowers dioecious, purplish. Leaves all radical Nardosmia. 14 

n Flowers aU fertile. — Native. Scales subequal, flat. Fruit smoothish Erigeron. 20 

— Exotic. Scales subequal, keeled. Fruit hairy Agathea. 16 

—Exotic. Scales imbricated. Isppus double Callistephus. 21 

o Pappus double in the disk flowers, none in the rays Heterotheca. 29 

o Pappus double in both disk and ray flowers. Chrysopsis. 30 

p Heads large, about 20-rayed. Pappus in one row. Inula, 32 

p Heads very small, 1-15-rayed. — Pappus 1 row, shorter than achenia. . . Brachych^ta. i5 

—Pappus 1 row, tawny, longer than achenia Isopafpus. 28 

— Pappus irregularly 2-rowed, white Solidago. 26 

r Head solitary, on a scape with alternate bracts Tussilago. 13 

r Heads corymbed, &c. — Leaves alternate Senecio. 87 

— Leaves opposite Arnica. 83 

• Shrubby. Pappus 4-toothed, obscure Bokrichia. 36 

t Herbaceous.— Scales (the 4 outer) united iuto a cup TErttAGONOTiiKCA. 52 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 155 

— Scales distinct. — Cypselae 4-angled. Pappus Heliopsis 51 

—Cypselse flattened. Pappus : Spilanthes. 60 

— CypselaB flat, with a 2-awned pappus Vi<;rbesi>'a. 61 

t Lieaves alternate. Pappus none. Achenia terete Anthemis. 70 

# Leaves alternate. Pappus none. Achenia obcompressed Achillea. 71 

( Leaves opposite.— Pappus none Eclipta. 37 

—Pappus of fringed scales Galinsoga. 38 

— Pappus of the disk a single awn, of the ray Zinnia. 50 

« Leaves opposite. Rays yellow. Pappus none Polymnia. 39 

M Leaves opposite. Rays yellow. Pappus a 2- or 3-toothed crown. Gen. 41, & Chrysogonum. 40 

u Leaves alternate. — Rays whitish, very short, 5 only Parthenium. 45 

—Rays yellow, disk dark-purple. Leaves entire Madia. 43 

— Rays yellow, disk brown. Leaves cut Spiienogyne. 44 

— Rays and disk yellow.— Fruit winged Silfhium. 41 

— Fruit wingless Berlandiera. 42 

V Cypsela with erectly hispid awns, or awnless, never rostrate Coreopsis. 53 

V Cypsela with retrorsely hispid awns, often attenuated above Bidens. 59 

X Rays white, spreading. Pappus none Anthemits. 70 

X Bays purple, pendent. Pales sharp, elongated Echinacea. 53 

K Bays yellow. — Pappus none. Cypsela quadrangular Budbeckia. 54 

—Pappus none. Cypsela compressed Lepachis. 55 

—Pappus of 2 awns. — Fruit wingless Helianthus. 56 

—Fruit broad-winged Actinomeris. 57 

B. Suborder LIGULIFLOR^. 

J§ Pappus none, or consisting of little scales. ..(a) 

S§ Pappus double (of scales and bristles), or simple and pluraous. ..Qt) 

§§ Pappus composed of capillary bristles, not plumous. ..(*) 

* Achenia terete or angular, not flattened. . .(c) 

* Achenia evidently flattened. . .(d) 

a Flowers yellow, Pappus none. Heads paniculate Lampsana. 99 

a P'lowcrs yellow. Pappus none. Heads solitary or umbellate Apogon. 100 

o Flowers blue.— Pappus of many little scales. Receptacle naked Cichorium. 101 

—Pappus of 5 scales. Receptacle chaffy Cat.vnanche. 107 

h Flowers purple. Feathery pappus on a long filiform beak Tragopogon. 105 

6 Flowers yellow. Feathery pappus on a short beak or sessile Leo.ntodok. 104 

6 Flowers yellow.- Pappus of many bristles with the scales Cynthia. 103 

—Pappus of 5 bristles and 5 scales Krigia. 102 

c Flowers whitish or purplish, mostly nodding. Stem leafy Nabalus. 103 

c Flowers rose-purple, erect. (Stem almost leafless) Lygodesmia. 109 

c Flowers yellow.— Achenia long-beaked. Pappus white Taraxacum. 112 

—Achenia long-beaked. Pappus reddish Pyrropappus. 1 1 1 

—Achenia not beaked.— Pappus dull-white or tawny Hieracii'm. 10(5 

—Pappus bright white Troximon. 110 

d Achenia contracted inio a slender beak. Flowers mostly yellow Lactuo a . 113 

d Achenia scarcely beaked.— Flowers mostly blue -Mtlgepium. 114 

—Flowers yellow. Pappus silky Sonchus. 115 

C. Suborder LABIATIFLOILE. 

S§§ Head radiate, solitary, nodding in bud. Pappus capillary CnxrrAi.TA. 117 

1 VERNONIA, Schrcb. Iron Weed. Fls. all tubular, pertoct. In- 

vol. of ovate, imbricated scales, the inner longest. Recept. nakeil. T.ip. 

double, the exterior cliafly, the interior capillary. 245 Ijcaves alternate. 

Fls. puri)le (in our species). Cymes corymbcd. Figs. 440-^. 

§ Scales of tho involucre all obtuse and closely appressod. Stetn t;ill, Lrroovod. ..No. 1 

§ Scalee of tbc invol. (ususilly all)— <t with slender, llexuous points Noji. 2, ? 

— (/ with acute or muoronnte points. South. . .Nos. 4 «° 



156 Okder 70.— composite. 

1 V, fasciculata Mx. Lvs. narrowly lanceolate, serrulate ; cyme festigiate ; mvol. 

ovoid-bell-shaped, half as long as the showy, dark-purple fls. Com. W. 3 — lOf. Jl. Aug. 

2 V. Noveboracense Willd. Lvs. many, lanceolate, serrulate, rough ; cyme fas- 

tigiate ; mvol. scales filiform at the ends, or the upper cuspidate. Com. 3 — 6f. Auj?, 

3 V. scaberrima N. Lvs. all sessile, lanceolate and lance-linear, margins revolnte, 

subentire ; hds. 20-30-flowered ; scales lanceolate, cUiate, protracted into long, flexu 
ous points. Pine-barrens, S. 2— 3f. June— August. 

4 V, angustifoliaMx. Lvs. linear and lance-linear, margins revolute ; hds, 10-15- 

flowered ; lower scales some filiform-pointed. Barrens, S. 2f. September. 

5 V. ovalifolia T. & G. Lvs. many, the lower oval or oblong ; invol. bell-form, 20- 

llowered ; scales acute or mucronate, short. Dry woods, Fla. 2— 3f. June, July. 

6 V, oligopliylla Mx. Lvs. mostly radical, oblong-obovate, the 2 or 3 cauline bract- 

like', lanceolate ; scales spreading, acuminate. S. 2f. June, July. 

2. STOKE SIA, L'Her. Fls. all tubular, the marginal larger, ray-like, 
UTegular ; scales of the invol. imbricated, in several rows, the outer spinu- 
lous and leaf-like. Recept. naked. Cypsela 4-angled. Pap. of 4 or 5 awn- 
like, rigid, deciduous scales. U Erect, with a downy stem, alternate lvs., 
and large terminal heads of showy blue flowers. 

S. cyama L'Her.— Wet woods, S. Car. and W. : very rare. 2f. Lvs. glabrous, entire. 
Bracts spinulous at base, gradually becoming scales, t 

3. ELEPHANTOPUS, L. Elephant' s-foot. Heads 3-5-flowered, 
glomerate into a compound head with leafy bracts. Fls. all ^ and equal. 
Invol. scales about 8, in 2 series. Cor. deeply cleft on one side. Fr. rib- 
bed. Pap. chaffy-setaceous. U Erect, with large, alternate, subsessile lvs. 
Cor. purple or white. July — September. 

1 E. Carolinianuil Willd. St. much branched, leafy, hairy ; lvs. somewhat hairy, 

ovate or oval-oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate. Dry soils, Pa. S. and W. 2f. 

2 E. tomentosus L. St. hirsute, nearly leafless, simple, or dichotomous above ; root 

lvs. hirsute-tomentous, oblong-obovate. Woods, S. 1— 2f. Flowers whitish. 

4. AGERATUM, L. Heads oo-flowered, $, discoid. Scales linear, 
imbricated, pointed. Recept. naked. Corollas all tubular. Cyp. 5-angled, 
narrowed at base. Pap. 5 or 10, chafiy, awned scales. ®(D Mostly tropi- 
cal, with opposite, petioled lvs. and corymbed heads. Fig. 75. 

Al. conyzo'des L. Branching; lvs. ovate, tooth-crenate, acute or cordate at base, 
somewhat rugous ; pap. scales 5, as long as the corolla, but much shorter than the 
conspicuous styles. Wet places, near Savannah. 1— l|f. Blue or white, Apr.— Jn. 
p. Mexicana. Lvs. all, or nearly all, cordate. Fls. light blue, perpetual, t 

6. SCLEROLEPIS, Cass. Head co-flowered, $, discoid. Scales 
equal, linear, in 2 series. Recept. naked. Cor. 5-toothed. Styles much 
exserted. Cyp. 5-angled, crowned with a cup-shaped pappus of 5 obtuse, 
horny scales. >^ Glabrous, simple, with 1—3 terminal hds. Lvs. verticil- 
late. Flowers purple. 

S. verticillaia Cass, n In shallow water, N. J. to Fla. Erect, 1— 2f, from a decum- 
bent base. Lv8. lin., entire, 1', in whorls of 5's and6's. Hds. mostly solitary. Jl.— Sep 

6. OARF.HEPHORUS, Cass. Heads (about 20-flowered), involucre, 
flowers, and fruit as in Liatris. Recept. chaffy. Pales narrow, 3-veined 



Order 70.— COMPOSITiE. 157 

rigid, shOTter tlian the flowers, if Sts. simple, leafy, corynibous at top, 
with middle-sized heads of purple flowers in Autumn. (Liatris, Mx. Ell.) 

* Scales of the involucre acute, downy-toraentous. Leaves acute Nos. 1, 2 

* Scales of the involucre rounded-obtuse, nearly glabrous. Leaves obtuse ..Nos. 3, 4 

1 C pseudo-liatris Cass. Lvs. linear-subulate, rigid, closely appressed to and cov- 

ering the stem ; hds. few, rac. or cor. ; plant downy, erect. W. Fla. to La. 2f. 

2 C. tomentosus T. & G. Lvs. lanceolate, petiolate, the cauline lance-ovate, sessile, 

small, erect ; plant tomentous, corymb loose. Swamps, S. 2f. 

3 C. bellidifolius T. & G. Low, nearly smooth, tufted ; lvs. spatulate below, linear 

above •, hds. few, in a loose corymb ; scales herbaceous. Sand hills, N. Car. If. 
1 C corymbosas T. & G. St. single, stout, erect, hairy ; lvs. oblanceolate, the up- 
per oblong, sessile ; corymb dense ; scales scarious-edged. Swamps, S. 3f. 

7. LIATRIS, L. Fls. all ^ , tubular. Invol. oblong, imbricate. Re- 
oept. naked. Pap. of oo capillary bristles. Cyp. tapering to the slender 
base, 10-striate. Styles much exserted. if With simple, erect stems, al- 
ternate, entire lvs., and handsome rose-purple flowers in spicate, racemed, 
or paniculate heads. August— November, 

§ Heads in a corymb or thyrse-like panicle. Root fibrous, no tuber Nos. 1-3 

§ Heads in a spike or a simple raceme. Root a roundish tuber. . (a) 

a Scales of the involucre colored and petaloid at their lengthened ends No. 4 

a Scales not petaloid, green or slightly tinged at the end.. (6) 

b Pappus evidently plumous. Corollas (13 to 60) hairy within Nos. 5, 6 

b Pappus evidently plumoiis. Cor. (3 to 5) smooth within. South Nos. 7, 8 

b Pappus only barbellate (smooth to the naked eye) . . (c) 

c Heads 20-40-flowered, roundish, with rounded scales No. 9 

c Heads "T-lS-flowered.— c? Scales all similar, obtuse Nos. 10, 11 

—d Scales all, or the inner only, acute.. ..Nos. 12, 13 

c Heads 3-7-floAvered,— e in a regular spike, raceme (or panicle). . .Nos. 14-16 

—e in one-sided spikes or racemes No. 17 

1 li, odoratissima Willd. Vanilla Plant. Beer'' s Tongue. Smooth ; lvs. obovate- 

epatulate, obtuse, thick, the cauline oblong ; heads 7-S-flowered, in a loose, compound 
corymb. Pine-barrens, Va. to Fla. 1— 3f. Used to perfume tobacco. 

2 li. paniculata VVilld. Viscid-tomentous ; lvs. lance-spatulate, the cauline small, 

pointed; hds. 5-flwd., in an oblong, dense panicle, white-purple. Damp. S. 2— 3f. 

3 \a, fruticosa N. Slwubby, smooth ; lvs. obovate, flcsh)% veinless, the lowest oiv 

popite ; hds. corymbcd, 5-flowered ; scales lanceolate, acute, dotted. E. Fla. Lvs. 1'. 

4 Ij. elegasis Willd. Hairy above ; lvs. oblanceolate, cauline linear; rac. dense. If; 

hds. 4-,5-flowered, scales longer and more showy than the flowers. \Yoods. S. 4f. 

5 li. sqiiarrosa Willd. Blazing Star. St. 2— 3f : lvs. linear, the lower narrowed at 

base; rac. leafy; hds. few, 15-40-llowercd, 9— 1'2" long, scales sqnarrous-spreadinc, 
the outer leafy, inner sharp-pointed. Dry soils, Penn. to Fla and W. 
li. cylliidracca Mx. St. low ((>— IS'), slender; lvs. linear, rigid; hds few. oyliu- 
drical, ir)-20-llowcred ; scales short, rounded, appressed. Dry. N. Y. and W. 

7 li. Boykiiiii T. & G. Lvs. linear, dotted; luls 3 or 4-llowered in a dose, virgjito 

»pike ; scales pointed and spreading at the tips. Near Columbus. Ga. 1— 2f. 

8 li. tciinilolla L. Lvs. narrowly linear or llliform; luls. ri-tlwd.. crowded in a .oiii; 

raceme; scales oblong, iibtuse-nuieronulate. Woods, S. 2— If. Fine. 

9 li. s<>ai-IoKa I;. Gau Feather. Scabrous-pubescent ; lvs. lanceolate, tlio lower on 

long petioles, upper linear; hds, remotely racemed; invol. hemispherical, with obo- 
vate, very obtuse scales. Dry soils. 4— ^f Heautit\il. 
to li. NpU'ilta Willd. Lvs. lance-linear, the lower narrowed at hase ; hds. sessSlo. la 
along spikL> ; scales obUnig, obtuse. narrow-mar>,nned. N. ,1.. W. and S. S— .%f. 



158 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

11 I4. graminifolia Willd. Leaves linear, l-veined ; Ms. mostly pedicellate, rac 
rarely paniculate below : invol. acute at base, scales obovate-spatulate, obtuse, ap- 
pressed ; cyp. hairy. Sandy soils, N. J. and S. Variable. 

12 li. pilosa Willd. Downy and hairy, stout ; Ivs. linear and lance-linear ; hds. loosely 
racemed, scales linear-oblong, obtuse, the inner linear. N. Car. Rare. 

13 Ij. lieterophylla R. Br. Glabrous; Ivs. lanceolate, the upper greatly diminished; 
hds. spiked, scales lance-acuminate, spreading. N. Car. to Ga. Rare. 

14 Li. gracilis Ph. Pubescent; Ivs. linear, l-veined, the lower lanceolate ; heads on 
slender stalks, in a long virgate rac. ; scales oblong, obtuse. Dry. Ga. Fl. 2— 3f. 

1 5 L* pyclinostacliia Mx. Hirsute ; Ivs. rigid, lanceolate, the upper narrow-lin- 
ear ; spike dense, thick, of numerous cylindric heads ; scales appressed, with acute, 
scarious, colored and spreading tips. Prairies. 111. to Tex. 3 — 5f. Spike 10 — 20'. 

16 li. Cliapinanii T. & G. Tomentous ; Ivs. linear, obtusish, the upper very short ; 
hds. cylindric. 3-flowered, densely spiked ; scales acum. ; fr. hairy. Fla. 1 — 2f. 

17 li. pauciflora Ph. St. pubescent, recurved; Ivs. linear, short, the lowest lanco- 
linear ; rac. recurved, with the hds. all turned to the upper side ; hds. 4:-5-floweVecl j 
scales lance-oblong, acute. Dry sand-hills, S. 1— 3f. (L. secunda Ell.) 

8. KUHNIA, L. Heads 10-25-flowered, $ . Scales lanceolate, loosely 
imbricated. Recept. naked. Cor. slender, 5-tootlied. Pap. in a single series, 
plumons. Fr. cylindrical, striate, pubescent. U With alternate, resinous- 
dotted Ivs., and corymbed heads of pale yellow florets. September. 

K. eupatorioid.es L. St. somewhat viscid-pubescent ; Ivs. lance-ovate to lance-lin., 
resinous-dotted, petiolate, toothed or entire. Dry soils, N. J., W. aud S. 

9. BRIOKELLIA, Ell. Heads many-flowered, ^ . Scales imbricated, 
lanceolate or linear, striate. Receptacle naked, flat. Cor. tube slightly ex- 
panded above, 5-toothed. Branches of the style clavate. Fr. 10-striate, 
contracted above. Pap. setaceous, in one series. U With opposite, 3- 
veined leaves and large heads of purple florets in corymbs. 

B. cordifolia Ell. Pubescent ; Ivs. triangular, truncate or cordate, crenate, petiolate ; 
hds. 30-40-llowered, scales obtuse ; pap. purple. Ga. Fla. 2— 4f, August. 

10. EUPATORIUM, Toum. Boneset. Fls. all tubular, $ . Invol. im- 
bricate, oblong. Style much exserted, deeply cleft. Anth. included. Re- 
cept. naked, flat. Pap. capillary, simple, scabrous. Cyp. 5-angled. 2^ 
Generally with opposite, simple Ivs. and corymbous hds. Fls. of the cy- 
anic series — that is, white, blue, red, &c., never yellow. July — September. 

§ Leaves mostly alternate, ptanately dissected. Heads paniculate, very 00 Nos. 1, 2 

§ Leaves mostly opposite or verticillate,— c pinnately dissected. Hds. corymbed. , .No. 3 

—c undivided. Heads corymbed. . (*) 

* Scales imbricated in several rows, the outer gradually shorter. . . (a) 

a Flowers bluish. Leaves opposite. Scales strongly striate No. it 

a Flowers purplish. Lvs. whorled. Scales streaked and flesh-colored.. Nos. 5—7 
a Flowei* white, 5 only in each head. Lvs. subsessile. (exc. No. 18}.. (b) 

b Leaves acute at base. Scales with acute white points Nos. 8—10 

b Leaves acute at base. Scales obtuse, short, downy Nos. 11—14 

b Leaves obtuse, roundish or truncate at the base Nos. 15—18 

a Flowers white, 7—15 in each head. Leaves various Nos. 19 — 22 

* Scales all of equal length, in about 1 row. Leaves petiolate Nos. 23 — 25 

I E. foeniculaceum Willd. Very branching; lvs. all alternate, compoundly pin- 

nate, in linear-filiform segments, the upper setaceous, simple ; heads 3-5-flowered. 
Fields, Pa. (rare) to Fla. 3—1 Of. Flowers yellowish-white. 1—2" long. 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 15U 

il E. coronoplfolium WillcT. Much branched, pubescent ; leaves mostly altemato 
(the lower opp.), twice pinnatifid, with lance-linear lobes and segm., the upper linear, 
simple ; hds. 5-flowered, scales 10. Dry soils, S. 3— 5f. Flowers white, 2^\ 

3 E. piwiiatsfiduiM Ell. Pubescent; Ivs. laciniate-pinnatifid, segm. linear, toothed 

or entire, the lower whorled in 4''8, middle opp., upper altern. ; corymb fastigiate ; 
hds. small, 00, 5-9-flowered ; scales oblong, mucronate. Pine woods, S. 3 — if. 

4 E. ivsefolium L. Lvs. opposite, lanceolate, tapering to each end, 3-veined ; heads 

pedicellate, 15-20-flowered ; scales 20, imbricated, erect, obtuse, with 3—5 distinct 
striae. Woods, Miss, and Fla. 3— 5f. Blue. 

5 E. purpureum L. Stem solid, purple at the joints ; lvs. feather-veined, in whorls 

of 3's — 5's, thin, ovate to lanceolate, coarsely serrate. Dry. 3 — 6f. 

6 E. fistulosum Barratt. Trumpet-weed. Stem hollow, striate, glabrous, glaucous- 

purple ; lvs. lance-oblong, in S's, G's, finely serrate ; corymb globous, with whorled 
rays. Thickets. 6— lOf. Lvs. 8^ Corymbs If. (E. purpureum. /S. T. & G.) 

7 E. maculd^tum L. Stem solid, marked with purple glands and lines ; leaves 3- 

veined, ovate, in 3's—5's. Low grounds: common. 3— 5f. (E. purpureum. /3, Darl.) 

8 E. scabriduin Ell. ? (Chapm.) St. stout, tomentous ; lvs. lance-ovate, acute, ser., 

3-veined from base ; scales lance-obl., cuspidate, edged, shorter than fls. Car. Fla. 2f. 

9 E. album L. Rough-downy ; lvs. lance-oblong, acutish ; hds. oblong, 5-flowered ; 

scales white-scarious at the point, longer than the fls. Sands, N. J. and S. 2f. 

10 E. lewcolepis T. & G. Nearly smooth ; lvs. lance-linear, obtuse ; heads 5-flwd. ; 
scales white-scarious at the tip, as long as the fls. Sands, L. I. and S. 2 — 3f. 

HE. liyssopifolium L. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, 1-3-veined, punctate, lower ones 
subserrate, upper ones entire ; scales oval. Dry. Mass., W. and S. 2f. Hds. V. 

12 E. parviflorum Ell. Lvs. lanceolate, sessile, acutely serrate above, 3-veined; 
heads 2", crowded ; outer scales very short, inner linear. Damp. Va. to Fla. 2 — 3f. 

13 E. altissimum L. Tall, downy; lvs. lanceolate, few-toothed above, conspicu- 
ously 3-veined ; scales 8—12, elliptical, 2^'' ; fls. 5'^ Dry. Pa. to Car., and W. 3— 7f. 

14 E. cuneifolium Willd. Downy; lvs. small, glaucous, obovatc-oblong, 3-veined. 
apex obtuse and subserrate ; scales oval, %" ; fls. A". Rich shades, S. Car. to Fla. 2/. 

1 5 E. teucrlfollum Willd. Rough-downy ; leaves sessile, ovate, veiny, the lower 
doubly serr. ; scales elliptical, faintly striate, rather acute. Damp. Mass. to La. 2— 3f. 

IG E. sessillfolium L. Smooth; leaves half-clasping, lance-ovate, serrate; inner 
scales oblong-obovate, obtuse. Rocky woods, Mass. to Ind., and S. 2 — 4f. Lvs. 3—5' 

lY E. rotundilolltim Willd. Iloarhcnmd. Downy; lvs. roundish ovate, subcor- 
date, 3-veined, sessile, coarsely toothed ; inner scales acuminate, as long as the fls. Dry 
fields, N. J. and S. A compact, bushy plant. 3f. 

18 E. mlkanioides Chapm. St. creeping at base, ascending; lvs. ch?ltoid, truncate 
at base, petioles subconuate ; scales lanceolate, acute. Isl. St. Vincent, Fla. 1— 2r. 

19 E. piibescens Muhl. Hairy; lvs. distinct, sessile, ovate, acute, blunt-toothed; 
hds. about 8-flwd. ; scales lanceolate, acute, short. Dry. N. H. to N. J., and Ky. 3 — tf. 

20 E. rcsiiiosuiu Torr. Viscid-resinous; loaves distinct, closely sessile, lin.-ljuiceo- 
late, long-i)ointed ; hds. lO-15-flwd. ; scales obtuse, white-downy. Barrens, N.J. 2-3f. 

21 E. porfollutiini L. Thoroughwort. Boncsct. Hairy; lvs. lanceolate, each ^mij 
united at base around the stem; heads about 12-flowcrod, in a largo, dense corymb; 
scales lance-oblong, acute. Low grounds: common. 3— 4f. A powerful tonio. 

22 E. seroAiniiiii TMx. Soft-puborulont ; lvs. potiolate, lanco-ovato. sharp-sornito. 3- 
veined ; hds. 12-15-fl\vd. ; scales 9—11, similar, very downy, obtuse. Md.. S. and W. 5f. 

23 E. aaeraloidcs L. Smooth; lvs. long-potiolato, ovate, aoumiuato. sharp-sorr., 
3-veino(l ; lids. 10-2i)-flwd., in a compound corymb ; scales oblong, obtusi . Woods, fif. 

24 E. aroiiiallciiiii L. Rough-downy; lvs. petiolato, lanco-ovato. acute. ;J-voinod, 
blunt-sorr. ; luls. 10 l.'')-n\vd., in sn\aU corymbs ; scales lanoo-linonr. Low woods. 2f. 

25 E. Iii<>ariia.f iiiit Walt. DilVusoly branohod ; loaves long pot lolod. doltoid-ovate, 
pointed, ct>arsoly orouato-dontato ; hds. on slender pod., l.^ •.H>-flwd. ; scales lin.-subu. 
lato, S-striate ; lobes of the corolla pale purple. Damp soils, N. Car, to Fla. 8f. 



160 Ordek 70.— composites. 

11. MIkAniA, Willd. CLomrxG BoNESET. Fls. all tubular, 5 . In 
volucre 4-ieaved, 4-flowered. Receptacle and flowers as in Eupatorium. 
U Climbing and twining. Leaves opposite. 

M. scandens Willd. Smooth ; Ivs. cordate, repand-toothed, acuminate, the lohes dl^ 
varicate ; hds. in pedunculate, axillary corymbs. Thickets, Ms. to Ga. Not common. 
Clusters on the short, lateral tranches, of white or pink-colored flowers. Aug. Sept. 

12. OONOOLINIUM, DC. Heads many-flowered. Receptacle coni- 
cal. Character otherwise as in Eupatorium. if 5 Leaves opposite, peti:;- 
late, seiTate. Flowers sky-blue, in crowded corymbs. 

C. coelestinum DC. Much branched ; Ivs. deltoid-ovate, truncate or subcordate, cre- 
nate-serrate, petiolate ; scales linear. Of Copses, Pa., S. and W. 1— 2f. Aug. Sept. 

13. TUSSILAGO, Toum. Colt's-foot. Head radiate, many-flowered. 
Flowers of the ray ? , those of the disk S . Invol. simple. Recep. naked. 
Pappus capillary. If Lvs. radical. Fls. yellow, with very narrow rays. 
T. Farfara L.— Cold, clayey banks, N. and M. Scape 5', appearing with its single head 

of yellow flowers in March and April, before the large angular leaves. 

14. NARDOSMIA, Cass. Heads radiate, oo-flowered, somewhat ? s . 
Fls. of the ray $ , of the disk § , but abortive in the sterile plant. Invol. 
simple. Recep. flat, naked. Pappus capillaiy. 2f Leaves radical. Fls. 
cyanic. The ray flowers of the steiile heads are in a single row ; of the 
fertile in several rows, but very narrow. 

N. palmata Hook. Scape with a thryse or corymb ; lvs. roundish-cordate, 5-7'-lobed, 
woolly beneath, coarsely dentate. Swamps, N. Eng. and W. Rare. May. 

15. ADENOOAULON, Hook. Fls. few, all tubular, of the margin $ , 
of the disk $ . Scales equal, in one series. Recep. naked. Cyp. clavate, 
exserted, bearing stalked glands above. Pap. 0. 2f Nearly acaulescent, with 
alternate leaves, and small, paniculate heads, also gland-bearing. 

A. bicolor Hook. Lvs. deltoid, cordate, angular-toothed, decurrent on the petioles, 
white-downy beneath. Shores of Lake Superior, and W. (Common in Oregon.) 2f. 

16. AGATH.a;A, Cass. Heads as in Erigeron, but the scales are 1- 
veined, keeled or channelled, and the cypselae rough-haired, (i) 5 S. Afr. 
Leaves opposite. Disk flowers yellow, rays blue. (Cineraria, L.) 

A. AMELiiOiDES. Lvs. ovate or oval, petiolate, entire, scabrous. Not hardy. A beau 
tifal shrub, often cultivated in the greenhouse. 1— 2f. Heads solitary. 

17. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. White-tipped Aster. Ray fls. 4—6, 
2 : disk fls. 6 — 10, g . Invol. oblong, imbricated. Scales appressed, white 
with green, spreading tips. Recep. alveolate. Cyp. obconic, very silky. 
Pap. simple, if With alternate lvs. and close corymbs. Rays white. 

1 S. solidagineus Nees. Smooth; lvs. linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, entire, sessJe; 

heads subsessile ; scales obtuse ; pap. white. Woods : com. 2f. Eays long. Jl. \ag. 
3 S. conyzoides ISTees. Some pubescent ; lvs. lance-oval, acute, serrate, the lowei 

narrowed into a petiole ; rays short ; pappus rusty. Woods, Ms. to Fla. l-2f. Jl. Aug. 
3 S. tortifolius Nees. Grajish pubescent ; lvs. short, oblong-obovate, sess., twisted 

to a vertical position, both sides alike ; pappus white. Woods, Va. to Fla. 2f, Sept. 



IJRDER 70.— CO]MPOSIT^. 161 

18. ASTER, L. Invol. oblong, imbricate. Scales loose, often with 
green tips, the outer spreading. Disk fls. tubular, ^ , ray fls. $ , in one row, 
ligulate, 3-toothed at apex, finally revolute. Recep. flat, alveolate. Pap. 
simple, capillary. Cypsela compressed. U Yeiy abundant in the U. S., 
flowering in late summer and autumn. Lvs. alternate, diminishing grad- 
ually upward. Disk-flowers yellow, changing to purple ; ray-flowers blue, 
purple, or white, never yellow. Figs. 146, 388. (See also p. 446.) 

A Scales of the invo.ucre tipped with green or wholly green. . .(§ 1, 2, 3) 

B Scales destitute of green tips, white or scarious. Lvs. never cordate. . .(§ 4-p) 

§ 1. BioTiA. Heads corymbous, large. Rays 6— 15, white. Lvs. cordate Nos. 1, 2 

§ 2. Calliastrum. Heads corymbous or few, large. Rays 12—30, violet- 
blue. Pap. bristles unequally thickened. Lvs. rigid, not cordate (a) 

a Lvs. ovate to lanceolate, serrate more or less. Fr. smoothish Nos. 3 — 5 

a Leaves lance-linear to linear,— 6 entire, merely acute Nos. 6, 7 

—b bristly-fringed, pungent Nos. S, 9 

$ 3. AsTERiA. Hds. panicled or racemed, rarely few. Pap. equal, soft. . . (c) 

c Leaves petiolate, the lower cordate,—;^ evidently serrate Nos. 10, 11 

—d entire or obscurely serrate. . .Nos. 12—15 
c Leaves all sessile, entire, silky-canescent both sides. Pap. tawny. ...Nos. 16, 17 
c Lvs. not silky, — d clasping with a cordate or auriculate base. . .(/) 

— d clasping with a broad base not cord, or auric. . .(/i) 
—d sessile with a narrow base, not clasping. . .(/») 

/ Lvs. very small (I'''— 3'0, entire. Scales with spreading tips Nos. 18, 19 

/ Leaves ordinary {V—6^.—e Scales with abrupt, appressed tips Nos. 20, 21 

— e Scales loosely spreading. Lvs. entire Nos. 22— 2o 

— e Scales very loose. Lvs. long, serrate Nos. 20, 27 

A Scales of the involucre closely imbricated (obtuse, No. 20), acute Nos. 2.S— 31 

h Scales loose, or spreading, or recurved.— A; Pappus bright-colored. . .Nos. 32-34 

—k Pappus tawny-brown Nos. 3d, 36 

m Scales squarrous-spreading at the tips. — o Hds. large (6"-10, purple. .Nos. 37, 33 

—0 Hds. small (2-4'0,whitish. .Nos.45-n 

m Scales loosely divergent, straight. Heads medium size, rays pale No. 43 

m Scales erect, straight, in 1 row. Heads 2—3, or solitary, rays white No. 43 

ni Scales closely imbricated.— n Hds. medium (3-()'0, purp. or pale. . .Nos. 43, 44, 31 

—n Heads small (2— 3'0, white or pale Nos. 39—41 

§ 4. ScARiosi.— p Lvs, lanceolate, broadly or narrowly. Scales obtusish Nos. 49—51 

— ?) Lvs. subulate or lin. Scales very acute.— x< Hds. large, few. .Nos. 52, 53 

— >« Hds. small, many. . .54 — 5< 
i A. corymbosus Ait. Nearly smooth ; lvs. thin, ovatcacuminato, serrate, the peti- 
oles wingless ; rays (i — 9. Dry woods, N., M. 1 — 2f. Heads oblong, 4". Lvs. large. 
I \, luacropliylltis Willd. Kough-pubescent ; leaves thickish, ovate, sonate witfc 
close teeth, ])etioles some winged ; rays S-15. Woods, N. l-2f. Lvs. very large. Hds. G". 
. A. inirabllls T. & G. Lvs. ovate, serrate, the lowest petiolate, the ramial rouiul 

ish ; invol. liemispherical, scales obtuse ; rays about 20. S. Car. Very rare. 
t A. rsldiila Ait. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, sharp-serrate, rough and rugous, 
invol. squarroiis with the spreading scale-tips ; rays 20. N. 1 — 3f. 

5 A. npoctikbiliM Ait. T;vs. lance-oblong, sessile, entire, the lower stibserrate ; ir.rol 

heniisphencal, scales linear-spatulato. ciliate. Sands, Mass. to Kla. 1 — 2f. 

6 A. SKi'cuIosMS Mx. Ivoot a creeping, knotted rhizome ; lvs. lance-linear and Hnonr 

lieads 1 -5 ; scales linear-oblong, ciliate, inner obtuse. Wet. N. J. to Oar. If. 
p. itrdriliti. Heads S— 12, smaller; rays 12; scales but slightly si>n«ading. 

7 A* pal ndoHUM L. Slender, glabrous ; lvs. long, linear ; hds. 1— 1> ; scales '-Ance-liuoAT 

rays 30,. kOj.:rer than the ((\") i)>vol. Swamp-*, S. 2— 3f. lleids very larg\» 

11 



162 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

8 A. spinulosus Chapm. Bristly-hairy, rigid ; Ivs. narrowly linear, pungent, briptlo 

fringed ; heads few, spicate ; scales spine-pointed ; rays 13, blue. Fla. If. 

9 A. eryngifolius T. & G. Hairy, rigid ; Ivs. lance-linear, pungent, fringed with 

spiny teeth ; heads very large, 1 — 4, loosely racemed ; scales green, rigid, lanceolate, 
long-pointed ; rays many, white. Fla. 1— 2f. (Prinopsis Chapmanii, C-B.) 

10 A. cordlfolius L. Stem paniculate ; leaves sharply serrate, acuminate ; petioles 
winged ; scales appressed, with short green tips. Woods and glades, N. and W. : com. 
1 — 3f. Heads numerous, rather small, blue varying to white, in a large panicle. 

11 A* sagittifolius Willd. Branches racemed; Ivs. lance-obl., some arrow-shaped ; 
petioles winged; scales loose, lin. -subulate. Low woods, N. and W. 2-4f. Wh.-blue. 

12 A. nndnlatus L. Eacemous-paniculate, rough, grayish; Ivs. ovate-oblong, undu- 
late-crenate, the base, or the winged petioles, cordate-clasping, the upper acute, en- 
tire, sessile : scales appressed. Dry woods. 2f. Blue. (A. diversifolius Mx.) 

/3. a»perulus. Lowest petioles slender, not clasping ; Ivs. scarcely cordate. Com. 

ISA. azurens Lindl. Slender, rigid, rough; Ivs. below on slender petioles, cordate- 
lanceolate, the others successively lanceolate, linear, and subulate, acute at each end ; 
rac. paniculate, heads obconic ; scales acute, appressed. Woods, prairies, W. 2f. 

14 A. Sliortii Hook. Smoothish, subsimple ; Ivs. lance-ovate, deeply cordate, peti- 
olate, long-pointed, entire, the upper sessile ; rac. paniculate ; scales green-tipped, 
shorter than the disk, Eocky banks, O. to Wis. and Ark. 3f. 

ISA, anoiualus Eng. Lvs. as in No. 13 ; scales with linear, spreading, leafy tips ; 
hds. large ; rays spreading, 15 — 18'", bright blue. Rocks, 111. jMo. (Mr. J. Wolf.) 2 — 4f. 

ISA. sericeus Vent. Bushy ; lvs. silvery-silky both sides, lance-oblong, sessile ; hfls. 
large, terminal on the short, leafy branches ; scales spreading at tip ; fr. glabrous ; 
rays 15 — 25. violet blue. Banks, Mich. (H. Mapes) to Iowa, and S. 1— 2f. 

1 7 A. concolor L. Subsimple ; lvs. grayish-silky, lance-oblong, the upper cusp- 
pointed ; heads in a terminal, virgate raceme ; scales lanceolate, appressed ; fruit 
silky ; rays purple. Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. 2 — 3f. Aspect of Liatris. 

ISA. squarrosus Walt. Slender, with simple, 1-flowered branches; leaves very 
small, triangular, heart-clasping, reflexed-squarrous ; scales with spreading green 
tips ; fr. pubescent. Dry soils, S. 3 — 3f. Rays 20. blue. 

19 A. adnatus N. Slender, rough ; lvs. oblong to lanceolate, erect, adhering to the 
stem by the midvein, the summit only free. Sands, Fla. to La. 2-3f. 

20 A. tnrbinnellus Lindl. Smooth, subcorymbed ; lvs. lance., tapering both ways ; 
hds. club-top-shaped (S'O ; sc. tips short, blunt. HI. Mo. to La. Blue. Pap. brown. 

21 A. lajTis L. Very smooth; branchlets 1-flwd. ; lvs. oblong, entire, shining, lowest 
lanceolate, subserrate, upper auriculate ; scales with a broad, acute, appressed tip ; 
heads large, rich blue, showy. Low woods. 2— 3f. 

^. leevig-iititg, Not glaucous ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; scales linear. 

y. cyanetis. Plant glaucous ; leaves thickened, very entire. Beautiful Asters. 

22 A. patens L. Pubescent ; rac. paniculate ; lvs. ovate-oblong, cordate-clasping, 
ciliate at edge ; heads large, terminal on the leafy branchlets ; scales lax, green-tipped ; 
rays 20, violet-blue. Dry soils, Mass. to Ga. 2 — .Sf. 

^. pMog-ifolius, Leaves lance-ovate, auriculate-clasping, very acute. 

23 A. ainetliystinus N. Hoary-puberulent; rac. paniculate; lvs. lin. -oblong, acute, 
some auricled at the clasping base ; heads broad-bell-shaped (S'O ; scales erect, with 
only the green tips spreading. Damp, Mass. to HI. (J. Wolf) 2 — 3f. 

24 A. Novse-Aiigliae L. Corymbous-paniculate, pubescent ; lvs. lanceolate and 
lance-linear, auriculate-clasping; scales equal, lax, glandular- viscid, green their whola 
length; rays 70 -i- , deep purple. Damp. 4 — 6f.— Varies with the rays rose-purple, or 
rarely, white. Fine in cultivation. 

25 A. Carolinianus Walt. Rough-downy; branches divaricate; lvs. lance-ovate, 
entire, clasping with small auriculate lobes ; heads very large, scattered ; scales with 
spreading green tips ; rays rose-purple. Damp, S. 6— 13f. 

2G A, puniceus L. Hispid, panicled: lvs. lance-oblong, auriculate-clasping, ap 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 163 

pressed-8e:rate ; scales 2- rowed, long, revolute ; heads large, showy, with 30 — 60 nar- 
row, pale-purple rays. Swamps, Can. to Car., and W. 4— Gf. Stem often red. 

p. vimineus. Tall, elender, smoothish ; heads few, very large ; leaves narrow. 

y. g-laber. Low (2f ), subsimple, smoothish ; leaves narrow, erect, entire ; scales 
loose, not recurved ; rays large, about 20, white ? 111. (J. Wolf.) 

5. Artnua, Low (2— 3f ), scabrous, stout; leaves thick, subentire ; heads many. 

£, cdndidus — the common form, with white rays. N. Y. (Hankenson.) 

27 A. prenanthoides Muhl. Hairy or downy, corymbous-paniculate ; Ivs. lanc©- 
ovai, pointed, serrate, the long petiole winged and auriculatc-clasping : scales spattt- 
late, the green tips spreading. Wet banks, N. Y. to Va., and W. 2 — 3f. 

28 A. conciiinus Willd. Pubescent, subsimple; Ivs. lanceolate and lance-linear, 
remotely serrate, narrowed to the clasping base, the upper entire ; scales appressed- 
imbricate ; heads medium, rays blue. Woods, &c. 2~3f. 

29 A. gracillentns T. & G. Very smooth, slender, simply panicled : leaves long- 
linear, the lower toothed, upper clasping, erect ; scales short ; rays blue. S. Rare. 

30 A. mutabilis Ait. ? Stem smooth, paniculate-branched from base, dense-flwd. ; 
leaves linear-lanceolate, serrulate, clasping, thickish, upper lance-oblong, entire ; 
heads medium ; scales lanceolate, loose, much shorter than the disk ; rays pale ? Wet. 
Dl. (J. Wolf.) 2— 3f.— Varies with leaves serrate, heads loose, &c. 

31 A. carneus Nees. Smoothish ; branches leafy, ascending, racemed with 1-headed 
branchlets ; Ivs. uniform, linear-lanceolate, pointed, only the upper clasping ; scales 
acute, shorter than the disk. Moist, E. and W. Heads larger than in No. 30, purple 
to rose, showy. Stem often red, 2— 3f high. 

32 A. Tlrgatus Ell. Smooth, virgate branches racemed; lca\*e3 linear-lanceolate, 
ciliate-serrulate, half-clasping, graded above into numerous subulate bracts and 
spreading, pointed scales ; fruit glabrous. Ga. to La. 3 — 4f. 

33 A. Novi-Belgii L. St. smoothish, branches pubescent; Ivs. subclasping, lance- 
obl. to linear, pointed, the lower subserrate ; heads large, racemed or subcorymbed ; 
scales subequal, loose, equalling the disk. N. Y. to III. 2-4f. Blue. (A. aestivus Ait.) 

jS. Icetmortis, Branches slender, corymbed at end ; Ivs. very narrow. W. Showy. 

34 A. longifollus Lam. Stem glabrous, paniculate-spreading; Ivs. lauce-lincar to 
linear, long, pointed, subclasping, nearly or quite entire, upper subulate ; heads large ; 
scales linear-subulate, the outer spreading. E. and W. 2— Of. Blue. 

^. prwdlttts. Tall, strict, with thyrsoid panicles, medium heads : Ivs. serrulate. 

35 A. £lli6tlii T. & G. Stout, smooth, corymbous-branclved ; Ivs. ample, lanceolate, 
subclasping, subserrate ; ped. naked ; scales attenuate. Swamps, S. 2 — H. Purple. 

3C A. oblongifolius N. Hairy, bushy ; branches spreading ; leaves obi. -lanceolate, 
acute, entire, clasping, graded above into subulate bracts and svlt^iaal spreading 
scales. Va. (Harper's Ferry) to Iowa and Mo. Rays purple. 1— 2f. 

'JT A. graiidillorus L. Rough, bristly-hairy ; branches some cor^ri^cd, 1-tlowerod ; 
Ivs. small, linear-oblong, obtuse ; hds. very large, blue-purple ; scako obtuse. S. 2f. 

>8 A. Ciirtisii T. & G. Smooth, ractMuous ; Ivs. thin, sessile, lanieolato, acuraiuato, 
subentire; scales with green spreading tips ; heads large, showy. Mts. N. Car. 

.19 A. dniiiostis L. Rac. paniculate ; //v. linear to oblong, sessile, lowest subserrate ; 
invol. obtuse at base, closely imbricated ; scales obtuse ; heads small, rays *.J0 + , pur- 
j)lish-white. Dry woods, &c. : common. 1— 2f. Lvs. very numerous, 8'— 3'^ 
|3. roriflif'oHus^ is a starved, attenuate form, very slender every way. 

10 A. Tradosciiiitl li. Smoothish, slender, much branched ; Ivs. lance-linear, lonjr, 
remotely serrulate, teeth sharp, upper leaves entire, all sessile; ho.Hds many, subse- 
cund ; scales close ; rays small, pale. Fields, copses. 2— 4r. Leaves .')' -5". 
/3. fratrtlls. Leaves nearly linear, minutely serrulate ; lu\*uls scattered. 

41 A. lulscr L. Hairy or downy, very leafy ; branches sproadiug, racMnous ; lv«. ali 
lancit)late, tapering btuh ways, sessile, sharply serrate in the mii'.Mo. the ramial 
smaller, entire : scales acute, dose : rays whitish, short. (."'Id ilelds. r/- -A>'.— VHrio» 
jfroatly. Lvs. 5'— 1'. broai or narrow, lids, ilense or scattered. lij»)>» 15 + , 2—^'. 



164 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

4a A. simplex Willd. Loosely corymbous-paniculate, smoothish. ; Ivs. .auceolate. 
acuminate, the lower serrate ; heads scattered ; scales loosely imbricated, linear-subu- 
late. Low grounds : common. 3 — 6f. Heads twice larger than No. 41, blue to white. 
/3. dirirg-ens, Ditfusely branched, loosely racemous ; branches haij-y in lines. 

43 A, tenuifolius L. Paniculate-branching, with 1-flowered branchlets ; Ivs. linear- 
lanceolate to lance-linear, slender-pointed, sessile, remotely serrulate, upper entire ; 
scales linear-subulate, equalling the disk. Moist fields. 2 — 6f. 

/3. bellidiU'orns, Leaves scabrous, slightly clasping ; scales loosely imbricated. 
y. distichus. Leaves and strict ascending branches in 2 rows I 111. (Mr. J. Wolf.) 

44 A. subasper Lindl. ? Pubescent above ; racemous-branched, branches short., 
dense-fiwd. ; Ivs. lance-acuminate, appressed-serrate, rough, attenuate to a petiole, up- 
per reduced, entire, sessile; ^nvol. closely imbricated ; rays purp. Dry. 111. 2f. (Wolf.; 

45 A, ericoid.es L. Smoothish; branches virgate, branchlets secund, 1-headed ; Ivs. 
lance-lin. to subulate ; hds. small ; sc. as long as disk, with subulate-mucronate spread 
ing tips. Kocky fields. l-3f. Lvs. 4'-4", attenuate-mucronate. Rays white or purplish 

46 A. racemosus EU. Rough-downy; branches slender, erect ; hds. very small (2^0 
spicate-racemous, crowded above ; lvs. linear, sessile, rigid, 3' — 3". Coast, S. Cai". 2f. 

47 A. mnltiflorus L. Grayish-downy, diffusely branched ; lvs. linear, entire, sess., 
obtuse-mucronate ; hds. small ; sc. with obtusish spreading tips. Dry fields. If. Very 
bushy, with crowded racemes. Rays about 12, pale, 2—3-" long. 

48 A. graminifolius Ph. Slender, with filiform erect branches, 6- -12'* Ivs. linear, 
crowded below ; ped. slender, leafless, 1-flwd. ; sc. subulate-linear ; rays abo.,.t20, white 
or rose. Rocks, Vt. N. H. : rare. (Willoughby Lake, Vt., Bradford, Vt., Whi^^ Mts.) 

49 A. acuminatus Mx. St. simple, flexuous, angular, branching into a corymbous 
panicle above ; lvs. broad-lanceolate, narrowed and entire at the base, serrate and acn 
minate ; scales lax, linear. Wooded hills, N. If. Rays 12 -t-, long, white. 

50 A. nemoralis Ait. Branches corymbed or ; ped. 1-flwd., nearly naked, filiform ; 
lvs. narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, veinless, subentire ; sc. very acute, loose, 
shorter than the disk ; rays long, about 20. Wet woods. If. White-purple. 

51 A. ptarmicoides T. & G. St. corymbous-fastigiate above; lvs. lin.-lanceolate. 
acute, rough-margined, entire, lower ones dentate, attenuated into a short petiole , 
rays short, snow-white. Rocky shores, Vt. to Mo. Rare. Heads rather large. 

52 A. flexuosus N. Smooth, slender, flexuous ; branches leafy, 1-fiwd. ; lvs. fleshy, 
long-lance-linear to subulate ; hds. large ; rays short, many, purple. Marshes. If. 

53 A. Chapmanii T. & G. Smooth, slender, strict; branches filiform, 1-flwd. ; lvs. 
linear-subulate ; rays longer than invol., 20—30, purp. ; cyps. glabrous. Swamps, Fla. 

54 A. linifolius L. Sea Aster. @ Smooth, much branched, paniculate; lvs. lance- 
linear to subulate ; scales in 3 rows ; rays minute, scarcely exserted. Marshes. If. 

55 A. subulatus Mx. (I) Smooth, slender, much branched, corymbed ; lvs. linear- 
subulate ; rays many, narrow. In 1 row, longer than the disk, blue. Wet. S. 1— 3f. 

jS. Sxilia, Taller (2— 4f ), less branched ; heads few, rays pale purple. Ga. 

19. DIPLOPAPPUS, Cass. Double-bristled Aster. Ray-flowers 
about 12, $ . Disk-flowers oo, 5 . Invol. imbricate. Scales narrow, des- 
titute of green tips. Recep. flat, subalveolate. Pap. double, the exterior 
very sliort (about f " long), interior copious, capillary. Fruit compressed. 
U Lvs. entii-e, alternate. Heads corymbous or few, rays cyanic, disk yellow. 

§ Rays violet. Achenia silky. Bristles of the inner pappus alike. Sept. Oct No. 1 

§ Rays whitish. Some of the longer bristles clavellate.—Ach. smoothish. Aug..]Sros.2,3 

— Ach. villous. Sept. Oct. . .No. 4 

1 I>. linarlifollus Hook. St. clustered, leafy: branches 1-flwd., fastigiate ; lvs. lin., 

entire, 1-veined, obtuse, rigid, rough. Dry places. If. Heads rather large, showy. 

2 D. umbellatus Hook. Smooth, simple, strict, with QO heads in a level corj-mb; 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 166 

Ivs. long (4-60, lanceolate, acuminate; sc. obtuse; fr. pubes. in ILdcb. Low grounds 
ii — 4f. Stems purplish. Rays about 12, 3—4" long. Ilandsomo 
j3. aniysrdalinus, St. roughisli above ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate ; sc. rather loose. 2-3f 

3 D. cornifolius Less. Rough above, some hairy in lines ; hds. fevv^, corym.-panicu 

late ; Ivs. elliptical, thin, long-pointed both vi^ays, entire ; scales shorter than the disk 
obtuse ; cypsela glabrous. Woods, Can. to Car. 1 — 21". Rays about 10, white. 

4 D. obovatus (Ell.) Cinereous-pubescent: heads corymbed ; Ivs. obovate-oblong 

acute ; sc. lin. -subulate, rusty yellow ; fr. villous ; rays white. Damp shades, S. 2— ;jj 

20, ERIGSRON, L. Fleabajs'e. White-weed. Heads subhemi 
spherical. Ray-flowers ? (40 — 200), narrow, linear. Fis. of the disk 5 , go 
Recep. flat or convex, naked, invol. scales nearly in one row and equal 
Pap. generally simple. Herbs with alternate Ivs., rays cyanic, disk yellow 

§ Rays minute, shorter than the cylindrical involucre, white. Pappus simple 1, 2, 10 

§ Rays long, showy, 30 — 49. Pappus simple. Lvs. all radical. lids. corymbou6..No. .i 
§ Rays long, showy, 50—200. — a Pappus simple. Leaves clasping. Corymbous. ..Nos. 4 — 6 

—a Pappus double. Leaves sessile. Corymbous Nos. T— 9 

1 E. Canadense L. Erect ; invol. oblong ; rays 40—50, crowded, minute ; pap. sim- 
ple ; stem hairy, paniculate ; leaves lanceolate. ® A common weed. 6' — 6f. Jl.— Oct. 
•i E. divaricatum Mx. Decumbent and diffusely branched, hirsute ; lvs. linear anr 
subulate ; hds. very small, loosely corymbous. @ Dry soil, W. and S-W. 6'— 2f. Purp 

3 E. nudicaule Mx. Glabrous ; lvs. obovate or spatulate, radical, rosulate, entire 

hds. few ; rays narrow, white. U Pine-barrens. S. Scape bracted, slender. 18^. Jn. Ji. 

4 E. bellidifollum Muhl. Eobins' Plantain. Hirsute; radical lvs. obovate, obtuse, 

subserrate ; stem lvs. remote, mostly entire, clasping ; hds. 3—7 ; rays 50 — 60, purple, 
linear-spatulate. ii Dry soils : common. 1 — 2f. May, June. Handsome. 

5 E, Pliiladelpliicuni L. Pubescent or hirsute; lvs. thin, lower spatulate, ere 

nate-dentate, upper clasping, sometimes cordate-auriculate ; heads few, on long, slen- 
der ped. ; rays 150-200, filiform, reddish. 2C Damp : com. 2f. St. lvs. various. Jn.-Aug. 

6 E. quercilolium Lam. Pubescent ; root lvs. oblong-obovate, lyrate-pinnatifid. or 

deeply sinuate-toothed, the cauline sharply serrate, clasping ; heads CX), small, with 
innumerable filiform flesh-colored rays, u Low grounds. S. May. 

7 E. aiiiiuiiiu Pers. Common Fleabaiie. White-weed. Hirsute, branching; loaves 

coarsely serrate, ovate to lanceolate, the lower on winged stalks ; rays very numerous, 
narrow, white. (T) (2) Fields: common. 2 — 4f. June— Aug. 

8 E. strigosiiin L. Rough, with short, appressed hairs, or nearly smooth ; !vs. lan- 

ceolate, tapering to each end, entire, or with a few large teeth in the middle, lower ones 
3-veined and petiolate ; pan. corymbous, white, (a) Grass lands : com. 2f. Jn.— Oct. 

9 E. g;labcIluiM Nutt. Lvs. smooth, entire, spatulate, long-taporing at base, uppot 

lanceolate and lance-linear, sessile, acuminate ; heads 4— G, pubescent ; raya ver>' uu- 
meious, pale blue. Wis. to Dak. 12'— 18'. July, Aug. 

10 K. acre L. Erect, If; lvs. entire, oblong to lanceolate ; heads few or many, homi 
epherical, with bluish-purple rays as U)ng as the pappus. Lake Superior ^,Porter». 

21. OAIiLISTEPHUS, Cass. China Aster. Ray flowoi-s ? , 00, disk- 
flowers ^. Involucre hoiuispherical. Rocop. subconvox. Pappus double, 
cacli in . series, outer series short, chMHy-sotaeoous, with the sotjo united 
int(^ a crown ; inner series ot'lonu:, lilitbnn, scabrous*, deciduous bristles. 
C. CiiiNKNSis. Stem hispid ; branches divergent, l-flwd. ; leaves ovato. coarsely dentate, 

petiolate, cauline ones sessile, cuneate at base. China? Cultivation has prvniuced 
innumerable varieties, double and semi-doublo, of every color. Aug., Sept. ^0 

22 BELLIS, L. G-viunsN Daisy. Rxys oc, s: . Disk ^. Involurcl 



166 Okder 70.— composite. 

hemisplierical, of equal scales. Eecep. subalveolate, conical. Pap. none. 
® U Heads solitaiy. 

1 8. integrifolia Mx. Annual, diflhsely branched ; Ivs. entire, spatulate-obovate to 

lance-obl. ; sc. with scarious margins ; rays violet-purp. Ky. to Tex. 6-12'. Mar.-May. 

2 B. PERENNis. Perennial, acaulescent ; root creeping ; scape naked, single-flwd. ; Ivs. 

obovate, crenate. Europe. 3— 4^. Fls. white, double, quiUed, &c. June— Aug. 

23. DAHLIA, L. Rays $ . Disk 5 . Invol. double, the outer series 
Df many distinct scales, the inner of 8 scales united at base. Recep. chaiTy. 
Pappus none, if Splendid Mexican herbs. Leaves opposite, pinnate, 

U. VAKiAEiLis. Lfts. ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, 3—7 in number ; stems stout, 
widely branched ; heads solitary, very large ; root tuberous. Colors exceedingly 
variable and splendid. Heads about 3' diameter ; but a variety (the bouquet Dahlia) 
ha» the heads from H to 2'' broad. 

24. BOLTONIA, L'Her. Ray-flowers ? , in a single series, those of the 
disk tubular, ^ . Scales in 2 series, appressed, with membranous margins. 
Recep. convex, punctate. Cyp. flat, 2- or 3-winged. Pap. of minute setae, 

3 (to 4) of them usually lengthened into awns. U Glabrous, loosely branch- 
mg. Leaves sessile. Rays white. Aug. — Oct. 

I B. aster o ides L'Her. Lvs. lanceolate, all entire ; heads corymbed; flTiit broadly- 
oval with a few minute setae,— no awns. Swamps, Pa. to Ga. 1— 3f. Eays 13—20. 

'i B. glastifolia L'Her. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, the lowest serrate ; heads in a loosjc 
paniculate corymb ; fruit obovate, with 2 long awns. Prairies, W. & S. 3 — If. Rays 30. 

3 B. decurrens. Lvs, lance-oblong, the broad base decurrent on the green, winged 
stem ; heads corymbed, globular in fruit ; fruit obovate, with 2 awns and several mi- 
nute bristles ; rays purple. Bottoms. Ill, (J. Wolf.) (B. glastifolia. ^. ? T. & G.) 

I B. diffusa Ell. Lvs. lance-linear to subulate, entire ; hds. small, in a diffuse panicle ; 
fruit obovate, with 2 short (half its own length) awns. Prairies, W. & S. 3 — 6f. 

25. BRACHYCHJGTA, T. & G. False Goldenhod. Pap. a single 
"■ow of scale-like bristles, shorter than the obconic cypsela. Otherwise as in 
Solidago, The golden yellow heads arranged in little clusters, forming 1 or 
more unilateral racemes, 

B. cordata T. & G.— Woods, E. Ky. (at Cumberland Gap) to Ga, along the mouutaint., 
2-4f, Lvs. ovate, cordate, the lower petiolate, serrate. Hds. small (3" long). Aug. -Oct. 

26. SOLIDAGO, L. Goldenkod, Fls, of the ray about 5, 2 , remote ; 

of the disk 5 . Invol, oblong, imbricate, with appressed scales. Recep. 
punctate, naiTow. Pap, simple, capillaiy, scabrous. U Very abundant in 
the U. S. Stem erect, branching near the top. Lvs. alternate. Hds. small, 
with 1—15 (very rarely 0) small rays. Fls. yellow (one species whitish), 
expanding in the autumnal months. Fig. 319. (Addenda.) 

§ Shrubs 1 — 3f. Leaves punctate, veinless, entire. Rays 1 — 3. Chrysoma No. 1 

f Herbs. Scales of involucre with spreading herbaceous tips. Chrtsastrum. . Ncs. 2— 4 
I Herbs. Scales imbricated, erect, scarious, seldom herbaceous., .(a) 

a Inilorescence chiefly axillary, in clusters or short racemes. . . (6) 

a Inflorescence terminal, virgate or paniculate. ..(d) 

a Inflorescence reitninal, in a fastigiate corj'mb.. .{s) 

6 Rays white or cream-white. Clusters approximate above No. 3 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 1G7 

b Rays golden yellow. — c C}rpsela glabrous. Scales acute Nos. C, 1 

—c Cypsela pubescent. Scales obtuse Nos. 8 — 10 

d Clusters or racemes erect, not secund. Leaves feather-veined., .(e) 
d Clusters or racemes recurved and secund (one-sided). . .{g) 

e Heads large, with loose scales. Alpine plants Nos. 11—13 

e Heads not large.—/ Plants glabrous. Rays 4—7. . : Nos. 14- 16 

— / Plants soft-downy. Rays 9—12 Nos. 17, 18 

g Leaves evidently feather-veined, mostly serrate., .(m) 

g Leaves evidently 3-veined. Herbs inland, not maritime.. .(A) 

g Leaves 3- or 1-veined. fleshy. Very smooth, salt-marsh herbs Nos. 19, 20 

g Leaves not veiny, thick, subentire. Herbs some downy, inland.. .Nos. 21— 2;i 

h Leaves entire or very nearly eo Nos. 24—20 

h Leaves serrate.— yfc Stem smooth and glabrous Nos. 2T— 29 

—k Stem roughish-pubescent Nos. 30, 31 

m Heads discoid, rays none. Southern Nos. 32. 33 

m Heads radiate. — n St. hairy or downy, Lvs. rough or smooth.. 24, 34 — .37 

—n St. glab. Lvs. glab. or not.— o Rays \ -5 Nos. 38-40 

—0 Rays 6— 12.. (2?) 

p Racemes distant, loosely if at all panicled Nos. 41, 42 

p Racemes close, forming a compact panicle Nos. 43 — 45 

s Hd3. large, rays fewer than the disk fls.— a; St. and lane. lvs. smooth. . Nos. 4b-49 

—X Plant hairy. Lvs. oblong.. Nos. 50, 51 
s Hds. small, rays more numerous than the disk flowers. Euthamia..Nos. 52, 53 

1 S. pauciflosculosa Mx. Bushy, glabrous, glaucous and some viscid ; lvs. lance 

linear, entire, sessile; rac. erect, panicled; fls. 5—7, rays 1—3, large. Coast, S. 

2 S. discoidea (Ell.) Downy-canescent; hds. about 12-flwd., with no rays ; rac. erect, 

in a long, narrow panicle ; lvs. ovate to lanceolate, serrate. Ga. Fla., and W. 3f. 

3 S. sqiiarrosa Muhl. Pubescent ; hds. very large, GO-flwd., rays 9—12 ; panicle long, 

spike-like ; lvs. smooth, broad-oval to elliptic, serrate. Hills, Can. to Ga. 2— 5f. 

4 S. petiolaris Ait. Pubescent, striate: hds. 20-25-flwd., rays 6 — 10; rac. long, cnni- 

pound ; lvs. rough, small, oval to elliptic, the upper subpetiolate ; scales subulate, the 
outer herbaceous, loose, spreading. Uplands, S. and W. 1— 3f. (S. squarrulosa, C-B.) 

5 S. bicolor L. Hairy, simple ; leaves elliptical, the lower serrate ; heads glomerate, 

virgate-panicled above ; scales obtuse ; rays about S, whitish. Hills. 2f. 
^. Mrsiita, Rays yellow, as well as the disk flowers. Penn. (S. hirsuta N.) 

6 S, Buckleyl T. & G. Villous-pubcscont ; leaves oblong, serrate, acute at each end ; 

clusters shorter than the leaves ; fls. 15—20, rays 4 — ; scales glabrous, rather acute ; 
fruit compressed, glabrous. Interior of Alabama. 2— 3f. Leaves 3'. Octt)ber. 

7 S. inoiiticola (T. & G.) Stem terete, slender, pubernlent above ; lvs. oblong-Iance- 

olate, pointed, snbserrate ; rac. approx. ; fls. 12—15 ; fr. glabrous. Mts. N. Car. (Curtis'*. 

8 S. latilolla Muhl. Stem flexuous, angular, downy above ; lvs. broad-ovate or oval, 

acuminate both ways, deei)ly serrate ; racemes axillary and terminal, dense or loose; 
cypsela silky-pubescent ; (lowers 9—12, rays 3—4. Woody vales. Sf. 
|3. pubentt. Pubescent, becoming woolly above. Mts. N. Car. (."M. A. Curtis). 

9 S, anibi2>-ua Ait. Smooth or smoothish ; st. tall, angled; lvs. long-lancoolate, acu- 

minate, finely serrate, the upper reduced and shorter than the racemes ; heads largo ; 
scales obtuse, oblong; fniit hairy. Mts. N. Car. 3f. Leaves 4-5'. 
/3. Ciitt$t!ii (T. it G.) Kac. shorter (Inui the lvs. ; so. Hn. -oblong ; fV. silky. N. C.nr 

10 S. cassia L. Stem slender, recurved at top, terete, smooth, glaiioi>us ; lvs. lin.-l;ui- 
ceolate, pointed, the lower serrate ; fls. C— 10, rays 3—5, oval ; racemes axillary, usujvlly 
short; fruit puberulent. Hilly woods. 2 — If. Very eleg:mt, wreath-like, 

11 S. tliyr»ioidca Meyer. St. stout, simple, jmgular; lvs. ovato. acute. sh,Hrply iuid 
unequally toothed, the lower on long petioles ; hds. large, in a narrow, downy raceui^ 
or pniiiclo, rays 8-10 ; cyp. glaln-ous. Mt. woods. Me. to NY. 1 4f. C^virsr ;md showy. 



168 okder 70.— composite. 

13 S. virgaurea L. /?. alpina (Bw.) St. dwarf, furrowed, simple; Ivs. oval, sub- 
serrate or entire, narrowed to a petiole, upper lanceolate ; hds. few (I — 9), large, rays 
10—12 ; sc. acute, very thin. Tops of high mts. Me. to N. Y., shores of L. Sup. 3 — Q'. 
y. glomerata. Taller ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, serrate ; hds. very large. Mts. N. Car. 

13 S. hurailis Ph. Glabrous, simple; Ivs. oblanceolate, crenate-serrate, acute, the lower 
obtuse, petiolate ; rac. paniculate ; hds. middle-size, about 12-flwd. ; sc. obtuse. Mt. 
streams, K H. and N. 6—12' — 2f. — Varies with the branches pubescent above. 

14: S. virgata Mx. TaU, virgate, with a simple raceme at top ; Ivs. thickish, entire, ob- 
lanceolate, the lower subserrate, petiolate: hds. about 15-flwd., rays 6 — T; fr, pubescent. 
Damp pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. 3 — 5f. Eac. 6' — If. long, of small clusters. 

15 S. stricta Ait. Strict, simple; Ivs. lanceolate, lower serrate, very loug-petiolate, 
upper entire, panicle slender ; heads 10-12-flowered ; scales obtuse ; rays 5 or 6. Wet 
woods, N. 2f. 

16 S. speciosa N. Stout, simple ; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, thick, lower very broad, sub- 
serrate, petiolate ; panicle thyrsoid ; ped. pubescent ; rays, 6 — 8, large. Thickets : not 
common. 3 — 6f. Very handsome. — Varies with the panicle slender or virgate. 

17 S. vema Curtis. Hoary-pubescent; stem few-lvd., loosely paniculate; Ivs. ovate to 
lance-ovate, the lower finely serrate; rays, 10 — 12. Barrens, S. Fls, in May, June. 

18 S. puberula N. Puberulent as if dusty, strict, simple; Ivs. oblanceolate to lanceolate, 
the lower subserrate ; pan. dense, compound ; sc. linear-subulate ; fls. 20 — 25, rays about 
10, elongated. In woods. Stem purplish, 2 — 3f. Heads rather large. 

19 S. sempervirens L. Lvs, thick, lanceolate, entire, obscurely 3-veined; hds. panicu- 
late, 25-30-flwi, rays 8 — 10 ; ped. scabrous-pubescent. Marshes, 3— 6f. Handsome. 

20 S. angustifolia Ell. Lvs. thick, entire, erect, 1-veined, the lower lanceolate ; pan. 
dense, virgate; hds. 15-20-flowered, rays 7; ped. glabrous. Swamps, S. 2 — 4f, 

21 S. pilosa Walt. Hirsute, tall, stout; lvs. lance-oblong to lance-ovate, remotely 
serrulate, rough ; rays minute, 2—10, disk-fls. 5—6. Damp barrens, N. J. and S. 4-7f. 

22 S. odora Ait. St. terete, smoothish, slender ; lvs. lin. -lanceolate, abrupt at base, 
acute, pellucid-punctate ; rays 2 — 4, disk-fls. 3 — 4. Dry hills and woods. 2 — 3f. The 
plant is yellowish-green, fragrant, and yields by distillation a fragrant oil. 

^. retrdrsa, Lvs. linear to sabulate, acute, often twisted ; rays 1—3. Ga. 

23 S. tortifolia Ell. St. rough -pubescent ; lvs. many, linear, small, subentire, not 
punctate, often twisted at base ; sc. obtuse ; rays 3-5, disk-fls. 3-5. Dry fields, S. 2-3f. 

24 S. nemoralis Ait. Dusty-subtomentous ; lvs. obscurely 3-veined, roughish, acute, 
attenuate at base ; hds. small ; fls. 10—15, rays 5 — 6, conspicuous. Dry fields, roadsides. 
l-2f. — Varies with stem much branched, or with stem and panicle simple and slender. 

25 S. rupestris Ilaf. Smooth, slender ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, plainly 3-veined ; hds. 
small, in a simple panicle ; fls. 15, rajrg very short. Eocky banks, Ind. Ky. 2— 3f. 

26 S. lieavenworthii T. & G. St. minutely downy, very leafy ; lvs, smooth, lin.- 
lanceolate, entire above ; panicle open ; heads rather large ; ray and disk flowers each 
10-12. Damp soils. South. 2—3 feet high. 

27 S. Missouriensis N. Low, simp'e ; }vs. lance-lin., tapering both ways, shining, 
the lowest oblanceolate, with slender serratoies ; rac. small, dense ; pedicels glabrous • 
hds. small, 12-15-flwd. ; sc. with greenish tips ; rays about 8. Dry prairies. 111. Mo. l-2f. 

28 S. serotina WUld. St. terete, striate, tall ; lvs. slightly serrate, lin.-lanceolate, veins 
beneath pubescent ; ped. pubescent ; hds. em&U, 15-20-flwd. Low grounds. 3-6f. 

29 S. gigantea Ait. St. striate, tall ; lvs. lanceolate, -with sharp, spreading serratures ; 
strongly 3-veined ; pan. downy-hirsute ; hds. 15-20-flwd. 4-7f Generally much branched. 

80S. Canadensis L. St. downy ; lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, rough ; hds. very numer- 
ous and small ; fls. 12—17, rays short and obscure, about 7. Copses, hedges : com. 2-5f. 
^. procera, St. and lvs. beneath villous ; hds. and rays larger. Low grounds. 4—71 

31 S. Shortii T. & G. St. minutely rough-downy; lvs. lance-oblong, acute, smooth 
pan. contracted, elongated ; sc. with greenish tips ; fls. 10-15, rays 5-7. O. Ky. 2f. 

33 S. gracillima T. & G. Smooth, slender; lvs. lance-spatulate, obtuse, to linear, 
entire ; panicle narrow, hd«. 9-12-flowered, scales obtuse ; rays 0. Barrens, Fla. 2f. 



Obder 70.— composite. 169 

S3 S. bracliypU^lla Chapra. Pubescent; leaves spatulate to round-oval, perrnlate ; 
rac. spreading ; scales obtuse, rigid ; disk-fls. 3—5, rays 0. Dry soils, Ga. Fla. 3f. 

34 S. altissiiua L. Hairy, tall ; Ivs. lanceolate, very veiny, rough and wrinkled, tho 
lower serrate ; scales acute ; rays 6—8. Fields : common. 3 — 5f. Variable. 

35 S. Drummondii T. & G. Minutely velvety ; Ivs. ovate or broad-oval, acute both 
ways, sharply serrate, veiny ; scales oblong-obtuse ; rays 4-5. 111. opp. St. Louis. l-2f. 

36 S. RadulaN. Eough-downy, simple; Ivs. oblong-spatulate, tapering to base, ser- 
rate above, very rough and rigid; hds. small, rays 5, disk-fls. 3-6. 111. to La. 1— 2f. 

37 S. amplexicaiilis T. & G. Rough-pubescent, subsimple ; Ivs. broad-cordate to 
ovate, serrate ; petioles wing-clasping ; rays 1—3. Dry woods, W. Fla. to La. 2— 3f. 

38 S. ulmifolia Willd. Stem glabrous, with hairy branches ; Ivs. thin, elliptic-ovate, 
acuminate, serrate, tapering to base, smooth above, villous beneath ; raceme recurved- 
spreading; hds. small, scales acute, rays 3 — 4, disk-fls. 3 — 4. Thickets, N. and W. .3£. 

39 S. Boottli Hkr. Stem glabrous, with hairy branches ; Ivs. ovate to lance-ovate, 
pointed at both ends, serrate ; pan. long, loose ; hds. middle-size, scales oblong, ob- 
tuse ; rays 2—5, disk-flowers 8—12. Sandy soils, S. 2— 3f.— Varies with stem downy. 

40 S. linoides Sol. Smooth throughout, slender, simple ; Ivs. lanceolate, finely ser- 
rate ; scales oblong-linear, obtuse ; hds. small, rays 1 — 4, disk 4—5. Bogs, near Bos- 
ton to N. J. 12—20'. Racemes of the panicle short, secund, at length spreading. 

41 S. OTulilenbergii T. & G. St. furrowed ; Ivs. smooth both sides, strongly ser- 
rate, ovate to lanceolate, pointed both ways ; rac. axillary, remote, spreading ; hds. 
15-20-flowered, scales linear, obtuse. Damp woods, N. H. to Pa. 2— 3f. 

42 S. patnla Muhl. St. angular-striate ; Ivs. elliptic, acute, serrate, verj' rough above, 
the lower oblong-spatulate ; panicle loose ; scales obtuse, flowers 12-15. N. and W. 3f. 

43 S. cUiptica Ait. Glabrous, leafy ; Ivs. elliptical, acute both ways, subserrate ; pan. 
pyramidal ; rays very short, 5—8, disk-fls. 6—7 ; scales obtuse. Marshes, R. I. to Ga. 

p. JBllidltil, Panicle more widely spreading. South. (S. Elliottii T. «fc G.) 

44 S, argitta Ait. Strict ; Ivs. smooth, unequally serrate with divergent teeth, ob- 
long-ovate to elliptical ; pan. coiymbous ; rays about 10, disk-fls. 9 — 10 ; cyp. smooth 
Woods, meadows : common. 3f. Plant smooth and shining. 

/3. juncea. Leaves lanceolate, upper entire ; rays twice longer than involucre. 

45 S. neglecta T. & G. St. striate ; leaves lanceolate to linear, the lower divergent- 
serrate, long-stalked ; panicle oblong or pyramidal ; rays 6—10, di^^k-flowers 7—12 ; 
cypsela smooth. Swamps, Me. to Penn., and W. 3 — 4f. Root leaves 6 — 12'. 

46 S. Oliiciisis Riddell. Entirely smooth ; Ivs. entire, lanceolate, flat, obtuse, to ob- 
long-lanceolate, abruptly-acute, the lower on long stalks ; hds. numerous, large, 15-20- 
flowered, rays about 6. Meadows and prairies, West N-Y. to Ind. and Wis. 2— 3f. 

47 8. Riddcllil Frank. Stout, nearly smooth ; root Ivs. very long, lance-linear, long- 
pointed, on long petioles, the cauline clasping, carinate, acute ; heads 20-24-flowered, 
densely clustered in the level corymb. Wet prairies, O. to Mo., and N. 15— 30^. 

48 S. coryinibosa Ell. Glabrous, with the corymbous branches hirsute; Ivs. sessile, 
lance-ol'' thick, rigid, smooth ; hds. large, rays 10, disk-fls. 20 ; fr. smooth. Ga. 4 — 6f. 

49 S. ^foughtonii T. & G. Low, smooth; Ivs. lin. -lanceolate, aoutij^h. flat, entire, 
tapering to base or petiole ; lids, few, large, 20-30-rtwd.. rays 9 or 10. N. Y. Mich. 1— Of. 

50 S. ri^ida L, Stout, rough-hairy; Ivs. rigid, ovate to oblong, sormte, upper minute ; 
hds. very large (4-5"), scales obtuse, rays 7-10, disk-fls. 25-h. Dry. Ct.. S. and W. .'KSf. 

61 S, spitliainwa Curt. Low, villous ; Ivs. lance-oval to oblong, thin, sharply serrate ; 

hds. middle-si/e ; scales lanceolate, acute ; rays 6—8, disk-fls. 15—20. Hiirh nits. N. Car. 
52 S. laiiccoluta Ait. St. angular, hairy, much branched ; Ivs. lin. -lanceolate, entire, 

3-veiue(l ; rays minute, about IT. disk-lls. 10. Meadows, ci^pses: com. 2-lf. Fragnmt. 
63 S. tciiuilolia rii. St. angular, siimoth. much brauohed ; Ivs. narrv'vwly linear. 1- 

veined, tlie axils leafy; corymb open, loose ; rays about 10. Hiy lleKls. coa^twani. 

27. BIGELOVIA, DC. Fls. 3—4, all tubular, ^ . Kays 0. Itwol. oy 
llndrical, as loiisj; as tJic tlowi'rs. Sciilos \'vAk\, litioar, closolv imbricuUHl 



170 Ordeb 70.— COIVIPOSIT^. 

Recep. pointed by a scale-like cusp. Fr. obconic, hirsute. Pap. bristles in 
one row. U Glabrous, slender. Leaves alternate, entire. Heads fastigi- 
ately corymbous, with yellow flowers and colored scales. 

B. virgata DC— Swamps, N. J. to Fla. and La. 1— 2f. With virgate branches from 
base. Lvs. narrowly lin., 1-veined, the cauline lin.-spatulate. Sc. glutinous. Aug.-Oct. 

28. ISOPAPPUS, T. & G. Ray-fls. 5— 13, $; disk-fls. 10— 20, 5 . Scales 
of the invol. lance-subulate, closely imbricated. Recep. alveolate. Fr. te- 
rete, silky- villous. Pap. a single row of equal capillaiy bristles. (2) Rough- 
haiiy, branching, with alternate leaves and loose panicles. Aug. — Oct. 

I. divaricatus T. & G. Scabrous, hispid ; lvs. lin.-lanceolate, taper-pointed each way ; 
ped. slender, naked ; rays 6-8, disk-fls. 10-13 ; pappus tawny. Dry. Ga. Fla. to Tex. 

29. HETEROTHEOA, Cass. Hds. 00-flowered. Rays in one series, 
$ ; disk-fls. $ . Scales imbricated, appressed. Recep. alveolate, fringed. 

Fr. minutely canescent, of the ray without pappus (naked), of the disk with 
a double pap., the outer veiy short, scale-like, the inner of capillary bristles. 
It Haiiy, coiymbously branched, with alternate leaves and yellow flowers. 

H, scabra DC. St. flexuous, striate ; lvs. scabrous, oblong-ovate, dentate ; pet. wing- 
clasping ; hds. large, rays 15-20 ; pap. tawny red, the outer white. S. 2-3f. Sept. Oct. 

30. OHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. Hds. oo-flowered. Ray-fls. $ ; disk-fls. 5 . 
Tnvol. imbricate. Recep. subalveolate, flat. Pap. of the ray and disk simi- 
lar, double, the exterior short, interior copious, capillary, brownish. Cyp. 
hairy, compressed. U (2) Hairy, with alternate and entire leaves and yel- 
low flowers. Heads corymbous. 

§ Leaves linear and lance-linear, grass-like, veined. CjTJsela linear Nos. 1 — 4 

S Leaves oblong. Cypsela clavellate. — a Corymbs simple, umbel-like Nos. 5 — 7 

—a Corymbs compound or paniculate. .Nos. 8-10 

1 C. graminifolia N. Canescent with long, silky hairs ; stem leafy to the top ; lvs. 

linear, the upper reduced ; hds. many, large, loosely corymbed. Del. to Fla. 2f. Sept. 

2 C. oligantlia Chapm. Canescent with silky hairs ; st. almost leafless above ; hds. 

quite large, few, on slender peduncles ; lvs. lance-lin. Damp sands, Fla. 2f. Apr. May. 

3 C. pinifolia Ell. Glabrous ; lvs. narrowly linear to setaceous, rigid, erect; hds. soli- 

tary, few ; cyp. villous ; pap. reddish-brown, the outer whitish. Hills, Ga. l-2f. Sept. 

4 C» falcata Ell. Villous ; lvs. somewhat falcate, spreading, narrow ; hds. small, in 

axillary corymbs ; rays 3-toothed. Dry sands, Ms. to N. J. St. 8', stout, leafy. Sep. Oct. 

5 C. Mariana N. Silky-arachnoid, simple ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, smooth when old, 

the lower spatulate, rather obtuse, upper reduced, acute ; hds. about 7, large, 15-20- 
rayed ; ped. and acute scales glandular, if Barrens, N. J. to Fla. 2f. Sept. 

6 C. gossypina N. Cottony-tomentous, simple ; lvs. uniform, ovate-obiong, obtuse, 

the lower tapering to base ; hds. few, large ; ped. short, glandular. @ Md. to Fla. m 
barrens. l~2f. Lower leaves rarely sinuate-toothed. (C. dentata El!.) Sept. 

7 C, villosa N. Villous-pubescent, leafy to top; lvs. acute, lo-n;;r oblong-spatulate, 

upper oblong-linear, bristly-ciliate ; hds. large, umbel expanded. El. to Ala. gf. 

8 C. trichopliylla N. Silky-villous, branching, leafy ; lvs. oblong to lance-linear, 

the lower obtuse; corymb large; ped. and scales smoothish. (2) Barrens, S. 2-3f. Sept. 

9 C. seabrella T. & G. Dusty-scabrous, stout, branched ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, the 

lower narrowed to base, upper acute ; corj^mb large ; ped. glandular. Fla. 2f. Oct. 

IOC deciiinbeiis Chapm. Silky-villous, decumbent ; lvs. lance-oblong, obtuse, with 

leafy axils, lower spat.-oblong ; hds. very large, paniculate, glandular. Fla. 3-if. Nov. 



Okder 70.— composite. 171 

31. OONYZA, L, Gnatbane. Fls. all tubular, those of the margin $ , 
of the centre $ or ^ . Scales in several rows. Kecep. flat or convex. Cyp 
compressed. Pap. t row of (red) capil. bristles. — Herbs chiefly trop. Fls. yel 
C. ambigua DC. Cinereous-pubescent ; lower Ivs. sinuate-lobed, acute, middle re- 

pand-dentate, upper linear, entire ; hds. panicled. Ga. S. Car. Ap.-Jl. § (C. sinuata Ell.) 

32. INULA, L. Elecampane. Hds. many-flowered. In vol. imbricate. 
Ray-fls. numerous, $ ; disk-fls. ^ . Recep. naked. Pap. simple, sca])rou3. 
Anthers with 2 bristles at base. U Coarse European herbs, with alternate 
leaves and veiy large yellow heads. 

I. Mclenlum L. Lvs. amplexicaul, ovate, rugous, downy beneath ; Ms. solitary, ter- 
minal ; sc. ovate. Pasturesandroadsides, N. Eng. tolll. 4-6f. Koot lvs. l-3f. Jl. Aug. J 

33. PLUOHEA, DC. Marsh Fleabane. Hds. oo-flowcred ; fls. of 
the margin $ , of the centre $ , but sterile. In vol. imbricated. Recep. flat, 
naked. Sty. undivided. Pap. capillaiy, simple. — Strong-scented herbs, with 
alternate leaves and coiymbs of purple fls., and copious, reddish pappus. 

1 P. bifrons DC. Pubescent, leafy ; lvs. oval-oblong, acute, finely serrate, cordate- 

amplexicaul, veiny ; heads in compound, corymbous clusters, u Damp, S. 2f. 

2 P. camphorata DC. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pubescent, acute, sessile or 

Bhort-petioled, serrate ; fls. in crowded corymbs ; sc. viscid-downy, pointed. (J) Salt 
marshes, Mass. to Fla. 1 — 8f. Stout, some fleshy, with upright branches. Aug. Sept. 

3 P. purpurascens DC. Glandular-toraentous ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, on 

slender petioles ; hds. on slender ped. ; sc. downy, acute. (T) Swamps. l-'2f. Fla. Sept. 

4 P. foetida DC. Nearly glabrous, very leafy ; lvs. broadly lanceolate, acute or acu- 

minate at each end, petiolate, obtusely subserrate ; heads numerous, in paniculate 
corymbs ; scales smoothish, acute. % Open hills, W. & S. 1— 2f. Aug.— Oct. 

34. BACCHARIS, L. Groundsel Tree. Hds. discoid, $ $ . Invol. 
imbricate, cylindric, or ovate, with subcoriaccous, ovate scales. 6 Sta. 
exserted. Recep. naked. Pap. capillary. 5 With alternate leaves and 
white flowers in Autumn. 

1 II. lialimifolia L. Whitish-scurfy ; lvs. obovate.inciscly- or repand-dcntate above, 

the highest lanceolate; panicle compound, leafy ; fascicles pednnculato, terminal, in 
a dense panicle. Sea-coast, Conn, to Fla. 6— 12f. A handsome shrub. 

2 B. glomorullflora Pers. Minutely scurfy ; lvs. all obovate, very obtuse, ropand- 

few-toothed ; heads in sessile, axillary glomcrulee. Coast, Va. to La. 3— Gf. 

3 B. aniu^'usttlolia Mx. Diflusely branched; lvs. linear, sessile, entire; hds. smaU, 

15-20flowercd, cylindrical, axillary, loosely paniculate. Marshes, S. 6 — lOf. 

35. PTEROCAULON, Ell. Black-uoot. Hds. many-floworod, the 
fertile flowers $ , in several rows, the sterile flowers central, mostly $) . Sc. 
imbricated, caducous with the fruit, $ corollas o-toothed, ? 5-cloft. Cyp. 
angular, hispid. Pap. of equal capillary bristles longer than the involucre. 
U Rhizome tuberous. Leaves alternate, decurrent, and the stem winged. 
Heads sessile, crowiled in a thick woolly spike. 

P. pyoliuostacliyum Kll. Simple; lvs. lanceolate, smooth al>ovi\ cream white- 
tonientous beneath, as well as one side of the wings of the stem. Sandy soils, S. 2-af. 
Spike 2—3'. May— Aug. A curious plant. 

36. BORRIOHIA, Adans. Ska Ox-kyk. Riy-lls ligulnti. ^\ firtile 



172 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

Scales imbricated, tlie outer leafy. Recep. flat, cliaffy, the chaff rigid, per- 
sistent. Fr. 4-angular, crowned with a 4-toothed pappus. 5 +> Maritime, 
with opposite leaves and solitary yellow heads. 

1 B. frutescens DC. Canescent, downy ; Ivs. oblanceolate, repand, obtuse-cuspidate, 

subconnate at base ; chaff of the recep. rigidly cuspidate. Marshes, Va. to Fla. 1— 3f. 

2 B. arborescens DC. Smoothish ; Ivs. spatulate, entire ; chaff obtuse. S. Fla. 8f. 

37. EOLIPTA, L. Ray-fls. ? , numerous, narrow ; disk ^ , mostly 4- 
toothed. Scales 10 — 12, in two rows, leafy, lance-ovate. Recep. flat. Chafl' 
bristly. Cypsela somewhat angular or 2-edged. Pap. 0. @ Strigous. Lvs. 
opposite. Heads axillary and terminal, solitary. Flowers white. Fig. 72. 
E. al'ba (L.) Erect or diffuse, with short, appressed hairs ; lvs. lance-oblong, tapering to 

each end, subserrate ; ped. longer than the hds. ; scales lanceolate. Damp soils, 111. to 
Md.,andS. l-3f. Eays minute. (E. erectaL. E. procumbens Mx. Cotula alba L., &c.) 

38. GALINSOGA, R. & P. Rays 4 or 5, small, obtuse, $ . Invol. 
scales 4 or 5, ovate, thin. Recep. conical, chafiy. Cyp. angular. Pappus 
of small, fringed scales, or 0. (i) Leaves opposite, 3-veined. Heads small, 
with white rays and yellow disk-flowers. 

G, parvlflora Cav. Lvs. ovate, acute, subserrate ; pap. scales 8—16. A weed in cul- 
tivated grounds, coastward, Mass. to Penn. I— 3f. Summer. § S. America. 

39. POLYMNIA, L. Leaf-cup. Involucre double, outer of 4 or 5 
large, leafy scales, inner of about 10 leaflets, concave. Ray-flowers pistil 
late, few ; disk sterile. Receptacle chafiy. Pappus none. U Coarse and 
clammy. Leaves opposite. Flowers yellow. 

1 P. Canadensis L. Viscid-villous ; lvs. petiolate, acuminate, lower pinnatifid, up- 

per 3-lobed or entire, rays shorter than the invol. Can. to Car. and 111. 3 — 5f. June. 

2 P. UTedalia L. Hairy and rough, stout ; lvs. 3-lobed, acute, decurrent into the pet- 

iole, lobes sinuate-angled ; rays 7—12, much longer than the involucre. In highland 
woods, N. Y. to El., and S. 3 — 6f. Lvs. very large (as also in No. 1). Hds. showy. 

40. OHRYSOGONUM, L. Rays about 5, ? , fertile ; disk $ but stei- 
ile. Scales in two rows of about 5 each, the outer leafy, the inner chaffy. 
Recep. flat, chafiy. Cyp. of the ray obcompressed, obovate, each embraced 
by a chaff scale, of the disk abortive. Pappus a small, 2-8-toothed crown 
21 A little prostrate herb, with opposite leaves and solitaiy, pedunculate, 
bright yellow vernal flowers. 

C. Virglnianum L.— In rich shady soils, Md. to HI., and South. AcauleBcent, finally 
caulescent. One of the earliest flowers of Spring. 

41. SILPHIUM, L. Rosm-WEED. Ray-fls. numerous, in 2 or 3 rows, 
fertile, outer row ligulate ; disk-fls. sterile. Invol. campanulate. Scales in 
several series, leafy and spreading at summit. Recep. small, flat, chaffy. 
Cyp. broad, flat, obcompressed, crowned with a 2-toothed pappus, if Stout, 
coarse, resinous herbs. Heads large. Flowers yellow. Summer (p. 447). 

♦ Stem nearly leafless, scape-like. Lvs. very large, alternate, mostly radical — Nos. 1 — 3 

♦ Stem leafy. — a Leaves verticillate, in whorls of 3's, rarely 4's Nos. 4, 5 (i. 

— a Leaves opposite, rarely the highest scattered Nos. 5 — 7 

— a Leaves alternate (the lowest opposite or verticillate or alternate) . . No. 8 
— a Leaves connate-perfoliate No. 9 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 173 

1 S. laciiiia.tuiii L. Polar Plant. Very rough, with white, hispid hairs ; leaves (180 

pinnately parted, petiolate, segments sinuate-lobed or entire ; heads spicate, distant \ 
scales ovate, appendaged and squarrous at apex. Prairies, W. 5 — lOf. July— Sept. 

2 S. terebinthlnaceum L. Prairie Burdock. St. glabrous ; Ivs. ovate to oblong, 

cordate, tooth-serrate, obtuse (1 — 2f ) ; hds. panicled ; scales round-oval ; rays about 20 ; 
fr. winged. Prairies, W. and S. 4 — 8f. Exudes much resin. Hds. V broad, rays V long. 
/3. pinnatifidum, Lvs. more or less deeply \obed or pinnatifld. Prairies. 

3 S. compositum Mx. Glabrous throughout ; slender, glaucous ; lvs. cordate, vari- 

ously sinuate-pinnatifid with lobed segments ; hds. corymbed ; fr. roundish-obcordate ; 
rays about 10. Barrens, S. 3— 6f. July, Aug. Varies with leaves only toothed. Hills. 

4 S. trifoliatum L. St. glabrous, terete or 6-angled; lvs. lanceolate, acute, short-peti- 

oled, in 3's or 4's, upper opp. ; cyme loose ; fr. oval, 2-toothed. Dry, O. to Fla. 4— 6f. 
6 S. iiitegrifolium Mx. Scabrous; st. 4-angled ; lvs. opp., sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 
entire, cordate ; corymb close ; fr. broad-winged, 2-toothed. Prairies, W. and S. 2 — 3f. 
p. ternatum. Stem 6-angled ; lvs. verticillate in .3's. With the common form. 

6 S. scaberrimum Ell. Eough-hispid ; lvs. rigid, oval, some pointed, serrate, petio- 

late, scales ciliate-serrulate ; fr. roundish, broad-winged, deeply notched at apex. W. 
Ga. to La. 3— 4f. Corymbed. Eays 20, spreading 2^ Fruit 6'^ Aug. Sept. 

7 S. Isevigatiim Ell. Glabrous ; lvs. lance-oblong, acute, serrate, petiolate ; scales 

ciliate ; fruit, large, oval, narrowly winged, emarginate. W. Ga. Ala. 2 — 3f. Heads 
small, loosely corymbed. Rays spreading, 1^^', Fruit 4". Aug. Sept. 

8 S. Aster iscus L. Hispid or hairy; lvs. lanceolate, crenate-serrate, petiolate ; scales 

leafy ; fruit broad-obovate, 2-toothed. Dry soils, Va. to Fla. 2 — 4f. June — Aug. 
|8. pnmiltim. Downy, low ; leaves elliptical ; heads small ; fruit truncate. 

9 S. perfolisttum L. Cup-plant. Stem square ; leaves large, thin, ovate, forming a 

cup with their connate bases ; heads on long peduncles ; fruit broad-obovate, winged, 
notched. By streams, W. and S. 4— 7f. Heads large. July, Aug. 

42. BERLANDIERA, DC. Eay-fls. ? , fertile, in one series ; disk 9 
but sterile. Scales in three series, leafy, subeqiial. Recep. chafly. Pales 
obtuse. Cyp. all marginal, in one row, obcompressed, wingless, obovate, 
adherent to the inner scales. Pap. minute. U Velvety-canescent, with alter 
nate, cordate, petiolate leaves and yellow rays. 

1 B. tomcntosa T. & G. Caulescent, simple, white-tomcntous ; lvs. oblong, obtuse, 

crenate ; heads in small, dense corymbs. Barrens, S. 1— 2f. April— Aug. 

2 B. subacaiilis N. Acaulcscent, at length some caulescent, ronghish canescent ; 

lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid ; scapes tall, bearing a single head. Ga. Fla. May, June. 

43. MADIA, Molina. Invol. scales as many as the rays, complicate 
and embracing the compressed cypselae. Rcccp. chatfy at its border. Rays 
5—15, $ ; disk-fls. 5 , but often sterile. Pap. 0. (i) Hairy and glandular. 
in, ELEGANS. Lvs. lancc-linear, sessile ; heads corymbed ; rays lincar-cuncnte, 8-toothed 

at apex, yellow, with a purple base. From California, very showy. (^Madaria, DC.) 

44. SPHENOGYNE, Br. Invol. imbricate. Sc. with broad scarious 
tips. Roccp. chady, pales embracing the flowers. Rays ncutrc ; disk-fls. 
5 . Cyp. hairy. Pap. of obtuse, contorted, chatf-scales. — S. Afr. livs. alternate. 

S. SPKCu^sA. Leaves pinnatifld, with oblong cut segments; niys linear-oblong, sprawl- 
ing 2', yellow, disk dark purple. (^0 If. Blooms profusely fronv July to Oot. 

45. PARTHENIUM, L. Rays 5, very short, tortile ; disk-tls. 00, tu- 
bular, sterile. Invol. honiispherical. !Sc. in two series, outer ovate, inner 



174 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

orbicular. Recep. conical, chafiy. Cyp. 5, compressed, cohering with 2 con- 
tiguous pales. American herbs with alternate leaves. (Flowers white.) 
1 p. integHfollnm L. Pubescent, rigidly erect ; Ivs. lance-ovate, coarsely dcntatc- 
crenate, coriaceous ; hds. many, corymbed. u Dry. Md., W. and S. 3— 5f. Jl.— Sept. 
i, P. Hysteropliorus L. Puberulent, decumbent ; Ivs. bipinnatifid, the upper lin- 
ear ; heads numerous, very small, in a diffuse panicle. River banks, Fla. to La. 

46. IV A, L. Marsh Elder, Highwater Shrtjb. Hds. discoid, mo- 
iioscious. Invol. of 3 — 9 scales, distinct or partly united. Marginal fls, 
1 — 5, fertile, the others sterile. Recep. chaffy. Cyp. obconic, obtuse. Pap. 
none. Herbs or shrubs. Lower Ivs. opposite. Hds. small, greenish white 

1 I. frutescens L. Shrubby; Ivs. fleshy, lanceolate, coarsely serrate, upper lance 

linear, entire ; hds. axillary ; scales 5, distinct, rounded ; cypselas 5. Borders of sale 
marshes, Mass. to Fla. 3— 8f, bushy. Racemes paniculate, hds. drooping. July— Sept 

2 I. ciliata Willd. Annual, hairy ; Ivs. lance-ovate, acuminate, coarsely toothed ; hds. 

spicate ; sc. 3, distinct, roundish, ciliate ; cyp. 3. Wet. 111. to La. 3 — 7f. Aug.— Oct. 

3 I. Imbricaria Walt. U Terete, glabrous ; Ivs. fleshy, linear-lanceolate, 3-veined, 

sessile ; heads drooping, in leafy racemes ; scales 6 — 9, obtuse, imbricated in 2 rows, 
with torn edges. Sea-coast, S. 1— 2f. 

47. AMBROSIA, Tourn. Horse-weed. Monoecious. Sterile involucre 
of several scales united into a depressed, hemispherical cup, many-flowered. 
Anth. approximate, but distinct. Fertile involucre 1-leaved, entire or 5- 
toothed, 1-flowered. Cor. 0. Sty. 2. Sta. 0. — Herbaceous plants with mostly 
opposite leaves and unsightly flowers. July — Sept. Figs. 73, 342. 

§ Sterile heads sessile, densely spicate, chafiy. Leaves alternate No. 1 

§ Sterile heads pedicellate, racemed, not chaffy. — a Leaves opposite No. 2 

— a Leaves alternate Nos. 3, i 

1 A. bidentata Mx. Hairy and leafy, with simple branches ; Ivs. sessile or clasping, 

oblong, with a single tooth on each side near the base ; fertile hds. axillary ; fr. 4-au- 
gled, acutely pointed, the ribs produced into 4 short spines. (T) Prairies, 111. to La. l-3f. 

2 A. trifida L. Rough-hairy; Ivs. 3-lobed, serrate, lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate ; 

fr. with 6 ribs ending below the conical top. (I) Along streams, &c. 5— lOf. Aug. 
p. integ-ri folia. Leaves ovate, acuminate, often some of them 3-lobed. 

3 A. artemisiaefolia L. Hog-weed. Lvs. twice-pinnatifid, smcothish, petioles ciii 

ate ; sterile hds. in panicled racemes, fertile axillary, sessile. @ Gardens, fields. 2-.3f. 

4 A. p.silostacliya DC. Whitish, woolly, branching and leafy ; lvs. rigid, the lower 

opp., bipinnatifid, upper pinnatifid ; rac. spike-like ; fr. hairy, (i) Prairies, Wis. to Tex. 

48. XANTHIUM, Tourn. Clot-weed. Monoecious. $ Hds. spicate 
above. Scales distinct, in one row. Anth. approximate, but distinct. Recep. 
chaffy. ? Invol. clustered below, 2-lvd., clothed with hooked prickles, 1- or 
2-beaked, enclosing 2 fls. Sta. 0. (i) Coarse weeds with alternate leaves. 

1 X. Strumarium L. Rough, unarmed, branching; lvs. cordate, lobed, 3-veined, un- 

equally serrate ; fruit elliptical, armed with stiff, hooked thorns, and ending with 2 
spreading, straight horns. Fields, waysine*, N., M. 2 — 3f. Aug. Unsightly. 

2 X. spinosujtn L. Whitish- downy, armed with triple, slender, subaxillary spines ; 

lvs. lance-ovate, 3-lobed, dentate, or entire ; ? invol. oblong Waysides, &c. 2f. Sept. 

49. MELANTHERA, Cass. Fls. all tubular, 5 . Scales in 2 subequa\ 
series. Recep. chaffy, the pales partly investing the fls. Cyp. short, truncate. 



Order 70.— COMPOSITuE. 175 

angular. Pap. a few minute caducous awns or bristles. U Scabrous, witli 
square stems, opposite, petioled, 3-veined leaves and long peduncled heads. 
Corolla white. Anthers black, tipped with a white appendage. 

1 M. Iiastata Mx. Lvs. hastately 3-lobed, acuminate, dentate ; sc. lance-ovate, acr- 

minate, pales rigid, cusp-pointed. Dry soils, S. Car. to Fla., and W. .3— 6f. Jl.— Sept. 

2 ML. deltoidea Mx. Lvs. ovate-deltoid ; scales ovate ; pales or chaff obtuse. S. Fi8 

50. ZINNIA, L. Ray-fls. ligulate, ? ; disk tubular, ^ . Sc. oval, mar 
gincd, imbricate. Recep. chaffy, conical. Pap. of the disk of 1 or 2 erect, 
flat awns, (i) American herbs, with opposite, entire leaves and solitarv 
terminal heads. Rays bright-colored, showy. 

1 Z. mtiltlflora L. Lvs. lance-oblong, sess. ; peduncles scarcely longer than the lvs. ; 

rays oval, shorter than the invol. ; fr. 1-awned ; pales entire. Fields, S. 6'-2f. May,Ju. § 

2 Z. ELEGANs L. Lvs. ovatc, cordate, sessile and clasping ; peduncles much longer than 

the leaves ; pales serrated ; fruit 2-awned. Mexico. 3— 4f. Fls. single or double, of 
all colors, often brilliant, blooming in gardens throughout the Summer. 

51. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Ox-eye. Invol. imbricate, with ovate, sub- 
equal scales. Rays linear, large, $ ; disk ^ . Recep. chaffy, conical, the 
pales lanceolate. Fruit 4-sided. Pappus 0. 11 Leaves opposite. Heads 
large. Flowers yellow, like Helianthus. 

n. Isevls Pers. St. smooth ; lvs. ovate-oblong to lanceolate, coarsely serrate, pctiolate, 
3-veined, smooth beneath. Hedges and thickets : common. 3 — 5f. June, July. 
p. g-rririlis. Slender, 2f ; lvs. lance-ovate, scabrous, acute at base, 
■y. acabra. Stem and leaves scabrous, yellowish ; leaves truncate at base. W. 61. 

52. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill. Hds. radiate. Invol. double, the 
outer of 4 leafy bracts united at base, the inner of 8 small scales similar to 
the chaff of the conical receptacle. Ach. smooth, truncate, destitute of 
pappus. If Clothed with viscid hairs, opposite leaves, with 1 or few yel- 
low-flowered, large heads, on long peduncles. 

T. lieliaiitlioidcs L.— Sandy soils, Va., and S. 3f, A stout, coarse, unsightly herb. 
Leaves ovate, sessile, repand-toothed. Rays spreading nearly 3'. April— June. 

53. ECHINACEA, Moench. Purple Cone-flower. Scales of the 
invol. in 2 or 3 rows, Ray-fls. neutral ; disk-fls. 5 . Recep. conic, bristling 
with stiff, spiny pales. Cyp. 4-angled. Pap. a few teeth. 2^ Brunches each 
with 1 large head. Leaves alternate. Raj^s rose-purple, drooping. 

1 E. purpikrea Moench. Very rough ; lower lvs. broad-ovate, 5-veinod, caulino lanco- 

ovatc, acuminate, nearly entire ; rays 12—15, very long (*2 — 3'). bifld. Thickots, W. and 
S. 4f. July-Sci)t.— Varies in roughness, and with white rays. (See AdihndaA 

2 E. angiiNtifulia DO. St. hispid, slender ; lvs. all entire, hispid-pubescent, 3-vein 

od, lanceolate to lance-linear; rays 1-2—15, narrow, 1—2' long. Prairii^s ami marshes, 
111. Mo., and S. 2— 3f. Kays sometimes white. May— rTuly. (See Addenda. 1 

3 K. atrdrubcuM N. Smooth or rough; stem simple, furmwed ; lvs. lanoe-llnoar to 

linear, rigid, the lower 3-veined; rays S— 11, shorter than thiMlisk 0'^ ; scales in 3 
rows ; pappus of 4 teeth. Damp barrens, Ga. Fla., and W. 21". .Tune— Aug. 

54. RUDBECKIA, L. Invol. scales uoarly Vi\u:\\, K\Uy, in a doublo 
row, 6 in each. Ray-lls. neutral ; disk v' . Ki>cop. conic ov roh\mni\r,v,'nh 



17(5 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

imamied pales or chaff. Cyp. 4-angled. Pap. a lacerate or toothed mar- 
gin, or 0. U Leaves alternate. Heads large. Rays yellow. 

§ Eays large, drooping. — a Leaves divided. Disk ovoid or rounded Nob. 1, S 

— a Leaves undivided. Disk columnar Nos. 3, 4 

$ Eays spreading. Disk dark purple, conical or rounded. . . (b) 

b Leaves deeply lobed or parted, the upper undivided Nos. 5, 6 

b Leaves undivided. — c Pales of the disk whitish, downy Nos. 7, 8 

— c Pales dark purple as well as the flowers Nos. 9 — 12 

1 11. laciniata L. Glabrous : lower lea-s es pinnate, segments 3-lobed, upper leaves 

ovate ; disk ovoid, yellowish, pales truncate. Swamps. 3 — 5f. Eays near 2'. Aug. 

2 R. lieterophylla T. & G. Downy ; Ivs. coarsely toothed, 3-5-lobed or parted, the 

lowest often round-cordate, highest ovate ; disk globous ; pales acute. Fla. 4f. Aug. 

3 R. maxima N. Glabrous ; leaves thin, ample, oval to oblong, subentire, the upper 

clasping ; head solitary, on a long ped. ; rays 2'. Wet barrens, Fla. to La. 7f. Aug. 

4 R. nitida N. Glabrous and shining ; leaves thick, lanceolate, acute, 3-5-veined ; 

heads few or solitary ; disk brown ; rays 9—12, near 2'. Swamps, S. 4f. July. 

5 R. subtomentosa Ph. Tomentous-downy, corymbous ; leaves serrate, the lower 

3-parted or lobed, upper ovate ; disk globular ; pales bearded, obtuse ; rays 10—15, 
orange-yellow, 1'. Prairies, W. and S-W. 3— 5f. July, Aug. 

6 R. trilol>a L. Hairy, paniculately branched ; Ivs. coarsely serrate, S-lobed to ovate- 

lanceolate, the lowest cut-pinnate or undi\T.ded ; hds. rather small, disk conical, dark 
purple ; pales smooth, awned. Fields. M., W. 3 — 4f. Aug. Sept. 

7 R, mollis Ell. Soft-woolly all over ; Ivs. oblong, sessile or clasping ; so. reflexed ; 

disk dark purp.,with canescent pales ; rays 15-20, 1'. "W. Ga. 2-3f. Lvs. small. Aug.-Oct. 

8 R. Heliopsidis T. & G. Slightly downy ; lvs. ovate or oval, 5-veined, petiolate ; 

sc. obtuse, squarrous, rays 10—12; pales canescent. W. Ga. and Ala. l-2f. Aug. Sept. 

9 R. liirta L. Yery rough-hairy ; ped. leafless ; lvs. ovate-spatulate, 3-veined, petio- 

late, mostly entire, upper ones sessile, lance-ovate ; scales in 3 rows ; rays oval, 12 — 15 : 
disk rounded, dark brown ; pales bearded. Fields. 2f. ShoAvy. July — Sept. 

10 R. f&lgida Ait. Eough-hirsute ; branches leafless above; lvs. ovate to lance-ob- 
long, remotely dentate, lower petiolate ; scales oblong, spreading as long as the 12 — 14 
orange rays ; pales glabrous, lin.-oblong, obtuse. Mts. Pa. to O., and S. l-3f. July-Oct. 

1 1 R. speciosa Wend. Hairy and downy ; branches slender, leafless above ; lvs. strong- 
ly dentate, acuminate, ovate to lanceolate, 5-3-veined, lower long-petiolate ; sc. much 
shorter than the 18 rays ; pales smooth, acute. HI. to Va. 2 — 4f. Aug.— Oct. 

12 R. AMPLEXipoLiA. (T) Branching, glabrous; lvs. cordate-clasping; rays spotted at 
base, brilliant. La. (Dracopsis.) 

55. LEPACHYS, Raf. Invol. in one series of linear scales. Ray-fls. 
few, neutral ; disk ^ . Recep. columnar, chaffy. Chaff obtuse, and bearded 
at apex. Pap. 0. Fertile achenia compressed, 1-2-winged. if Lvs. alter- 
nate, pinnately divided. Hds. with long, drooping, yellow rays. June-Sept. 

1 li. pinnata T. & G. Eough; lvs. all pinnate, divisions 5—7, 2-parted or entire; 

rays light yellow, twice longer than the ovoid yellowish disk. W. N-Y., W. and S. 2-4f. 

2 li. columnaris, Eough, branching; root lvs. undivided, oblanceolate : stem lvs. 

pinnatifld ; disk nearly 2' long, longer than the 5 — 8 broad rays, which, in Variety pul- 
cherrima, are crimson, tipped with yellow. Montana. 2f. 

56. HELIANTHUS, L. Stin-flower. Ray-fliS. neutral ; disk 5 . Sc. 
of the invol. imbricated in several series. Recep. flat or convex, the chaff 
persistent, embracing the finiit. Pap. of 2 or 4 chaffy awns, mostly decidu- 
ous. Fruit compressed or 4-angled. (i) n Rough. Lvs. opposite, the up- 



ordek 70.— composite. 177 

per often alternate, ni )stly tripli-veined. Rays yellow ; disk yellow or pur- 
pie: in late Summer and Autumn. Figs. 74, 261, 433-4. 

$ Helianthella (T. & G.) Pap. persistent, .^vs. scattered, 1-veined Nos 24, 25 

S U-EUANTUVS proper. Pappus deciduous. Lower leaves opposite. . .(*) 

* Disk (its corollas and pales) dark pui-ple, mostly convex., .(a) 

a Herbs annual. Leaves chiefly alternate Nos. 1, 2 

a Herbs perennial. Leaves opposite.— € Scales acuminate Nos. 3—5 

— e Sc. obtuse or barely acute. .Nos. 6, 7 

• Disk (its corollas and pales) yellow. . .(b) 

h Leaves chiefly alternate and feather-veined Nos. 8- -ll 

b Leaves chiefly opposite and 3-veined or tripli-veined. . .(c) 

c Scales erect, closely imbricated.—/ Plants green, rough Nos. 12, 13 

— / Plants whitish, downy.. .Nos. 14, 15 
c Scales loosely spreading. Heads large, 9-15-rayed. . .{(3) 

d Scales lance-linear, longer than disk. Leaves thin Nos. 16, 17 

d ScalCi. lance-ovate, as long as the disk. Leaves thick. . .Nos. IS — 21 
c Scales loosei> spreading. Heads small, 5-8-rayed Nos. 22, 23 

1 H* annnns L. Great Sunflower. Erect, stout ; Ivs. all cordate, only the lowest op- 

posite ; hds. very large (6 — 120, nodding ; fr. glabrous. Gardens and fields. 2 — lOf. § S. 
America. — A variety with the flowers all ligulate is sometimes found in gardens. 

2 H. debilis N. Decumbent, slender ; leaves mostly alteniate, ovate, serrulate, petio- 

late ; hds. small ; scales with slender points ; fr. pubescent. Shores, E. Fla. to La. l-2f. 

3 H. Rsidula T. & G. Hirsute, simple, bearing a single head ; Ivs. roundish-obovate 

or ovate, obtuse ; scales and pales lanceolate, acuminate, erect ; rays 7—10, rarely 0. 
'4 Barrens, Ga. Fla. Ala. 1— 3f. Often growing in clusters. Hds. near V. Aug. Sept. 

4 H. Iictcropli^llus N. Slightly hispid, slender, bearing a single head ; Ivs. entire, 

the lower oval, upper linear-lanceolate ; scales acuminate, erect, ciliate ; pales acute : 
rays 12—18. n S. 1— 2f. Heads 6'^ diam., rays spreading ^'. Aug. Sept. 

5 H. angustifolliis L. Erect, slender, scabrous or hispid ; Ivs. lance-linear, taper- 

ing to a long point, 1-veined, rigid; heads few; scales lancc-lincar, the long point 
spreading ; pales linear, 3-toothed. Dry soils. N. J., Kv. and S. 2 — 3f. Aug.— Oct. 

6 If. rigidus Desf. Eigid, subsimple ; Ivs. lanceolate, pointed, rough both sides ; hds. 

few ; scales ovate, acute, short ; rays 12-20. Pmiries, Wis. Mo. to La. 2 — 3f. 

7 H. atrorubens L. Ped. few, long, leafless ; st. hirsute below ; Ivs. ovate or oval. 

obtusish, on winged petioles ; sc. oblong, obtuse, 3-vcined. Dry soils. S. 2 — tf. 

8 H. gisanteiis L. Rough or liairy ; Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, pointed, on ciliate, wing- 

ed petioles ; scales lance-linear, ciliate ; rays 12—20 ; pappus of 2 short, fringed scales 
Can. to Car. and Ky. 4 — lOf. — Varies with the leaves mostly opposite. 

9 H. tomcntosiis Mx. Stout, pubescent, branched; Ivs. ovate to long-lanceolate, 

acuminate, subcntirc, the lower petiolate ; scales long-pointed, villous, spreading ; 
pales hairy and 3-toothed at top. Dry hills, 111. to Ga. 4— Sf. Riys 15". 
" H. grossc-scrrAtiis Martens. St. smooth and glaucous ; Ivs. lancoolatc or lance- 
ovate, long-acuminate, sharply serrate, downy beneath, on winged stalks ; ecales 
loose, subulate, as long as the disk ; rays 15—20. W. and S. 4— ()f. 

11 II. tuborosus L. Jcrumlan Arliclwtce. Root bearing oblong tubers ; Ivs. cordate- 
ovate to ovate, acuminate ; petioles ciliate. Fields, hedges. 4f. § r>ra/il. 

12 II. laetinorus Pers. St. branched above ; Ivs. thick, lance-oval, pointed, serrate, 
on short stalks ; scales ovato-lanoeolate ; rays 12-20. -y. Woods. W. and S-W. 3 — Jf. 

13 II. ot'cldoiitalls Riddcll. Slender, simple, nearly naked above ; Ivs. oval, sub- 
serrate, on long liairy petioles; hds. 1—5, small; scales lance-oval. Sandy. W. 8f. 

14 II. molHx Lam. Canescent-tonientous, subsimple; Ivs. ovate, sesf=ile. cortlati>- 
clasping, acuni.-nate; sc. lanceolate; pales entire, acute ; rays 15 — 95. O. toMo. 8 — If. 

15 11. t'liicreus, /3. SulUt'HntH (.T. & G.) Cinereous-pubescent; stem virgate, 
branched above ; Ivs. ovatc-oblong, narrowed to the sessile base, the lower to a \viK\je<i 
petiole; pales pointed, with 2 lateral teeth; rays about 20. Ohio. 2 — Sf. 

12 



178 Order 70.— COJ^IPOSIT^. 

1 6 H, decapetalus L. Lvs. all opposite, thin, ovate, acuminate, toothed, on winged 
stalks, scabrous above, smoothish beneath.— Varies with the invol. scales enlarged 
and leaflike, or only lance-linear. Can. to Penn. 3 — 4f. 

1 7 H. traclieliifolius Willd. Branch lvs. alternate, thin, appressed-serrate, acumi- 
nate, all ovate to lance-linear ; pales 3-toothed ; rays 12—15. Thickets, W. 'S — 8f. 

18 H. doronicoides Lam. Branching; lvs. ovate to lance-ovate, acuminate, ser- 
rate ; scales lance-linear ; rays 12—15, 1^-', very showy. W. and S. 4— 7f. 

^. plena^Hora, Flowers all ligulate. Gardens. Very handsome. 

19 M, strumosus L. Smooth below; lvs. all similar, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
serrulate; heads few, about 10-rayed; scales ciliate, squarrous. Swamps. 3 — 5f. 

20 H. liirsiitas Raf. St. simple or forked, hirsute ; lvs. petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, 
eubserrate, hirsute beneath ; scales lance-ovate, hairy ; rays 11—15. Dry, W. and S. Of. 

/3. pubcsceus. Leaves tomentous beneath, subsessile. (H. pubescens Hook.) 

21 H. divaricatus L. St. smooth, simple, or forked ; lvs. rough, lance-ovate, long- 
pointed from an abrupt sessile base ; heads few, corymbous. Woods, &c. 4— .5f. 

^. ? scab&rrimust Stem subsimple ; leaves thick, ex^'jedingly rough and rigid, 
opposite or temately verticillate, rounded at base W". 

22 H. microcephalus T. & G. St. smooth or hispid, branched ; lvs. lanceolate, 
acuminate, narrowed to a short petiole, rough above, whitish-downy beneath ; scales 
lanceolate ; rays 5—8, spreading V. Dry, W. and S. Z—M. (H. Schweinitzii T. & G.i 

23 H, longifoliiis Ph. Smooth throughout, branching; lvs. lance-oblong to lance- 
linear, acute, the lowest petiolate, serrulate ; heads few ; scales ovate-lanceolate ♦ 
rays 6—10, spreading 1^—2'. Damp. S. 3— 5f. (H. tevigatus T. & G.) 

24 H. grandiflorus. Rough-downy ; simple, leafy ; Ivs.l— 2', lance-linear, sessile; 
scales lanceolate, loose ; rays 15 — 20, near 2' ; pappus 2 fringed scales. E. Fla. 3f. 

25 H. tenuifolias. Rough-hairy, simple ; lvs. narrow-linear; scales lance-subulate, 
loose ; rays 10— 13 (15'0 ; pappus 2 — 4 awns. W. Fla. 1— 2f. Leaves 2— 3'. July. 

57. AOTINOMERIS, Nutt. Heads many-flwd. ; ray-fls. 4^14, rarely 
0. Invol. scales foliaceous, subequal, in 1 — 3 series. Recep. conical or con- 
vex, chafiy. Acli. compressed, flat, obovate, mostly winged and 2-awned. 
U Plants tall, with 3-veined, serrate leaves. Heads coiymbous. Rays 
when present yellow. Autumn. 

§ AcTijiERis. Pappus of 2 awns. Stems tall, corymbous ... (a) 

§ AcHL^TA. Pappus wanting. Cypsela winged. Stems low, simple. Jn. Jl No, i 

a Rays Avanting. Disk corollas white. Stem narrowly winged No. 2 

a Rays 4 — 14, flowers all yellow. Scales in 2 or 3 series , Nos. 3—6 

1 A. paiiciflora N. Lvs. opp. or alternate, lanceolate to elliptical, rigid, obtuse ; hds. 

1 — 3. discoid, yellow ; fr. narrowly winged, the disk cupshaped. Barrens, Fla. 1— ^f. 

2 A, alba T. & G. Lvs. narrow-lanceolate, acute both ways, serrulate ; scales lance- 

linear, few, in one series ; fruit broadly winged. S. Car. to Fla. and La. 7f. 

3 A. lieliantlioides N. Stem winged; lvs. alternate, ovate-lanceolate, decurrent, 

acuminate, serrate, rough, hairy; rays V long, 6 — 14. unequal; scales erect; friit 
narrowly winged. Copses, prairies, Ohio to Ga., and W. 2 — 4f. June, July. 

4 A. sqiiarrosa N. Stem winged, tall (6 — lOf) ; lvs. alternate, some opposite, lance- 

oblong, long (6—140, pointed both ways, decurrent : heads small ; scales spreading cr 
deflexed; rays 4 — 8, regular, short. Alluvion, N. Y., W. and S. Homely. 
6 A. imdicaulis N. Stem wingless, branched and leafless above ; lvs. oblong, un- 
equally serrate, closely sessile ; rays 7—12, broadly winged. Ga. Fla. Ala. 2— 3f. 

58. COREOPSIS, L. Tick-seed. Rays about 8, rarely 0. Invohicie 
double, each G-12-leaved. Reccp. chaffy. Cyp. obcompressed, emarginate, 
each commonly with a 2-toothed, upwardly-hispid pappus, sometimec 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 179 

none. Leaves mostly opposite. Rays usually yellow ; disk-flowers yellow 
or dark puiple. 
§ Corollas of the disk dark purple. . .(a) 

a Ray-flowers yellow with a purple base. Achenia incurved Nos. 1 — 3 

a Ray-flowers wholly yellow. Achenia not incurved, 2-awned. Summer Nos. 4 — 6 

§ Corollas of the disk yellow. Rays rose-colored. Leaves simple Nos. 7, 8 

§ Corollas of the disk and ray all yellow (disk brownish in No. 9) . . . {b) 

b Leaves sessile, divided often so as to appear verticillate Nos. 9 — 19 

b Leaves petiolate, never serrate, — c pinnate with lance-linear segments.. Nos. 1.3, 14 

—€ simple, or rarely auricled below Nos. 15, 16 

ft Leaves petiolate, serrated,— c? simple. Achenia awns obsolete Nos. 17, 1 S 

—d compound. — e Rays about 8 Nos. 19— I'l 

—e Rays wanting Nos. 22, 23 

1 €, Drummondii. (i) Pubescent; Ivs. pinnately (l-5)-divided ; segm. oval or oblong, 

entire ; sc. lance-acuminate ; rays unequally 5-toothed. Tex. l-2f. Rays ample, showy. 
/3. atrosanj^uinea, A garden variety, with the rays wholly dark purple. Jul5--0ct. 

2 C TiNCTORiA. (I) Glabrous ; Ivs. alternate, some pinnate ; lobes lin. -oblong and linear ; 

scales very short, acute ; rays 3-lobed at apex. Nebraska. l-3f. Beautiful. Summer. 

3 C. Atkinsoniana. n Lf. lobes linear-spatulate to linear ; sc. oblong, obtuse ; rays 3- 

lobed ; fr. distinctly winged. Columbia River. Oreg. Hds. handsome, like C. tinctoria. 

4 C. gladiata Walt. St. terete; Ivs. alternate, thick, some ternately divided, lance- 

oblong to lance-linear ; outer scales lance-ovate ; fr. fringed, awns 2, slender; rays 3- 
toothed at the dilated apex. Moist barrens, S. 2— 3f. Heads several, corymbed. 

5 C. angii^tilolia Ait. St. square ; Ivs. opposite (mostly), undivided, spatulate to lin- 

ear, obtuse ; outer sc. ovate, obtuse ; fr. wing-fringed, awns 2, short ; rays 3-lobed. S. 

6 C. JEmleri Ell. St. angular above ; Ivs. opp., lance-ovate to lanceolate ; outer scales 

oblong, obtuse ; fruit margined, ciliate, the 2 awns very short. Ga. (Elliott) and Fla. 

7 C nudata Nutt. "Very slender; Ivs. few, terete, rush-like, alternate, the lower very 

long ; hds. few ; rays wedge-obovate, crenate-lobed at apex, n Swamps, Ga. Fla. 2f. 

8 C rosea N. Branching; Ivs. opp., 1-veined, linear ; ped. short ; outer sc. verj- short ; 

rays oblong, obscurely tridentate. n Wet grounds, Ms. to Ga. 8-1 G'. Delicate. Jl. Aug. 

9 C» senlfolia Mx. Minutely downy or glabrous ; Ivs. opposite, ternate, sessile, ap- 

pearing in whorls of 6; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, varying to linear-lanceolate or even to 

linear; scales downy, obtuse ; rays entire. 2^ Dry, Ya. Ky. to Ga. 1— 2f. July, Aug. 
IOC. dclplkluifolia Lam. Lvs. opp., sessile, divided into Ifts. which are each agjiin 

2-5-parted ; seg. linear, entire, acute ; disk-fls. brown at the tips. ii Va. to Fla. 2f. Aug. 
lie. vcrticillata L. Branched ; lvs. 3-divided, closely sessile, the divisions 1-2-pin 

natcly-parted ; seg. filiform-liu. ; rays 1-3-toothed. 2i Moist, Md. to Ga. 1-^f. Jn.-Aug. 

12 €. palinata N. St. angled, striate, leafy to top ; lvs. sessile, deeply 3-cleft, rigid • 
lol:)es linear, acutish, entire or again cleft ; fr. linear-elliptic. U Prairies, W. 1-2. July 

13 C. triptcrls L. St. simpi'' 'all, corymbous ; lvs. opp., stalked, thick, 3-vvdividod : 
seg. lin. -lanceolate, entire, acute; hds. small ; rays obtuse. ZC Dry, W. andS. 4-8f. ,71. 

14 C. ^randillora N. St. low; hds. solitary, large, on long naked stalks ; lvs. lance- 
olate, mostly divided into lanee-lin. seg.; rays •l-.'j-cleft. il Mo. to Tex. Much like No.l5. 

15 €. laiiocoluta Ti. Ascending; lower lvs. oblanceolate, upper lanceolate, all entire; 
he-uls solitary, on long naked peduncles; niys -l-Vtoothed. U Damp soils, West and 
So.th. Head slu \vy. Kays about S, spreading 2' or more. June— Aug. t 

1 6 C. auriculuta L. Lower lvs. round-ovate, petiolate, some of them with 2 small 
lateral sogni. (anrionlate") at base, tJie upper oblong, subsessile ; hds. few, on long pod., 
outer scales oblong-linear. Dry soils. HI. to Va.. and S. l-^3f. May— Aug. 

17 €. latirolia Mx. Very glabrous, tall; lvs. thin, opp., ovate to oblong, aouniin.ito. 
unequally toothed ; hds. small, rays.'') or ti. entire, large ; so. lin.. spreadiuir. Mts. S. Aug. 

18 V. nrmiitix Ph. Stem strict ; lvs. simple, ovate to hmooolato. petiolate, aounuuHte, 
sharply serrate ; scales oblong ; rays '.)— 12. o-toothed ; awns obsolete. Hills. S. %-hl 



180 OKDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 

19 C. aurea A.t. Lower Ivs. pinnately divided, upper temately, or simple ; Ifts. ovate 
to lance-linear, serrate ; rays 6—9, obtuse ; fruit toothed. Ditches, S. 2-4f. Aug.-Oct. 

20 C. aristosa Mx. Sparingly pubescent ; Ivs. pinnately 5-9-parted, segm. lance-lin., 
incised ; hds. small, rays large ; outer scales 10—12, linear ; awns slender, spreading, 
as long as the fruit. @ Low woods, W. 2 — 3f. Kays expanding 18''. Aug.-Oct.— 
Varies with the outer involucre leafy ; and with the awns short, &c. 

21 C. trichosperma Mx. Stem glabrous, square, dichotomous ; Ivs. pinnately 5-7- 
parted, segm. lanceolate, cut ; rays entire, large ; cyp. narrowly cuneate, with 2 short 
stout awns. (D Wet grounds, Mass. to 111. (J. Wolf), and Car. l-2f. Fls. showy. Jl. Aug. 

22 C. discotdiea T. & G. Glabrous, much branched ; leaves temate, long-petiolate ; 
irts. lance-ovate, dentate ; hds. small (2— 3'0 ; fv. linear-cuneate, the 2 stout awns (up- 
wardly hispid) half as long and equalling the corolla, (i) Wet, W. and S. l-3f. Jl.-Sept. 

23 C, bidentoides N. Glabrous, paniculate ; Ivs. simple, lanceolate, serrate ; heads 
7-1 y ; fr. lin.-oblong, the slender (up-hispid) awns longer than cor. (i) Pa. Del. : rare. 

59. BIDIjNS, L. Burr-AIaiiigold. Invol. double. Scales somewhat 
similar, or the outer foliaceous. Rays 4 — 8 (sometimes none), neutral ; 
disk-flowers perfect. Recep. chaffy, flat. Pap. of 2 — 4 awns, rough back- 
wards. Cypsela obcompressed, obscurely quadrangular. Leaves opposite, 
incised. Flowers yellow. July — October. (See Addenda.) 

§ Cypsela linear-subulate, tapering to the top, 3-4-angled, 2-6-awned Nos. 1—3 

§ Cypsela oblanceolate, broader at the top, flat, 2-4-awned Nos. 4 — 7 

1 B. leucantha Willd. Lvs. in 3—5 serrate lobes : hds. with 5 white rays. S. Fla. If. 

2 B. bipinnata L. Spanish Needles. Lvs. bipinnate, Ifts. lanceolate, ptnnatifid ; rays 

very short, obovate, 3, 4, or ; sc. all equal in length, (i) Waste grounds, Ct. to 111. 2-4f. 

3 B. Beckii Torr. St. subsimple ; submersed lvs. capillaceous-multifid, emersed lvs. 

lanceolate, connate, acutely serrate or cut ; rays longer than the involucre, 7i Slow 
waters, Vt. (rare), W. and N. Stem 2— 3f. Heads solitary, terminal. 

4 B. frondosa L. Beggar-ticks. Rays ; outer sc. leafy, 6 times longer than the fls. ; 

lower leaves pinnate, ternate, upper lanceolate, serrate ; avvrus 2. (i) Fields : com. 2f. 

5 B. connata Willd. Rays ; outer sc. leafy, longer than the head ; lvs. lanceolate, 

serrate, subconnate at base, lower some trifid ; awns 3. (I) Swamps, E. and W. 1— 3f. 

6 B. cernua L. Rays — 4—8, small ; hds. cemuous ; outer scales as long as the disk ; 

leaves aU lanceolate, subconnate, dentate, (x) Swamps, ditches, B. and W. 1— 2f. 

7 B. clirysanttieiMOides L. Lvs. oblong, attenuate at each end, connate at base, 

regularly serrate ; rays thrice longer than the involucre. ® Ditches : common. 6'-2f. 

60. SPILANTHUS, L. Invol. shorter than the disk, double, appressed. 
Recep. conical, chaffy, the pales embracing the flowers. Cyp. of the disk 
compressed, with 1 — 3 bristly awns or awnless, of the ray (when present) 
3-angled. Herbs with acrid taste, opposite leaves, and sohtary, yellow heads. 
Chiefly tropical. Aug. — Oct. (Acmella, Rich.) 

1 S. repens Mx. Diffuse, rooting at the lower joints ; lvs. lanceolate, subserrate, acute 

at each end, petiolate ; rays about 12 ; fr. awnless, not ciliate. % Wet, S. Car. to Fla. 

2 S. Nuttallii T. & G. Ascending, difiuse ; lvs. ovate to oblong, coarsely serrate ab- 

ruptly petiolate ; fruit ciliate on the margins ; rays 10-12, Bogs, E. Fla. l-2f. 

61. VERBESINA, L. Crown-beard. Rays 5, few or none; disk 
$ . Sc. in 2 or more series, imbricated, erect. Chaff concave or embracing 
the flowers. Achenia compressed, 2-awned. U 5 Leaves often decmTent 
serrate or lobed. Heads solitary or corymbous. 

1 V. Sieglsbeekil Mx. Stem 4-winged ; lvs. opposite, ovate, serrate, acuminate, 3 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 181 

veined, tapering to the winged petiole; hds. corymbous, yellovir ; rays 1-5; fr. wincf 
lesB. % Dry, W. and S. 5f. Aug. Sept. 

2 V. Virginica L. Stem narrowly winged; Ivs. alternate, lance-ovate, subserrate, 

feather-veined, tapering to the sessile base ; rays 3—4, white ; fruit narrowly winged. 
U Dry woods, Pa. to La. 4f. August. 

3 V. sinnata Ell. St. wingless, striate-angled ; Ivs, alternate, ovate, acuminate, con- 

tracted to a long slender base and petiole, irregularly repand-toothed or lobed ; rays 
3—5, white ; fr. broadly winged. U Sandy fields, S. 2-Af, with ample Ivs. Sept. — Nov. 

62. DYSODIA, Cav. False Dog-fennel. Rays 5, disk S. Invol. 
a single series of partially united scales, usually calyculate. Cyp. elongated, 
4-angled, compressed. Pap. scales chaffy, in 1 series, fimbriately and pal- 
mately cleft into bristles. (D With large, pellucid glands. Lvs. mostly opp., 
l)innately parted or toothed. Hds. paniculate or cOrymbous. Fls. yellow. 

D. cliry^autlieiiioides Lagasca. Smooth, much branched ; lvs. pinnately-parted, 
lobes linear, toothed ; hds. with few very short rays. Prairies and waysides, W., mi- 
grating E. If. An ill-scented plant. Aug. Sept. 

63. GAIIiLARDIA, Foug. Rays neutral. Scales in 2 or 3 series, acute, 
leafy, spreading, outer largest. Recep, convex, fimbrillate (naked in No. 1). 
Rays cuneiform, 3-cleft. Cyp. villous with long hairs from its base. Pap- 
pus of 6 — 10 long awns, which are membranous at base. — Leaves alternate, 
entire, often dotted. Heads on long, naked peduncles. May — Aug. 

1 G. lanceolata Mx. Lvs. lanceolate to linear ; sc. as long as the dark purple disk ; 

rays 8—10, small, yellow ; recep. naked. @ Barrens, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex. l-2f. 

2 G. PicTA. Lvs. lanceolate ; sc. hairy, longer than disk ; rays 10-12, violet-purple with 

yellow teeth ; recep. fimbrillate with slender awns, (i) u Dak. to Tex. 2f. Handsome. 

64. GAZANIA, Gsert. Rays neutral, disk-fls. 5 . Sc. in several rows, 
united at base. Cyp. wingless, densely hairy. Pap. chaffy. Recep. alveolate. 
— From S. Africa, Hds. solitary, showy, on naked stalks. Rays tricolored. 
G. SPECIOSA, Trailing, half-shrubby ; leaves oblong, entire or pinnatifid, smooth above, 

white-tomcntous beneath ; rays (10 orange-yellow, each with an eye of white and 
chocolate at its base. Singularly beautilal, 

65. PALAFOXIA, Lagasca, Rays ? or 0, Sc, 8 — 15, scarious at tip, 
shorter than the disk, Recep, flat, naked. Cyp. 4-angled, slender at base. 
Pap. of 6 — 12 membranous, denticulate, pointed scales. U 5 With scattered, 
narrow, entire lvs. and cyanic fls. in a corymb. (Polypteris, N.) Jl.-Sopt. 
P. lntc<?rirolla T. & G. Rough ; lvs. lance-linear, 1-veined ; rays none ; pap. of 8— 10 

pointed scales with fringed edges. Barrens, Ga. and Fla. 8 — 5f. Heads purplissh. 

66. HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Hcr. Fls. all ?, tubular. Sc. 6—10. in 2 
series, oval, obtuse, colored. Recep. small, naked. Antli. exserted. Cyp. 
broad at the summit, attenuate to the base. Pup. of many, short, obtuse, 
membranous scales in 1 series. (2) U Hoary- villous. Stem grooved and 
angled. Leaves alternate, pinnately divided, 

H. 8cabio.«i«viiN L'ller. Loaf segni. linear-oblong ; corymb simple ; ec. obovato, white, 
greenish at base, longer than the disk ; fr. pubosoont. W. and S. 1— '2f. Apr.— June. 

67. HELENIUM, L. Kays v^ or neutial, ^-.l-clct'l at the e\paiuled 



182 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

summit. Disk-fls. ? . Invol. small, scales linear to filiform, reflexed, Kecep. 
naked, convex to oblong. Cyp. angled, clavate or turbinate. Pap. of 5 — 12 
Bilveiy, tbin scales. — Herbs witb alternate, often decurrent leaves, punctate^ 
resinous. Heads corymbous or solitary, showy, yellow. 

§ Helleniasteum. Rays pistillate. Pappus awned. Heads corymbed.. .(a) 

a Disk globular, its corollas 5- toothed. Pappus awned Nos. 1 — 3 

a Disk oblong, its corollas 4-toothed. Pappus scales obtuse No. i 

§ Leptopoda. Rays mostly neutral and fruitless .. .{b) 

b Heads corymbed, on short peduncles. Pappus awned. Disk globous No. 5 

b Head solitary, on a long ped. Disk convex. — e Cypsela glabrous No«. 6, 7 

— c Cypsela hairy Nos. 8—10 

1 H, aatuiiina,le L. St. strongly winged ; Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, decurrent, heads 

loosely corymbed. % Damp. 2-3f. Hds. large, with drooping rays. Sept. Very bitter. 

2 H. parviflorum N. St. scarcely winged ; Ivs. lanceolate, subentire, slightly decur- 

rent ; sc. filiform, shorter than the globular disk ; hds. small, few. Ga. (Nuttall.) Scarce. 

3 H. tcnuifoliam N. St. and numerous fastigiate branches wingless ; Ivs. crowded, 

linear or filiform, fascicled ; sc. subulate. @ Fields, Ga. to La. l-2f. Rays spread lO'-'. 

4 H. qnadridentsituiii Lab. Much branched, strongly winged ; Ivs. oblong, some 

lobed or toothed ; disk oblong, longer than the rays. Swamps, S-W. l-3f. June- Aug. 

5 H. Uracliypoda. St. strongly winged, branches few, corymbous, 1-headed ; hds. 

small (4"), rays 8-12, short (3-4'0 ; di^k brown-purp., globular. Damp, 111. to Ga. l-2f. 

6 H.IiCptopoda. Smooth ; st. simple, clustered, naked above; Ivs. lanceolate to ob- 

long-linear, some decurrent ; rays 20 — 30, spreading If ; disk convex. Moist soils, 
S. Car. to Fla. 2f. March, April. 

7 H. incisiim. Smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate, sessile, not decurrent, sinuate-pinnatifld or 

incised ; rays about 40, in 2 or 3 rows ; fruit glabrous. Low barrens, Ga., and W. 2f. 

8 H. puberulnm. Downy; sts. much clustered; Ivs. lance-linear, sessile, not de 

current; rays 20-.30, broad, spreading 1^-2'; fr. hairy. Wet pine-barrens, S. 2f. Ap.,May. 

9 H. brevifolium. Pubescent above, single, often some branched ; Ivs. lance-obl. to 

linear, obtuse, the radical spatulate, cauline subdecurrent. Wet. IS. 2f. May, June. 

10 H. fimbriatum. Smooth; often branched ; leaves lance-linear, subentire, acute, 
decurrent ; pap. scales deeply cleft into a fringe of bristles. Barrens, Fla. l-2f. Apr.+ 

68. BALDWINIA, N. Invol. scales closely imbricated in 2 — 4 rows. 
Recep. convex, deeply honeycombed, with homy walls. Rays 8—20, neu- 
tral, in 1 row, 3-toothed. Disk 5 . Cypsela silky-villous, immereed in the 
cells. Pappus of 9—12 oblong scales. % Simple or coiymbed. Leaves 
ilteraate, linear, punctate. Heads yellow. July — Sept. 

B. nniflora N. St. simple, puberulent, with 1 large head ; rays about 20 ; Ivs. below 
linear-spatulate ; pap. scales 9. Swamps, Va. and S. 1— 2f. Rays spreading 2'. 
Z B. multiflora N. Glabrous, corymbously branched ; raj^s about 10 ; Ivs. crowded, 
narrow-linear ; fruit truncate and ray-marked at summit, crowned with 12 obovato 
scales. Sand hills, Ga. Fla. 1— 3f. Rays If. (Actinosperraum, T. & G.) 

69. MARSH ALLIA, Schreb. False Scabish. Invol. scales lanct 
linear, subequal, erect, in 1 or 2 rows. Recep. convex, with linear, rigid 
pales. Fls. all tubular, $ . Cor. lobes slender, spreading. Cyp. 5-augled. 
Pappus of 5 or 6 membranous, awned scales, n Simple or branched, 
with alternate, entire, 3-veined leaves, and solitary, long-stalked heads of 
purplish flowers, resembling a Scabish. Ornamental. 

1 I?I. latifolia Ph. St. simple, leafy ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acumir ate, sessile ; scales 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 183 

rigid, acute ; pales nan*owly linear ; pappus triangular-acuminate. Dry soils, Va. to 
Ala. If. Stem purple, smooth. Corollas 6 — 7", slender. May, June. 

2 M. lanceolata Ph. Stem simple, leafy below; leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, 

mostly obtuse and petiolate ; scales obtuse. Uplands, S. 1— 2f. April — June. 

3 WL, angustlrolia Ph. Mostly branching, leafy ; Ivs. narrow-lanceolate to linear, 

all acute ; scales acute. Swamps, S. If. Very handsome. July, Aug. 

70. ANTHEMIS, L. Chamomile, &c. Invol. hemispherical, witli 
siibequal, small imbricated scales. . Rays numerous, generally $ . Recep. 
chaflfy (at least at summit), convex or conical. Disk-flowers 5 . CjT^sela 
ribbed, smooth, linear or clavate. Pappus a slight border, or 0. — Herbs 
with 1-3-pinnatifid leaves, usually strong-scented. (Rays white.) 

§ Cham^melum. Rays pistillate. Cyp. teretlsh. Lvs. mostly alternate Nos. 1, 2 

§ Maruta. Rays neutral. Cypselse clubshaped or obovoid. Lvs. alteraate No. 3 

1 A. arvensis L. Corn C. St. erect, bushy, whitish-downy ; lvs. bipinnatifid, segm. 

1ance-lin. ; branches naked above, 1-headed ; pales cuspidate, longer than the flowers. 
(T) Fields : not common. Resembles Mayweed, but inodorous. 8 — IS-'. § Eur. July. 

2 A. nobllls L. Garden C. St. prostrate, branched from base, woolly ; lvs. hairy, de- 

compound-pinnatifid, seg. lin. -subulate ; pales some shorter than the fls. u Gardens, 
rarely in fields. Aromatic. § Eur.— Var. with fls. double (florets all radiate). Jl.-Sept 

3 A. Cotnla L. Mayweed. Nearly smooth, erect, bushy; lvs. bipinnatifid, seg. lineai 

subulate; pales bristly, shorter than the flowers. (I) Waysides: com. If. Hds. term - 
nal, corymbed, disk yellow, rays M'hite, showy. Ill-scented. Jn.-Sept. (Manita, DC.) 

71. ACHILLiEA, L. MiLLFon.. Yarrow. Invol. ovoid, of unequal, 
imbricated scales. Rays 5 — 10, short, 2 . Recep. flat, chaffy. Cyp. without 
a pappus. U Leaves much divided, alternate. Pleads small, corymbous. 

1 A. jnillefoHnin L. Lvs. bipinnatifid, with linear, dentate, mucronate segments ; 

stem furrowed, corymbed at top ; sc. oblong, rays 4—5, short. Fields, waste grounds, 
everywhere. 1— 2f. June— Sept.— A variety with rose-purple flowers, is very pretty. 

2 A. ptarmlca L. Sneezewort. Leaves linear, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth; 

hds. loosely corymbed; rays 8— 12, longer than invol. (double in cult.) Rare. 15'. § 

72. LEUCANTHEMUM, Tourn. Wtttteweed. Invol. broad, de- 
pressed, imbricated. Rays ? , numerous. Recep. flat, naked. Cyp. striate, 
without pappus. If Lvs. alternate. Hds. solitary, disk yellow, rays white. 

1 li. vulgare Lam. St. simple or branched ; caulino lvs. clasping, few, lance-oblong, 

obtuse, cnt-pinnatifid at base ; scales brown at the edge. Too common in our fiolc> 

and pastures. 2f. Rays spreading H'. July— Sept. § Europe. [N. Y. (Ceranl.') 

|3. lubulifiirme (Tenney). Rny-fls. tubular, very slender, .V-.S-lobod. Po'koopsie, 

2 li. PartUciilnm Godron. Feverfew. Branched ; lvs. petiolate, •2-.3-piunate, sogm. 

ovate, cut; hds. corymbed. Gardens, rarely in fields. 2f. Often double. iMatricaria.C-B.) 

73. MATRICARIA, Tourn. Motiter-Carey. Invol. scales imbrica- 
ted, with scarious margins. Recep. conical or convex, naked. Riys 5 or 0. 
Pap. a membranous border on the cyp., or 0. — Herbs with alternate loaves. 

1 Iff. <ll«coidca DC. Hds. discoid, few, terminal ; lvs. sessile, 2-,'^-piiin.ntoly-p.*»rtod, 
lobes small, linear-oblong, acute ; sc. oval, obtuse, white-ed>rtHl, much shorter thtm the 
conical disk. TU. and \V. Common in Cal. 3-8'. Disk .S" broad and hi^h. Jl.— Sept. 

i m. TANAcftruM. KngJhfi Mint. Downy; leaves oval. serrtUo. lower petiol.nte : hendu 
pinnll, corymbed, discoid. Europe. 1— 2f. Aromatic. Jl. .\ng. (M. l^»1saniit:v C-R.> 
\ 

74. TANAOETUM, L. Tansy. Invol. hcMtisplierioal. iiubriente. thr 



184 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

scales all minute. Recep. convex, naked. Pap. a slight membranous bor« 
der. Cyp. with a large, epigynous disk. — Lvs. alternate, much dissected. 
Flowers yellow, discoid. 

1 T. vulgare L. Lvs. pinnatifid, segm. oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid and cut-serrate; 

hds. fastigiate-corymbous, ray-fls. terete, tubular, 3-toothed. ii Waysides, 2-.3f. Aug. 

2 T. Hnronense Nutt. Lvs. bipinnatifid, lobes oblong, often again pinnatifid ; heads 

large, corymbed ; ray-fls. flattened, unequally 3-5-cleft. 71 Sandy shores, W. 2— 3f. 

75. CHRYSANTHEMUM, L. In vol. bell-shaped, sc. imbricated, sea- 
rious at the edges. Recep. flat or convex, naked in the disk. Rays $ , disk- 
fls. $ , 5-toothed. Cyp. angular or compressed. Pap. or tooth-like. — Plants 
oraamental, from E. Asia, with alternate, lobed lvs. and large rays. Fig. 387. 

§ PrRETHRTJM. CjT)se]8e vpingless, angular, all alike. Plants perennial Nos. 1—3 

§ Chrysanthemum. Cyp. of the ray 3-angled, of the disk compressed. ® Nos. 4, 5 

1 C. SiNENSE. Shrubby ; lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid, thick, glaucous ; rays much longer than 

the obtuse scales. Beautiful flowers of all colors, late in Autumn. 2— 3f. 

2 C LsTDicuM. Shrubby; leaves incisely-pinnatifid, thin, flaccid; rays little longer than 

the obtuse scales, spreading about 1'. Heads much smaller than in No. 1. 

3 C RosEUM. Perennial, glabrous ; lvs. 2-3-pinnatisect ; hds. solitary, terminal ; scales 

brown-edged ; rays rose-colored or white, often double, u Heads 1' broad. 

4 C coRONARiuM. Annual ; lvs. clasping, bipinnatifid, lobes dilated at summit; flowers 

large, terminal, yellow ; pappus none. S. Europe. 3f. Varieties double, &c. Aug. 

5 C. CARiNATUM. THcolored C. Annual; lvs. thick, bipinnatifid; scales carinate ; rays 

white, yeUow at base, disk purple. Barbary. 1— 2f. Flowers aU Summer. 

76. ARTEMISIA, L. Wormwood, &c. Invol. ovoid, imbricate, with 
diy, connivent scales. Recep. without pales. Disk-fls. numerous, 5 , tubu- 
lar ; ray-fls. few, often without stamens and with a subulate corolla or none. 
Cypsela with a small disk. Pappus 0. — Bitter herbs. Leaves alternate. 
Heads yellow or purplish, discoid. Aug., Sept. 

§ Absinthitim. Eecep. villous or hairy. Fls. all fertile, heterogamous Nos. 1, 

§ Abr6ta.num. Eecep. naked. Fls. all fertile.— a Lvs. or segm. lanceolate. .Nos. 3, 4 

—a Lvs. or segm. linear Nos. 5 — 7 

§ Dracuncdxits. Eecep. naked. Disk-fls. sterile.— & Lvs. trifid or entire... Nos. 8, 9 

—b Lvs. pinnatisect....Nos. 10—12 

1 A. Absinthf am L. Common W. Leaves multifid, clothed with short silky down 

both sides ; seg. lanceolate ; hds. hemispherical, drooping. Waysides, N. l-2f. § Eur. 

2 A. friglda Willd. Lvs. silky canescent, the cauline pinnatifid ; seg. linear, 3-5-cleft ; 

hds. small, glob., drooping ; inner sc. woolly. Eocky hills, Minn. Dak., and W. 6-12'. 

3 A. liUdoviciana N. Canescent-tomentous ; leaves lanceolate, the lower serrate or 

pinnatifid, upper entire ; heads ovoid, in a slender, leafy panicle, u Shores, Mich, 
and W. 2 — 5f. Heads small and crowded. 

4 A. vulgaris L. Mugwort. Lvs. canescent-tomentous beneath, pinnatifid with Ian 

ceolate segments, upper entire ; heads erect, ovoid, subsessile, in a branched panicle. 
Waysides, N. and W. 3f. § Europe. 

5 A. Abr6tanum. Southernwood. Hoary ; leaves bipinnatisect ; heads hemispherical, 

nodding, downy. From S. Europe. 3f. [ding. Eur. 3f. 

6 A, PoNTicA. Eomxin W. Lvs. hoary beneath, 2-3-pinnatisect; heads globular, nod- 

7 A. 'biennis Willd. Erect, glabrous, simple ; lvs. 1-2-pinnatifid, lobes sharply serrate 

or cut, those above subentire ; hds. globular, erect, spicate, in a virgate, leafy panicle. 
@ Common westward, migrating E. to Po'keepsie (Gerard), and to Pa. l-3f. Aug ■»-. 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 185 

8 A. Dracunculus. Tarragon. Glabrous ; Ivs. lin. -lanceolate, lower trifid ; Iieade glo 

bous. From Siberia. 3f. A garden salad. Give a rich fragrance to vinegar. 

9 A. dracunculoides Ph. Canescent w^hen young, branched ; Ivs. lin. -filiform, the 

radical often trifid ; hds. small, globular ; inner scales roundish, outer oblong, u, N-W. 

10 A. borealis Pal. Tufted, silky-villous, simple; lower Ivs. petiolate, lance-linear, 
entire at base, temately, pinnately, or bipinnately parted at apex with lin. lobes ; hds. 
hemispherical ; scales colored, li Shores of Lake Superior, N. and W. 6-12''. 

1 1 A. Canadensis Mx. Sea W. Glabrous (mostly) ; Ivs. 1-2-pinnatisect with linear 
seg. ; hds. roundish, sessile, in a pan. of glomerules. u Lake shores, N. 2-4f. Hds. 1". 

12 A. cauda.ta Mx. Glabrous, simple, densely paniculate; Ivs. 3-2- 1-pinnatisect with 
alternate, filiform segm. ; heads globous, pedicellate, erect. @ Coast, N. H. to Ga. 4f. 

77. SOLIVA, K. & P. Invol. of 5—15 scales in 1 row. Recep. flat, 
naked. Fertile fis. in several rows, apetalous ; ? fls. few, interior, with a 
8-5-tootlied corolla. Cyp. obcompressed, tipped with the persistent style 
and no pappus.^Little matted herbs with pinnatifid Ivs. and sessile heads. 
S, nastnrtiifolia DC. Lf. lobes 5 — 9, oblong, obtuse; sc. 10 — 15; fr. obconic, rugous, 

crowned with a dense tuft of wool instead of a pappus. Sandy shores, S. 1—3'. 

78. GNAPHALIUM, L. Cudweed. Everlastlng. Heads discoic"., 
heterogamous. Invol. imbricate with scarious, colored scales. Marginal 
fls. ? , subulate, mostly in several rows ; central fls. ^ . Recep. flat, naked. 
Pappus a single row of scabrous, hair-like bristles. — Herbs generally 
clothed with whitish wool. Leaves alternate, entire, 

* Heads in terminal corymbous clusters. August Nos. 1—3 

* Heads in axillary, somewhat spicate clusters Nos. 4, 5 

1 G. dec iirrens Ives. Lvs.decurrent, linear-lanceolate, very acute, naked above.white 

and woolly beneath ; fls. in dense, roundish, terminal clusters, it Hilly pastures, N. 
Eng. to Penn. and Mich. 2f. Lvs. green above. Fls. yellow, scales white. 

2 G. polyceplialuni Mx. Woolly; lvs. sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, scabrous 

above ; hds. capitate, corymbous ; sc. ovate-lanceolate, acute. (T) Dry. l-2f. Frao-rant. 

3 G. ulig-inosum L. Oudtveed. St. diflusely branched, woolly ; lvs. sessile, linear- 

lanceolate ; hds. small {!" wide), in terminal, crowded, leafy clusters ; scales obtuse, 
yellowish or brownish ; fruit smooth. Moist hollows, N. M. W. 4— C. 

4 O. purpitretim L. Erect; lvs. linear- or obovate-spatulate,canesccnt beneath, green 

above ; hds. sessile, crowded ; sc. acuminate, purplish, {i) Dry fields. 8—12'. June. 

5 G. siipinum Villars. Csespitous, woolly ; lvs. linear; hds. few, oblong, in a spicate 

raceme or solitary ; scales acute, brown. White Mountains. 2 — 4', Rare. 
G G. FCKTiDUM, from S. Africa, has yellow heads, entire, clasping leaves. 2r. Hardy. 

79. ANTENNARIA, Br. Eyeulasting. Heads ? $. Invol. of im- 
bricate, colored scales. ? Cor. filiform. Recep. subconvex, alvcolato. 
Pap. a single row of bristles, if Tomcntous. Lvs. alternate, entire, lids, 
corymbous, with white or brownish, never yellow scales. 

1 A. inarjraritiicoa Br. Woolly-white, erect, corymbed above ; lvs. lin.-lam-eolate, 

;i-voiued; scales elliptic, obtuse, pearl-white, fadeless. Fields. 1 — 2f. July. 

2 A. plaiita<;-iiiifolta Br. Moa^c-t'ar E. Simple, with running stolons ; leaves oral 

to spatulate, the eauline small, bract-like; hds. in a close tenninnl olnt:ter. purplish, 
all V in some plants, all i in others, in early Spring. Borders of woods. S-v"^ . 

80. FILAGO, Totirti. Cotton Rose. Heiids heteroganunis. Roioix 
columnar, naked at top, chally below, with pales resouiblini; the scales 



186 . ' Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

each with a ? fl. in its axil. Cyp. terete, the central with a hairj^ pappus. 
— Herbs canescent downy. July, Aug. §. 

F, Germlinica L. Lvs. erect, crowded, linear-lanceolate : hds. in capitate clneters, 
which are successively proliferous ; scales cuspid., straw-color. (T) Fields, E. 6 — 10'. 

81. AMMOBIUM, Br. Invol. imbricated, sc. with broad, scarious, 
spreading tips. Recep. broad-conic, chaffy. Fls. all tubular, $ . 'Cyp. 4- 
angled, 4-toothed. 2| Australia. Stems winged with the decuri-ent leaves. 

A . AJLATUM. (D In gardens. 1— 2f. Villous-canescent. Eoot lvs. oblong-petioled. In- 
volucre white, flowers yellow. Summer. 

82. RHODANTHE, Lindl. Involucre top-shaped, imbricate, sc. dry, 
ovate, acute, the inner radiate-spreading. Recep. naked. Fls. all tubular, 
5-toothed, 5 . Cyp. woolly. Pap. of plumous bristles, (i) Austi*alia. 
R, MANGLEsn. Lvs. oblong, clasping, entire; hds. large, fadeless, rose-colored, varie- 
gated. A splendid " Everlasting," with many beautiful varieties. Hds. 1—2' diam. 

83. HELIOHRYSUM, Cass. Immortal Flower. Invol. imbricate, 
with scarious, colored scales. Recep. flat, naked of pales. Pap. a row of 
bristles, often cohering. — Herbs or shrubs, chiefly S. African. Lvs. alter- 
nate. A vast genus of 200 species. 

1 HE. BRACTEATuac. Branching, puberulent ; lvs. lanceolate to linear, repand, acuminate ; 

hds. terminal, bracted at base ; outer scales brownish, the inner radiant, ylw. to wh. 

2 H. MACRANTHUM. Subsimple, scabrous ; lvs. spatulate to lance-oblong, obtuse, en 

tire ; hd. 1 or few, large, white outside, roseate within ; inner scales radiant. (I) — 2f . 
jS. COMPOSITUM. Hds. composite (or double), purple, carmine, yeUow, white. 
y. ATROSANGUiNEtrM. Hds. Composite, with deep crimson scales and pappus. 18'. 

84. XERANTHEMUM, Toum. Hds. discoid, heterogamous. Invol. 
liemispherical, imbricated, diy, with radiant, colored scales. Recep. with 
3-toothed, diy pales. Pap. chaffj^-biistly. (i) S. Eur. Lvs. entire. Hds. 
white or rose-colored. 

X. RADiATiTM. Etemol Flowev. Erect, branched. Lvs. lineaj-oblong; hds. 1—2' diam. 

85. EREOHTITES, Raf Fire-weed. Fls. all tubular, those of the 
margin s , of the disk § . Invol. cylindrical, simple, slightly calyculate. 
Recep. naked. Pap. of numerous, fine, capillary bristles, (i) Lvs. simple, 
alternate. Fls. corymbous, whitish. A rank weed. 

E. Iileracifollus Eaf. St. virgate, paniculate ; lvs. oblong, acute, clasping, unequally 
and deeply cut-toothed ; invol. smooth ; fr. hairy. Burnt grounds, &c. 3f. Aug.-t-. 

86. OACALIA, L. Tassel-fi-ower. Fls. all tubular, $ . Involucre 
cylindric, oblong, in one series, often calyculate with small scales at the 
base. Recep. not chaffy. Pap. capillary, scabrous. @U. Smooth. Lvs. 
alternate. Heads of flowers corymbed, mostly cyanic. 

§ Scak-8 of the invol. cohering, about 12. Flowers GO— 80. scarlet No. 8 

§ Scales of the invol. distinct,-^ about 12. Flowers 20-30. white No. 1 

—a 5 only. Fls. 5.-6 Lvs. cordate or lobed Nos. 2 — 4 

—b Lvs. uever cordate Nos. 5 — 1 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 187 

1 C suaveolens L. Glabrous ; st. striate-angular ; Ivs. on winged petiole?, liastate- 

sagittate, dentate, green on both Bides ; fls. white, li Ct., W. and S. : rare. 4 — 5f. Aug. 

2 C reniformis Muhl. St. sulcate-angled ; Ivs. palmately-veined, nearly smooth, 

green, petiolate, lower reniform, upper flabelliform. n Woods, 111. to Car. 3 — 6f. Jl. 

3 €. atriplicifolia L. St. terete ; Ivs. petiolate, smooth, glaucous beneath, palmate- 

veined, angularly-lobed and dentate, the lower subcordate. N. Y., S. and W. 3-5f. Jl. 

4 C. diversifolia T. & G. Not glaucous ; st. striate-angled ; lower Ivs. cordate-ovate, 

obtuse, repand-dentate, upper 3-5-lobed, subhastate. i^ Swamps, Fla. 2— 3f. ]VIay + . 

5 C taberosa N. St. angular-sulcate ; Ivs. oval or ovate, strongly 5-7-veined, not 

glaucous, petiolate, lower petioles very long. 7i Swamps, W. and S. 2— 5f. May — Jl. 
ft C. ovata Ell. St. terete ; Ivs. glaucous beneath, 3-5-veined, ovate and oval, entire or 
undulate-margined, contracted at base into petioles. 2j. Swamps, S. 3 — 4f. July f . 

7 C lanceolaita N. St. terete ; Ivs. 3-veined, glaucous beneath, lanceolate to lance- 

linear, the lower tapering to petioles, upper sessile ; corymb simple, u Ga. Fla. 5f. 

8 C cocciNEA. Tassel-flower. Root leaves ovate-spatulate, cauline clasping-auriculate ; 

invol. much shorter than the scarlet fls., finally reflexed. E. Ind. 1 — 2f. June— Sept. 

87. SENECIO, L. Groundsel. Invol. of many equal scales, or in- 
vested with a few shorter ones at base. Fls. all tubular, 5 , or usually radi- 
ate and rays $ . Recep. not cliafiy. Pap. simple, capillary and copious. 
—A vast genus of herbs and shrubs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. mostly yellow, 
exceeding the invol. Fig. 160. 

§ Rays none. Root annual. (A perennial climber. No. 11.) No. 1 

§ Rays yellow. — a Radical leaves undivided. Achenia glabrous Nos. 2, 5 

—a Radical leaves undivided. Achenia pubescent Nos. 4, £ 

—a Radical leaves divided, as well as the cauline Nos. 6, 1 

§ Rays purple, &c. Species of Cineraria, L. &c. in the greenhouse Nos. 8—10 

1 S, Tulgaris L. St. paniculate, erect, angular; lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid, dentate, am 

plexicaul. (I) A weed in gardens, &c. If. 18'. Flowers all Summer. 

2 S. aiireus L. Radical lvs. ovate, cordate, crenatc-serrate, petiolate, cauline ones 

lyrate-pinnatifid, dentate, terminal segments lanceolate ; ped. subumbellatc, thick ; 
rays 8—12 ; fr. glabrous, u Woods, meadows. 1— 2f. Rays spread V. May— Aug. 

p. Halsdmitoe, Pubescent ; lvs. few, small, the radical lance-oblong. Rocks. 

y. grrdctlitt. Root lvs. roundish, on long petioles, cauline linear-oolong, dentate. 

8. ohovatug. Root leaves obovate to oblong-spatulate ; peduncles long. 

f>, lanceolatua, Lvs. lanceolate, the cauline pinnatifid at base. Vt. Rare. 

t,. dittcoiiletis (Portar). Rays none ; lvs. obov.-spatulate, cauline pinnatifld. Ponn. 

3 S. obovattis Ell. Tomentous, becoming glabrous ; root lvs. obovate or roundi.^h, 

crenate, with an attenuated, sessile base ; cauline few, small, cut-pinnate ; corymb 
small, rays 10—12, spreading 1'. U Va. to Fla. If. Stem nearly loalk\?s. May. 

4 S. toiiicittO!!iU»i M.K. Cottoiiy-tomentous ; st. lvs. obovate to oblanooolato. ohtus*;, 

long-pot ioU'd, rronate, upper sessile or none ; rays 10— IT), spreading 1(>". n Va. & S. 

5 S. aiiouyiiiuiii Wood. Cottony-tomeutous ; root lvs. oblong, obtuse, crenately 

toothed or lobed, cauline pinnatitld, the lobes dentate ; luls. small, rays (>— 1>. sjnead- 
ingC/'. 7i Thickets, Ala. (Montgomery). 2f. Corymbs oonipouncl. May. Juno. 
ri S, CaiiadeiiKis L. Lvs. glabrous, bipinnatilld; seg. U)bod. obtuse, the fow np|.ot 
pinnatitld ; corymbs compound; rays «>— ^. u Canada (Kalm'>. Mts. N. Car. 

7 .S. lotmtiiM Pers. Butterweed. Glabrous; leaves all pinnatifld. the lower lyrately, 

lobos oronate; invol. subcalyculate; rays U>— 12. i^f) Wot. S. : com. 2— 3f. Mar. Apr. 

8 S. fii.KOANs. Purple Jacolhia. Lvs. pinnatitld, hairy, viscid; scales sc«rions at tip, 

calyculato with an outer row of short groon ones. ^0 S. AtV. l*urp., varying to wliito. 

9 S. i-AN.\TA. Lvs. roundish, angular, cordate, woolly btMioath ; rays vivid purple in 

Kido. wh. outside; disk white or blue, u (\anarios. 'M'. Shrubbv.— Manv Narotio.-. 



188 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

1 S. CKUENTUs. Lvs. angular, cordate, cut-toothed, purple beneath, the petioles wiuf?- 

ed, ear-shaped at the base ; heads in a broad corymb, crimson, purple, blue, white. 

7i Canaries. A common handsome greenhouse plant. 
lis. SCAN DENS. German Ivy. Climbing and twining; leaves smooth, roundish-cordate, 

5-7 angled or lobed ; corymbs axillary, of small rayless yellow heads, is, S. Africa. 

Blooms freely in California, rarely in our greenhouses. 

88. ARNICA, L. Involucre of equal, lanceolate scales, 1- or 2-rowed. 
Ray fls. ? , disk '^ . Keceptacle flat, with scattered hairs. Pap. single, 
rigid, and serrulate. % Stem simple. Leaves opposite. Flowers yellow. 

1 A, mollis Hook. Pubescent; stem leafy; lvs. becoming nearly glabrous, dentate, 

lance-oblong, radical ones petiolate ; hds. few ; fr. hairy. Mts. &c. N. H., N. Y. July. 

2 A. nudicaiilis Ell. Hairy ; st. nearly naked ; lvs. all sessile, ovate, subentire, the 

cauline bract-like ; heads large, rays 12, spreading 2' ; fruit glabrous. "Wet sands, 
Va. to Fla. If. April, May. 

89. RUGEIjIA, Shutt. Invol. as in Arnica. Fls. all tubular, 5 . Re 
cep. convex, naked. Cyp terete, striate. Pap. of rough bristles. IC Lvs 
alternate. Heads large. 

R. nudicaulis Shutt. St. simple, erect; branches 1-flwd. ; root lvs. ample, ovate, 
narrowed to long winged petioles ; stem lvs. small, subsessile. Mt8.,Tenn. If. 

90. CYNARA, L. Heads discoid, homogamous. Invol. dilated, im 
bricate, scales fleshy, emarginate, pointed. Receptacle fibrillate. Pap. plu- 
mous. C3^psel8e not beaked, if Spiny. Leaves not decurrent. 

1 C. ScoLTMUS. Garden Artichoke. Leaves subspinous, pinnate, and undivided ; invol. 

scales ovate. Gardens. The heads are used as asparagus. Coarse plants. 

2 C. CARDUNCtTLUs. Cardoou. Leaves spiny, all pinnatiiid ; invol. scales ovate. S. Eur. 

The petioles, blanched by culture, are used as celery. 

91. TAGETES, L. Marigold. Heads heterogamous. Invol. simple, 
tubular, of 5 — 10 united scales. Ray-fls. 5, persistent. Receptacle naked. 
Pap. of 5 erect awns, (i) Tropical America. Leaves pinnately divided. 

1 TtVATXTLK. French Marigold. Stem erect, with widely-spreading, 1-headed branches, 

If. segm. linear-lanceolate; ped. long; invol. terete. Yel. and dark purp. Handsome. 

2 T, ERECTA. African Marigold. Stem stout, erect ; If. segm. lanceolate ; ped. 1-flwd., 

thickened at top ; involucre angular. Yellow and orange. 

3 T. FLORIDA. Erect, corymbously branched ; lvs. lanceolate, opposite, aristate-serrate : 

rays mostly 3, large, yeUow. Mexico. 18'. 

92. CAIjENDUIjA, L. Pot Marigold. Heads radiate. Invol. of 
many equal leaves, in about 2 series. Rays 5 , disk $ . Receptacle naked. 
Cyp. of the disk membranaceous. Pap. 0. @ Oriental. Lvs. alternate. 
C OFFICINALIS, Viscid-pubescent ; stem branched ; lvs. oblong, acute, mucronate, ses- 
sile ; hds. terminal, solitary ; large, brilliant, orange, lemon, double, &c. June— Sep. 

93. OENTAUREA, L. Knap-weed. Bachelor's-button. Hds. 
discoid. Invol. imbricate. Fls. all tubular, the marginal often enlarged, 
ray-like, neutral. Pappus filiform, scale-form, or 0. (i)^ Lvs. alternate. 

* Scales of the involucre with a fringed or pectinate appendage Nos. 1, 2 

♦ Scales not appendaged, — a merely ciliate or spinescent Nos. 3, 4 

—a nor ciliate nor spinescent (Amberboa) Nos. 5, C 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 189 

1 C, Americana N. Erect, sparingly branched; leaves sessile, glabrous, repand- 

toothed, ovate-oblong to lanceolate ; hds. few^, very large, with the marginal fls. much 
enlarged, pale-purple, (i) Ark. La. and § in 111. 2— 4f. Appendages straw-yellow. 

2 C. nigra L. Erect, branched, pubescent ; Ivs. angular-lyrate to lanceolate, dentate ; 

sc. ovate; marg. fls. not enlarged, all purp. y Fields. Append, dark brown. §Eur. 

3 C. CyanusL. Bachelor^ s-buUon. Erect, branched, downy; Ivs. linear; sc. ciliate- 

eerrate ; outer fls. much enlarged. (I) Fields, gardens. Purple, blue, white. 

4 C. Calcitrapa L. Stw Thistle. Hairy, difiusely branched ; Ivs. pinnately lobed, 

lobes lin. ; scales tipped with spreading spines. @ Pa. to N. Car. Purple. § Eur. 

5 C. MOSCHATA. Lvs. lyratc, dentate ; invol. subglobous, smooth ; sc. ovate ; raj'-fis. 

scarcely enlarged ; pap, 0. (T) Persia. Pui'ple, varj'ing to white, July— October. 
G C suAVEOLENs. Yellow Sweet Sultan. Lvs. oblong, toothed, the upper pinnatifid at 
base; ray fls. much enlarged, yellow ; pap. chafi"-like. ©Levant. 1 — 2f. July— Sept. 

94. CARTHAMUS, L. Saffron. Hcls. discoid. Invol. imbricated, 
outer bracts foliaceous. Fls. all tubular and ^ , filaments smooth. Pap. 0. 
Receptacle with setaceous pales. Cypselge 4-angled. — Oriental herbs. 

C. TiNCTORius. St. smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, spinous-denticnlate, half- 
clasping. (I) Egypt. Heads large, with long, slender, orange-colored flowers. July. 

95. CNIOUS, Vaill. Blessed Thistle. Heads discoid. Invol. ven- 
tricous, imbricate with doubly spinous scales. Ray-fls. sterile. Receptacle 
very hairy. Pappus in 3 series, the outer 10-toothed, the 2 inner each 10- 
bristled. — Oriental herbs. 

C. benedictus L. Lvs. somewhat decarrent ; dentate and spiny ; invol. doubly spi- 
nous, woolly, bractcate. Fields, &c. : rare. 2f. Heads large, yellow. § 

96. ONOPORDON, Vaill. Cotton Thistle. Heads discoid, homog- 
ainous. Involucre ventricous, imbricate with spreading, spinous scales. 
Recep. deeply alveolate. Pappus copious, capillary, scabrous. Cypsela3 4- 
angled. — Large, branching herbs, with dccurrent leaves. 

O. acantliiiim L. Plant cottony- white ; involucre scales spreading, subulate ; leaves 
ovate-oblong, sinuate, spinous. @ Waste grounds : rare. 3f. Fls. purp. Jl., Aug. 

97. OIRSIUM, Tourn. Thistle. lids, discoid, homogamous. Invol. 
subglobous, of many rows of si)inous-pointcd, imbricated scales. Recep. 
bristly. Style scarcely divided. Paj). coi)ious, plumous. Cyp. compressed, 
smooth. — lierbs with alternate lvs., generally armed with spinous prickles. 
Flowers in Summer. Figs. 178, o-lo. 

•• Leaves decunent on the stem mon; or less, lloccous-woolly beneath Nos. 1, 9 

♦ Leaves not docurrent,— a white-totuontous both sides. Plants low, stout... Nos. '\ 4 

—a white tomentous beneath only. Plants slender. .No8. 5—7 

—a green oth sides.— ^ Hds. leafy-bracted at base.. .Nos. 8, 9 

—b Hds. naked, few, large (l').Nos. 10, 11 

— b Hds. linked, many, small No. 14 

1 1. lanocolatiiiu Scop. Common Thiatk. Lvs. deourrent. pinnatitld. hispid, tha 

segments divariciite and spininis ; luls. vseveral, ovoid, villous ; scales lanoocirtto, tip- 
ped with a spine, spreading. o-^N. andM.: common. ;5 — tf. Heads purple. 

2 V,, liCcontii T. it (}. Slender, subsimple, with few hds.; lvs. lin. -lanceolate, more 

or less deeurrent, hoary beneath, teeth few, spinous ; scales not spinous, cuspidate 
!ii>ads large (1' dianietor\ imriile. Swanips, (^a. Fla. to I.n. Cf. 



190 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

3 C. Pitclieri T. & G White-tomentous ; Ivs. pinnatifid, segm. linear, spinous, maigins 

revoliite ; scales spine-pointed ; flowei's ochroleucous. U Lake shores, W. Jane, July. 

4 C. undulatum Spr. White-tomentous ; Ivs. lance-oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid, wavy, 

prickly; scales scarcely prickly ; flowers purple. (2) Mich., and N. 1— 2f. 

5 C. discolor Spr. Slender, much branched; Ivs. pinnatifid, segm. 2-lobed, divari- 

cate, spinous ; scales ovate, tipped with a spreading spine. (2) N. 3— of. July-t-. 

6 C altissimum Spr. Tall, branching, villous, leafy to the top ; Ivs. lance-oblong, 

often sinuate-dentate, or pinnatifid, spinescent ; scales lance-ovate, the outer with a 
spreading spine. Fields, M. and W. 3— Sf. Purple. August. 

7 C. Virginianiim Mx. Slender, subsimple, naked above ; Ivs. lanceolate, margins 

revolute, spinescent, lobed or dentate, white-downy beneath ; heads small (6'0 ; scales 
bristle-tipped. Woods, W. and S. 3— 4f. Purple. April— Sept. 

8 C. Iiorridiilum Mx. Cottony when j'oung ; leaves cut-pinnatifid, spinous ; heads 

large, invested by a whorl of very spiny bracts ; scales sharp-pointed. (2) Uplands, 
N. Eng. to Fla. Flowers purple or cream-color. 1— 3f. April— August. 

9 C. puMiilMin Spr, Hairy ; Ivs. few above, green, clasping, lance-oblong, pinnatifid, 

segm. lobed, spinous ; heads few, very large, subtended by 1—5 bracts ; invol. round- 
ovate, spinous. (2) Pastures, waysides, N. Eng. to Pa., and W. : com. 1— 2f, stout. 
Flowers purple, fi-agrant. July, August. 
IOC. muticum Mx. Lvs. pinnatifid; heads on naked peduncles, bractless; invol. 
unarmed, with webbed and glutinous scales. (2) Damp. 3 — 7f. Hds. 1^ Aug., Sept. 
/3. g-labrum. Nearly glabrous ; lvs. lance-lin., lobed ; scales with minute spines. S. 

11 C. repandum Mx. Lvs. crowded to top, at length green both sides, clasping, lin.- 
oblong, waA-y, spinous-ciliate ; hds. 1 or 2; inner scales subulate. Barrens, S. 1— 2f. 

12 C. arvense Scop. Canada Thistle. Lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid, wavy, lance-oblong- 
hds. panicled, small (5"), numerous ; scales with minute prickles. ii "Waysides, fields. 
N. and W. A pernicious weed, hard to extirpate. 3f. Very prickly, except its heads. 

1 3 C PTJLCHERKiiiUM v.'ith ycUow flowers, 3f high, is rarely planted in borders. 

14 C LiNTHiuM. A greenhouse shrub, covered with pale blue flowers. From Mexico. 

98. LAPPA, Tourn. Burdock. Heads discoid, homogamous. Invol 
globous, tlie scales imbricated and hooked at the extremity. Recep. bristly- 
Pap, bristly, scabrous, caducous. (2) European herbs. Lvs. alternate, large 
cordate, petiolate, Hds. panicled, pink-purple, very adhesive by the hooks 

Li. officinalis Allioni. — A coarse weed, in waste and cultirated grounds, E. and W. 3f 
(L. major Gsert.)— Varies with small hds. and lvs somewhat pinnatifid. (L. minor DC.) 

99. LAMP SANA, Tourn. Nipplewort. Hds. radiant, 8-12-flwd. 
Invol. cylindrical, angular. Scales 8, erect, in one row, with 2 or 3 
minute bractlets at base. Recep. naked. Cj^. glabrous. Pap, 0. — Slender, 
oriental herbs, with small, yellow heads, in paniculate corymbs. 

Ij, communis L. Stem leafy; lvs. ovate, petiolate, dentate ; ped. cylindrical ; invol. 
angular in fruit. (1) "Waysides, Quebec, Boston, and W. Rare. 

100. APOGON, Ell. Heads radiant. Invol. scales ovate, acuminate, 
about 8, in two rows. Recep. naked. Ach. glabrous, oval, longitudinally 
12-striate. Pappus 0. ® Herbs glabrous and glaucous, branched from 
the base. Leaves alternate, lanceolate. Heads small, yellow. 

A. Uumilis Ell.— Woods, S. Car. to Fla. and La. 3—12'. Slender, smooth ; lvs. vary- 
ing to linear, entire or lyrately lobed. Heads Z" broad. March— June. 

101. CICHORIUM, Tourn. Chicory. Invol. double, the outer of 5 



Okder 70.— composite. 191 

leaty scales, tlie inner of about 8 linear ones. Receptacle chaffy. Pappua 
scaly. Cypselse not rostrate, obscurely 5-sided. — Oriental herbs with 
bright blue flowers, about 20 in a head. 

1 C. Intybus L. Root Ivs. runcinate, caiiline bract-like ; heads axillary, eubsePBile, 

mostly in pairs, u Donryards, waysides, E. 2— 3f. Rays large, showy, 5-toothed. 
The root, or its extract, is often mixed with coffee. July — Sept. § Europe. 

2 C. Enbivia. Endive. Root leaves sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid, cauliue auricled at 

base ; heads axillary, 3—5 together, (i) India. Cultivated as a salad. 

102. KRIGIA, Schreb. Dwaef Dandelion. Involucre many-leaved, 
nearly simple, equal. Recep. naked. Cypselaj turbinate, striate, 5-angled. 
Pappus double, consisting of 5 broad, membranous scales, alternating with 
as many slender, scabrous bristles, (i) Aoaulescent, small. Leaves lyi-ately 
lobed. Scapes simple. Heads solitary, with 20 — 30 yellow flowers. 

1 K. Vira-inica Willd. Early Ivs. round-spatulate, subentire, the later toothed and 

pinnatifid ; scapes 1—5 or more, 1'— 10' high. Rocks and sands. Hds. 5— 6''. May-f-. 

2 K.. €arolinia.na N. Early Ivs. lin.-oblauceolate, few-toothed, later Ivs. lyrate-pin 

natifld, or angular-lobed ; scapes 1 — 5 or more, 2'— 12'. Sands. S. Feb. — May. 

103. CYNTHIA, Don. In vol. nearly simple, of equal, narrow scales. 
Recep. flat, alveolate. Pap. double, the outer minute, scaly, inner copious, 
capillary. Cyp. sliort. u Lvs. alternate or all radical. Fls. 15 — 20, yellow. 

1 C. Vlrgiiiica Don. St. few-leaved, subumbellate ; lvs. lance-obl., repand-dentate. 

rarely lobed, pctiolate. N. Y. to 111., and S. Very smooth. 1— 2f. lids. 9". June. 

2 C, Dandelion DC. Acaulescent; scapes leafless, simple, 1-flwd. ; lvs. spatulate-obl. 

to lance-lin., entire or toothed, rarely pinnatifid. Md. to Ga. and Tex. G— 18'. Mar.-Jn. 

104. LEONTODON, L. Autumn Dandelion. luvol. imbricate, the 
outer sc. very short. Recep. naked. Pap. plumous, persistent on the some- 
what rostrate cypsela. — Acaulescent herbs with yellow fls., many in a head. 

Ij. autuiiiiiulis L. Scape branching; ped. scaly-bracted ; lvs. lanceolate, dentate- 
pinuatifid, smootliish. Waysides, meadows, «fcc. E. N. Eng. (J'— 20'. lids, several, near 
1'' in diameter. July— Oct. § Europe. 

105. TRAGOPOGON, L. Vegetable Oystkh. Invol. shnple, of 
many leaves. l\(>cep. naked. Pap. phuuoiis. Cyp. longitiidinally striate; 
contracted into a long, flliform beak. (2) European, with long, grass-like lvs. 
T. porrlruliiis L. Invol. much longer than the corolla ; lvs. lanco linear; ju'd. thick- 
ened upward ; pappus tawny. Waysides, &c. N. Y. (.U-uil^'-'ns^^^"^- ">f. .luiie. §* 

106. HIERACIUM, Tourn. IIawkwekd. Invol. more or loss imbri- 
cated, ovoid, many-lhvd. Sc. verj' unequal. Cyp. not rostrate. Pap. a simrle 
row of copious, tawny, fragile biislU's. ii Lvs. alternate, ontiiv or tm^tlKHl. 

* Heads 'lO-riO-tlwd. Invol. more or less imbricated. Cyp. blunt at t« p Nos. 1, ^ 

* Ueadb I'J ."JO ihvd. InvohK-re simple, -d Aehonia eontractiHi at the top Nos. 3, 4 

—a AohiMiia not contracted up\vanl...Nos. 5, U 

1 II. CaiindeiiNO INtx. St. erect, subvillous, leaf^-, corymbod; lvs. sessile, ovate-obl. 

to lanceolate, acute, with few acute teeth; invol. strtmLrly imbric.-Uetl ; ftuil bn'twii. 

Kocky wiHMls, j^. Kng. to Wis., and N. 1 v'f. S'.nit. lids, near I' broad Au-:.. S>pt 



192 Ordee to.— co:\iposit.e. 

1 H. sca."brum Mx. Leafr. rougli-Mrsute. fflandnlar above ; Ivs. obovate to elliptic 

snbentlre ; invol. scarcely imbricated : fr. red. HlUt woods. 1 — 3f. Hds. 9''. Ang 

3 H. longipiium Torr. Clothed with long, erect, shaggy hoJJ's : Ivs. lance-oblon?, 

enrlre : hds. glandular. 2i3-30-flwd. in a small naked panicle. W. 1 — 2f. July. Aug. 

4 H. GronoTii L. Hairy, panictilate. glandular at top ; Ivs. obovate to lance-oblong, 

slightly toothed, the cauline sessile, often few : fr. 20 — 30. narrouceoL a^re.— Varies 
',vith stems leafy or subnaked : pan. close or diffuse. Dry hills: com. 1— 3f. Aug. + . 

5 H. venosuni L. Scape or stem leafless, or with one leaf paniculate, smooth ; Ivs. 

obovate. entire, nearly glabrous, with purple veins : scales smooth ; fls. 20 ; fr. linear. 
"SVoods. E. and W. 1— 2f Hds. on slender ped.. broader (9'0 than in Xo. 4. Jl.. Aug. 

6 H. panic ulatum L. Slender, leafy, diffusely paniculate : Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous : 

pea. very slender : fls. 10 — 20 : fr. short-cyltndric. black. Woods : com. 2— 3f. Aug. 

107. CATANANCHE, L. Invol. imoricated. scarious. Eecep. pale- 
aceous. Pap. paleaceous, S-leaved. Pales aTrned. X O^'i^^^'-'^'^ ^i^^'^^-' "^i^^^ 
alternate, lanceolate leaves. 

C. ccEEtXEA L. Lvs. viHons, somewhat bipinnatifid at base : mvol. lower scales ovate, 
mncronate. S. Europe. 2 — 3f. Heads on long pednncles. Blue. Jtily + . 

108. NABALUS. Cass. Drop Flovthe.. Invol. cylindric, of many 
linear scales in one row, calyculate with, a fevr short, appressed scales at 
base. Recep. naked. Pap. copious, capiUary, brownish, 2-rowed, persist- 
ent Cyp. not beaked, smooth, striate, 21 Erect, with a tuberous, bitter 
root. Heads 5-18-flowered, not yellow, although often sti'aw-colored. 

§ Heads pendulous, glabrous. Leaves variously lobed or shaped. . . (a) 

a Dwarf species (6 — 10' high) native of high mountains .Xos. 1. 2 

a TaU(2— ofhigh).— c- Heads 5-6-flowered ; Xo. 3 

— c Heads S-12-flowered. — d Pappns tawny No. 4 

— d Pappus straw-colored. , . .Xos. 5. 6 
§ Heads nodding or erect, hsiry. Leaves mostly undivided. .. (5) 

h Heads about 12-tiowered. Pappns straw-color Nos. 7, 8 

6 Heads about 25-flowered. Pappus tawny or dusky No. 9 

1 N. jBoottil DC. St. simple, dwarf: lvs. hastate-cordate to lanceolate, mostly entire ; 

heads racemed ; flowers 10 — IS. inner scales 10 — 15. High mountains. X. July + . 

2 N. nanus DC. Smooth, simple : lvs. deltoid-hastate and A-ariously lobed, upper lan- 

ceolate, all petiOiate : hds. clustered-panictilate ; sc. 8. fls. 10 — 12. White "Mts. Aug. 

3 K". altissinius Hook. Smooth, strict, paniculate, taU, leafy: lvs. petiolate. pal- 

mately .3-o-cleft. or lobed. varying to hastate, cordate, or even ovate, dentate ; hds. 6" 
long, yellowish, forming a slender, leafy panicle : sc. 5. Woods. X. 3— of. August. 

4 N. albus Hook. Lions-foot. White Lettuce. Smooth, glaucous, corymb. -paniculate ; 

lv9. hastate-lobed to ovate, petiolate. the lobes or leaves obtuse : heads 6—7'', vr\ih 3 
scales. 9— 12 fls.. and brown pappus. Moist woods. 2 — If. Purplish in spot*. Aug. 
3. Serpent €iri a, Snalce-root. Lvs. deeply 3-lobed. the middle lobe 3-parted. 

5 X. FraseriDC. Earth-gaU. Smoothish. corymb.-paniculate ; lvs. hastate or del- 

toid, rarely 5-7-lobed, on winged stalks, upper lanceolate.— Varies with the leaves all 
lanceolate and merely toothed. Hard soils. Conn, to Fla. 2 — 4f. August. 

6 N. virgatus DC. Glaucous, simple, strict : lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid. narrow, the upper 

toothed or entire : panicle or raceme virgate. Sands. X. J. to Fla. 2 — if. Sept., Oct. 

7 N. raeeniosus Hook. Smooth Cexc. the invol.'). simple, slender; lvs. lance-oval to 

lance-ovare. denticulate : hds. suberect. spicate-panictilate. Swamps. X. J. to Iowa, 

and X. 2 — if. Flowers pale red. — Varies with the lower leaves cut-pinnatifld. Sept, 

* N. asper T. & G. Eough-downy. simple, strict : leaves oval-oblong to lance-oblong, 

dentate ; hds. erect, fascicled in a spicate panicle ; fls. yellowish. W. 2 — 4f. Sept 



OiiDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 193 

9 N. crepidincus DC. Smoothish, tall, stout, corymb. -paniculate ; Ivs. broadly tri. 
aiig.-ovate to lanceolate, toothed, petiolate ; hds. nodding, of 12sc. and 25 — 35 ochro- 
leucousfls. Fields, thickets, VV. States. 5— 8f. Largerthanany of the foregoing. Sept. 

109. LYGODESMIA, Don. In vol. fls., &c., as in Nabalns. Paj^pus 
whitish. Corollas rose-colored, if With linear-subulate leaves and erect 
heads on long, naked peduncles. 

1 L*. apli^lla DC. St. scape-like, erect, slender, forked above ; Ivs. nearly all ra»iical, 

short, linear-filiform ; heads 5-flowered. Pine woods, Ga. P'la. 2f. May. 

2 li* jiiiicea N. St. much branched ; Ivs. lance-linear ; fls. 5. Min. (Matthews), and W. 

110. TROXIMON, Nutt lids, many-flowered. Invol. campanulate, 
scales loosely imbricate, in 2 — 3 rows. Cyp. oblong-linear, compressed, 
glabrous, not rostrate. Pap. setaceous, copious, white. U Lvs. all radical. 
Scape bearing a single, large, showy head, with yellow flowers. 

T. cuspida,tnm Ph. Rt. fusiform ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, woolly at the edge ; scales 
lanceolate, cuspidate-pointed. Prairies, 111. Wis., and West. April— June. 

111. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. False Dandelion. Tnvol. double, 
the outer row numerous, loose and spreading. Receptacle naked. Cyp. 5- 
grooved, at length long-beaked, bearing a copious, soft, capillary, reddish 
pap. (D u Hds. solitary on long ped., large, with numerous deep yel. fls. 

P. Carolinianiis DC. St. simple or branched, scape-like : lvs. mostly radical, lance- 
olate, acute, sinuate-toothed, lobed, or pinnatifid. Fields, Md. to Fla. May — July. 

112. TARAXACUM, Desf. Dandelion. Invol. double, the outer of 
small scales, much shorter tlian the inner appressed row. Reccp. naked. 
Cyp. produced into a long beak crowned with the copious, white, capillary 
pappus. — Acaulescent hei'bs, with runcinate leaves. Figs. 68, 340, 492. 

T. I>eiiS"Icoiiis Less. Outer scales of the involucre reflcxed ; lvs. runcinate. smooth, 
dentate ; scape short in fl., long in fr.— a globe of pappus, 2i Fields : common. § Eur. 

113. liACTUOA, Tourn. Lettuce. Invol. few-flowered, scales im- 
bricated in 2 or moi-e unequal rows. Cyp. obcompressed (flattened same 
way as the scales), glabrous, abruptly narrowed to a long, liliibrm beak. 
Pappus copious, soft, cai)llhuy, white. — Herbs with leafy stems and panic- 
ulate heads of variable colors. Fig. 77. 

1 li. €niiadeii»<iK L. /3. elonghta, Trumint MUkicceil. St. tall, hollow ; lvs. pale 

beneath, clasping, rune. -pinnatifid, upper lanco., entire ; heads racomous-paniculato, 
with few scales and 12-1- fls. (g) Rich soils, thickets. 3— Gf. Yel. to purplish. Jl.,Aug. 

/3. naiis-uinen. Stem,- If. veins, and lis. purple ; lvs. some hairy, glaucous beneath. 

y. fft'amitiifolia, Lvs. long, linear, the lower few-lobod, upper entire. South. 

6. integ-rit'hlia, Lvs. lanceolate, all entire, lower some sagittate at base. 

2 li. sativa. Garden Lettuce. Stem corymbous ; lvs. roundislj, the upper oonlale ; fls*. 

white, (i) Said to bo § in some places, when its lvs. become dontate-lobed and prickly. 

114. MULGEDIUM, Cass. Wii.n Lkttuck. Involucre son\owhat 
double, outer seaU's short niul imbricated. Recep. naked, favoolate. Paix 
capillaiy, crowning the short-beaked, compressed eypsela. — Leaves mostly 
spinulous. lids, paniculate, small, oc-fl\vd. .11. — Sept. Figs. 7t>, 448-50. 



1 H Order 71.— LOBELIACE^. 

* Pappus blight white. Corollas blue Nos. 1, 2 

* Pappus tawny. Corollas cream-colored, turning purplish No. 3 

1 M. FloridanuKi DC. Smooth ; Ivs. runcinately pinnate-parted, segm. few, sin- 

uate-dentate or angular ; pan. loose, hds. 9'\ (2) Thickets, N. Y., W. and S. 3 — 6f. 
/3. acuminaium, Lvs. lance-OA^ate, acuminate, toothed, or the lower subruncinate. 

2 M. pnlcliellum N. Smooth and glaucous, strict; lvs. lance-oblong to lin., entire, 

or the lowest runcinate ; pan. corymbed ; fis. bright blue. L. Huron to Oreg. 2 — 7f. 

3 M. leucopliaeum DC. Tall, leafy ; lvs. lyrate-runcinate, coarsely-toothed ; ped. 

scaly-bracted ; pan. long, compound ; fr. scarcely beaked. (2) Moist thickets. 5 — lOf. 

115. SONCHUS, L. Sow TniSTLE. In vol. many-flowered, imbricate, 
of numerous unequal scales, at length tumid at base. Recep. naked. Pap. 
of white-silky hairs, in many series. Cjq^selse compressed, not rostrate. — 
Leaves mostly spinulous. Heads with many yellow flowers. Europe. 

§ Flowers bright yellow, in showy heads. Achenia angular. Perennial. ... No. 1 

§ Flowers pale yellow, in large heads. Achenia flat. Annual. Aug., Sept.. Nos. 2, 3 

1 S. arvensis L. Smooth, erect, hispid above ; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spinu- 

lous-dentate, clasping with short auricles at base ; hds.* 8ubumbellate. Fields, way- 
sides, N. Eng., N. Y. 2f. §. 

2 S. afsper Vill. Leaves cordate, amplexicanl, oblong-lanceolate, undulate, spinulous 

dentate ; ped. subumbellate ; fruit oval-obovate, 3-ribbed on each side. 1 — 2f. § 

3 S. oleraceus L. Lvs. sagittate-amplexicaul, mncin.-pinnatifid, subspinulous, den 

tate ; ped. downy ; involucre at length smooth ; fruit many-striate. Rubbish. 2 — 3f. § 

116. HUME A ELEGANS. Tall, 4f, branching above into an ample 

capillary panicle ; lvs. lance-ovate, clasping; heads numerous, small, drooping, with dry, 
loose scales, and 3 or 4 carmine-red florets, with no pales or pappus. N. Hoi. July— Oct. 

117. CHAPTALIA, Vent. Invol. campanulate. Scales in few series, 
tinear, acute. Recep. naked. Ray-fls. 5 , ligulate, disk-fls. 5 , but sterile, 
oilabiate, lips equal, outer 3-, inner 2-parted. Cypselae glabrous. Pappus 
sapillary. % Acaulescent. Lvs. all radical. Head cyanic. Mar., Apr. 
C. tomentosa Vent. White-tomentous ; lvs. oblong-ovate to lance-oval ; hd. nodding 

in bud, erect in fl., on the scape. Moist barrens, S. 6—12'. Rays 20, rose-colored. 

Order LXXI. LOBELIACE^. LoBELiADa. 

Herbs or shrubs with a milky juice, alternate, exstipulate leaves and scat- 
tered flowers. Calyx 5-lobed or entire. Corolla monopetalous, irregular, 
gplit down to the base on one side. Stamens 5, free from the corolla, united 
into a tube at least by their anthers. Ovary adherent to the calyx tube. 
Style 1. Stigma surrounded by a fringe. Fruit a capsule 2-3-(rarely 1-) 
celled. Seeds nmnerous, albuminous. 

1. LOBELIA, L. Cor. tubular, irregular, cleft nearly to the base on 
flie upper side, upper lip of 2 separate lobes, lower 3-lobed. Anth. united 
above into a curved tube. Stig. 2-lobed. Caps, opening at the summit. 
Seeds minute. (1) U Flowers axillary and solitary, or in terminal, bracted 
racemes. July — Sept. 

«r Corollas scarlet or bright crimson, large. . .* Exotic, Nos. 15, 16 * Native, No. 1 

^ Corollas blue, or blue and white. . . t Exotic, Nos. 17, 18 . . .+ Native. . {a) 



Oeder 71.— LOBELIACE^. 195 

o Calyx lobes auricled at base, denticulate, shorter than corolla tube Nos. 2—4 

a Calyx lobes auricled at base, entire, linear, long as corolla tube Nos. 5, 6 

a Calyx lobes not auricled, entire,— 6 very slender and long Nos. 7- 9 

—b much sliorter than corolla ... (c) 

c Leaves cauline, entire, few. Racemes loose, few-flowered Nos. 10—12 

c Leaves radical, entire. Racemes strict, few-flowered Nos. 13, 14 

1 li. cardinalis L. Cardinal Flower. Tall, simple, glabrous ; Ivs. oblong-lanceo- 

late, slightly toothed, acute at each end, sessile ; fls. in a terminal, bracted,. secund 
raceme ; stam. longer than the corolla. 7i Swamps. 2 — 4f. Splendid. 

p. integ-errima. Leaves all very entire ; stem naked above. Northern N. Y. 

y. Candida, Flowers white, the segments narrower. Mass. 

2 li. sypliilitica L. Great Lobelia. Stem erect, angular; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 

acute or acuminate, unequally serrate, some hairy ; raceme leafy ; calyx hispidly cili 
ate, with the sinuses reflexed. U By streams. 1— 3f. Flowers 1'. 
p. alba. Flowers pure white. N. Y. (E. L. Hankenson ; G. M. Wilbur). 

3 li. glandulosa Walt. Subsimple, leafless above ; Ivs. lance-lin., acutish, and with 

the lanceolate, auricled sepals some glandular-toothed ; fls. few, remote, large (9") ; 
cal. hispid or smoothish, short. U Damp barrens, Va., and S. li — 2f. Sept.— Oct. 

4 li. brevifolia N. Erect, simple, hispid ; Ivs. 1', crowded, oblong-lin., denticulate ; 

sep. ovate, fringe-toothed, half as long as cor. Damp, Fla. to La. IS'. (L. Ludov. C-B.) 

5 li. leptostachys A. DC. Glabrous, erect, simple, virgate ; Ivs. lance-oblong; fls. 

small (4"), spike not secund ; auricles awl-shaped, long, n Prairies, W. and S. 1— 2f. 

6 li. puberula Mx. Downy or smoothish, erect, simple ; Ivs. elliptic-ovate, denticu- 

late ; fls. large (7—8"), iu a long, secund spike ; auricles ear-shaped. N. J., W. and S. 2f. 

7 li. amciena Mx. Erect, simple, smooth; Ivs. lanceolate, pointed both wa}-s; fls. large 

(8-9"), secund. numerous, in a long rac. ; bracts very small, u Swamps, Va., and S. 2f. 

8 li. spicata Lam. Erect, simple, puberulent ; Ivs. oblong, mostly obtuse ; fls. small 

iS-4"), crowded in a slender rac. ; pedicels and bracts as long as the fl. Dry soils. l-2f. 

9 li. inflata L. Indian Tobacco. Erect, branching, hairy ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, ser- 

rate ; fls. short (4"), with leafy bracts ; caps, inflated, large. ® Fields. If. Narcotic. 

10 li. Boykinii T. & G. Slender, smooth; branches erect; Ivs. awl-shaped, erect; 
fls. small (4"), on filiform pcd. in long, loose racemes. Wet sands, Ga. Fla. 2f. Lvs. 6". 

11 li. Nuttallii DC. Erect, very slender, smooth; lvs. few, linear, remote; fls. few, 
small (3") ; ped. as long as cor. ; cal. tube almost none. @ Swamps, L. I., and S. 1-lJf. 

12 li. Kalinii L. Simple or branched; rt. lvs. spatulate, st. lvs. lance-lin. tolin., all 
obtuse ; rac. loose, leafy ; ped. about equalling the showy blue-wh. fls., minutely bract- 
ed, or naked (in same specimen) ; cor. 5", lobes obovate. Rocky swamps, E. &W. 6-18'. 

13 li. paludosa N. Lvs. lin. -spat., thickish, obtuse, petiolate; sc^ipe simple, nearly 
naked ; rac. loose, ped. about as long as the cal. (2) Bogs, Del., and S. 2-3f. Lvs. 5-l(y. 

14 li. Dortiiianiia, L. Lvs. submerged, tufted, linear, entire, hollow with 2 longi- 
tudinal cells, short, obtuse ; scape simple, nearly naked ; fls. in a terminal raceme, re- 
mote, pedicellate, nodding. %. In ponds, N. States. 2— :M". Only the fls. emerging. 

15 li. Fui.oENs. Downy, erect, simple ; lvs. narrow-lanc, revolnte at edge, ic Mox. of. 

16 li. SPLKNiiENS. Smooth, erect; lvs. narrow-lanc, flat ; fls. large, in long rac. Mox. 8f. 
1 7 li. EuYNiTS. Slender, difl'iisc ; lvs. toothed, ellip. tolin. ; fls. scattered, bluish. S. Aflr. 
18 li. coci.KSTiN.v, a garden variety, with larger blue flowers, yellow in the centre. 

2. DOWNINGIA, Torr. Sop. 5, linear. Cor. ^-lipped, inhe not ajMt, 
upper lip 2-parted, erect, lower lip 3-lobecl. Stam. tube iucurvoil. Caps. 
silique-fonn, l-celled, 00-seedeil, oponinu- by ;> linear valves. (J^ Low, with 
axillary, solitary flowers. (CliiiU>itia, Doiii;-.) 

1 D. £i-KOANS. Stem few-bninehed. angular ; lvs. ovate, acute : ovary curved. Sangled, 

longer than the lvs.; corolla blue with a white pal.nto. Orog^ni I fi — 12'. July, Aujir. 

2 D. vui,iiii;i.i..v. Stem much braiulud ; lvs. obtuse; fls. S", middle lobo longott. 0<il. I 



196 Order 72.— CAj^irANULAOE^. 



Order LXXII. CAJklPAmJLACE^. Bellworts. 

Eerhs with a milky juice, alternate leaves, and without stipules. Floinen 
mostly blue, showy. Calyx superior, generally 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla 
regular, campanulate, generally 5-cleft, withering, yalvate in aestivation 
Stamens 5, free from the corolla. AntJiers distinct, 2-celled. Pollen spheri- 
cal. Oxary adherent to the calyx, 2 or more celled. Capsule crowned 
with the remains of the calyx, loculicidal. Seeds many. Figs. 62, 63. 

e Calyx tube short. Pod roundish, opening at the sides. Cor. bell or -wheel form Cajipanci-A.. 1 

Calyx tube elongated. Pod prismatic, opening at the sides. Corolla wheel- form Speculakia. 2 

I Calyx tube short. Pod ovoid, opening at the top. Corolla bowl-form Platycodon. 3 

1. CAMPANULA, Toum. Calyx mostly 5-cleft. Cor. campanulate, 
or subrotate, 5-lobed, closed at base by the broad, valve-like bases of the 
5 stamens. Stig. 3-5-cleft. Caps. 3-5-celled, opening by lateral pores. 
Mostly U . Flowers in racemes or spikes, or few and axillaiy. 

§ Native or naturalized.— -a Flowers rotate, deeply 5-lobed No. \ 

— a Flowers campanulate, few, or scattered Nos. 2 — 4 

— a vFlowers funnel-form, crowded above No. 5 

§ Exotic— 5 Sepals appendaged at base. Stig. 3 or 5. Corolla bell -shaped.. Nos. 6, 7 

—b Sepals not appendaged. Stig. 3. — c Corolla bowl-shaped Nos. 8, 9 

—c Corolla bell-shaped Nos. 10, 11 

— c Cor. rotate-spreading Nos. 12, 13 

1 C Americana L. Tall, erect; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, uncinately serrate, 

contracted to a winged petiole, veins often ciliate ; fls. axillary, sessile ; style exsert- 
ed, decurved. % Dry copses : common. 2 — 4f. Fls. V broad, spi-eading, flat. Axxg. t 

2 C. rotuiidifolia L. Hare-bell. St. weak, slender ; radical Ivs. ovate or reniform- 

cordate, cauiine linear, entire ; flowers few, nodding, bell-shaped and blue, u Damjj 
rocks, N. States. If. Very delicate. June, July. Et. Ivs. seldom found with the fls. 

3 C. aparinoides Ph. Stem weak, slender, branching above, triangular, the angles 

inversely aculeate ; Ivs. lance-linear, subentire ; fls. terminal, 4" long, white. In wet 
meadows. 1— Itf, leaning on the grass like a Galium. June— Aug. 

4 C. divaricata Mx. Glabrous, erect, with slender, divaricate, paniculate branches; 

Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, pointed at each end, sharply dentate ; fls. campanulate, pendu- 
lous on the slender branchlets. Eockj' woods. Ya., W. and S. 2f. July. 

5 C. glomerata L. St. angular, simple, smooth; Ivs. lance-oblong, cordate, the lower 

petiolate ; fls. crowded above, cor. funnel-form, violet-blue. Fields, Mass. 2f. § t Eu. 
)3. AGGREGATA. Flowcrs pale blue, in a dense head, and other var. are cultivated. 

6 C. MEDiuar. Canterbury -bells. Erect, hispid ; Ivs. lanceolate ; fls. If ; stig. 5. ©Eu. 3f. 

7 C. SPECiosA. Erect; Ivs. lance-linear; fls. racemed, nodding ; stig. 3. 2£ Eur. 2f. 

8 C. PTRAMiDALis. Smooth, branched ; Ivs. lancc-ovatc ; fls. broad, racemed. it Eu. 6f. 

9 C PERSiciFOLiA. Smooth; Ivs. lance-linear, thick ; fls. broad, axillary. 2f Eur. 3f. 
IOC Tracheliuji. St. angular, hairy ; Ivs. ovate, cord, dentate ; ped. l-S-flwd. 24 Eu. 4f. 

11 C. RAPUXCnxoiDES. Rough ; Ivs. ovate, pointed ; rac. spicate ; fls. nodding. 2i Eu. 2f. 

12 C. LoKETi. St. erect, ang. ; Ivs. obov. to lance-ovate ; cal. hairy; cor. 2' broad. (I) Eu. 

13 C Gaeganica. St. difi"use ; Ivs. cord.-reniform to ovate ; fls. small, star-shaped, it Eu. 

2. SPECULARIA, Heist. Calyx 5-lobed, tube elongated. Cor. rotate, 
5-lobed. Fil. hairy, shorter than the anthers. Sty. included, hairy. Stig, 
3. Caps, prismatic, 3-celled, opening laterally in the upper part, (i) Fls. 
axillary and terminal, sessile, erect. 



Order 73.— ERICACE^. 197 

1 S. perfoliata Lam. St. mostly simple, erect ; Ivs. reniform-ovate, corrlate-clapping, 

crenate ; fls. sessile, aggregate, axillary. Fields, copses. If. Fls. deep blue. Jn.,Jl. 

2 S, liUdoviciana Torr. St. branched, branches slender; Ivs. ovate, acute, subentire, 

sess. or slightly clai^ping ; ovaries slender, fls. smaller (^" broad). S. Car. to La. 1— 2f. 

3 S. Speculum. Venus'' Looking-glass. Stem diffusely branching ; Ivs. oblong, crenate ; 

fls. solitary, with shallow lobes, blue varying to white, all Summer. S. Eur. Hardy. 

3. PLATYCODON, A. DC. Cor. large, bowl-shaped. Stig. 5, thick, 
spreading. Caps, ovoid, opening at the top by 5 acute valves, U Siberia. 
Smooth and glaucous. 
P. ORANDiFLOKUM. Lvs. lance-ovatc, serrate : fls. 2', blue var. to wh., few, terminal. 18'. 



Order LXXIII. ERICACE^. Heathworts. 

Plants shrubby or suffruticous, sometimes herbaceous, with Leaves sim- 
ple, alternate or opposite, mostly evergreen, without stipules. Corolla regu- 
lar or somewhat irregular, 4-5-cleft, the petals rarely distinct. Stamens as 
many or twice as many as the petals, free, hypogynous. Antliers 2-celled, 
generally open by pores, often appendaged. Pollen (except in Monotro- 
peae) compounded of 4 united grains. Embryo straight, lying in the axis of, 
or in the end of fleshy albumen. Figs. 64, 89, 90, 99, 114, 248, 255, 311, 438. 

§ Ovary adherent, iu fruit a berry crowned by the calyx teeth. Shrubs. . .(Suborder I.) 
§ Ovary free.— x Shrubs, trees. Capsule or berry with the cells 00 -seeded.. .(Suborder II.) 
— X Shrubs. Fruit a capsule with the cells one-seeded... (Sul)order III.) 
— X Herbs half-woody, low.— 7/ Leaves evergreen. Stamens distinct.. .(Suborder IV.) 
— y Leaves evergreen. Filaments united... (Suborder V.) 
— y Leaves none. Plants without verdure... (Suborder VI.) 

I. VACCINE^E.— a Fls. 5-parted. Berries 10-seeded. Shrubs often resinous-dotted.. .Gavluss.\cia. 1 

— a Flowers 5-parted. Berries 00 -seeded. Shrubs dotless Vaccixium. 2 

— a Flowers 4-parted.—?< Petals narrow, rctlexed. Berries red Oxycoccus. 3 

—h Petals short, spreading. Berries white Chiogenks. 4 

II. ERICINEiE.— c Flowers 4-parted. Sepals colored, larger than the corolla Calluna. 5 

— c Flowers 4-parted. Sepals small. ..(Gen. 11, or) Erica. 6 

— c Flowers 5-parted. — d Petals distinct, or very nearly polypetalons...(jn) 
— d Petals united,— monopetalous...(e) 
e Corolla funnel- or bell-form, with spreading lobes... (A) 
e Corolla urceolate (ovoid, cylindric or globular), lobes small. . .(/) 

e Corolla saucer-form, holding the anthers in 10 pits Kalmia. 7 

e Corolla salver-form, very fragrant. Trailing shrublet Epig.k a. 8 

/ Fruit fleshy, the matured ovary ."i-seeded Arctostaphylos. 9 

/ Fruit fleshy, the matured calyx 00 -seeded Oaulthkria. 10 

f Fr. dry, capsular,—;/ septioidal. Lvs. linear, heath-like Mk.nziksia. 11 

— </ loculicidal.— /i Lvs. linear, moss-like. .Cassiopk. 12 

—h Lvs. ample. Shrubs. ..Axukomkpa. 13 

—h Lvs. ample. Trees OxYnK.NnKCM. 14 

h Stamens 5, included. Plant and leaves very small Loisklkukia. 13 

I- Stamens b (rarely »uore\ long-exsorted. Cor. funnel-form. ..Vzai.kv. 16 

h Stamens 10 o'arely fewer\ exserted. Cor. bell-form KnonoPKNPKOJC. 17 

in Corolla very irregular, open before the leaves appear H iiopok.v, 18 

«i Cor. regular,— »i Tpetallod. Stamens 1( Kkfaki.v. 19 

— « 5-pot ailed. — o Capsule ft-celled Lkpi'm. 20 

— <) Caps. S celled.— p Kls. uiubolled. .LKiornTLluil. 21 
— /> Fls. racomed...Ci.KTiiRA. 33 

IIL OYRILLEiK. — r Flowers 4-pnrtwl, with 8 sttuuens a«»d a 2-ceUed capsule Ei.i.inTnA. 33 

— r Flowers fi-parted, — s with S utameus and a S-oellod ciipsulo Oykii.i.a. 34 

—a with lOstuiuons. Cupn. IU'oIUmI, - wlnj^Ml. . Mri ooaru'i. 26 



198 Order 73.— ERICACE^. 

rV. PYROLE.E. — .<! Flowers racemed, many. Herts nearly acanlescent Pyrola. 26 

— s Flowers umbelled, few. Stems ascending. Style very short Chimaphila. 27 

— s Flowers solitary (one only).— < Capsule 5-eelled Mqneses. 28 

— t Capsule 3-celled Shorti a. 29 

V. T GALACINEiE. Anthers 5, one-celled. Capsule 3-celled. Scape spicate Galax. 30 

VX MONOTROPE^.— u Corolla polypetalous. Plant white, reddish or tawny Monotropa. 31 

— u Corolla monopetalous,— » campanulate, in a short spike Schweinitzia. 32 

— V ovoid, in a loose raceme Pterospora. 33 

1. GAYLUSSACIA, H. B. K. Huckleberry. Calyx adherent, 5- 
tootlied. Cor. urceolate or campanulate, 5-cleft or tootlied. Sta. 10. Anth. 
awnless, the cells produced upward into tubular beaks opening at the apex. 
Beriy drupe-like, globular, 10-celled, 10-seeded. 5 5 Leaves alternate. 
Flowers in lateral, bracted racemes, white or reddish, small. Fruit black 
or dark blue, sweet. May, June. 

§ Leaves evergreen, very smooth, with no resinous dots, crenulate No. 1 

§ Leaves deciduous, sprinkled with resinous dots beneath, entire Nos. 2 — 4 

L G. bracliycera (Michx). Box B. Lvs. oval to ovate, thick and firm ; rac. dense, 
Ved. very short ; cor. short-ovoid ; berries light blue. Reeky hills. Pa. to Va. : rare. 1/. 

J G-. duitiosa T. & G. Minutely hairy and glandular ; lvs. obovate-oblong, mvcronate ; 
bracts persistent ; cor. short-bell-form ; ber. black, large, insipid. Me. to Fla. 1 — 2f. 

S G. resinosa T. & G. Black H. Branches ashy ; lvs. oval to lanceTObl. ; rac. 1-sided, 
deciduous bracts, ped. short as the fls. ; cor. 5-angled, contracted at mouth ; sty. exsert- 
ed; fr. black, round, sweet and eatable, ripe in Aug. Thickets, Can. to Va., ami W. 2f. 

4 G. frondosa T. & G. Blue Dangles. High Blueberry. Lvs. oblong-obovate, pale- 
glaucous beneath ; rac. loose, bracts deciduous, shorter than the ped. ; cor. egg-bell- 
form ; berries large, blue, sweet and eatable, in Aug. Thickets, N. Eng. to La. 3 — 6f. 

2. VACCINIUM, L. Blueberry. Calyx adherent, 5-toothed. Cor. 
urceolate, campanulate or cylindric, limb 4- or 5-cleft, reliexed. Sta. 8 or 
10, included. Anth. with 2 awns on the back, or awnless, the 2 cells pro- 
longed into a tube opening at apex. Berry 4 or 5 (or pai'tly 8-10)-celled, 
cells oo-seeded. 5 +) Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or racemous, 
white or reddish, small. Fruit generally eatable. Fig. 90. 

§ Anthers 2-awned back of the 2 horns. Leaves deciduous. . .(a) 

a Filaments smooth. Fruit 4-5-celled. Ijlue. Shrubs If or less Nos. 1, 2 

a niaments hairy. Fruit partly 10-celled. Taller (2— 20f high) Nos. 3, 4 

§ Anthers 2-horned, without the awns. Filaments 10, hairy.. .(&) 

h Leaves evergreen. Flowers 4-parted. Fruit 4-celled No. 5 

b Leaves evergreen. Flowers 5-parted. Fruit partly lO-celled Nos. 6, 7 

b Lvs. deciduous. Fr. partly 10-celled. Fls. in short, close racemes. . . {c) 

c Corolla bell-shaped. Leaves hairy both sides, entire No 8 

c Corolla cylindrical. Leaves smooth or nearly so Nos. 9—11 

c Corolla ovoid, evidently contracted at the mouth Nos. 11—13 

1 v. uliginosum L. Bilberry. Procumbent ; lvs. obovate, obtuse, dull, glaucous 

beneath ; fls. solitary, axillary ; cor. ovoid-globous, 4-cleft ; stam. 8. White Mts. Jq., Jl. 

2 V. caespitosum Mx. Bilberry. Dwarf, ccespitous ; lvs. obovate, attenuate at the 

base, thiji, serrate, reticulate with veins, shining ; flowers subsolitary ; corolla oblong, 
5-toothed : stamens 10. White Mountains. 2—3'. July. 

3 V, stami Ileum L. Deerberry. Lvs. oval-lanceolate, acute, dull, glaucous beneath; 

pedicels solitary, axillary, nodding; cor. bell-spreading, seg. acute, oblong; anth. 10, 

with the long tubes exserted. Dry woods. 2— 3f. Fruit greenish-white. May, June. 

\ V, ai"l>oreniii Mx. Lvs. obovate, acute at base, mucrouate, veiny, shining above 



Order 73.— ERICACE^. 199 

pale green and subpubescent beneath ; pedicels secund, in leafy racemefi ; cor. cylin- 
dric-bell-ghaped, rose-white ; antn. 10, included. Woods, S. 8-20f. Fr. black. May,Jn. 

5 V. Vitis-Idaea L. Decumbent, much branched, smooth, evergreen ; Ivs. 4-7'", oval, 

obtuse, thick, margin rcvolute, pale beneath ; fls. solitary or in short clusters, 4-parted ; 
corolla campanulate. Hills and mts., N. Eng. : rare. June, July. 

6 V. Myrsinites Mx. Erect, much branched ; Ivs. small, elliptical, acute at each end, 

glabrous, serrulate ; fls. in small lateral clusters of 2— .5 ; cor. ovoid, urceolate ; style 
slightly exserted. Woods, S. If. Whole plant often purplish. March, April, 
•y v. niyrtifolinm Mx. St. simple, decumbent at base, from long, creeping roots ; 
Ivs. 1—2', cuneate-obovate or oval, pale beneath ; fls. in dense, sessile, lateral clus- 
ters of 6—12; cor. oblong-cylindric ; fr. round, black. Woods, S. If. Mar., April. 

8 V, Canadeiisc Rich. Branches reddish-green, pubescent, leafy ; Ivs. elliptic-lan- 

ceolate, acute at each end ; rac. fasciculate, sessile, subterminal ; cor. campanulate ; 
cal. lobes acute. Rocky thickets, N. Eng., and W. 8 — 12'. Berries blue, sweet. May, 

9 V. Pcnnsylvanicum Lam. Common Loiv Blueberi-y. Branches green, with 2 

pubescent lines ; Ivs. 1', crowded, elliptic-oblong, acute at each end, bristly-serrulate, 
shining ; fls. in short, bracteate, dense rac. Hard soils. Can. to Pa. Ber. blue, sweet. 

^. nig-rum. Dark green ; berries black and shining, without bloom. 

7. alpinum. Dwarf, decumbent ; Ivs. small (.3 — 4'0, narrow-oblanceolate. Mts. 

10 V. vacillans Soland. Low, bushy; Ivs. oval to ovate, acute or mucronate, pale 
green, dull, glaucous beneath, minutely serrulate ; rac. dense-flowered, preceding the 
full-grown Ivs,^ Hilly woods, N. Eng. to Tenn. 1— 2if. Fr. blue-black, sweet. May, Jn. 

1 1 V, corymbosum L. Common High Blueberry. Tall ; flowering branches nearly 
leafless ; leaves oval to lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, enfi?'e, pubescent 
when yonng, often glaucous beneath ; rac. short, sessile ; cor. cylindrical to ovoid. 
Low woods. 5 — lOf. March— June. — Varies exceedingly. 

/3. virg-Titum, Branchlets leafless, covered with rose-colored rac. Sts.virgate. .5f. S. 
y. ameenum, Lvs. oblong; fls. cylindric, large, roseate ; sty. included ; fr. blk. Sf. 
5. fnscdtum, Lvs. serrulate ; ped. elongated ; sty. exserted ; fls. striped with red. 3f. 
S, g-labrttm. Plant glabrous throughout, the leaves entire. Rare. 
13 V, s^alezaiiK Mx. Flowering branches leafy ; lvs. sessile, cuneate-lanccolate, pnb- 
serrate, veiny, glabrous when old ; flowers in small, sessile fascicles ; corolla small, 
yellowish ; style exserted ; fruit small, black. Swamps, S. If. April -(-. 
13 V, Iiirsutum Buckley. Whole plant, with fls. and fr., densely hii-suto; Iv?. ovate, 
entire ; corolla oblong, nearly closed at month ; berry round. Mts. of N. Car. If. 

3. OXYCOCCUS, Pcrs. Cranberry. Calyx adherent, 4-cleft. Cor. 
4-partcd, with long', narrow, rcflcxed segments. Sta. 8. Anth. tubular, 2- 
parted, openinj^ I\y oblique pores. Berries globous, 4-celled, many-seeded. 
^) 1^ Delicate, "wilh alternate lvs., red and purple berries on slender ped. 

* Stem erect, with membranous, deciduous loaves. Berries sweetish No. 1 

♦ Sten\ prostrate, slender. Leaves evergreen, small. Berries acid Nos. 9, 3 

1 O. crytlirooarpus Ell. Lvs. oval, acuminate, thin, ciliate-sorrulate; fls. axillary, 

solitary, tlie long segments at length relh^xed. IMts. of Va. and Car. 1— '2f. .Tunc. 

2 O. paliistrls Pers. Sts. liliform, purple ; lvs. ovate, entire, rovoluto on theniargin ; 

pedicels terminal, l-flowered ; corolla pink, soirments ovate. Alpine bo-rs, X. 

3 O. iiiarrociirpiis Pers. St. (Uifonn ; lvs. t>l>l(mg. iO>tuse at each tM\(i, edge's ri'vo- 

lute, glaucous luMieatli ; ixvlicels !i\ill;irv. olong-'ited, 1 llowored ; coroU;) segm. Hnear- 
lanccolate. Sphagnoiis swamps. V;i., i\\\d N. Fruit large, valuablo. .lune. 

4, CHIOGENES, Sallsb. (\dyx 4-elen, persistent. Cor. broadly oain- 
panulate, limb deeply l-elett. Stam. 8. Anth. cells distinct, awnless mi 
the back, bicuspidate at npex, opeiiiuix lonixitudin:dly. Ov. adlienwt. Fr. 



200 Order 73.— ERICACE^. 

white, 4-celled, many-seeded. |^ Delicate. Lvs. yeiy small , altemat*?, with 
the flavor of the'Checkerberiy. Cor. small, wh., axillaiy, solitary. Fig. 248. 
C, hispidula T. & G.— In old avoocIs, N. Eng., N. and W. Stems creeping, slendei, 
1— 3f. Leaves oval, 4 — 6'^ Berries very small. May, June. 

5. OAIiLUNA, Salisb. Heather. Cal. of 4 scarious, colored sepals. 
Cor. campanulate, 4-parted, shorter than the calyx. Stam. 8. Anth. 2- 
crested on the back, cells opening laterally. Stig. 4-lobed. Caps. 4-celled, 
8-sceded, 4-valved. ^ Lvs. opposite, minute, crowded. Fls. axillaiy, or 
crowded in 1-sided racemes, scarious, roseate, with 4 — 6 scarious bracts. 
C vulgaris Salisb.— Low grounds, Tewksbury I Mass., Me., and N. 2f. Lvs. \". 

6. ERICA, L. Heath. Cal. 4-parted. Cor. tubular, bell-, cup-, m-n-, 
globe-, egg-, or salver-form, the limb in 4 short lobes. Stam. 8. Sty. fili- 
form. Caps. 4-celled, opening by 4 loculicidal valves. Sds. 2 — go in each 
cell. ^) Yeiy delicate, chiefly S. African, branching and brittle. Leaves 
whorled, rarely alternate, linear or acerous. Flowers nodding, cyanic. 

1 E. cinerea L. Scotch Heath. Stems clustered ; brancblets and line?r lvs. (1") in 

3's, crowded ; fls. racemous-clustered on the upper branchlets ; cal. Qplf^red, with few or 
no bractlets, \" ; cor. purple, oval, 2" ; anth. included, awned beneath. Sandy " moors," 
Nantucket Is. ! Found by Mrs. E. E. Atwater, June, 1868. Apparenrly indic^enous. 

2 E. CARNEA. Very slender, 6— 10'; leaves in 3's or 4's, 2—3" lou;r, obtuse ; flowers axil- 

lary ; corolla 2", and calyx 1", flesh-color ; anthers dark-purple, exserted. A_p3. 
April. — Of the 400 known species, only this is yet common in cultivation. 

7. KALMIA, L. American Laurel. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. with 10 
prominences beneath and 10 corresponding cavities within, including th.. 
10 anthers. Border 5-lobed. Fil. elastic. Caps. 5-celled, many-seeded. 
[y 5 Beautiful, N. American. Leaves entire, evci-greeu, coriaceous. Flow- 
ers in racemous coiymbs, white and red, in May — July. 

* Flowers in terminal coiymbs. Leaves thick, mostly acute Nos. 1, 3 

* Flowers in lateral corymbs. Leaves obtuse Nos. 3, 4 

* Flowers solitary, axillary. Sepals nearly as long as the corolla No. 5 

1 K.. latifolia L. Ccdico Bush. Spoon-wood. Lvs. alternate and ternate, oval lance- 

olate, acute at each end, smooth and green on both sides ; corymbs terminal, viscidly 
pubescent. Woods, Me. to O., Ky.. and Fla. 5-20f. Profusely and splendidly flowering. 

2 K.. glanca Ait. Swamp Laurel. Branches ancipitous ; lvs. opposite, subsessile, 

lanceolate, polished, glaucous beneath, revolute at the margin ; coiymbs terminal, the 
peduncles and bracts smooth. Bogs, Pa., and N. 2-3f. Lvs. 1'. Corymbs 8-10-flowered. 
(8. rosmarhii folia. Leaves linear, more revolute, green beneath. 

3 K. angustifolia L. Sheep-poison. Lvs. ternate and opposite, elliptical-lanceolate, 

petiolate, obtuse at each end, smooth ; corymbs lateral ; bracts linear-lanceolate. Hills 
and copses. Can. to Ky. and Car. 2— 4f. Flowers deep purple, few in each cluster. 

4 K. cuneata Mx. Lvs. scattered, sessile, cuneate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, glan- 

dular-pubescent beneath ; flowers white, in sessile clusters. Swamps, Car, : rare. 3f. 

5 K. liirsuta Walt. Slender, branched, hairy ; leaves scattered or opposite, ovate to 

linear-oblong, as long as the pedicels (4—6"). Barrens, S. : common. If, Fls. 7"- 

8. EPIG.SIA, L. Trailing Arbutus. Mat-flower. Cal. large, 5- 
parled, witli 3 bracts at base. Cor. salver-form, tube villous within, limb 



Order 73.— ERICACE^. 201 

5-parted, spreading. Stam. 10. Anth. dehiscent by 2 longitudinal open- 
ings. Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved. Lo Trailing, with cordate, ovate, entire, 
alternate leaves, and axillary clusters. 

E, repens L, — Rocky woods, N. Eng. to Pa., Ky., and N. Stems half-shrubby, hairy, 
10—15' long. Lvs. evergreen, 2'. Fls. rose-colored, delightfully fragrant. Apr., May. 

9. AROTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. Bear-berry. Cal. 5-parted, per- 
,sistent. Cor. ovoid, diaphanous at the base, limb with 5 small recuiTcd 

segments. Anth. 10, with 2 long, rcflexed awns, and opening by pores. 
Drupe or berry 5-10-celled, the cells 1-seeded. J3 Trailing. Leaves alter- 
nate. Racemes terminal. 

1 A. Uva-ursi Spr. Lvs. entire, thick, evergreen, shining above, obovatc ; flo-svere 

drooping ; drape red, as large as a currant, the nut 5-seeded. Rocky hills, N. May. 

2 A. alpina Spr. Lvs. thin, serrate, deciduous, obovate, acute, strongly netted; ped. 

hardly longer than the bractlets ; drupes black. High mts., Me., N. H., and N. 

10. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. CnECiiERBEiiRY. Wintergreen. Cal. 
5-cleft, with 2 bracts at the base. Cor. ovoid-tubular, limb with 5 small, 
revolute lobes. Fil. 10, hirsute. Caps. 5-celled, invested by the calyx, 
which becomes a berry. J^ Leaves alternate. Pedicels bibracteolate. 

G, prociambens L. St. procumbent, with the branches erect or ascending ; lvs. obo- 
vate, mucronatc, denticulate, crowded at the top ; fls. few, drooping, terminal. Woods 
and pastures. Can. to Penn. and Ky, 3'. Red berries and leaves spicy. June— Sept. 

11. MENZIIISIA, Smith. Cal. deeply 4- or 5-cleft. Cor. urceolate or 
campanulate, 4- or 5-lobed. Sta. 8 or 10, anth. opening by terminal pores. 
Caps. 4- or 5-cclled, opening septicidally. Seeds 00. Low, shrubby plants, 
of various habits. Flowers in terminal clusters. 

§ Phtllodoce, Salisb. Lvs. evergreen, heath-like. Fls. 5-parted, bell- form.... No. 1 
§ Menziesia proper. Leaves deciduous. Flowers 4-parted, urceolate No. 3 

1 Ifl. taxifolia Robbins. Mountain Heath. St. prostrate at base ; lvs. linear, obtuse ; 

pedicels erect, slender, terminal, aggregate, 1-flowered. Alpine bogs, N. U., Me., and 
N. 6— 12^ Leaves 6— 7'^ Flowers purple, the ped. 18". June. 

2 M[. ferriiginca Smith. /3. g-lobulhris Sims. Shrub low, straggling, pubescent ; 

leaves lance-oval, ciliate; flowers small, nodding, on slender pedicels, greenish-pur- 
ple. Mts., Penn. to Car. 3— 4f. June. 

12. CASsioPE, Don. Moss-plant. Sep. bractless, imbricated, ovate. 
Cor. globulnr-canipanulate, 4- or 5-lobcd. Anth. 8 or 10, pendulous, cells 
opening by a terminal pore, with a long rellexed awn behind. Caps. 4- or 
5-celled, valves 2-parted. Placentin pendulous, 00-soedi'd. 5 !^ii^<*^l» 
alpine, moss-like or hcatli-likc shrubs. Flowers solitary, piHlieellatc. 

C liypnoidcs Don. Stem fllitbrni, tuftod; leaves ovorgroen, subulate, smooth, 
crowded ; flowers 5-parted, i)urpU>, nodding. High mts., N. II., N. Y., Mo. 2—3'. Jn. 

13. ANDROMEDA, \i. Cnl. 5-pnrted, persistent, not Invoming tlesliy 
in truit. Cor. lu'ceolate, the n\outh nunv or less contracted, 5-toothed. 
Anth 10, cells 2, opening by a terminal pore. Caps. 5-oellod, 5-valveil, 
often re-entbrced with 5 external v:ilvelets. SihhIs t. |) ,S with tMitin*, 
or serrulate, nltornatc leaves. Figs;. (U, t;>8. 



202 Order 73.— ERIC ACE J]. 

§ Sepals valvate in the early bud. Fl?. in clusters. Caps, globular. . .(c) 
§ Sepals imbricate in the bud. Capsule depressed. . . (a) 

a Fls. solitary, axillary. Pericarp dojible. Anth. awnless. (Cassandra). .Nos. 1, 9 
a Flowers in axillary racemes. Pericarp simple, with 5 entire valves ...(b) 

b Anth. awnless. Bractlets at the base of the pedicels. (Leucothoe)..Nos. 3— 6 
b Anth. 2-awned. Bractletg at the base of the calyx. (Eubotrys) . . . .Nos. fi, 7 

C Flowers in a terminal nodding umbel. Cor. globular. (Euandromeda) No. 8 

c Flowers in racemes, panicled or axillary. . .(d) 

d Capsule with 5 narrow valvelets applied to the sutures. . .(e) 

d Capsule naked. Corolla ovoid. Anthers 2-awned. (Portunia). . .Nos. 9, 10 

e Corolla oblong. Filaments or anthers 2-aAvned. (Pieris) Nos. 11—13 

e Corolla globular. Filaments and anth. awnless. (Lyonia).. .Nos. 14—16 

1 A. calyculata L. Leather-leaf. Lvs. oblong, obtuse, flat, acute at base, rusty 

beneath ; fls. white, each with a leaf, in leafy racemes : cal. 2-bractleted at base, sep. 
acute ; inner pericarp 10-valved, thin. Bogs, Can. to Car. and Wis. 3f. Api'il +. 

2 A. aiignstifolia Ph. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, the margins revolute ; calyx 

segments acuminate, 2-bracteolate. Otherwise as No. 1. Swamps, S. Car., Ga. 

3 A, axillaris Lam. Leaves oblong, acute, denticulate, petiolate ; rac, dense, short, 

sepals roundish, obtuse. Banks, low country, Va. to Fla. 2 — 4f. Evergreen. Mar. 

4 A . Catesbaei Walt. Lvs. lance-ovate, conspicuously pointed, petiolate, finely ser- 

rulate ; rac. dense, nodding, nearly as long as the leaves ; sep. ovate, acute. Banks, 
up-country, Penn. to Ga. 2 — 5f. Racemes 2 — 3', white. Evergreen, May. 

5 A. acuminata L. Pipe-wood. Leaves very smooth, rigid, lance-ovate, gradually 

pointed, entire ; rac. loose, short ; branches hollow. Swamps, S. 3 — lOf. April. 

6 A. raceiiio.^a L. Lvs. lance-oval, slightly pointed, serrulate, deciduous ; rac. strict, 

ascending, terminal, naked, long and 1-sided ; sep. ovate, acuminate ; anth. cells each 
2-awued at apex ; seeds wingless. Wet woods. 2 — 6f. Rac. 2— 3', white, Jn.,July. 

7 A. recurva Buckley. La^s. deciduous, lance-ovate, acuminate; anth. cells each 1- 

awned ; pod 5-lobed ; sds. winged, flat ; branches recurved-spreading. Mts.,Va., N. Car. 

8 A. polifolia L. Wild Eosemary. Erect, smooth, glaucous ; lvs. oblong-linear, with 

margins revolute, white beneath (^2—3') ; umb. 5-9-flwd., roseate. Bogs, N. If. Jn. 

9 A. lloribundla Lyon (Ph.) Lvs. thick, evergi'een, lance-oblong, acute or pointed, 

bristly-serrulate; rac. paniculate, crowded ; bractlets minute ; cor. white; anth. awns 
2, reflexed, white. Mts., Va. to Ga. 2— lOf. Flowers numerous and handsome. Apr. 

10 A. pliillyraefolla Hook. Lvs. thick, shining, evergreen, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 
serrulate above ; rac. subterminal, loose ; sep. lanceolate ; cor. oval ; anth. each with 
2 long reflexed black awns. Woods, Quincy, Fla. 1— 3f. (A. Croomii, C-B.) 

11 A. nitida Bartram. Fetter-hush. Lvs. thick, evergreen, shining, elliptical, acu- 
minate at each end, margins veined and revolute ; umbels axillary, nodding, roseate ; 
branches sharply angled. Low pine-barrens, S. 3 — 6f. March, April. Elegant. 

(S? rhomhifolia. Leaves broad-oval ; sepals i as long as the ovoid corolla. Fla. 

12 A. Mariana L. Stagger-bush. Lvs. thin, deciduous, oval, entire, acutish ; flow- 
ering branches leafless ; fls. large (4 — 5"), white or reddish, in lateral crowded fascicles ; 
sepals linear, \ as long as the cylindric corolla. Sands, N. J. to Fla. 3f. June, July. 

13 A. speciosa Mx. Lvs. oval, obtuse, serrate, veiny, deciduous; flowering stems 
mostly leafless, branched ; sepals J as long as the large bell-shaped white corolla. 
Swamps, S. June.— Varies with the leaves broad, crenate, whitish beneath. 

14 A. ligustrina Muhl. Pubescent ; lvs. deciduous, lance-obovate to obovate, short- 
acuminate, serrulate ; rac. panicled on the leafless flowering branches. Wet soils, Ct. 
to Fla. 6f. June.— Var. with small lvs. scattered among the small (1") downy fls. S. 

15 A, ferruginea Walt. Lvs. thick, rigid, evergreen, obovate to oblanceolate, rusty 
beneath, revolute-edged ; umb. axillary ; fls. small (1") ; valvelets nearly as broad aa 
tlie valves. Pine-barrens, S. 3— 2Uf. Shrub or small tree. Apr., May. (A. rigida Ph.) 

16 A. montana Buckley. Lvs. evergreen, lance-ovate, ciliate-serrulate ; fls. in large 
panicles ; pedicels pubescent, with 3 linear bractlets. Mts., N. Car. 4— 6f. 



Order 73.— ERICACEAE. 20o' 

14. OXYDENDRUM, DC. Sorrel-tree. Sep. bractless, valvate in 
ihe early bud. Cor. urceolate, ovoid, 5-tootlied. Anth. 10, linear, erect, 
awnless, cells opening lengthwise. Capsule oblong, truncate, 5-celled, 5- 
valved. Seeds oo. ^ Lvs. petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, ser- 
rulate. Flowers white, in terminal panicles of slender, spicate racemes. 
O. arboreiim DC— Ohio, Penn., and S. along the Alleghany Mts. Tree 40-50ft. Jn., Jl. 

15. LOISELEURIA, Desv. Alpine Azalea. Calyx 5-parted, lobes 
equal. Cor. subcampanulate, 5-parted, regular. Sta. 5, equal, erect, shorter 
than the corolla, anth. dehiscing laterally. Style straight, included. Caps. 
2- or 3-celled, 2- or 3-valved, Qo-seeded. ^ Delicate, procumbent, tufted, 
with op])Osite, petiolate, entire leaves. Pedicels terminal, solitary, 1-flow- 
ered. Corolla rose-color. 

Ij. procumtoenfs Desv.- Summit of the Wliite Mts., N. H. A tiny shrub. 3—6'. Lvs. 
elliptical, 3", margins revolute. Flowers nearly sessile. June, July. 

16. AZALEA, L. Swamp Pink. Cal. small, 5-parted. Cor. fannel- 
form, somewhat irregular, with 5 spreading lobes. Sta. 5. Fil. and stjie 
long, exserted, declined, anth. opening by pores. Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved, 
GO - seeded. +> Erect. Lvs. alternate, deciduous, oblong or obovate, en- 
tire. Flowers in umbelled clusters, terminal, large and showy. Fig. 114. 

§ Calyx lobes all (or rarely one excepted) very short or minute Nos. 1, 2 

§ Calyx lobes all oblong and of conspicuous length.— a Native Nos. 3, 4 

—a Exotic Nos. 5, 6 

1 A. viscosa L. Branchlets hispid ; leaves obovate-oblong. the edges, midvein, and 

petiole bristly ; fls. ajjpearing after the lvs.. very viscid, the tube much longer than the 
segments ; stamens exserted ; style much longer. Swamps. 4 — lOf. May — July. 

|3. nitidfM, Lvs. smooth, green, shining, oblanccolate. Dry woods, N. 1— 2f. 

y. hiftpida, Lvs. very his])id above, smooth and glaucous beneath. Mts., Pa. 

2 A. nudifldra L. Pinxter-hloom. Y-oung branchlets and lvs. beneath pubescent; 

clusters naked, appearing with or before the young lvs. ; corolla slightly viscid, tubo 
downy, scarcely longer than the segm. Woods: more common S. 3— 7f. Apr. + . — 
Varies with the flowers j??z/iX-, deep pin^ple, white-variegated, white with a butT centre, 
and t)vff all over; the latter two Iragrant. Also, with 10—20 stamens. 

3 A. calendulacca Mx. Flavti/ig Pinaier. Young branchlets p;iboscent ; lvs. at- 

tenuated to the base, corymbs nearly or quite leatless ; tube of the cor. hirsute, not 
viscid, shorter than the ample lobes, l^pland woods, O.. Pa., and S. ;5— lOf. May. Jn, 
— 'IMie splendid llowers vary to i/dloir-scarht, ,tlanie-co/oi\ l)rick--i\d. {>i{ft'nvi->/t!loi(\ &c. 

4 A. arborescciis Ph. Branches smooth ; lvs. obovate, glabrous, glaucous beneath, 

margins ciliate ; corymbs leafy with ftiU-grown leaves ; corolla tube n it viscid, longtT 
than the lobes. Mts,, Penn., and S. W—M. May— ,Tuly. 

5 A. Tndioa. Strigous, but not glandular ; lvs. wedge-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliito; 

lis. tenninal, 1 — ii together. Japan. Kls. scarlet, crimson, while. *c. Splendid. 

6 A. Pc)NTiCA. Lvs. oblong, acute, margin ciliate; fls. visciil, corymbed, after the 

h-ni ^s; tube equalling the limb, yellow, very fragrant. Asia Mini^r. 

17. RHODODENDRON, L. KosE B.VY. Calyx small, deeply ^-part- 
ed, persistent. Cor. eanipaniilale, often slightly iniequal. 5-lobod. Stam. 
10 (rarely fewer), u\ostly tleelinate. aulhi>rs opening by terminal pores. 
Caps. 5-eell('d, 5-valveil, inauy-stHHled. ,'■, ,S With alternate, entire leaves. 
Flowers in dens(\ terniinal lunbels from larire, sealv buds. Fii:s, Oj), oil 



201 Order 73.— EEICACE^. 

* Leaves obtuse at each end. Flowers purple or lilac, not sported Xos. 1, 2 

* Leaycs acute or acuminate, dotted or discolored beneath. Fls. spotted.. .Nos. 3, 4, 5 

* Leaves acuminate, scarcely paler beneath. Flowers very broad, purple Xo. G 

1 R. liapponicum Wahl. Lapland Rose Bay. Dwarf; Ivs. elliptical, very small, 

roughened with concave rusty scales both sides ; fls. small (7"), lobes equal, purple ; 
sta. 5, 7, or 10, exserted. High mts., N. Eng., N. Y. 8—10', very bushy. June, July. 

2 R. CataAvbiense Mx. Catawba Rose Bay. Lvs. oval, romided-obtuse at each 

end, paler beneath, smooth; cal. lobes oblong, elongated; cor. broad-campanulate, 
lilac-purple, large (14'0 ; stam. 10. High mts., Ya., N. Car. 3— 6f. Lvs. .3—5'. Jn. t 

3 R. punctatum Andr. Lvs. elliptical, acute or acuminate, glabrous, the lower sur- 

face and dense corymbs covered with resinous dots ; fls. bell-funnel-form, pink-red. 

gieen-spotted within, the lobes wavy. Uplands, Car., Ga. 4— 6f. Lvs. 2—3'. Jn., Jl. t 

S. Chapmdnii, Lvs. oval-obovate, obtuse, small (1—2') ; sepals minute. W. Fla. 

4 Rt ma-Xiinum L. Lvs. obovate-oblong, acute, smooth, coriaceous, rusty beneath, 

revolute on the margin ; cal. lobes oval, obtuse ; cor. white to roseate, spotted with- 
in ; lobes unequal, roundish. Along streams, N. Eng. to Ga. 6— 20f. Splendid, t 

5 R. AKBOREuai. Lvs. lanceolate, silvery-spotted beneath ; cor. lobes crenulate and 

curled, white, buff, red, crimson, &c. ; calyx downy. Himmaleh Mts. 5— 20f. 

6 R. PoNTictjai. Lvs. lance-oblong, attenuated to each end, smooth, green both sides ; 

corolla bell-rotate ; calyx smooth. Asia Minor. Low bush, flowers broad (20, purple, 

18. RHODORA, Dunham. Cor. adnate to the 5-toothed calyx, deeply 
divided into 3 segments, upper one much the broadest, 2-3-lobed at the 
apex, in hud enfolding tlie 2 lower. Sta. 10, declinate, fil. unequal, anthers 
opening by 2 pores. Caps. 5-celled, S-valved. Cells many-seeded. ;^ 
With alternate leaves, and pale-purple flowers. April, May. 

R. Canadensis L.— Woods or swamps, N. Eng. to Penn. 2 — 3f. Fls. in terminal 
clusters, 1', appearing before the oblong leaves, which are downy-canescent beneath, 

19. BEJARIA, Mut. Fls. heptamerous. Calyx 7-toothed, campanu- 
late. Corolla of 7 distiuct petals. Sta. 14. Caps. 7-celled, 7 -valved, many- 
seeded. ^ With alternate, entire lvs., and fls. in dense, racemous panicles. 
R. racemosa Vent. Branches hispid and glutinous ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, glabrous ; 

racemes terminal, white. Sandy soils, Ga., Fla. 3 — 4f. June, July. 

20. LEDUM, L. Labrador Tea. Calyx minute, 4-toothed. Cor. 
S-petalled, spreading. Sta. 5 — 10, exserted, anthers opening by 2 terminal 
pores. Caps. 5-celled, opening at the base. +> Lvs. alternate, entire, fer- 
ruginous-tomentous beneath, coriaceous. Fls. in terminal corymbs, white. 
li. latifolinm Ait. Lvs. elliptic-oblong, strongly revolute at edge ; sta. 5 — 7, scarcely 

exserted. Motintains, Penn., to Greenland. 2 — 4f. May — July. 

21. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. Sand Myrtle. Calyx 5-parted. Pet. 
5, ovate-oblong, spreading. Sta. 10, exserted, anthers dehiscing by lateral 
clefts. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. ;^ Glabrous, with erect 
branches. Lvs. alternate, entire, oval, coriaceous, revolute-edged. Co- 
rymbs terminal. Flowers white. 

li. bnxifoliuiu Ell.— Pine-barrens, N. J. to Car. 8— 12f. Leaves shining. May. 

22. CLETHRA, Gaert. Sweet PEPPER-Busn. Cal. 5-parted, persist- 
ent. Pet. 5, distinct, obovate. Sta. 10, exserted, antn. inverted in the bud, 
at length erect. Style persistent, stigma 3 cleft. Caps. 3-celied, 3- valved 



Order 73.— ERICACE^. 205 

CO -seeded, enclosed by tlie calyx. +)^ Lvs. alternate, petiolate. Flowers 
white, in downy-canescent racemes. Bracts deciduous. 

1 C. ainifolia L. Lvs. cuneiform-obovate, acute, acuminately serrate, green on both 

sides, smooth or slightly pubescent beneath ; racemes terminal, elongated, simple or 
branched ; bracts subulate. Swamps, N. Eng. to Ga. 3— 8f. Fragrant. July, Aug. 
j3. tvmentbsa, Lvs. tomentous beneath ; spikes subpauicled ; fls. .S". S. Apr.-Jn. 
■y. scabra, Lvs. coarsely serrate, rough-downy both sides. Ga. (Bainbridge). Pet. 2". 

2 C. acuininsita Mx. Arborescent ; lvs. glabrous, glaucous beneath, oval, acuminate, 

abruptly acute at base, finely serrate, on slender petioles ; rac. terminal, solitary ; 
bracts long, caducous. Mts., Va., Ky., to Car. 10— ISf. Lvs. 4—6''. July, August. 

23. ELLIOTTIA, Muhl. Calyx small, 4-toothed. Corolla of 4 petals 
slightly cohering at base. Stamens 8, anth. sagittate. Style slender, with a 
capitate, undivided stig. Caps. 3-celled, 3-seeded. +) With virgate-branched, 
alternate, lanceolate, entire leaves, and terminal racemes of white flowers. 
E. racemosa Muhl.— Dry, rich soils, S. Ga. 4 — 8f. Racemes bractless. June. 

24. CYRILLA, L. Cal. 5-pai'ted, minute. Pet. 5, distinct, spreading. 
Sta. 5, anth. opening lengthwise. Style short, with 2 stig. Caps. 2-celled, 
2-seeded, indehiscent. Seeds suspended. J) Branches irregularly whorled, 
with entire, elliptic-oblanc. lvs., and the white fls. in slender clustered rac. 
C. racetniflora Walt.— Sandy swamps, S. 12— ISf. Lvs. 2—3'. Rac. 4— G''. Juno. 

25. MYLOCARIUM, Willd. Buckwheat Tree. Calyx 5-toothed, 
minute. Pet. 5, obovate, obtuse. Sta. 10, very short, fil. thickened below. 
Caps, corky, 2- or 3-winged, 3-cclled, with 3 subulate seeds. J) Very 
smooth, with branches irregularly whorled, elliptical leaves, and terminal 
racemes of white, fragrant flowers. 

OT. ligustramim Willd.— Borders of swamps, Ga. and Fla. 4— Sf. April, May. 

26. PYROIiA, Salisb. Wintergreen. Cal. 5-parted. Pet. 5, equal. 
Sta. 10, anth. large, pendulous, fixed by the apex, 2-horned at base, open- 
ing by 2 pores at top. Style thick, as if sheathed. Stig. 5, appearing as 
rays or tubercles. Caps. 5-celled, opening at the angles, many-seeded. U 
Low, scarcely shrubby, evergreen herbs. Lvs. radical or nearly so, entire. 
Scapes mostly racemous, from a decumbent stem or rhizome. Fig. 00. 

§ Stamens and style straight. Stigmas peltate, 5-rayed. June, July Noe. 1, '2 

§ Stamens ascending. Style declined and curved. Stigma 5-tuberclod. . . {i.x) 

a Leaves dull (not shining). Petals groenish-whito No^j. .3, 4 

a Leaves thick and shining. Flowers wiiile or rosc-colorod Nos. ."i. f! 

1 P. minor L. Lvs. round-ovato, ropauil-oronulate, longer than their petioles ; rac, 

spike-like; corolla globular, including the short style. Woods, N. II., and N. July 

2 P. sociiiida L. Lvs. broadly ovate, acute, subsorrato, longer than tlie petiole; r.'ic. 

socnnd; cor. oblong; style exserted. Woods. N. States. 5—^'. Lvs. near the baso. 
jS. puiuila (Paine). Lvs. nearly orbicular, thin ; scape 3-t)-tlo\vcrod 4— S' N Y. 

3 P. clilori'intliii Swartz. Lvs. orbicular, crenulato, shorter (D than the petiole; 

scnpo tall i^d-l'J'), fow-llowered ; segm. of the cal. very short, obtuse ; pet. half-opei;, 
oval, greenish; anth. conspicuously tubular. Woods. N. States and l\nn. June. July. 

4 P. elliptloji N. Leaves oval or elliptical, thin, longer than their petioles; soaiH» 

naked, (5-lO-tlowered ; sep. very short and obtuse; anth. pores blunt ; tls. tunldini;. 
fragrant. Woods, N. States and Can. 3 9'. Petioles white, .hme. July. 



206 Order 73.— EKICACE^. 

5 P. rotnndifolia L. Lvs. roand-ovate, shorter than the petiole, thick; scape H 

angled, bract ed below, 00-flowered ; sepals ovate, obtuse; anther pores distinctly 
tubular. "Woods, Can. to Car., and W. 8 — 14'. Flowers large. June, July. 
/3. tdig-in'osa, Lvs. dull, 1^', the stalk much longer ; sep. acute ; fls. smaller. 

6 P. asarifolia Ms. Lvs. round-reniform, thick, shining, shorter than the petiole; 

scape angular ; rac. lax, GO-flowered ; sepals lanceolate, acute; anther pores blunt. 
Old woods, N. States and Can. 6—1-2'. Flowers purple. June. 

27. CHIMAPHILA, Ph. Pipsissiwa. Cal. o-parted. Pet. 5, sprea l- 
irg. Stamens 10, fil. dilated in the middle, anth. cells produced into tubes, 
opening by a 2-lipped pore at apex. Style very short, tliick. Capsule 5- 
celled, opening from the summit. }j Small, glabrous. Leaves cauline, ser- 
rate, thick. Ped. scape-like. Flowers terminal, nodding, roseate. Fig. 25o. 

1 C. umbellata Nutt. Prince's Pine. Lvs. cuneate-lanceolate, shining, l-colored, 

serrate, in 4's — 6's ; umbel 4-7-flowered. Dry woods. 8—12'. July. 

2 C maculata Pursh. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, remotely ser- 

rate, discolored, opposite or in 3's ; ped. 2-3-flowered. Sandy woods. 6—8'. Jn.,Jl. 

28. MONESES, Salisb. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. 5-parted, rotate. Sta. 
10, regular, 2-spurred at base, opening by 2 tubular pores at apex. Style 
straight. Stig. 5-lobecl. Caps, o-valved, 5-celled, oo-seeded. % Low, sim- 
ple, smooth. Lys. at top of the stem, roundish, serrulate, petiolate, veiny. 
Peduncle terminal, longer than the stem. 

M, grandiflora Salisb.— Mossy woods, N. Eng.,N. Y. : rare (com. in Orcg.) 3'. Scape 
with a bract in the midst, and a single, terminal nodding white flower, 6" broad. Jn. 

29. SHORTIA, Gray. (This genus was founded upon an imperfect 
specimen in the Herbarium of Michaux, labelled, " High mountains of 
Carolina." It has never been seen in this country, but grows in Japan.) 

30 ? GALAX, L. Beetle-weed. Cal. of 5 distinct, persistent sepals. 
Cor. of 5 oblong-obovate, distinct petals. Fil. 10, united into a tube with 
as many teeth, those opposite the petals sterile. Anth. 5, 1-celled, open- 
ing across the top. Caps. 3-celled, Seeds go, enclosed in a loose, cellular 
testa. If Roots tufted, creeping, deep red, sending up roundish-cordate, 
'long-stalked, glabrous leaves and a scape bearing a dense raceme of white 
flowers. (Shortia and Galax have been lately referred to DJapensiace£E.) 
C. apliylla L.— Damp woods, Md. to Tenn., and S. Lvs. 2—3'. Scape 1— 2f. Jl., Aug. 

31. MONOTROPA. L. Indian Pipe. Pine Sap. Sep. 1—5, bract- 
like. Pet. 4 — 5, connivent in a bell-shaped corolla, gibbous at base. Sta. 
8 — 10, anthers opening transversely at apex. Stig. 5-rayed. Caps. 4r-l ■ 
celled, 4-5-valved. Seeds oo, minute. — Low, parasitic herbs, destitute oi 
green herbage, furnished with scale-like bracts instead of leaves. 

§ Sepals (or bracts) 1—3. Flowers solitary, scentless. Style very short No. 1 

§ Sepals 4 or 5. Flowers in a secund raceme, fragrant. Style long No. 3 

1 M. nniflora L. Indian Pipe. Bird' s-nest. St. short ; scales approximate ; fl. 

nodding; fr. erect. Common in woods. 6 — 8'. Plant whitish. June— Sept. 

2 M. Hypopitys L. Pine Sap. Bird' s-nest. More or less do'.vny ; pedicels as long 

as the flower ; caps, subglobous. Woods : com. 6—10'. Plant tawny. June — Aug 



Order 73.— ERIOACE^. 207 

32. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. Carolina Beech-drops. Calyx persist- 
ent, of 5 erect, ovate-acuminate sepals. Corolla persistent, campanulate, 
limb 5-lobecl. Sta. 10, anthers awnless, opening by pores at apex. Style 
thick, stig. large, 5-anglecl, caps. 5-celled, 5-valvecl. Seeds numerous, mi- 
nute. Plant leafless, brownish. Flowers subsessile, capitate, reddish- 
wliite, with the odor of the violet. 

S. odor^ta Ell.— Wood?, Md. to Car. 3—5'. Habit of Monotropa. February, March. 

33. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Albany Beech-drops. Calyx 5-parted. 
Cor. urceolate, roundish-ovoid, the limb 5-toothed and feflexed. Sta. 10, 
anthers peltate, 2-celled, 2-awned, opening lengthwise. Caps. 5-celled, 5- 
valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, winged at the apex. U Leafless, 
brownish-red, simple, viscid-woolly. Fls. racemed, white. 

J». Aiidroined^a Nutt.— Near Albany, N. Y. (A. Stores), N. aud W. : rare. 13—30'. 
Rac. erect, loose, with 40 or more drooping fls. resembling those of Andromeda. J\. 

Order LXXIV. AQUIFOLIACE^. Hollyworts. 

S7i7'2ibs or trees, with simple, coriaceous, exstipulate leaves. Flmcen 
small, axillary, sometimes dioecious. Sepals 4 — 6, imbricate in bud, ver}^ 
minute. Corolla regular, 4-G-cleft or parted, hypogynous, imbricate in 
aestivation. Stamens inserted into the very short tube of the corolla and 
alternate with its segments. Anthers adnate. Ovaries free from tlie calyx, 
2-6-celled, with a solitary, suspended ovule in each cell. Fniit drupa- 
ceous, with 2 — 6 stones or nucules. Albumen large, fleshy. 

§ ILabitnally tetramerous. Drupe with 4, bony, sulcate nutlets Tlkx. 1 

§ Habitually tetramerous. Drupe with 4, horny, smooth nutlets Nkmopantiiks . 

,s} Habitually hexamerous. Berry with 6 (7, 8) smooth, cartilaginous seeds Pki.nos. 3 

1. ILEX, L. Holly. Fls. 4- (rarely 5-) parted, mostly perfect, but many 
abortive. Calyx 4-toothed, persistent. Pet. 4, distinct or scarcely united 
at base. Sta. 4. Stig. 4, or united into one. Drupe red, with 4 bony nut- 
lets, ribbed and furrowed on the convex back. 5 5 t) Leaves alternate. 
Flowers small, white, lateral, single or clustered. 

* Trees evergreen. Leaves armed with spinous teeth No. \ 

* Shrubs evergreen. Loaves unarmed, serrate or entire No?. '2—4 

* Shrubs dcciduc us. Lvs. thin.— a Pedicels short as the petioles Nos. 5, 6 

—a Pcd. (the sterile) longer than petioles No. 7 

1 I. op ica Ait. Lvs. thick, smooth, oval, spinesccnt at apex, and with remote, ro- 

pand, spinescent teeth ; drupe ovoid, nutlets H-ribbed on the hack. Wood^, Mass 
to Qa. and La. 15 — ;^0f. A beautil\i] evergreen. Juno. 

/3. ittlf^ra, Lvs. entire, only a few of thoni l-^Moothod. Troo. S. 

2 I. I>a1tooii Walt. Downy, more or loss ; lvs. 2—3'. oblong \o iiMauooolate, tliiok, 

shining above, palo bont r.th, entire, acute or obtuse ; sterile pod. oo-th^wered, fertile 
few-tlowerod ; nutlets 3-ribbod. Swamps, Va., and S. 5— l'2f. ^L-jy. 

/3. lici-tiitlrina has narroAV, wedgo-lanceolato, acute, subserrato leave-*. South. 

3 I. myrlllolin Walt. Nearly smooth ; lvs. very small (.5— i>"\ oblong-linear, thick, 

serrulate when young, subsessile; pedicels l-9-!lowered. Pino-barron pond-*, Md. ti 
Fla. 12— 20f. Stems straggling, light gray. Very unlike No. '.\ May. 



208 Order 76.— STYRACACE^. 

4 I. Cassine Walt. Cassena Tea. Smooth ; Ivs. small (10—18"), elliptical, obtuse, 

crenate, thick, shining; ped. about 3-flowered. Coastward, S. : common. G — 15f, 
bushy. March, April. Was used as a tea by the Creek Indians. 

5 1* decid.ua Walt. Nearly smooth; Ivs. thin, 1—2', lance-ova', pointed, blunt-ser- 

fate ; ped. short as the petioles, the i clustered ; seeds obtusely ribbed. S. 6 — 9f. 
(3. urbana. Lvs. 2—3', oval, obtuse, tapering to the base. EL, and S. May. 

6 I. Amelanchier Curt. Leaves (variable) ovate, oblong to lanceolate, acute oi 

pointed, serrulate, thin, downy beneath ; ped. short as the petioles, $ clustered, $ 
solitary ; drupe red. Hills and mts., N. Y. to S. Car. (Prinos ambiguus Pli.) 

fi. moniicola. Lvs. large (3—5'), glabrous, the short ped. and cal. some downy. 

7 I. amtoagua Chapm. Lvs. oval or elliptical, acute (scarcely pointed), serrulate or 

nearly entire, smoothish ; $ ped. much longer than the pet., clustered, ? short, soli- 
tary. Wet grounds, S. 4— Sf. March, April. (Prinos ambiguus Mx.) 

2. NEMOPANTHES, Raf. Parts of tlie flower in 4's or 5's. Calyx 
very small. Petals linear-oblong, shorter than the stamens. Stig. sessile 
Drupe globular, red, with 4, rarely 5, smooth, horny nutlets (seeds). '^ 
Lvs. entire, smooth, thin. Fls. white, small, on slender pedicels, S ^ ^ . 
N. Canadensis DC— N. Eng. to Mich. Shrub 4— 6f. Lvs. 2'. Ped. 9— 12^ May, Jn. 

3. PRINOS, L. Winter-berry. Fls. small, habitually 6-parted and 
perfect, but often fruitless. Calyx 6-cleft. Cor. monopetalous, subrotate, 
6-parted. Sta. 6 (in the sterile flowers rarely fewer, in the fertile rarely 
more). Berry 6-seeded, seeds with a smooth, cartilaginous testa. +> +) 
With alternate lvs., small white fls., and red or black berries. (See Addenda.) 

% Leaves deciduous, thin. Berries red. (No. 3a, p. 446, and") Nos. 1—3 

§ Leaves evergreen, thick, shining. Berries black Nos. 4, 5 

1 P. verticillatiis L. Black Alder. Lvs. oblanceolate or elliptical, acuminate, mu- 

cronate-serrate, small ; pedicels shorter than the petioles ; berries scarlet, in close 
bunches as if veriicillate, all Winter. Low woods. 8f. Leaves 1—iy. July. 

2 ^. lanceolatus Ph. Lvs. lanceolate, long-acuminate, sharp-serrate, glab., 1 — 3' ; 

fls. subsessile, the sterile 3-androus ; berries large, red. Swamp?, S. (Dr. J. Hale.) 

3 P. Isevigatiis Ph. Lea-s cs lanceolate, appressed-serrulate, glabrous, shining above, 

short-acuminate ; ped. longer than the pet., in 2's or 3's, Swamps, Can. to Ya. 7f. Jn. 

4 I*. glal>ei* L. Ink Ber7y. Lvs. coriaceous, cuneate-lanceolate, glabrous, serrate at 

the end ; ped. longer than the pet., 1-3-flowered. Swamps, Ms. to La. 3 — 4f. Jn., Jl. 

5 P. coriaceus Ph. Lvs. thick, obovate, serrate at the end, glabrous, shining ; fls. 

all solitary, on very short peduncles, 6-8-parted. Woods, S. 4 — 6f. Lvs. 2'. May. 

Order LXXVI. STYRACACE^. 

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple leaves, destitute of stipules. Flow- 
ers or racemes solitary, axillary, bracteate. Calyx 5-, rarely 4-lobed Corolla 
5-, rarely 4- or 6-lobed, imbricated in bud. Stamens definite or oo, unequal 
in length, usually cohering. Anthers innate, 2-celled. Ovaries adherent, 
2-5-celled, the partitions sometimes hardly reaching the centre. Fridt 
drupaceous, generally with but one fertile cell. Seeds 5 — 1. 

Tribe I. SYMPLOCINEjE. Calyx 5-cleft. Anth. 00. innate, globular. Fls. yellow Symplocos. 1 

Tkibe II. STYRACEjE. Calyx mostly truncate. Anthers 8—12, linear-oblong, adnate. 

Flowers white, — a 5-parted. Fruit wingless, 1-seeded Sttrax. 2 

—a 4-parted. Fruit winged, 2- or 3-seeded Halksia. S 



Order 77.— EBENACEiE. 209 

1. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-partecl, spreading. Sta. 
QO , in 5 clusters, one attached to the base of eacii petal. Fil. slender. Antli. 
globular. Ovary 3-celled, half-adherent. Drupe dry, with a 3-celled, mostly 
1-seeded nut. J) J) With clusters or racemes of small yellow flowers. 

S. ftinctoria L'Her. Lvs. oval or elliptical, acumiuate, acnte at base, thick ; fls, ses- 
sile, in axillary, dense clusters of 6— 12 ; calyx lobes ovate, obtuse. Va., and S. 10 — 20f. 
Drupe ovoid, (y'\ The dried leaves dye yellow. March, April. 

2. STYRAX, Tourn. Cor. deeply 5-parted, much longer than the cam- 
panulate calyx, Sta. 10, joined to the base of the corolla, fil. united into 
a short tube at base. Anth. linear, erect. Ov. adlierent at base. Fr. cori- 
aceous, 1-celled, mostly 1-seeded. +) With alternate leaves and axillary 
racemes of white, drooping, showy flowers. March — May. 

1 S, pulveruleiita Mx. Pulverulent-downy; lvs. broadly oval, obtuse, <?landular- 

serrulate ; fls. axillaiy and terminal. Va. to Fla. 2— 3f. Petals 6". 

2 S. Americitiia Lam. Plant glabrous ; lvs. oblong or elliptical, acute at each end ; 

rac. leafy, x"ew-flowered, cor. often downy. Swamps, Va., and S. 4— Sf. 

3 S. grandifolia Ait. Lvs. ample, broadly obovate, acute or short-acuminate, hoary- 

tomentous beneath ; racemes leafless, longer than the leaves. Va. to Fla. 6— 12f. 
\ 

3. HALESIA, Ellis. Snowdrop Tree. Cal. obconic, briefly 4-lobed. 

Cor. inserted into the calyx, campanulate with a narrow base, 4-parted. 
Sta. 8 — 12, connate into a tube below. Sty. filiform. Fr. dry, 2-4-wiuged. 
Sds. 1 — 3. ;5 h Lvs. alternate, abi'uptly acuminate, finely denticulate or 
entire Flowers in advance of the leaves, pendulous, in lateral clusters 
of 3 — 5, white, shoAvy. 

1 H. tetraptera L. Lvs. oblong-ovate ; fls. G" long ; pet. half-united ; stam. 12 ; fr. 

equally 4-winged. Woods, Va. to Ky., and S. Shrub ID— 20f. April. 

2 H. diptora L. Lvs. oblong-ovate; fls. P long ; pet. slightly united ; stam. S; fruit 

2-winged. Woods, S. Tree 15— 30f, often 50f. Lvs. C. Pods near 2'. April, Mav. 

Order LXXVII. EBENACE^. Eijonads. 

Trees or shrubs without milky juice and with a heavy wood. Le(Xi^s al 
ternate, exstipulate, coriaceous, entire. Inflorescence axillary. Flowers by 
abortion dioecious, seldom perfect. Calt/.v free, 3-G-cleft, divisions nearly 
equal, persistent. Corolla regular, 3-G-ck'ft, often pubescent, imbricate in 
iTDstivation. Stamens twice or 4 times as many as tlie lobes of the corolla. 
Fruit a fleshy, oval, or globous berry. Seeds large, susi)ended, albuminous. 

DIOSPYROS, DaU^scli. Persimmon. Fls. .< 5^ . Cow tubular or cam- 
panulate, convolute in bud. .^ Sta. mostly 115. V\\. shorUn- than the 
imthers. Style 0. v' Sta. mostly 8, without amhors. Style 2-l-clol1. 
Uerry ovoitl or globous. I-12-, mostly 8-eelled, cells 1-seeded. ^ ^^ A 
large genus, mostly tropical. 

1>. Virginia iia L. Lvs. cUiptio, abruptly acuminato, ontiro: raoonn-e a\rn.sry. ;m. 
Uoworod, pedicels shorter than the flowers ; calyx 4-prtrted ; stanuin* S. Wv>o»ls. b^t 
42°, and S. 10— SOf Herry large ae a plum, swoot atter tVost. 

14 



210 Order 81.— PRIMULACE^. 

Order LXXVIII. SAPOTACE^. So.vpworts. 

Trees, or slirubs, mostly with a milkY juice, and simple, entire leaves, 
Flmcers small, regular, perfect, mostly in axillaiy clusters. Calyx free, per- 
sistent Corolla hypogynous, sliort, stamens usually as many as its lobes 
and opposite to them, inserted into its tube along ^vith one or more rows 
or appendages. AntJiers extrorse. Ovai-y 4-12-celled, with a single ana- 
tropous ovule m each cell. Seeds large. (Included Theophrastacege.) 

• Corolla &-8-cleft, with a pair of appenda-es at each sinus. S. Fla Mimcsops Si-beri DC. 

• CoroUa 5-cleft.— a with a single appendage at each sinus. S. Fla Sideroxylon pallidum Jq. 

—a with a pair of, kc.—b Sterile stamens fringed, S. Fla. . .Dipholis saU i/oJia X. DC. 
— h Sterile stamens entire Bcmelia. 1 

BUMELIA, Swartz. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-cleft, with a pair of ap- 
pendages between the lobes. Sta. 5, opposite the lobes, alternate with 5 
petalokl, sterile stamens. Ov. o-celled. Sty. filiform. Drupe ellipsoid, 1- 
seeded, exalbuminous. t) 5 ^ood hard and firm. Lvs. entire, of a firm 
texture. Fls. aggregated, white oi greenish. Our species are all more or 
less spiny, and with ver}' tough twigs. 

* Leaves hairy -beneath Nos. 1, 2. ** Leaves glabrous hoth sides. . ..Nos. 3, 4 

1 B. tenaxWilld. Silky-ferrnginous : ivs. wedge-oblong to obovate, obtuse ; clusters 

•iO-35-flwd.. with slender pedicels; drupe oval, corrugated. Sands, S. 20— 80f. Jn.,Jl. 

2 B. lanuginosa Pers. Woolly-ferruginous : lvs. oval, acutish. thin; fascicles 6-12^ 

flwd.. with short pedicels ; drupe globular. Damp. S. 111., and S. 8— 12f. June, Jl. 

3 B. lycioides Gaert. Lvs. wedge-elliptical, rather acute; clusters densely 20-.30-flwd., 

ped. shorter than petioles (2-3"). Damp. Ky., and S. 15-25f. Branches ^irgate. May. 

4 B. reclinata Vent. Lvs. obovate. obtuse, small (9— 12'0 ; clusteis 15-20-flwd. : ped. 

slender, half as long as the leaf. River banks, S. Car. to Fla. A straggling shrub. Jn.,Jl. 

Order LXXXI. PRBIULACE^. Primworts. 

Herls low, with the leaves mostly radical or mostly opposite. Flowers 
5- (rarely 4-6-) parted, regular and monopetalous. Stamens 5,. inserted on 
the corolla tube and opposite to its lobes. Ovary 1-celled, with a free cen- 
tral placenta. Style 1. Stigma 1. CapsuU 1-celled, ao-seeded. Seeds with 
lieshy albumen. Figs. 22, 133, 249. 

§ Ovary half-inferior. Capsule opening by valves. Leaves undi%nded. (Tribe IV.) 
§ Ovary superior.—* Capsule opening by valves. Leaves pectinate. (Tribe L) 
— * Capsule opening by valves. Leaves undivided. (Tribe IL) 
— * Capsule opening by a lid. Leaves undivided. (Tribe III.) 

L HOTTOXIE-E. Corolla salver-form. Plants floating. Leaves verticillate. .. .HoTTO>nA. 1 

li. PKIMULE.E.— a Acaulescent.— 6 Corolla limb spreading, tube cylindrical. ...Priuula. 2 

—6 Corolla limb spreading, tube ovoid Axdrosace. 3 

—b CoroUa lobes reflexed.— c Stam. exserted. .Dodecatheon. 4 

— c Stam. included. . . Ctclamex. 5 

— o Caulescent.— cZ Corolla wanting. Leaves opposite Glaux. 6 

—d Corolla 7-parted. Leaves in one vrhorl Trientalis. i 

—d Cor. 5- or 6-parted. Lvs. opp. or whorled Ltsimachia. S 

m. AN.^GALLIDEiE.-^s Flowers 5-parted, scariet. Leaves opposite Axagallk. 9 

—e Flowers i-parted, white ? Leaves scattered CEXTUXCULtJS. jO 

rV. SAMOLE.E. Flowers 5-parteiL Leaves altenuite Samolus. 1) 



Ordeb 81.— PRIMULACE^. 211 

1. HOTTONIA, L. Water-feather. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. sa.-ver- 
form, with a short tube, and a flat, 5-lobed lunb. Sta. inserted in the tube 
of the corolla, included. Stig. globous. Caps, globous-acuminate. .CX' ix 
Fleshy, with pectinate-pinnatifid, submersed, radical leaves. 

H. inflata Ell. St. immersed, with a whorl of Ivs. (1-20 ^t or near the surface; scapes 
cluptered. jointed, hollow, ?— 10', bearing several whorls of small white fls. Pools, 
N. and S April— June. Curions. 

2. PRIMULA, L. Primrose. Auricula. Cal. angular, 5-cleft. Cor. 
salver-shaped or often rather funnel-shaped, with 5 entire or notched or 
hitid lobes. Sta. included, fil. very short. Caps, ovoid, 5-valved, valves 
often bifid, opening at the top, Qo-seeded. — Herbs with the leaves all radi- 
cal and flowers in an involucrate umbel, often showy. 

♦ Native, wild species. Corolla salver-form, the lobes abruptly spreading. . .Nos. 1, 2 

♦ Exotic— (2 Corolla salver-form, the lobes abruptly spreading Nos. .3, 4 

— a Corolla funnel-form.— 6 Leaves rugous, hairy, toothed Nos. 5. 6 

— b Leaves plain, smooth, often entire Nos. 7, 8 

1 P. Mistassinica Mx. Lvs. spatulate, dent-crenate, green both sides ; invol. 1-S- 
flwd., i as long as pedicels ; cor. lobes obcordate, tube much exserted. Lake shores, 
Vt. (Willoughby) N. Y. (Seneca), and N. 3—7'. Fls. 5" broad, white. Ju. Delicate. 
3 P. farinosa L. Bird's-eye P. Lvs. lance-elliptic, obtuse, dentic. at apex, whitish- 
mealy beneath, as well as the 3-20 flwd. invol. ; cor. pale-purple, with a yellow centre, 
its lobes bifid Lake shores, Mich., Me. (A. II. Smith), and N. — 12'. June, July. 

3 P. GRANDiFLORA. Commoa P. Lvs. obovate-oblong ; umb. radical ; cor. limb flat, yel- 

low, varying to all shades of orange, and red, to white, single or double. Europe. 

4 P. PURPUREA. Lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, yellowish-mealy beneath ; scape longer than 

the leaves ; invol. GO-flwd., as long as the pedicels ; lobes entire, dark-purple. Nepal. 

5 P. OFFICINALIS. Coivslip P. Lvs. oblong, hairy beneath ; fls. all nodding ; cal. angu 

lar ; cor, concave. Endless varieties are raised from the seed. Europe. (P. veris.) 

6 P. ELATioR. Ox-lip P. Lvs. hairy both sides; outer fls. nodding; cor. flat. Eur. If. Yel. 

7 P. Auricula. Lvs. obovate, fleshy ; scape QO-flowered, as long as the leaves ; bracts 

short; calyx powdery. Alps. The varieties are innumerable and beautiful. 

8 P. CALYciNA. Leaves lanceolate, entire, acute, edged with white ; invol. 3-5-flwd., as 

long as the pedicels ; cal, tube inflated ; corolla lobes emarginate, Austria. Purple. 

3. ANDROSACE, Tourn. Cal, 5-cleft or toothed. Cor. funnel-fonn 
or salver-forni, the 5 lobes entire, tube constricted at the throat, ovate 
shorter than the calyx. Fil. and style very short. Caps. gl«)l)()us. ^liiuite 
caispitous herbs, with radical, rosulate leaves. (Scape bearing an unibol.) 

A. occidciitailit^ Ph. Lvs. oblong-spat ulate and ovate, entire, glabrous; scape oc- 
flowered ; bracts oval, pedicels slender ; calyx angular, segments longer than tli« 
small white corolla, (i) (Jraveliy shores. 111., and \V. 1 — 3'. 

4. DODECATHEON, L. Amkuican Cowsmp. V\\\in: of Ouio. 
Cal. 5-parted, reflexed. Cor. tube very short, limb 5-partod, si>g:u. irlU'\(>il. 
S'a. 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla. Fil. very sliort. Amh. lai-ge, 
acute, connivent at apex. Style exserted. (.'aps. ol)long-ovoid. .l-valved, 
00 -seeded. V Hoot tlbrous, with radical, oblong leaves, an erect, simple 
scape, and a tt-rmiiial umbel of nodding white flowers aiul erect tVuit. 

D. J?Ioa<IIa L.— Ohio, IVnn. to Cal. ! common in prairies. Whole plant ;:labr\iu?. 1 —Of 
scape '.) 20-floworod, usually abou! *•' fluworoil. Singnlnrly olegHut, May. Juno. 



212 Ordek 81.— PRIMULACE^. 

5. CYCLAMEN, L. Cal bell-shaped, 5 -parted. Corolla tube ovate, 
short, limb 5-parted, reflexed. Antli. 5, included, sessile. Caps, globous^ 
5-valved. — Oriental herbs. Root a large tuber. Leaves all radical, ovate or 
roundish, cordate. Scapes naked, erect, with one nodding flower, but in 
fruit coiling up and hiding the capsule in the ground. 

1 C. Europium. Lvs. crenate ; petals lance-ovate, fragrant, roseate. Europe. 

2 C. CouM. Lvs. entire ; petals round-ovate, inodorous, purple. Asia Minor. 

6. GLAUZ, L. Black Saltwort. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, col- 
ored. Corolla none. Sta. 5. Caps, roundish , surrounded by the calyx, 5- 
valved, 5-seeded. U Maritime, branching, glabrous, with opposite leaves 
and small, axillary, solitary flowers. 

G. maritima L.— Salt marshes, Can. to N. J. Plant fleshy, branching, leafy, 4 — 6' ; lvs. 
i-ouud-ovate, obtuse, entire, darkly glaucous ; calyx reddish-white. July. 

7. TRIENTALIS, L. Chickweed-Wlntergiieen. Cal. and cor. 7- 
(6-8-) parted, spreading. Sta. 7 (6 — 8). Fruit capsular, somewhat fleshy. 
GO -seeded. 24 St. low, simple. Lvs. subverticillate. Pedicels 1 -flowered. 
T, America.na Ph. St. erect, simple, leafless at base ; lvs. glomerate at top of the 

stem, few, narrow-lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate ; sepals linear, acuminate. Rocky 
woods : com. 3 — 6'. Pedicels 1 — 4, filiform ; corolla white, starlike, Q''. May, June. 

8. LYSIMACHIA, L. Loose-strife. Fls. 5-(rarely 6- or 7-) parted. 
Cor. wheel-shaped, the petals nearly or quite distinct. Sta. 5, on the base 
of the corolla. Fil. often somewhat connate or with intervening, sterile 
ones. Capsules globous, 5-10-valved, opening at the apex. Seeds few or 
many, li With opposite or verticillate enthe leaves. (Flowers yellow.) 

§ Petals 5—7, distinct, dotted, with 5 — 7 intervening teeth. (Naumbergia) No. 1 

§ Petals 5, united at base, that is, monopetalous. . . (a) 

a Sterile filaments 0, the perfect stamens monadelphous ...(e) 

a Sterile filaments 5 short teeth alternate with the perfect stamens. . .(oT) 

c Flowers whorled, in a long, terminal, bracted raceme Nos. Si, o 

c Flowers not racemed— axillary or paniculate Nos. 4 — 6 

d Leaves acute at base, tapering to the short petiole Nos. 7, 8 

d Leaves rounded or abrupt at base, long-petioled Nos. 9, 10 

1 li. tliyrsiflora L. St. simple: lvs. dotted, linear-elliptical, pointed, sessile; thyr- 

soid racemes from the middle axils pedunculate, shorter than the leaves ; pet. linear, 
brown-dotted. Meadows, N. Eng. to O., and N. 2f. June. (Naumbergia C-B.) 

2 li. str icta Ait. Lvs. opposite, rarely in -S's, lanceolate to lance-linear, acute, sessile, 

dotted ; axils producing bulblets after flowering; fls. whorled, in a long, open, termi- 
nal raceme, yellow, with puiple streaks. Low grounds. 1 — 2f. July. 

^. ansrusfifolfa (^Chapm.) Lvs. veiy narrow, obtuse ; petals acute. South. 

3 Li. Herbemonti EU. St. simple: lvs. whorled in 4's or S's, ovate to lance-ovate, 

pointed, sessile, rcvolute at edge, dotted ; fls. racemed, dotted. Carolina : i-are. 2f. 

4 L. Fr seri Duby. Glandular-downy at top; lvs. opposite, ovate or ovate-cordate, 

pointed, petiolate, dotted; fls. in a terminal panicle; sep. fringed. S. Car. (Eraser). 

5 Li. quadrifolia L. Erect, simple; lvs. in whorls of 4's (rarely 5" s or 3' s), lanceo- 

late, pointed, sessile, dotted; ped. slender, solitary in each axil; pet. oval, obtuse. 
Damp shades. Can. to Car. and Ky. IS'. Corolla yellow, with purple lines. June. 

6 li, iimiiiuula.ria L. Moneywort. Trailing, weak; lvs. roundish, subcordate, oit 

short petioles, opposite, dotless ; fls. solitaiy, large, show}"^ Fields and gardens. § 



Order 82.— PLANTAGINACEiE. 213 

7 Li„ loiigltolia Ph. St. slender, flexuous, 4-aDgled; Ivs. linear, sliiuiuj,', revolute at 

edge ; fl!>. large, in pairs or 4's, terminal on the stem or short branches ; petals broad? 
ovate, erose-dentate ; anthers large. Low prairies. W. and S. If— 20'. July. 
8. tenuis. Leaves lance-linear, flat, edges not revolute. Miss, and La. 

8 li. lanceolata Walt. St. angular above; leaves lance-oblong, acute at each end, 

subsessile, veiny, ciliate at base ; ped. solitary, axillary. Meadows. 12 — 18'. July. 
j3. heteropliylla. Lower Ivs. oval or oblong, petiolate ; flowers at the summit. 

9 Li. ciliata L. St. erect, 4-angled ; Ivs. opposite, ovate to lance-ovate, rounded al 

base, petioles distinct, ciliate ; flowers nodding, mostly opposite, in the upper axils, 

large (1') ; stamens distinct. Thickets, along streams. 2— 3f. Often branched. Jl. 

/3. fottsa. Pet. entire, destitute of cilite ; Ivs. and fls. smaller. Mts., Ky., Tenn. 

10 li. radicans Ifook. St. square, long, trailing, rooting at the joints ; br. slender; 
Ivs. lance-ovate, acute, on long pet. ; fls. small (4'0. Swamps, Va., and S. 2 — 4f. Jl. 

9. ANAGALLIS, L. Scablet Pimpernel. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. 
rotate, deeply 5-parted, tube 0. Sta. 5, hairy, antli. introrse. Caps, globu- 
lar, tliin, opening all around (pyxis). — Herbs with square stems and oppo- 
site or whorled entire leaves. Pedicels axillary, solitary. Fig. 249. 

A . arvensis L. Procumbent ; Ivs. broad-ovate, sessile, shorter (6 — lO'O than the curved 
ped. ; sepals lance-linear, as long as the roundish crenate-glandular, red petals, (i) 
Fields, waysides. The flowers (sometimes blue. Dr. Buel) close at 2 r. m., or on the 
approach of foul weather ; hence called the Poor Man's Weafher-r/lass. 

10. CENTUNCULUS, L. False Pimpernel. Cal. 4-parted. Cor. 
urceolate-rotate, 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx. Sta. 4, beardless, united 
jit base. Capsules globous, circumscissile. Seeds very minute, (i) Very 
diminutive, with alternate Ivs. Fls. axillary, solitary, subsessile, white? 

C minimus L. St. ascending, branched; leaves subsessile, oval, obtuse, entire, the 
lower opposite ; Sep. linear-subulate. Wet, 111., and S. 1— G'. April — July. 
/ ^^ 

11. SAMOLUS, L. Water Pimpernel. Calyx partly adherent, 5- 

cleft. Corolla salver-form, 5-cleft. Sta. 5, alternating with 5 scales (sterile 
filaments). Caps, dehiscent at top by 5 valves, man3'-secded. — Herbs witli 
alternate Ivs. Flowers corymbous or racenious. May — Aug. Figs. 22, 133. 

1 S. Valerandl L. (S. floribundus K.) St. simple or branched ; Ivs. obtuse, wedge-. 

oval, the lower petiolate ; fls. in a raceme or panicle of racemes, pedicels with a mi 
nute bract near the middle ; petals longer than the sepals. Wet gravels. 6 — 12'. 

2 S. obracto.ltiis Kunth. Erect, leafy below ; Ivs. obovate-spatulate ; fls. racemed, 

ped. bractless ; cor. white. 3 times longer than the calyx QV). Marshes. F1.1., and W. 

Order LXXXII. PLANTAGINACE/E. Ru; worts. 

Jlerbft rarcl}'- shrubby, with radical leaves and the tlowers in spikes on 
fsf^ipes. Flowers Mt>gular, tetranu>rous. Stamcm 4 — 2, alternate with the 
lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube. Anthers \QYS'\{\\Q,fiUxmerU$ 
usually slender and exserted. 7'>///Y a membranous pyxis, with 1, 2, or 
many albuminous seeds. 

PLANTAGO, \i. Plantain. Kjuwokt. Sep. 4, meinbranous, per- 
sistent. Cor. lunb 4-toothed, spreading, iHM'sisteut on the fruit. Stamens 
4 (rarely 2). the long, sh^idcn- lilanunits exserted, or in siune of the lis. in 



214 Order 83.— PLUMBAGINACExE. 

eluded. Ovary 2-(4-) celled. Pyxis membranous, opening below the middle 
by a lid, wben the loose dissepiment falls out with the seeds. — Herbs acaii- 
lescent, Fls. small, whitish, in a slender spike raised on a scape, 

§ Flowers uniform ; stamens exserted in all of them., .(a) 

§ Flowers dimorphous, the anthers included in most of them. . .(b) 

a Seeds 7— 16. Leaves broadly ovate, 7-veined. Spike dense No. 1 

a Seeds 4 only. Leaves oblong or cordate, 3- "-veined Nos. 2, 3 

a Seeds 2 only. Leaves lanceolate. Scape tall. May— October "Nos. 4, 5 

a Seeds 2 or 4. Leaves linear, fleshy No. 6' 

b Corolla lobes permanently spreading. Seeds 2, concave Nos. 7, 8 

b Corolla lobes closing, and erect on the fruit. Summer Nos. 9—11 

i P. major L. Common P. Leaves ovate, some toothed, smoothish, palmately 7- 
vemed, ample ; spikes 1— 2f high. ii Door-yards : common. Long white elastic 
fibres are drawn from the veins when the leaf is plucked. 
H P. liainptscliatiea Cham. Leaves elliptic- oblong, obtuse, 3-5-veined ; spikes 
loose-flowered; bracts acute, shorter than the sepals. Ala. (P. Rugelii C-B.) 

3 P. cordata Lam. Lvs. ovate, cordate or very abrupt at base, obscarely toothed, 

subpinnately 5-7-veined ; fls. loosely spicate, larger than in No. 1 ; the bracts ovate, 
obtuse. '^. Along streams, Can. Wis., and S. As large as P. major. June, Jaly. 

4 P. lasiceol Ata L. Lvs. lanceolate, pointed at each end ; scape angular, longer than 

the leaves ; spike dense, ovate or cylindric, brown, if Meadows, 1 — 2f. 

5 P. sparsiflora Mx. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, pointed each way ; scape terete, 

longer than the leaves ; spike long, loose, interrupted. S. and S-W. 6 — IS', 

6 Pe maritima L. /3. juncoides. Leaves linear, glabrous, fleshy, nearly as long a3 

the slender scape ; spike loose, bracts roundish. Coast, N. J., and N, 4 — 12'. 

7 P. aristata Mx. Lvs. linear, woolly at base, smoothish above ; scape longer; spike 

dense ; bracts long, rigid, awn-like ip") ; petals round-cordate, spreading, conspicuous ; 
seeds 2, boat-shaped. Prairies, 111. 6—10'. June, July. (P. Patagonica, j8. (Gray.)) 

8 P. gnaplialoides L. White-woolly; lvs. oblong to linear; spike dense, exceed 

ing the lvs. ; bracts deltoid, not exceeding the calyx. Wis. to Tex. 3—6'. June, Jl. 

9 P. "Virginica L. Hoary pubescent ; lvs. elliptical, 3-5-veined; scapes and spikea 

elongated, dense-flowered ; cor. closed on the pod, erect ; seeds rarely more than 2 ; 
bracts shorter than the cal. @ Dry hills and rocks, Conn., W. and S. 5—10'. May— Sept. 

10 P. lieteropliylla N. Lvs. linear, entire, or some of them with a ieyv slendei 
teeth ; ped. many, as long as the leaves ; spikes loose ; pod conoid, twice longer than, 
the calyx, crowned with the closed cor., 10-24-seeded. @ Wet, Penn., and S. 4 — 8', 

IIP. pusilla N. Thinly pubescent; lvs. filiform-linear, shorter than the capillary, 
few-flowered scapes ; pod crested, longer than the calyx, 4-seeded. (i) Conn. (Mr. 
Bowles), W. and S. 1—3'. Seeds oblong. May— July. 

Order LXXXIII. PLUMBAGK^ACE^. Leadworts. 

Herhs or undershrubs with the leaves alternate or all clustered at the 
root. Flowers regular. Calyx tubular, S-toothed, plaited, persistent. Co- 
rolla hypocrateriform, of 5 petals united at base, or sometimes almost dis- 
tinct. Stamens 5, hypogynous and opposite the petals, or inserted on their 
claws. Ovary 1-celled, free from the calyx. Styles 5 (seldom 3 or 4), Fruii 
a utricle, or dehiscent by valves, containing 1 anatropous seed, 

I. STATICEiE. Styles distinct, at least above. Utricle not valvate. Leaves radical. ..(a) 

11 PLUMBAGINE^. Style 1, with 5 stigmas. Pod siibvalvate. Leaves cauline...(o). PLaMBAGO. 3 
a Stigmas filiform. Styles glabrous. Scape branching Statice. 1 

• a Stigmas filiform. Styles plumous. Scape capitate AKMERTi. 2 



Order 84.— LENTIBULACE^. 215 

1. STATICE, L. Marsh Kosemary. Calyx funnel-form, limb sca- 
rious, 5-nerved, 5-parted. Pet. scarcely united at base. Fil. 5, adnate to 
the very base of the corolla. Ovary crowned vv^ith the 5 glabrous, filiform 
styles, utricle opening crosswise. U Herbs with the scape branching, the 
flowers 3-bracted, sessile on the 3-bracted branchlet. 

S. liimouiuiu L. Very smooth. Ltaves oblong to oblancelate, acute, tipped with 3 
bristle, long-stalked ; scapes terete, corymbous-paniculate ; fis. separate or in pairs, 
on the upper side of the branchlets, blue-purple. Marshes. 6 — 12'. July— October. 

\ 

2. ARMERIA, Willd. Thrift. Flowers collected in a dense head. 

Invol. 3- to many-leaved. Cal. tubular-campanulate, 5-angled, with 5 shal- 
low lobes, scarious and plaited. Pet., sta., etc., as in Statice. if. Lvs. radi- 
cal, mostly linear. Scape simple, appendaged above with a sheath. 

1 A. TULGAEis. Scape terete, smooth; lvs. linear, flat, obtuse ; oute. bracts of the in- 

vol. ovate-acute ; fls. rose-colored. Sea-coast, Oreg., &c. If. June— August. 

2 A. LATiFOLiA. Scape solitary, tall ; lvs. broad-oblong, 5-7-veined ; flowers rose-red , 

bracts cusp-poiuled, scarious. Portugal. 1— ^f. June — August. 

\ 

3. PLUMBAGO, Tourn. Leadwort. Cal. 5-lobed. Corolla salver- 
form, tube longer than calyx, limb twisted in a3stivation. Anth. 5, linear 
Stig. 5, fill form. Utricle membrauous, mucrouate with the persistent style. 
+) '4 Flowers cyanic, numerous through the season. 

1 P. Capensis. Shrubby; lvs. oblong, entire, white-scaly beneath ; fls. in short termi- 

nal spikes, pale blue, the tube 1' or more iu length. S. Africa. 2 — If. Hardy S. 

2 P. ctEiiULEA. Herbaceous ; lvs. acuminate; fls. iu loose spikes, blue. (5". U S. Am. 

3 P. cocciNEA. Herb tall ; lvs. oblong, large ; spikes long, loose ; fls. scar. 1—2'. Imlia 



Order LXXXIV. LENTIBULACE.E. Butterworts. 

Herbs small, growing in water or wet places, with showy, bilabiate fls. 
on scapes. Cdlt/.v inferior, of 2 or 3 sepals. Corolla irregular, bilabiate, 
personate, spurred. iStame)is2, included within the corolla and inserted on 
its upper lip. Anthers 1-celled. Ovarij 1-celled, with a free, central pla- 
centa, JSti/le 1. /Stignia ck^ft. Fruit, capsule many-seeded. JSceds minute. 
Embryo straight, with no albumciu. Fig. 399. 

§ In wet, mcky pliu-es. Leiivcs broad, entire. Oorolln throiit open riNiiVHTH. 1 

§ In water, (loiitiiij:;. Leaves dissoeteil. Corolla throat closed I'tuul lakia. 2 

1. PINGUICULA, L. BuTTERWORT. Cal. 5-parted, somewhat bila- 
biate. Cor. bilabiate, ringent, upper lip bifid, lower trifid, spurred at bast) 
beneath. Sta. 2, very short. Stig. sessile, 3-lobed. Caps, erect. Sils. oo. 
U Lvs. radical, rosulate, entire, greasy to the touch. Scapes 1-flowered, 
nodding. JMarch — i^Lay. 

* Corollas blue, purple, or white, lobes vory nnoi|iial Xos. 1 — i 

* Corollas yi'Uow, the lobes nearly equal No. 4 

1 P. vuly,arls L. Scape and calyx n little downy; oor. lips vorv unoqual, lobo* ob- 

fuse, ontire ; spur cylindrical, straighlish. N. Y. ^^rare">, and N. (> — 8'. Cor. 1 louif. 

2 P. olatior Mx. Lvs ovate to spatulate ; swipes villou>» near the base ; cal. ^landu- 



216 Order 84.— LENTIBULxlCE^. 

]ar ; corolla lobes obtuse, 2-lobulate ; spur half as long as the tube, blunt. S. Car. to 
Fla. Scape very slender, 8—12' high, Lvs. 1' or less. Fls. 1''. (P. australis N.) 

3 P. piiHaila Mx. Lvs. glabrous, roundish-ovate ; corolla tube oblong, lobes emargi- 

nate ; spur acute, nearly as long as tube. Ga., Fla. 2—4'. Fls. 4—5'' long. 

4 P« liitea Walt. Lvs. elliptic to obovate ; cor. bell-shaped, nearly regular, the lobes 

sinuate-dentate ; spur slender, i as long as corolla. S. 5 — 8'. Fls. 9" broad. 

2. UTRICULARIA, L. Bladderwort. Cal. 2-parted, lips subequal. 
Cor. irregularly bilabiate, personate, spurred. Stamens 2. Stig. bilabiate. 
Caps, globular, 1-celled. ^ Loosely floating, or fixed in tlie mud. Lvs. 
radical, multifid or linear and entire, mostly furnished with little inflated 
utricles (whence the name) as buoys. Scape erect. June — Sept. Fig. 399. 

§ Floating. Scape involucrats with a whorl of large inflated petioles No. 1 

§ Floating. Scape naked, branches bearing bulblots and bladders. . .(a) 
§ Stems creeping and rooting in mud, with few or no air-bladders ... (6) 

a Flowers purple. Branches whorled, submersed No. 2 

a Flowers yellow.— c Bladders borne on the capillaceous leaves.. .{(I) 

— c Bladders and leaves borne on separate branches. . . . . .Nos. 3, 4 

d Spur acute or retuse, about as long as the lips Nos. 5 — 7 

d Spur obtuse, short.— e Fls. of 2 kinds, the lipless down on the stems No. 8 

— e Fls. of 1 kind only, all on the scapes Nos. 9 — 11 

b Spur appressed to and scarcely equalling the lower lip of the corolla Nos. 12, 13 

b Spur remote from the corolla, slender, acute Nos. 14, 15 

1 U, iuflAta Walt. Upper lvs. in a whorl of 5 or 6 at the surface of the water ; pet, 

and midvein inflated, lower lvs. capillaceous, dissected, submerged; scape 4-5-flwd. 
li In ponds and ditches. Ehi/50me or stem long. Scape 8'. Fls. 8" broad, yellow, 
upper lip rounded, entire, lower lip 3-lobed. August. 

2 XJ. purpurea Walt. Leaves all submersed, fibrinous, whorled on the long stem; 

scape assurgent, 2-3-flowered ; lower lip 3-lobed, bisaccate, longer than the conical 
spur beneath it. (i) Ponds. Scape 3—5'. l-'lowers 6" broad, violet-purple. 

3 U. intermedia Hayne. Lvs. 2-ranked, crowded, 4—5 times forked, divisions lin- 

ear-subulate, ciliate-denticulate, rigid, 2 — 3" long ; bladders all on leafless branches ; 
scape 2-3-flowered ; spur conical, acute ; corolla 6—8". © Pools, Pa., and N. 6—8', 

4 U. Robbinsii Wood. Leaves alternate, 3 — 4 times forked, divisions flaccid, linear- 

capillary, entire, S — 12" long ; bladders all on leafless branches ; scape taU (8 — 13'), 
4r-7-flowered ; spur fusiform ; corolla 4— 5". ©Mass. (Dr. Robbins.) 

5 U. striata Le Conte. Lvs. 3^-furcate, divisions capillary ; scape 2-6-flowered, 8 — 

12' ; fls. 6", on slender pedicels, lips subequal, S-lobed, the upper striate with red, 
concave, the lower as long as the obtuse, notched spur, (i) L. I. to Fla. 

6 U. loiigirostris Ell. Lvs. 2-3-furcate, with setaceous segments ; scape 1-3-flow- 

ered (3 — 4') ; lower lip entire, shorter than the subulate spur. South. 

7 U. biflora Lam. Lvs. capillary, root-like, bearit^ numerous bladders ; scape 2—5', 

2-flowered ; spur obtuse, notched, equalling the lower lips. W. and S, 

8 U. clandestina N. Lvs. capillaceous-multifld, scattered, bladder-bearing ; scape 

slender, 3 — 4', 2-3-flwd., seldom seen ; cor. 5", spur shorter than the 6-lobed lower lip ; 
ped. down on the stems 1', with 1 apetalous flower. 71 Ponds, Mass. to N. J. and Pa. 

9 U. gibba L. Minute, with hair-like leaves and few utricles ; scape 1-2-flwd., naked 

(2 — 3') ; corolla spur blunt {gibbous) and short, lips many-lobed. li R. I. to Car. 

10 \j, vulgaris L. Lvs. capillaceous-multifld, fibrinous ; sc. scaly, .5-12-flwd., 6 — 12'; 
spur conical, shorter than the closed lips (3 — 4"), divergent ; fr. nodding. ii Ponds. 

11 U. minor L. Lvs. short, several limes forked; sc. 3-6-flwd., 4 — 7' ; cor. ringent, 
spur blunt, deflexed, much shorter than the obovate, flat lower lip ; fr. nodding. '4., 

12 U. bipartita Ell. Lvs. flbrillous-multifid ; sc. 1-3-flwd., 2—3' ; cal. lower lip 2- 
parted : spur obtuse, half as long as the entire lower lip. Soft mud. South. 



Order 85.— OROBANCHACE^. 217 

13 U. subulata L. Minute, creeping; Ivs. few, linear, entire, obtuse ; sc. few, 1-5- 
flwd., 3', with ovate bracts ; spur acute, appressed to the lower 3-lobcd lip. Springs, 

14 U. resupiiiAta Green. Rooting; Ivs. linear-capillaceous, erect, undivided (1'); 
scapes 00, simple, l-fl<vd., 1-bracted (3—60 ; spur ascending, remote from and shorter 
than the erect lips of tho light-inirple corolla (which is 4"). Muddy shores, N. Eng. 

15 II. cornuta Mx. Scape rooting, tall (9—12'), scaly, 2-5-flwd. ; Ivs. fugacious orO; 
flowers subsessile, palate very prominent ; spur subulate, decurved away from tho 
erect tube and limb. Mud or shallow pools. Flowers large, yellow. 



Order LXXXV. OROBANCHACE^. Broom-rapes. 

Ilerhs fleshy, leafless, growing parasitically upon the roots of other plants. 
Calyx 4-5-toothed, inferior, persistent. Corolla irregular, persistent, imbri- 
cate in aestivation. Stamens 4, clidynamous. Anthers 2-celled, cells dis- 
tinct, parallel, often bearded, at base. Ovary 1-celled, free from the calyx, 
with 2 or 4 parietal placentae. Capsule enclosed within the withered co- 
rolla, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds very numerous and minute, with albumen. 

» Flowers polygamous, on spicato branches, sterile above, fertile below Epiphf.gcs. 1 

* Flowers perfect,— a in one dense spike. Calyx split in front Co.vopholis. 2 

— a in one dense spike. Calyx 5-toothed Phelip.«a. 3 

—a solitary on long peduncles or scapes Aphyllox. 4 

1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. Beechdrops. ^ 5 $ Upper fls. complete, 
but sterile, with a tubular, curved, 2-lipped cor. barely including the sta- 
mens. Lower fls. 9 , with a short, 4-toothed cor. and imperfect stamens. 
Caps. 2-valved, with 2 placentae on each valve. — A smooth, dull-red, leaf- 
less, branching plant, with sessile flowers all along the branches. 

E. Virgiiiiana Bart.— In beech-woods : common. If. Fls. brownish, 5". Aug., Sept. 

2. CONOPHOLIS, Wallroth. Sqdaw-root. Fls. 5 , crowded in a 
thick, scaly spike. Cal. with 2 bractlcts at base, 4-tootlicd, split down in 
front. Cor. ringent, upper lip arched, notched, lower 3-lobcd. Sta. ex- 
serted. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved, with 2 placentas on each valve. — Stem 
simple, thick, short, covered with scales, the flowers in the upper axils. 

C. Americana Wal.— In old woods: com. 4-7' high, and V thick, palo-yollowish. Jl. 

3. PHELIPJGA, Tourn. Broom-rape. Fls. 5^ , si^iked or racemed. 
Cal. 2-bracted at base, 4-5-cleft. Cor. 2-lipped, including the stam. Caps. 
1-celled, 2-valved, with 2 placentae on each valve. — Stem thick, scaly. 

P. liiKlovioiaiia Don. Clandular-puboscont ; stem thick, short; epiko donso ; cal. 
6-cleft; cor. funnel-form, lips eubeqnal ; bracts ovate, obtuso. Alluvion, 111. 

4. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Naked Buoom-r.vpe. Fls. ^ , si>litary, on 
long, bractless ped. or scapes. Cal. .l-cletY. Cor. tube elongated, curved, 
limb spreading, subequally H-lobed. Anthers iuehided. Capsule with \ 
plaeenta\— Plants glandular-pubescent. Stem nearly subterraneous. 

1 A. unillorn T. & O. IVd. /// pairs, simple, naked, oaoh l-lhvd. Woods aiul thick- 

ots. 1\m1. l 5', sonpe-like, purplish-yellow, like tho noddius: llowors. Juno. 

2 A. raN4>l<-iilata T. & (^l. Stem i— ;>' hij^h, bonrinj; f;)<7/jj/ peduncles ft\»m near t»io 

sumndt, caoli with few scales and 1 purple tlowcr. Mich., and \V. 4--«)'. Mixy. 



218 Order 86.— BIGKONIAOE^. 



Order LXXXVI. BIGNONIACE^. Trumpet-flowers. 

Trees^ shrubs, or lierhs, often climbing, with opposite, exstipulate leaves, 
and large, sliowy, monopetalons, irregular, 5-parted flowers. Stamens 2 
or 4, often with 1 or 3 sterile rudiments. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-car- 
pelled. Style 1. Stirma divided. Capsule woody, 2-valved, with few or 
many large seeds. Figs. 30, 31, 95, 199, 445. 

§ Plants woody, with the leaves mostly opposite, and the flat seeds winged. . .(I.) 
§ Plants herbaceous, leaves all simple, some alternate. Seeds wingless.. .(II.) 

I, BIGNONIADS. — Trees, with simple leaves, and long, eylindric pods Catalp^. t 

— Shrubs climbing. Leaves compound (binate). Calyx truncate... Bignonia. 2 

— Shrubs climbing. Leaves pinnate. Calyx 5-toothed Tecoma. 3 

— Half-shrubby climbers (exotic). Lvs. compd. (bipinnate). . .Eccremocarpus. 4 

TI. SESAMEyE.— Coarse, clammy herbs, the fleshy pods 2-horned Martynia. 5 

— Smoothish, erect. Pods dry, 4-celled, not beaked Ses amum. 6 

1. OATALPA, Scop. Catalpa. Cal. 2-parted. Cor. campanulate, 4- 
or 5-cleft, the tube inflated. Sta. 2 fertile, 2 or 3 sterile. Stig. 2-lipped. 
Caps. 2-celled, long, eylindric ^ Lvs. opposite or in 3's, simple, petiolate. 
Flowers in large, showy, terminal panicles, May — July. Figs, 30 -1, 445. 

1 C bignonioides Walt. Lvs. ample, thin, cordate-ovate, lustrous above, dowsy 

beneath, long-petioled ; fls. in erect, pyramidal panicles, large, irregularly bell-shaped, 
white, with yellow and violet spots. A beautiful tree 30 — 50f. Native and cultivated. 

2 C Kempferi. Lvs. smaller, entire or lobed, glabrous both sides ; fls. smaller. Japan. 

2. BIGNONIA, Touru. Cal. margin nearly entire. Cor. somewhat bi- 
labiate, 5-cleft, bell-funnel-shaped. Sta. didynamous, 4 fertile, 1 a sterile 
filament. Caps, long and narrow, valves flat or scarcely convex, parallel 
with the partition, b 5 ^ Often with tendrils. 

1 B. capreolata L. Climbing, smooth ; leaves binate, consisting of a pair of ever 

green, cordate-lanceolate leaflets and a branching tendril between them ; fls. axillary, 
near 2', red-yellow ; pod 6—7' long. Woods, S. 50f. Very slender. March— May. 

2 B. Tt\-eediaxa. With yellow fls. 2', in panicles ; cal. bilabiate. From Buenos Ayres. 

3. TEOOMA, Juss. Trthmpet-floweti. Cal. campanulate, 5-toothed. 
Cor. tube short, throat dilated, limb 5-lobed, subequal, Sta. 4, didynamous, 
with the rudiment of a fifth, anther-cells 2, diverging. Caps. 2-celled, 2- 
valved, the valves contrary to the partition. Seeds winged. 5 5"^ ^ys. 
opposite, odd-pinnate in the following. 

1 T. radicans Juss. Climbing by radicating tendrils ; Ifts. 4 or 5 pairs, ovate, den- 

tate-serrate, pointed; corolla thrice longer than the calyx ; stam. included. Wood-*, 
thickets, Penn., S. and W. 20— 80f. Fls. red, 2' long. June— Aug. Very showy. 

2 T. Capensis. Climbing ; Ifts. broad-ovate, crenate-serrate ; cor. long, trumpet-shaped, 

incurved, stam. and stvle exserted. S. Afr. Flowers corymbed, 2' long, orange. 

3 T. GRANDiFLoRA. Climbing ; Ifts. lance-ovate, pointed, dent-serrate ; cor. scarcely 

longer than the 5-toothed calyx (30, scarlet. China and Japan. 

4 T", JASMINOIDES. Climbing ; Ifts. ovate, shining, entire ; pan. terminal ; cor. trum- 

pet-shaped, white, roseate in the throat. Australia. Common in greenhouses. 

4. ECCREMOCARPUS, R & P. Calyx acutely 5-cleft, broader and 
much shorter than the tubular corolla, whose lobes are 5, rounded, reflexed. 



Order 87.— GESNERIACE^. 219 

Sta. 4, included. Caps. 1-cclled, 2-vaived, valves placentiferous in the mid 
die. Half-slirubby climbers, from S. Am. Tender. (Calampelis, Don.) 

1 E. scABER. Lvs. bipinnate ; cor. tube inflated above the calyx, scarlet, drooping-, 1'. 

2 E. LONGiFLORA. Lvs. tripinnate ; cor. tube cylindric, curved, yellow, 3', drooping. 

5. MARTYNIA, L. Unicorn Plant. Cal. S-cleft, bracteolate at base. 
Cor. campanulate, tube gibbous at base, limb 5-lobcd, unequal. Sta. 5, one 
rudimentary and sterila, four didynamous. Caps, coriaceous, ligneous, 4- 
celled, 2-valved, eacli valve terminating in a long, hooked beak, (i) Chiefly 
southern, branching, viscid-hairy, sti'ong-scented. Flowers large. 

1 Ifl. proboscsdea Glox. Branches mostly decumbent ; lvs. cordate, entire, round- 

ish, villous, upper ones alternate ; lis. on long, axillary peduncles ; beaks 2 (when the 
valves separate), hooked ; corolla dull yellowish. Fields, thickets, S. and W. 2f. Jn. 

2 M. FRAGRANS. Lvs. roundish-3-lobed, sinuate-dentate ; raceme few-flowered ; corolla 

purple, yellow inside, fragrant ; beaks shorter than the pod. Mexico. 
6 M. LU-TEA, with large yellow funnel-form corollas, is from Brazil. 

6. SESAMUM, L. Oil-seed. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. campanulate, 3- 
cleft, the lower lobes the longest. Sta. 4, didynamous. Stig. lanceolate. 
Caps. 2-celled, the cells divided by the inflexed edges of the valves, (i) 
E. India. Leaves petiolate, the lower opposite, upper alternate. 

S. Indicuin DC. Lvs. lance-ovate, lower ones 3-lobed, upper ones undivided, serrate : 
flowers axillary, sessile, pale purple. Fields and gardens. Seeds ricli in oil. § 

Order LXXXVII. GESNERIACE.E. Cesnerworts. 

I'ropical pliDits, somewhat fleshy, with opposite or radical leaves, no stip- 
ules, and showy, somewhat irregular flowers. Cdly.v half adherent to the 
ovary (in the following genera), 5-i)arted. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed, imbri- 
cated in bud. Stamens 2 or 4, didynamous, with a rudiment. Style 1. 
Fruit a capsule nearly free, 1-celled, Avilh 2 double, many-seeded placent£B. 

Corolla tube bell-fonn, cciiially tumid at base, limb obliqno Gesxeria, 1 

Corolla bell-fniiuel-form, fiibbous at basi>, limb sliort Gloxinia. 2 

Corolla salver-form, suboqunl, limb (lat-sinoadinu; Achimkxes. S 

1. GESNERIA, T.. if AVith tuberous roots and toothed leaves. Sta. 
4, with a rudinu'iu, anlhers cohering at first. Brazil. 

1 G. LiNDLEYi. Lvs. opi)osite, ovato-oblong, rugous; flowers in a terminal raoenio ; 

corolla 18", scarlet or red, the limb very short. Bra/.il. 

2 <J. DouoLASii. Leaves whorled, ovale, pubescent, with the numerous rod-yo]lo\T 

flowers in their a.xils.— The species are many aud much mixed. 

2. GLOXINIA, i;i[(M-. lias oIUmi rndicMl leaves (or with very short 
stems), crcuaU", and large axiHarv ov radical th)wers. Stamens 4, with a 
fitYh rudiincMit, an(ln>rs eoluMing. l>ra/.i!. 

Cr. SPKoiosA. Loaves oval-oblong, on long nulieal petioles; pod. subnulioal. 1-flow- 
ereil ; corolla bell-shaped. U', violet, varying to white. 

3. ACHIMENES, \\\\ Krect, downy herlvs, with scaly buds. Antii. 
4, s(^paratv, the nulinient on the base of the corolla. 



220 Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 

1 A. LONsirx.orvA. Leaves oblong, pointed at both ends, serrate ; coroira -violet-purple 

15^' ; calyx 4—5", pedicel still shorter, 1-flowered, axillary. Mexico. 

2 A. cocoiNEA. Leaves ovate, acuminate ; corolla scarlet, 10", calyx 5^', the pedicei 

longer, axillary, erect, with the flower nodding. Jamaica. 



Order LXXXVIII. SCROPHULARIACE^. Figworts. 

Serbs cliiefly, witliout fragrance, tlie leaves and inflorescence Tarious. 
jF;s.irreg.,5-(rarely 4-)parted,did7namous ordiandrous (rarely pentandrous). 
Calyx free from tlie ovaiy, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, imbricated 
in bud. Stamens inserted in the tube of tlie corolla, 1 or 3 of them usually 
rudimentary. Ocary free, 2-celled, with 1 style, a 2-lobed stigma, and be- 
coming in fruit a 2-celled, oo-seeded capsule, with axile placentae and al- 
buminous seeds. Figs. 70, 108, 134, 167, 434, 502. 

1 Leaves alternate for opposite, and the corolla spurred or saccate behind) ... (2) 
1 Leaves opposite, and the corolla lower lip an inflated sac. (Tribe 2.^ 
1 Leaves opposite, and the corolla not spurred nor saccate... f5) 

2 Inflorescence compound, centrifugal or terminal. Exotics. Tribe l...(a;) 
2 Inflorescence simple, centripetal or axilla-ry. . .(3) 

3 Stamens 5. Corolla large, rotate, more or less irregular. Tribe 3. . .(a) 
3 Stamens 4 or 2. Corolla minute, 4- or 5-lobed. Littie herbs. Tribe 7. . .(A-) 
3 Stamens 4. Corolla large, upper lip exterior in the bud. Tribe 4. ..(b) 
3 Stamens 4 or 2. Corolla lower lip exterior in the bud. . .(4) 

4 Corolla bell- or thimble-shaped, oblique, lobes spreading. Tribe 8. ..(m) 
4 Corolla bilabiate, upper lip vaulted and arched. Tribe 12... (p) 
5 Stamens 2, exserted. Corolla rotate or salver-form. (Tribe 9.) 

5 Stamens 2 (rarely 3), included. Corolla tubular, labiate, rotate, &c. Tribe 6. . .(/) 

6 Stamens 4, perfect,—* the oth a large, conspicuous rudin^ent. Tribe 5...(c) 

— * the 5th a minute rudiment, or none. . .(8) 
8 Inflorescence compound, in cymes or panicles. Tribe 5. . . (d) 

8 Inflorescence simple. — + Corolla wheel-shaped, largest lobe upward. Tribe 3. ..(a) 
— t Corolla salver-form, lobes about equal. (Tribe 10.) 
— t Corolla bell-sliaped, not helmeted. Tribe 11. . (n) 
— + Corolla bilabiate, not helmeted. Tribe 6. . . (£) 
— t Corolla bilabiate and helmeted. Tribe 12. . . (}) 
L SALPIGLOSSlDEiE. (Corolla in bud plicate at the clefts. InScrescence cyraous.) 

Tribe 1. Salpiglossie,5:.—x Stamens 2. Corolla deeply many-cleft Schizanthus. 1 

— X Stamens 4.—?/ Corolla tubular-funnel-form Salpiglossis. 2 

— ;/ Cor. salver-form. Anth. unlike Browallia. 3 

—;/ Cor. salver-form. Anth. all alike. .Brunfelsia. 4 
II. ANTIRIIHINIDE.E. (Corolla in bud imbricate, the upper lip covering the lower.) 

Tribe 2. Calceolarie^. Flowers in cymes, very showy, cultivated Calceolaria. fi 

Tribe 3. Verbasce^.— a Stamens b, corolla not inverted, subregular Verbascum. 6 

— a Stamens 4. Cor. inverted on the twisted pedicels Aloxsoa. 7 

Tkibe 4. A>'tirrhi>"e^. — Corolla spurred. Pod opens by valves Nemesia. 8 

— ?) Corolla spurred. Pod opens by pores Linaria. 9 

—6 Corolla saccate at base, throat closed Antirrhinum. 10 

— h Corolla throat open, naked inside. Climbers Maurandia. 11 

—b Corolla throat open, with 2 hairy lines. Climbers. .Lophospermum 12 

TbibkS. Chelone^.—c Sterile filament a scale. Flowers small, lurid Scuophularia. 13 

—c Sterile filament shorter than the rest. Seeds winged.. .Chklone. 14 

— c Sterile filament equalling the rest. Seeds wingless Pextstemon. 15 

—d iferbs. Corolla labiate, blue and white .Collinsia. 16 

—d Shrubs slender. Corolla tube straight Russelia. 17 

—d Shrubs erect. Corolla tube incurved PBYGEi-njs, 13 

—d Trees. Corolla blue, tubular-beli-form Paulownia. 19 

Taibx 6. Gratiole^.— € Calyx 5-angled. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed, large Mimulcs. 2fi 

—e Calyx 5-angled. Corolla oblique, 4-lobed, barge Torexia. 2J 



Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 221 

— e Calyx 5-parted, equal. Leaves many-cleft Conobe-4. 22 

— e Calyx 5-parted, unequal. Leaves undivided Hkepkstis. 23 

— f Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filamenti short, or Gratiola. 24 

-—/Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filanaenta exeerted Iltsanthes 25 

—/ Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 2. Flowers minute Micranthemum. 26 

—/Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 3. Flowers small. S...Hydranthelidm.27 
III. RHINANTHIDEjE. (Corolla in bud imbricate, the lower or lateral lobes exterior.) 

Tribe 7. Sibthorpe^.—Z; Stamens 2. Corolla 4-cleft Amphianthps. 23 

— /.; Stamens 4. Corolla 5-clef t Limosella. 29 

TribbS. DiGiTALE^E.—m Stamens 2. Calyx 4-parted. Flowers small Synthiris. 30 

— m Stamens 4. Calyx 5-parted. Flowers large Digiatlis. 31 

Tribe 9. Veronice.'e.— Stamens divergent. Upper leaves often alternate Veronica. 32 

Tribe 10. Buchnere^. — Stamens approximate by pairs. Upper Ivs. altern Buchnera. 33 

Tribe 11. GERARDiE.ffi.—n Stamens long-exserted. Corolla tubular Macraxthera. 34 

— n Stamens short. — o Cor. yellow, tube short as limb. . .Seymeria. 3.5 

— o Corolla yellow, tube elongated Dasysto.ma. 36 

— o Cor. purple. Lvs. very slender. . .Gerardia. 37 

Tribe 12. Euphrasies.— p Anther-cells unequal, separated Castilleja. 38 

— p Anther-cells equal. — r Calyx 10-ribbed Schwalbea. 33 

— r Calyx not ribbed Pedicularis. 40 

— (7 Calyx inflated. Seeds many, winged Rhinanthus. 41 

— q Calyx not inflated.— s Seeds many, wingless. . . Euphrasia. 42 

—s Seeds 1 — 4, oblong Melampyrum. 43 

1. SOHIZANTHUS, R. & P. Cut-flower. Cor. irregular, the upper 
lip 5-cleft, external in OBstivation, lower raucli smaller, 3-partecl. Fil. 4, 2 
of them sterile. Capsules 2-celled. (i) Chili. Leaves pinnatifid, alternate. 
Cymes supra-axillary. 

S. PiNNATUs. Lvs. once or twice pinnatisected ; cor. eegm. longer than tube, the middle 
segni. of the posterior lip 2-lobcd and hood-like ; stara. exserted. 1 — 2f. Fls. delicate 
and handsome, 1' broad, purple and yellow, with a dark spot in the midst. Aug. — Oct. 

2. SALPIGLOSSIS, R. & P. Trumpet-tongue. Corolla obliqucly 
tubular-funnel-form, with an ample throat, lobes all emarginate. Sta. 4, 
fertile, with a short rudiment. Style trumpet-shaped at apex and incurved. 
Capsules oblong, valves bifid. Ji Cliili. Resembles Petunia. 

S. siNUATA. Annual in our gardens, 1— 2f, weak, viscid-downy. Leaves elliptic-oblong, 
sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid. Fls. 14^' long, very showy, dark-purplo, striped, &c. 

3. BROWALLIA, L. Cor. salver-form, with a long tube, and oblique, 
5-lobed limb. Antli. of the two posterior stamens halved, sub-1-cellcd. 
Lobes of the stigma broad, divaricate. Caps, membranous, valves bifid. — 
S. American herbs, with alternate, entire leaves and cyanic flowers. 

1 B. iiKMissA (also clata). Leaves petiolatc, ovate ; lower fls. axillary, upper racomed ; 
calyx hairy ; cor. tube (>", limb T, blue or violet, varying to wh. if) I— 2f. Summer. 

4. BRUNFELSIA, S\v. Corolla salver-lonn, with a long tube, and a 
broad r)-lobed limb. Sta. 4, all equal. Style incurvetl at apex. stig. of 2 
broad lobes. Caps, coriaceous, valves entire. — S. American shrubs, with 
altennvte, entire leaves and large blue flowers. (Franeisea, Pohl.") 

1 n. HoiMt.\NA. Lvs. obovato to ovate ; lis. solitary ; oor. tube little exooodiJiL: the OiU., 

lobes rounaed, suboqual, violet, blue, or white, 1' broad. ."If. ^luoh branched. 

2 B. liXTiFoi.iA. Loaves elliptic to oblong; Us. in loose cvines ; cor. tube thrice long*-,? 

than the calyx", and longer than the llinh (t'V Leaves :i -5' Ion-:, shining abv>ve. 



222 Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 

5. CALCEOLARIA, L. Slipper-flower. Calyx 4-ppatecl, valvate 
in bud. Cor. tube very short, limb 2-lobed, lobes entire, concave or spur- 
like, the lower inflated. Sta. 2, lateral, with no rudiments. Caps, ovoid 
conical, valves bifid. — S. American and New-Zealand herbs or shrubs, 
with opposite or whorled leaves and very curious flowers, of all colors, 
endlessly varied in cultivation. 

§ Leaves pinnatisect. Anther cells separated, one empty. Annual No. 1 

§ Leaves ovate to lanceolate. Fls. corymbous. Anth. cells contiguous Nos. 2—4 

1 C. piNNATA. Eough-downy, weak, If, the lower lip orbicular, pale-yelloAV. 

2 C CORTMBOSA. Ercct ; lower lip broad-ovate, obtuse, open beyond the middle, ylw. 

3 C. CRENATiFLORA. Villous ; lower lip hanging, large, obovate, 3-furrowed, spotted, ylw. 

4 C. iNTEGRiFOLiA. Viscid ; lower lip orbicular, little longer than the upper, scarcely 

contracted at the base ; upper lip twice longer than the calyx. Shrub. 2 — 3f. 

6. VERBASOUM, L. Mullein. Cor. rotate, 5-lobed, unequal. Sta. 
5, declinate, all perfect. Caps, ovoid-globous, 2-valved. (D Rarely U or 
suffruticous. Leaves alternate. Flowers in spikes or paniculate racemes. 
June — August. Fig. 434, 

§ Leaves decurrent on the stem. Flowers in a long, thick spike, yellow No. 1 

§ Leaves not decurrent. — a Flowers in racemes, white, yellow or purple Nos. 2, 3 

—a Flowers paniculate, white or yellow Nos. 4, 5 

1 V. Thapsus L. Common Mullein. Leaves decurrent, densely tomentous on both 
sides ; rac. spiked, dense ; 3 of the sta. downy, 2 of them smooth. @ Fields, way- 
sides. 3— of. Almost never branched, woolly all over. Flowers numerous. § 

5 V. Blatt^ria L. Moth Mullein. Lvs. clasping, oblong, smooth, serrate; ped. 1- 

flwd., solitary, racemous ; filaments all bearing violet wool. ® Waste grounds, way- 
sides. 3f. Flowers 1', white or yellow. Stem often branched. 

3 V. Phceniceum. Leaves mostly radical, ovate to oblong, petiolate, smooth above, 

downy beneath ; racemes rarely branched ; flowers violet to red. (2) Eur. 3f. 

4 V, liyclmitis L. White Mullein. Whitish tomentous ; st. angular ; leaves green 

above, the lower petiolate ; fls. in loose fascicles, forming a pyramidal panicle ; fil. all 
white-woolly. @ Sandy fields, N. Y. to Ga. : rare. Flowers pale yellow. § Eur. 

5 V. PULVERULENT UM. Clothed in cottony, deciduous tomentum ; lvs. tomentous both 

sides, ovate-oblong ; fls. numerous, yellow, in a large panicle. (2) Eur. 

7. ALONSOA, R. & P. Cor. resupinate by the twisted pedicel, rotate, 
5-cleft, lobes very obtuse, unequal. Sta. 4, short, declinate. Caps, obtuse, 
flattened, septicidal. — S. American, very branching herbs, with opposite 
leaves, square branches, and terminal racemes of scarlet flowers. 

1 A. iNcisiEiaoLiA. Leaves lance-ovate, incisely serrate, petiolate ; cor. V or less wide, 
3 — 4 times longer than the calyx. (T) All Summer. From Chili. 

8. NBMESIA, Vent. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, saccate or 
spuired behind, upper lip 4-lobed, lower entire. Sta. 4, lower pair circum- 
flexed at base. Caps, compressed, with 2 keeled valves, and winged seeds, 
(D S. Africa, "vs. opposite. Fls. solitary and axillary, or racemed. 

1 N, VERSICOLOR. Lvs. ovatc to lanceolate and linear, entire or toothed ; cor. lobes ob 

long, all subequal (4—5"), spur 4''', incurved, acute. 3f. Blue-white. 
a N. FLORiBUNDA, has ovatc leaves, an obtuse spur, and white-yellow flowers. 

9. LINARIA, Juss. Toad-flax. Calyx o-parted. Corolla personate, 



Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACEtE. 223 

upper lip bifid, reflexed, lower 3-cleft, throat closed by the prominent pal- 
ate, tube inflated, with a spur behind. Caps. 2-celled, bursting below the 
summit. — Herbs. Lower leaves generally opposite, upper alternate. Fls. 
solitaiy, axillary, often forming terminal, leafy racemes. Fig. 70. 

* stems prostrate, creeping. Leaves broad, reniform or hastate. Eur Nos. 1, 2 

* Stems erect, with narrow leaves, mostly scattered Nos. 3 — 5 

* Stems erect, with broad lanceolate leaves, all verticillate No. 6 

1 Li, Cyiubalaria, Lvs. palmate-veined, reniform, 5-7-lobed, mostly alternate ; fls. 

axillary, small, yellow, spur shorter than tube, u Smooth, delicate. 

2 li. Elatine L. Hairy; lvs. feather-veined, hastate, entire, alteniate ; ped. solitary, 

long ; cor. yellow and purple. (I) Fields. 1— 2f. Very slender. § Eur. July. 

3 li. Canadensis Dumont. Lvs. scattered, erect, linear, obtuse; fls. racemed; st. 

simple ; scions procumbent ; fls. blue. (I) Fields, waysides. 6—12'. Very slender. 
Flowers small, in a loose raceme. Spur filiform, long, short, or 0. June— Sept. 

4 lit vulgaris Mill. Common Toad-flax. Leaves linear-lanceolate, crowded ; spikes 

terminal ; fls. dense, imbricate ; cal. smooth, shorter than the spur, ii Meadows, way- 
sides. 1— 2f. Very leafy, with showy rac. of yellow and orange fls. Jl., Aug. § Enr. 
j3. JPeloria, Corolla with .3—5 spurs, and a regular border of 3—5 lobes, with 5 
stamens. Penn. (Dr. Darlington). Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (Mr. W. R. Gerard). 

5 li. BiPARTiTA. Erect ; lvs. linear, alternate ; ped. much longer than the lance-linear, 

scarious-edged sepals ; cor. 8— 10'^ violet, the palate orange. 

6 li. TBioRNiTHoPHORUM. Three Bivds. Smooth, glaucous; leaves in 3"s and -i's ; fls, 

whorled, each resembling 3 little birds. 2(; Eur. 2— 3f. Curious. 

10. ANTIRRHINUM, L. Snap-dragon. Calyx 5-scpallcd. Corolla 
gibbous (not spurred) at base of tube, throat closed Q^ersonate) by tlie 
prominent palate, upper lip bifid, reflexed, lower trifid. Sta. 4. Capsules 
opening by 2 or 3 pores, as in Linaria. — Herbs, European, &c., with the 
lower leaves opposite, the upper alternate. Flowers axillary, large, ra- 
cemed above. Fig. 502. 

1 A. MAJUS. Erect ; leaves lanceolate ; fls. evidently racemed ; sep. hairy, shorter than 

the cor. tube ; cor. pink, purple, or scarlet, mouth yellow. U 18'. Fls. V. Summer. 

2 A. Or6ntium. Low, spreading; lvs. oblong-lanceolate; fls. smaller than iu A. majna 

(6'0i the sepals equalling the cor., which is rose or white, with purp. spots. (J) Sura. 

11. MAURANDIA, Ort. Calyx 5-partcd. Cor. bilabiate, tube scarcely 
gibbous at l)ase, throat oinni, with 2 prominent glabrous Iblds, upper lip of 
2 rounded lobes, lowc,r of ;>. Sta. 4. Caps, oblique, opening by ehiuks 
beloAV the apex, if ]\Iexic;in, climbing and twining, with largo jnirple 
flowers all SuiunuM-. 

1 Iff. ANTiKuniNiiM.O)KA. Loavos mostly triangiilar-h.".state ; Us. glabrous. 1', tubo somo 

gibbous at Imse, throat i)artly dosed hy tlie i)romii\ent liairy palate. lOf. 

2 I?!. sKMiMCKFLOHKNs. Lvs. ciinlatehaslate. Mugular ; calyx glabrous; cor. liolMorm, 

not gibbous (throat open\ 1^' long. p;»h' violet or n>so-coliuvd. lOf. 

3 I?I. Bauci.avana. LoMves luoadly triaiigular-conlate or hastate; calyx clothed with 

long glandular liairs ; ror. iioar 'i' long, very obli«|ue, purple, throat open. lOf. 

12. liOPHOSPERMUM, Poti. CoiH^lla ttibidar-campanidate, limb 5- 
lobed, subtvgiilar, Ihfoat opcMi, brtwoen two hairy liju\^. Caps, globular 
Bced^: wiiiii'ed. Otherwisi^ as iu M-uiraudia. Fiir. 10(>. 



I 



224 Order 88.— SCROPHULAKIACE^, 

1 li. ERUBESCENS. Lvs. triangular-cordate, dentate-lobed, pubescent; cal. segm. ovate, 

hirsute ; cor. do^^^ly, 2^— 3' long, red, with an ample border. 10— 20f. 

2 li. scANDENs. Lvs. cordate-ovate, pointed, coarse-toothed, smoothish; calyx segm. 

lance-ovate; cor. glabrous, 2', scarlet, limb erect- spreading. lOf. 

13. SCROPHULARIA, L. Figwort. Calyx in 5 acute segments. 
Cor. subglobous, limb contracted, sub-bilabiate, lip with, an internal, inter- 
mediate scale (sterile filament). Capsules 2-celled. Yalves with 2 inflated 
margins. — Herbs or suffruticous, often foetid. Leaves opposite. Cymes in 
simple or compound, terminal, thyrsoid panicles. Fig. 167. 

S. nodosa L. Glabrous, tall, branching ; leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate ; fls. in 
loose pedunculate cymes, combined into an oblong panicle ; sterile anther a roundi.'»h 
green scale on the dull, olive-colored corolla. 2i Thickets. 4— 6f. July — Oct. 

14. CHEIiONE, L. Turtle-head. Snake-head. Calyx deeply 5- 
parted, with 3 bracts at base. Cor. inflated, bilabiate. Sta. 4, woolly, the 
sterile filament shorter than the rest. Caps, valves entire. Seeds broadly 
winged. U With opposite leaves and sessile flowers in the upper axils. 

1 C. glabra, L. Smooth ; lvs. subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, acute 

at base ; flovpers densely spiked. By brooks and in wet places. 2f. Stems simple, in 
clumps. Flowers 1' long, white or roseate, with short gaping lips. Aug., Sept. 
j8. purpurea, Lvs. distinctly petiolate, acuminate ; flowers rose-purple. West. 
'J, C liyoni Ph. Smooth ; lvs. ovate, acuminate, petiolate, serrate, the lower cordate ; 
fls. in a dense spike. Mts. of Car. and Ga. 1— 2f. Corolla purple, 1^'. July— Sept. 

15. PBNTSTEMON, L. Beard-tongue. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Cor, 
elongated, often ventricous, lower lip 3-lobed, spreading. The fifth filament 
(tongue) sterile, bearded, longer than the rest or about as long ; anth. smooth. 
Seeds go, angular, not margined, if N. American, brandling, paniculate. 
Leaves opposite, the lower petiolate, upper sessile or clasping. Flowers 
showy, red, violet, blue, or white, in Summer. 

* Native E. of the Mississippi River, sometimes cultivated. . .(a) 

a Leaves dissected. Corolla bell-shaped, lobes rounded, subequal No. 1 

a Leaves undivided, serrulate. Sterile filament (tongue) bearded Nos. 2, 3 

a Leaves entire. Tongue puberulent, widened and incurved at the apex No. 4 

* Native W. of the Mississippi, cultivated for ornament., .(b) 

b Leaves incisely pinnatifid. Corolla lobes subequal. Tongue smoothish.. .No. 5 

b Leaves serrate, with pale purple or blue flowers. Tongue bearded Nos. 6 — 8 

b Leaves entire.— c Cor. strongly bilabiate, scarlet. Tongue bearded No. 9 

—c Cor. scarcely bilabiate,— (^ scarlet or crimson..,.. .Nos. 10—12 

—d blue or violet. . . . . .Nob. 13 — 15 

± 1». dissectus Ell. Lvs. pinnately divided into linear segm. ; fls. in a loose panicle; 
cor. with a curved tube, 9— 10'^ purple ; tongue bearded at apex. Dry. Ga. 2f. Jn., Jl. 

2 V. pubescens Sol. Pubescent or glabrous ; lvs. ovate-oblong to lanceolate ; fls. in a 

loose panicle ; cor. tube 7—9", gradually enlarged upward, pale purple, lower lip with 
two bearded folds inside, some longer than the upper. Hills and blufi's. 1— 2f. t 

3 P. Digitalis N. Glabrous; lvs. elliptic to lanceolate, the upper clasping ; fls. man}-, 

large, corolla tube abruptly enlarged to bell-form, pale blue or purplish, 12—15'"'' long, 
throat widely open, beardless. Rich soils. Pa., W. and S. 3f. Leaves 3—6'. 

4 P. grandifloi'us Eras. Glabrous and glaucous ; lvs. oblong-obovate to roundish- 

ovate, upper clasping, all entire ; panicle long, slender ; corolla bell-shaped, 15", limb 
nearly regular, bluish purple. 111., Wis., and W. -Sf. Handsome, t 



OnDER 88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 225 

6 P. RicHAitnsoNi. Smoothish, branching ; fls. 1', violet, in leafy panicJes. Oreg. 2f. 

6 p. ovATUs. Puberulent ; lv8. cordate-clasping ; fls. 9", numerous, light blue. Oreg. 2f. 

7 P. CoByEA. Tuber., tall; Ivs. lance-ovate, clasping; fls. 2-', broad-campanulate. Tex. 

8 P. CAMPANULATUS. Glabrous ; Ivs. lance-linear to lance-ovate, long-pointed ; panicle 

long, loose, 1-sided ; corolla tube inflated, large, bell-shaped. Mexico. 

9 P. BAi'vBATUs. Smooth and glaucous ; Ivs. oblong to lance-linear ; cor. tube long (13"), 

scarcely dilated upward, lower lip and tongue densely bearded. Mexico. 2 — 4f. 

10 P. MuREAYANUS. Glaucous ; Ivs. connate-clasping, upper roundish ; cor. 18", bright 
red, dilated upward, in a long virgate panicle ; tongue smooth. Texas. 3f. 

IIP. Hartwegi. Upper Ivs. clasping ; cor. tubular, 2', crimson ; tongue glab. Mex. ;3f. 
12 P. GLABER. Smooth and glaucous ; sts. in bunches, simple ; Ivs. lanceolate to ovate, 
entire ; flowers 18", in slender panicles, blue-crirason. Nebraska, and W. 2f. 

1 3 P. spEciosus. Tall ; st. Ivs. lanceolate, sessile ; cor. blue, 18", mouth ample, tongue 

filiform, the panicle long, virgate, secund, each cyme with 5—9 fls., very showy. Oreg. 

14 P. GENTiAKoiDES. Tall; St. Ivs. broad-clasping ; cor. 16", violet, mouth ample, tongue 
glabrous, dilated and retuse at apex, the panicle long, some leafy. Mexico. 3 — 4f. 

15 P. ccERULEus. Low, leafy; Ivs. lance., sessile; cor, blue, 8"; tongue bearded. Neb. 

16. COLLINSIA, Nutt. Innocence. Calyx 5-cleft. Cor. bilabiate, 
orifice closed, upper lip bifid, lower trifid, with the middle segment cari- 
nately saccate and closed over the declinate style and stamens. Caps, with 

2 bifid valves. Seeds large, concavo-convex. ® With vcrticillate or opp(v 
site leaves, axillary and terminal flowers, very pretty. 

1 C verna N. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate, the cauline cordate-clasping, dentate ; verti- 
cils 4-6-flwd. ; cor. blue and white, twice longer than the calyx, 2 or 3 times shorter 
than the pedicel. Banks of streams, N. Y., and W. 8—18', branching. May, June. 

2> C. parviflora Doug. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate; verticils 2-G-flwd ; cor. blue, little 
longer thcin the calyx and little shorter than the pedicels. L. Sup., and W. 6-10'. Jn. 

3 C. BicoLOR. Stem lvs. ovate, crenate, sessile ; verticils 0-10-flwd. : calyx hairy, longer 

than the ped. ; cor. 9", rose-violet and white. California. 2f. Hardy and handsome. 

4 C. GRANDiFLORA has Ivs. thickish and all entire, with 00 large blue-purple fle. Oreg. 

17. RUSSELIAj Jacq. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. tubular, limb sub-bilabi- 
ate, of 5 short rounded lobes, the 2 upper twin. Sta. 4, the fifth a small 
rudiment. Caps, subglobous, septicidal, valves bifid. Sds. oo, mixed with 
hairs. J) Mexican. Lvs. opposite or whorled, often minute or scale-like. 

R. JUNCEA. Very smooth, with long, drooping, rush-like branches ; lvs. lanceolate to 
linear, or scale-like on the branches. Flowers scarlet, 1', remote in drooping racemes. 

18. PHYGELIUS, Mey. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. tube long, enlarged above, 
limb oblique, lobes rounded. Fifth stamen a minute rudiment. Caps, very 
oblique, with unequal cells. ,') CallVaria. lit^ives opposite. Flowers in 
a lot)6e panicle of cymes. 

P. Capknsis.— Shrub 2f, smooth and beautiful. Lonvos lanoo-ovato. croiiate. potiolate. 
Flowers pendulous, IJ', crimson, yellow witiiin. 

19. PAULOWNIA, Sii«l)(>Ul. (^alyx deeply r)-elen, fieshy. Cor. tube 
long, declinate, enlarged tibove, limb oblique, with rounded segments. Sta. 
4, arched downAvard, with no nuliment. Caps, aeuniinate, valves septifer- 
ous in the middle. Seeds oo, wiuged. "5 I'^i'om Japan, with very largo 
cordate, ovate leav.'s and large blue-purple fragrant panicles. 



226 OK1.EK «b.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 

p. I3IPERIAXIS.— In parks, 40f high. Flower-buds formed in Autumn, opening in the 
following Spring. Corolla near 2'. Tree of rapid growth and kingly port. 

20. MIMULITS, L. Mokkey-flower. Calyx tubular, S-angled, 5- 
toothed. Corolla ringent, tlie upper lip reflected at the sides, palate of the 
lower lip prominent. Stig. thick, bifid. Caps, oo-seeded. — Herbs prostrate 
or erect, with square stems and opposite Ivs. Ped. axillary, solitary, 1-flwd. 

§ Leaves pinnate-veined. Flowers bine (wild) or yellow (cultivated) Nos. 1, 2, 6 

§ Loaves palmate-veined. Flowers yellow or scarlet Nos. 3, 4, 5 

1 'BS. ringens L. Lvs. sessile, smooth, lanceolate, acuminate ; ped. axillary, longer 

than the flowers. U A common inhabitant of dirches and mud soils. 2f. Flowers 
large. (1'), pale blue, yellow-mouthed, appearing in July and August. 

2 M. alatus Ait. Leaves petiolate, smooth, ovate, acuminate ; ped. shorter than tho 

fls. ; St. winged at the 4 comers, u N. Y., W. and S., in muddy places. 2f. Aug. 

3 M. Jasiiwsii Torr. Stems difliise, rooting; leaves subentire, round-reniform, 5-7- 

veined, the upper as long as the peduncles of the small yellow fls. L. Sup., and W. 

4 M, LUTEUS. Lvs. round-ovate, the cauline sessile or clasping, shorter than the pedun- 

cles ; calyx ovoid, half as long as the broad, large, yellow, spotted flowers. Cal. 

5 ]?1. CAKDiNALis. Branching, villous-clammy ; leaves ovate, narrowed to the clasping 

base, shorter than the long ped. ; cal. large, inflated ; cor. ample, rose-orange. Cal. 
a M. MOSCHATUS. 3Iusk Plant. Decumbent, hairy-viscid ; leaves ovate, dentate ; cor. 
tube exceeding the calyx, yellow. Oregon, Smells strongly of musk. 

21. TORENIA, L. Calyx tubular, with prominent angles, oblique. 
Cor. ringent, upper lip notched, lower larger, trifid. Sta. 4, arched beneath 
the upper lip, the longer pair appendaged at base. Stigma double. Cap- 
sules included. — Herbs tropical, diffuse, with opp. leaves and racemed fls. 

T. AsiATicA. Lvs. petiolate, lance-ovate, crenate-dentate ; calyx acute at base, f ' ; cor. 
twice longer, ample, pale purple tipped with violet. 2i+, trailing. 

22. CONOBEA, Aublet. Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of the 
coi-olla 2-lobed, lower lip 3-parted. Fertile sta. 4, anth. approximating by 
pairs, cells parallel. Caps, round-ovoid, (X>-seeded. — Herbs, with opposite 
leaves. Peduncles axillary, solitaiy or in pairs, 1-flowered. 

C-. mnltiflda Benth. Low, diffusely-branched, pubernlent ; leaves petiolate, pinnately 
dissected; segments linear or cuneate, lobed or entire, obtase ; cor. greenish, scarcely 
exserted (2'0, lobes entire. (I) Sandy banks of rivers, O. to La. 6— 12^ July. 

23. HERPESTIS, Gsert. Calyx unequally 5-parted. Corolla subbila- 
biate, upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed. Sta. 4, fertile. Caps. 
2-furrowed, valves parallel with the dissepiment. Seeds oo, small. U 
Obscure weeds with opposite leaves. Peduncles 1-flowered, axillary, or 
subracemous, often with '''vo bractlets near the calyx. 

§ I^eaves feather-veined, Ol obscurely 1-3-veined. Cor. yellow, or bluish. . . . .Nos. 1, 2 
§ Leaves palmately many-''^ -9-)veined, subentire. Corolla blue Nos. 3, 4 

1 H, nigresceas Benth Erect ; st. square, branched ; leaves oblanceolate, crenate- 

serrate above ; ped. equalling or exceeding the leaves ; corolla yellowish, upper lip 
rounded, entire. Wet pi., S. 1— 2f. Cor. rather longer (5") than cal. Blackens in drying, 

2 H. Monnitira Hurnb. Prostrate, fleshy ; lvs. wedge-obovate, subentire ; ped. as 

long (9") as the lvs. ; fls. few, bluish ; cor. 4" wide, nearly regular. Wet banks. Pa., & S. 

3 H. amplexicaulis Ph. Stem submersed, woolly; leaves ovate, cordate-clasping, 



OiiDER 88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 227 

obscurely crenate, obtuse ; ped. shorter than the calyx, cor. i longer, tho upper lip 
emarginate ; disk 10-toothed. Swamps, N. J., and S. 6—12'. August. 
4 H. rotundifolia Ph. Creeping, smooth ; Ivs. round-obovate, entire ; ped. 2 or .3 
times longer than cal. ; cor. upper lip notched. Pools, 111. to La. If. Fls. 5". Aug. 

24. GRATIOLA. Hedge Hyssop. Calyx 5-partecl, subequal. Cor. 
upper lip entire or slightly bifid, lower trifid, the palate not prominent. 
Sta. 2, fertile, mostly with 3 sterile filaments. Capsules 2-celled, 4-valved, 
valves inflexed at margin, if Low, with opposite leaves. Peduncles ax- 
illary, 1-flowered, usually bibracteolate near the calyx. 

§ Flowers sessile. Cells of anthers vertical. Plants rigid, bristly-hairy Nos. 7, 8 

§ Flowers pedunculate. Anther cells transverse. Plants smooth or viscid., .(a) 

a Sterile filaments none, or very minute and pointed Nos. 1—3 

a Sterile filaments thread-like, tipped with a small head Nos. 4 — 6 

1 G. Virg-iiiia.na L. St. Jiscending, branched ; leaves lanceolate, sparingly toothed ; 

ped. as long or longer than the Ivs. ; cor. twice longer than the cal. ; sterile fil. none. 
7i Common. 4—8'. St. terete, branching, with white or pale-yellow flowers. July, 

2 G. Floridana Nutt. St. erect, branched ; Ivs. lanceolate, few-toothed ; ped. longer 

than the leaves ; cor. 4 times longer than the calyx (7'0i yellow. (2) Fields, S. 6—9'. 

3 CJ. spliaerociirpa Ell. Ascending, branched ; leaves lance-ovate, attenuate to the 

iiasc, sparingly toothed ; ped. scarcely longer than the cal. Damp. 3— T'. W. and S. 

4 a. siurea Muhl. Smooth ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, subentire, clasping; ped. as long 

as or longer than the leaves ; cor. goldeu yellow. Muddy soils. 6 — 8'. August. 

5 «. viscosa Schw. Viscid-downy; leaves lance-ovate, sharp-serrate, clasping; ped. 

longer than the leaves ; corolla white, twice longer than calyx, which is 2 or 3 times 
longer than the capsule. Wet places, Ky. to N. Car., and S. 9—12'. (G. Drummondii.) 

6 G. ramosa Walt. St. terete, creeping at base ; leaves linear, acute, witli few teeth 

near the apex ; bractlets nearly • scp. linear ; cor. white. ^luddy shores, S. >Iay-Jl. 

7 G. pilosa Mx. Erect, hispid ; vs. ovate, few-toothed, clasping, rugous ; cor. tube 

scarcely .longer than the calyx, white. Wet, Md., and S. 9 — 12'. Jul}'— September. 

8 G. siibulata Baldw. Erect, hispid ; Ivs. linear or lance-linear, margins revolute, 

entire ; cor. tube slender, thrice longer than the calyx. Wot sands, Ga., Fla. Sept. 

25. ILYSANTHES, Raf. Cal. 5-partcd. Cor. upper lip short, erect, 
bifid, lower lip larger, spreading, trifid. Sta. 2, fertile ; 3 sterile fil. forked, 
one of the divisions tipped with an obtuse gland, the other acute, or rarely 
with half an anther. Caps, ovate or oblong, about equalling the cah'x. 

With opp. Ivs. and axillary, 1-fiwd. ]hh1., resembling Gratiola in habit. 

1 I. gratioloidcs Bcnth. Branching, ascending 3—8' ; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, subsos- 

sile, obscurely denlate ; cor. Ivice longer than the calyx, bluish-white, -l". A small 
weed-like herb, in wet places : common. Peduncles 3— 6". July, .Vugust. 

2 1. K'l'^iKliHora Benth. IMtVusoly creeping ; Ivs. thick, roundish, ontiro. subolasp- 

ing ; ped. hirsute, 1', corolla d" long, violet-bluo. Sandy swamps, Ga. ^Nuttall.'* 

3 I. relVaola Benth. Erect, slender; Ivs. clustered below, obovate to oblong, ontiro 

the cauline remote, br;ui-like, liuear-subulato ; pod. fiUlbrni, refracted 'u\ fruit; cor. 
lighl-hhio, I times longer than the calyx (")"). Damp pine woods, S. G— 10 . June. 

4 I. saxii'ola (Curtis'). Stems leafy, clustered ; leaves oblong, obtuse, outiiv, sessile ; 

pod. 3- t times long\>r th;in tho loaves ^7 9"\ rolVaotod in IV. ; cor. blue, l". S. .\uir. 

26. MICRANTHEMUM, liioh. Cal. 1-toothod or defl. Cor. upper 
lip shorlor, entiie, U)\vor trllld. SUi. 2, fertile, a glandular sealo at the base 
of each, slorile fdament none. Style short, apex elavale or spatulate. Cap* 

2-v;dved. .\r (^0 Siendi-r, glaln•o^l^^. with t^pinisito Ivs. and miuute tls. 



228 Ordek 88.— SCROPHULAKIACE^ 

SI. orbiculatum Mx. Sts. creeping and rooting, branches ascending 1—2' ; Ivs. or- 
bicular to oboTate, 3-veined, entire, subsessile ; fls. i" long, lower lip of cor. longer 
than the calyx. Brackish mud, Del., and S. (M. micranthum, &c.) 

27. HYDRANTHBLIUM, H. B. K Calyx 4-cleft. Cor. 3-cleft, the 
upper lobe broader, emarginate. Sta. 3, on the corolla, anth. cells parallel, 
distinct. Style with two short lobes. Caps, co-seeded. ^^ Tropical, with 
opposite leaves and minute, axillary flowers. Habit of Callitriche. 

H. crenatum Wood. Submersed stems flaccid, bearing the Ivs. above; Ivs. round 
ish, glabrous, cr^nafe, abrupt at base, 7-9-veined, on flat, veiny petioles; pedicels .3", 
reflexed ; corolla little exserted, white. Pools, Miss., La. (Dr. Hale). 

28. AMPHIANTHUS, Toit. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla small, funnel- 
form, limb 4-lobed, lower lobe larg-er. Sta. 2, included, slylo lightly bifid, 
lobes acute. Capsule obcordate, compressed, GO-seeded. @ Minute, with 
flowers both axillary, and on terminal, 2-bracted peduncles 1' long. 

A. pusillus Torr.— On wet rocks, Xewton Co., Ga. Leaves nearly radical, linear, ob 
tuse ; 1 — 2" long ; flowers minute, white. March, April. 

29. LIMOSELLA, L. Mudwokt. Calyx 5-cleft. Cor. shortly cam- 
panulate, 5-cleft, equal. Sta. approximating in pairs. Capsule partly 3- 
celled, 2-Yalved, many-seeded, /i^ (D Minute. Scape 1-flowered. 

Ij. tenuifolia Nutt. Lvs, linear, scarcely distinct from the petiole : scape as long aa 
the leaves ; cor. segments oval-oblong, shorter than the cal. Mud, Penn., and N. 1'. 

30. SYNTHYRIS, Benth. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla subcampanulate, 
segments 4, erect-spreading or 0. Sta. 2 (rarely 4), on the cor., exserted, 
anth. cells parallel, distinct. Caps, compressed, obtuse or emarginate. 2f 
N. American, with a thick root. Eadical leaves petiolate, cauline bract- 
like, on the scape-like stem, altemate. Fls. racemed or spicate. May. 

S. Ifongbtoniana Benth. Hairy; lvs. ovate, subcordate, crenulate, obtuse; stem 
or scape dense-flwd. al)0ve ; cor. greenish, as long as the cal. Hills, Mich., and W. If. 

31. DIGITALIS, L. Fox-glgye. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. campanulate, 
ventricous, upper hp reflexed, spreading, middle segment of the lower hp 
broadest. Caps, ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, with a double dissepiment. U 
Em'ope, Asia. Lower leaves crowded, petiolate, upper alternate. Flowei-s 
in showy racemes. Poisonous and medicinal. July, August. 

■ § Corolla light-yellow, tube twice longer than the lower lip Nos. 1, 2 

§ Corolla purple, white, brown, often spotted, tube inflated and short Nos. 3 — 5 

1 D. GRAXDiFxoRA (or ochroleuca). G7'€at Yellow F. Leaves ovate, veiny, serrulate, 

clasping ; racemes downy, loose ; corolla 1^' long, segments very broad. At. 

2 I>, LUTEA. Plant very smooth, with lance-oblong leaves ; raceme smooth, with many 

flowers, all on one side ; corolla 8 — ICK' long, tube not inflated. 2f. 

3 1>. PURPUREA. Purple F. Lvs. oblong, rugous, petiolate, crenate, large ; flowers in 

a -ong, 1-sided raceme, thimble-shaped, purple or white, spotted. 2 — .Sf. 

4 I>, PERRUGiNEA. Leavcs very smooth, lauce-oblong ; corolla rusty-brown, the lower 

lip densely bearded, its middle segment ovate. 4f. 

5 I>, LAXATA. Leaves lance-oblong, often woolly ; flowers downy or woolly, white oi 

brown : lower segment of the corolla obovate. 2f. 



Oeder 88.— SCROPHULAKIACE^. 229 

32. VERONICA, L. Speedwell. Calyx 4-parted. Cor. siibrotate, 
deeply 4-cleft, lower segments mostly narrow. Sta. 2, inserted into the 
tube, exserted. Caps, flattened, often obcordate, 2-celled, few-seeded. — Our 
species are herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary, axillary or in ra- 
cemes, bine, flesh-colored, or white. 

§ Tender shrubs (Australian) with axillary racemes of blue flowers Nos. 16, 17 

§ Herbs tall (European) with opposite Ivs. and terminal rac. of blue fls Nos. 14, 15 

§ Herbs tall, with whorled leaves, terminal racemes, and tubular flowers Nos. 1, 2 

§ Herbs low, weak (3— 12'). Leaves opposite (at base). Corolla rotate., .(a) 

a Racemes opposite, axillary. Capsule roundish, emargiuate Noa. .3, 4 

a Racemes alternate, axillary. Capsule not rounded, very flat Nos. 5, 6 

a Racemes terminal, or the flowers axillary and not racemed. . .(b) 

b Floral Ivs. like the rest, not longer than the recurved peduncles. . .Nos. 7—9 
b Floral leaves bract-like, longer than the erect peduncles. . .(c) 

c Perennial. Peduncles equallii'ig or exceeding the calyx Nos. 10 — 1- 

c Annual. Peduncles shorter than the calyx or none Nos. 12—1.3 

X V. Tirginica L. Culver's Physic. Erect, tall, glabrous or downy; Ivs. whorled in 
4's-6's, lance-ovate to lance-linear; spikes mostly several, paniculate, ii In thickets, 
Vt., W. and S. 2 — 5f. Corolla white, with exserted style and stamens. July. 

2 v. SiBiRicA. Hardly difl"erent from No. 1, but it has blue flowers. Siberia. 3f. 

3 V, Anag-allis L. Glabrous, erect ; Ivs. sessile, clasping and subcordate, lanceolate, 

acutish, entire or serrulate ; rac. in opposite axils ; caps, orbicular, slightly notched. 
Ti Brooks and pools. Plant fleshy. If. Flowers small, blue-purple. June, July. 

4 V. Americana Schw. Brooklime. Glabrous, decumbent at base, erect above ; 

Ivs. ovale or ovate-oblong, serrate, petiolate, abrupt at base ; rac. loose ; caps, round- 
ish, turgid, emargiuate. it In clear streams. 12—18', fleshy. Fls. blue. June, July. 

5 V. scutellata L. Glabrous, ascending, weak ; Ivs. linear or lance-linear, sessile, 

acute, remotely denticulate ; rac. very loose ; capsule flat, broader than long, cordate 
at both eiids. if Swamps, N. and W. If. Fls. flesh-color, rather large. June— Aug. 

6 V. officinalis L. Roughish-downy, prosti-ate, branching ; Ivs. wedge-oblong, ob- 

tuse, serrate, short-petiolcd ; racemes dense, with pale-blue flowers ; capsule downy, 
tr.iangular-obcordate. u Dry fields. G— 12'. IMay- July. § Europe. 

7 V. Ifuxbaituiii Tenore. Prostrate, hairy; Ivs. roundish-ovate, coarsely cronato- 

serrate, the floral similar, all on short petioles ; pcd. longer than the Ivs. ; cnps. trian- 
gular-obcordate, broader thau long, (a) Waste grounds, E. : rare. 7-12'. Cor. bliu\ § En. 

8 V. ag-resti$i L. Neckweed. Hairy, procumbent, dittuse ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, deeply 

crenate-serrate, floral similar, all petiolate ; ped. as long as the Ivs. ; caps, roundisli. 
acutely notched, GO-seeded. ® Fields, E. : rare. 2—8'. Light blue. Maj-— Sept. § Ku. 

9 V. licdcrtie folia L. Prostrate, pilous ; Ivs. petiolate, cordate, roundish, coarsely 

S-.'j-toothed or lobed, shorter than the ped. ; scp. triangular, subcordate, acute, closed 
in fruit; caps, turgid, 4-seoded. (^0 Hard soils, E. : rare. Cor. blue. Mar.— May. § Ku. 

10 V. alpiiia L. Branched at base, ascending 1—5'; Ivs. roundish-oval fo elliptical, 
very obtuse, toothed or entire, subsessile ; nurifk'n hainj, densely lew-flwd. ; capsule 
obovate, notcluMl. n Sun\mits i)f White Mts., N. II., and K. Mts. Fls. small, blue. 

11 V. (itcrpyllirollu L. Branched below, ascending;}— 12'; Ivs. oval, obtuse, subcre- 
uate, the lower r..unded and petiolate, upper bract-like, oblong, entire ; rac. snuxU/thh 
loose; caps, obcordate, broader than long, u Pastures : com. Cor. bUie-wh. Msiy-Aug. § 

12 V, porcgriiia L. Snioothish, ascending ; Ivs. petiolate, oblong, few-toolhod, ol>- 
tuse, up;)er obl.-liu., entire ; lis. subsessile, whitish ; caps, roundish, slightly notched, 
00 -seetled. vO Clay soils, tields : com. l— 10'. Plant rather lleshy. M:iy. .hine. 

13 A''. arveii.xiN L. Corn S. Hairy, branched; Ivs. below rouuil-ovate. subconl.'He, 
petiolate, crenate, the upper lanceolate ; corolla pa'.e blue, pencilled, shorter than the 
Ciilyx las in No. 12); caps, obcordate. jMh-y licMs : com. -J r.'. May. .lune. § Ki:v 



230 Order 88.— SCEOPHULARIACE^. 

1 I V, spicATA. Erect, 1— 2f; leaves opposite, lanceolate, petiolate, serrate; racemes 
mostly solitary ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; corollas blue, showy. 71 Europe. 

15 V. PAXicuLATA. Erect, bushj^, 1 — -Sf ; Ivs. opposite and in 3"s, lanceolate, acute at 
base, petiolate ; rac. panicled ; ped. longer than the calyx. U Many gai-den varieties, 
hybrids between this and Xo. 14, all with handsome blue racemes. Europe. 

16 V, srECiosA. Very smooth, shrubby, with oblong-obovate entire Ivs., dense short 
(2') racemes in the upper axils, and violet-blue tlowers, very beautiful. 1— 3f. 

17 V, SALicrpoLiA. Smooth (tree-like at home), with lanceolate, acute, entire leaves, 
dense glandular-downy racemes (-3'), and innumerable blue flowers. 2 — 5f. 

33. BUCHNERA, L. Blue-heahts. Calj'x 5-tootlied. Cor. salver- 
form, with a slender tube, and fiat limb in 5 siibequal lobes. Stam. 4, in- 
cluded, with halved (1-celled) anthers. Caps. 2-A^alved. U Tui-ns blackish 
in drying. Leaves opposite. Flowers in a terminal spike. June — Aug. 

IS. Americana L. Eough-hispid, slender ; leaves oblong to linear, few-toothed, ob- 
tuse, 3-veined ; spike long-stalked, 6-12-flowered ; cor. tube 6—7" long, limb half as 
long, deep blue. Woods, N. Y., and S. 2— 3f, nearly leafless above. 

34. MACRANTHBRA, Torr. Cah'x lobes 5, long and narrow. Cor. 
tubular, with an oblique limb, short entire segments, and 4 long exserted 
subequal stamens. Stjde long, filiform. Caps, ovate, acuminate. If Tall, 
with opposite pinnatifid leaves and yellow fis. on long decurved peduncles. 

]?1. fuclisioides Torr.— Piue-barrens, Ga., Fla., and W. 2— 3f. Lvs. lanceolate in 
outline, with lanceolate segments. Rac. long, loose, 1-sided. Cal. seg. denticulate, 
shorter than the corolla (or entire and still shorter in jS. Lecoxtu). Sept., Oct. 

35. SBYMERIA, Ph. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Cor. tube short, dilated, 
lobes 5, ovate or oblong, entire. Stam. 4, subequal, valves of the capsule 
loculicidal, entii'e. Seeds oc. — Herbs erect, branching. Cauline leaves 
mostly opposite and incised. Flowers yellow. 

§ Tube of the corolla wooUy within, incurved, as long as the limb No. 1 

§ Tube of the corolla much shorter than the subrotate limb. Leaves small.. Nos. 2, 3 

1 S. macropliylla X. Tall, smoothish ; lvs. large, pinnatifid. with \ance-oblong in- 

cised segments, upper serrate or entire. It? Woods, W. 4 — 6f. Cor. 6''. July. 

2 S. pectiaata Ph. Viscid-downy, profusely branched ; lvs. small (1' and less), pin 

natifid, seg. few, narrow and entire ; caps, acute at base. Bvy, S. 3f. Aug.— Oct. 

3 S. tenuifolia Ph. Smoothish, much branched : lvs. bipinnatifld, 6'' long, segments 

and rachis filiform ; capsule obtuse at base. Wet, S. 2— 3f. Cor. 4". Aug., Sept. 

35. DASYSTOMA, Eaf. Wool-mouth. Wild Foxglove. Cal. cam- 
panulate, 5-cleft. Cor. tube dilated, longer than the 5 entire lobes, woolly 
within. Stam. didynamous, scarcely included, woollj^, anthers all equal, 
awned at base. Caps ovate, acute, 2 valves bearing a septum in the mid- 
dle. Seeds oo. U Tall, erect. Lower leaves opposite. Corolla large, 
yellow. July — Sept. All blacken in drying. (Gerardia. L.) 

* Calj^x segments entire.— a Plants pubescent ,Nos. 1, 2 

—a Plants glabrous Kos. 3 4 

* Calyx segments toothed or pinnatifid. Plants downy Nos. 5, ' 

1 I>. flava Wood. Plant pubescent, subsimple : lvs. lance-oblong, entire, or toothe<l, 

the lower pinnatifid or incised ; cal. lobes oblong, obtuse, shorter than the tu e ; ped 
very short. Woods. 2— If. A showy herb. Corollas 18". (G. flava L.) 



Ordeii 88.— SCKOPHULARIACE^. 231 

t I>. grandiflora Wood. Minutely pubescent, branched ; Ivs. petiolate, lance-ovate, 
piunatifid, tootlied, or entire ; ped. as long as the calyx ; cal. tube as long as the lobes 
(iO, corolla %' long. Wis., 111. (J . Wolf), and S. (G. grandiflora Benth.) 

3 Do quercifelia Benth. Glabrous and glaucous, branched ; Ivs. petiolate, the lower 

bipinnatifid, upper lance-oblong ; cal. lobes longer than the tube, both as long as the 
pedicels ; corolla 2'. Thickets. 3— 5f. Common. 

4 I>. integrilolia Wood. Glabrous, subsimple ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, entire or 

nearly so ; pedicels shorter than the cal3'X. Woods, Pa., and W. 1— 2f. August. 

5 I>. pedicularia Benth. Smoothish or downy ; Ivs. lance-ovate, pinnatifid with 

toothed segments ; pedicels longer than the hairy calyx, whose toothed segments are 
nl out as long as its top-shaped tube. Dry woods. 2— .3f. Corolla 15". 
G D. pectin«,ta (Torr.) Very hairy ; Ivs. lanceolate, pectinate-pinnatifid, seg. toothed ; 
calyx longer than the pedicels, segm. longer than tube. Woods, S. ^f. Corolla IS". 

37. GERARDIA, L. Cal. 5-tootbecl or cleft. Cor. tubular, veutricous 
or subcampanulate, tube longer than the 5 broad, entire, unequal lobes, 
Sla. didynamous, in pah's, shorter than the corolla. Caps, obtuse or pointed, 
GO -seeded. — American herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves opposite (except 
No. 4). Flowers axK^ary, solitary, purple or rose-color. July — Sept. 

§ Otophylla. Calyx segments longer than its tube. Two anthers smaller No. 1 

§ Gerardia proper. Calyx segments short, equal. Anthers all equal. . .(a) 

a Cor. 2-lipped, upper lip very short, straight. Peduncles slender. S. . .Nos. 2, 3 
a Corolla lobes subequal, all spreading, throat often hairy., .{b) 

6 Leaves a^/ alternate, filiform. Flowers large, on long peduncles. S....No.4 
b Leaves opposite, rarely the upper alternate and bract-like., .(c) 

c Peduncles equalling or exceeding the small (H"ch) flowers Nos. 5—7 

c Peduncles much shorter than the flowers.— (? Lvs. setaceous or none Nos. S. 

—d Lvs. 'linear, 1—2' long. . .Nos. 10—12 

1 G. aiiriculata Mx. Erect, subsimple, rough-hairy ; Irs. lance-ovate, the upper au- 

riculate at base ; fls. nearly sessile, 7" long, (i) Low grounds, Pa. to Car., and W. 2f. 

2 Cr. Mettaucri Wood. Smooth, slender, diflusoly branched ; lvs. linoar-filitbrm ; ped. 

Mform, many times longer than the calyx ; cor. 8", upper lip vaulted, notched, lower 
of 3 rounded lobes, tube with spots and 2 yellow stripes within. (J) Wet sandy places, 
Mid. Fla. (Dr. Mettauer, 1855). 1— 2f. Lvs. V—V. (G. divaricata Chapm.) 
i3. ? rifiiifta. Cor. tube flattened on the back, throat closed by the inflected lip. Fla. 

3 G. liiida Wood. Smooth, filiform, branched; lvs. (except a few at the base) all re- 

duced to minute bracts scarcely 1" long; fls. all terminal, small ('V) ; caps, globous, 
exceeding the calyx. ISIiddle Fla. (Dr. ISIettauer, 1855V (G. filicauUs Chapm.') 

4 G. iililolia N. St. terete, much branched ; leaves filiform, alternate and fascicled ; 

ped. 1', nnich longer than the leaves ; cor. smooth, 9". (2) Barrens, Ga.. Fla. 2— 3f. 

5 G. liiiilolia N. u Stems virgate, clustered at root, smooth; lvs. opposite, erect, 

linear, 3—1' ; ped. 8— 12'^ cal. 2", truncate ; cor. 1', spotted. Wet barrens, S. 2— ,'if. 

6 G. toiiuii'olia Vahl. Smooth, paniculately branched ; leaves linear to Aliform, 1', 

often coiled ; ped. as long as the leaves, longer than the flowers, which are 9" long; 

calyx teeth very sliort, acute ; capsule globular. FieUls and woods, if. 
y G. Skiniierlaiiu Wood (18-18). Koughish ; st. virgate, angular, few-branched ; lvs. 

linear, rather obtuse, 1'; ped. axillary, very long (1—2'); cal. 1''. teeth obtuse; cor. 

email (5''), rose-color, not fringed. Low grounds, W. and S. l-2f. Unlike all iho 

rest, this species does not blacken in drying. ((%. parvit'oli.i. Chaui.'> 
8 G. set U'ca Walt, (not Benth.) Glabrous, widely branched ; lvs. bristle-form. V .ind 

leas; fls. mostly terminal on the fllitbrm. bracted branchlets. largi' ; ped. 2 — I''; cal. 

1", teeth very acute, sln>rt ; cor. 10", densely fringed, t^f) R'lrrens, Pa., S. and W. Sf. 
G. apliylla N. Slemler, angular, branched above; lvs. n\inute, sotjiceous, 1". orO; 

ped. lateral and term., 1— y"; calyx 1", teeth obtuse; corolla 8". (^t^ Wet, S. i-3f. 



232 Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACE.E. 

10 G, maritinia Kaf. St. angular, with short branches ; Ivs. linear, flesh\ 6—8"; 
cor. l'\ some of the lobes fringed ; ped. very short ; cal. trunc. ® Salt marshes. 4—10'. 

11 €r. purpiarea L. St. angular, branched; leaves linear, acute, rough-edged, 1 — 2'; 
ped. shorter than the calyx, tube truncate with setaceously acute teeth ; corolla large 
(10, smooth or downy. (D Low grounds. 1—3 — 4f. Variable. 

12 Cr. aspera Doug. St. roughish, branched ; Ivs. narrowly linear, rough-hispid, I'j; 
ped. 1—2 times as long as the cal. (3—6"), teeth lance-acute ; cor. 1'. ® W. 1— 2f. 

38. CASTILLIIJA, L. Painted Cup. Calyx tubular, 2-4-cleft. Cor, 
upper lip linear, very long, arched and keeled, enfolding the didynamou.s 
stamens, anth. ohlong-linear, with unequal lobes, the exterior fixed by the 
middle, interior pendulous, li 5 Leaves alternate, the floral often colored 
at the apex. Flowers subsessile, in terminal, leafy bracts. 

1 C coccinea Spreng. Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid with linear segments; bracts about 

.3-cleft, scarlet (sometimes yellow)^ exceeding the corolla ; cal. 2-cleft, nearly equalling 
the cor., segments notched. %. Wet meadows, E. (rare) and W. 8 — 12'. May, June, 

2 C sessiliflora Ph. Hairy-downy ; lvs. sessile, clasping, oblong-linear, mostly tri- 

fid, not colored : calyx sessile, elongated ; spikes dense ; corolla long, exserted, arched, 
segments of the lower lip acuminate. 2^ Prairies, N-W. If. May. 

3 C pallida Kunth. Lvs. linear, undivided, 3- veined, the upper lanceolate, the floral 

subovate, subdentate at the end, whitish ; calyx with acute teeth, shorter than the 
corolla. 71 ? White Mountains, Green Mountains, and N-W. If. August. 

39. SCHWALBBA, L. Chaff-seed. Calyx tube 10-ribbed, inflated, 
obliquely 4-cleft, upper division small, lower large, emarginate or 2-toothed. 
Cor. ringent, upper lip entire, arched, lower 3-lobed. Caps, c )long. Sds. 
GO , chafly. U With alternate leaves and flowers in a terminal spike. 

S. Americana L.— Sandy marshes, N. Y. to Fla. 1— 2f, stout, simple, downy. Lvs 
lance-ovate, 3-veined, diminishing upward ; corolla brown, 1— li^ long. June. 

40. PEDICULARIS, L. Lousewort. Calyx inflated, 2-5-cleft, the 
segments leafy, or sometimes obliquely truncate. Cor, vaulted, upper lip 
compressed, emarginate, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 
oblique, mucronate. Seeds angular. — Herbs. Leaves often pinnatifid. 
Flowers spicate, yellowish, 

1 P, Canadensis L. Hairy, simple ; lvs. alternate, petiolate, lance-oblong, pinna 

tifid with toothed segments ; spike short, dense, leafy ; cor. abruptly incurved, with 
2 setaceous teeth ; capsule ensiform-beaked. li. Pastures, copses. If. May — July. 

2 "P. lanceolata Mx. Smoothish, branching ; lvs. subopposite, lance-oblong, doubly 

cut-crenate ; spike elongated, loose at base ; corolla upper lip larger and covering the 
Lower ; capsule short, ovoid. "4. Shady banks, N. Y. to Va. and Wis. 1— 2f. Sept. 

41. RHINANTHUS, L. Yellow Rattle. Calyx 4- toothed, ventri- 
cous. Cor. tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx, limb ringent, galea ap- 
pendaged, compressed, lip broader, deeply divided into 3 obtuse segments. 
Caps. 2-valved, compressed, obtuse, (i) Erect, with opposite leaves. 

R. Crista-galli L. Mostly glabrous ; lvs. oblong or lanceolate ; cor. -J- longer tkan 
the calyx ; appendages of the galea (upper lip) 'transversely ovate, broader than long ; 
seeds winged, rattling when ripe. Plymouth, Mass., Lake Superior, and N. If. 

42. EUPHRASIA, L. Eyebright. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of tlie 



Ordeti 89.— ACAXTHACE^. 233 

cor. galeate, concave, apex 2-]obed, the lobes broad and spreading, lower 
lip spreading, trifid, palate not folded. Sta. unequal, ascending beneath 
the galea. Capsule oblong, compressed, oo-seeded. — Herbs with opposite 
leaves and the flowers in spikes. 

E. ofifcinalis L. Lvs. ovate or oblong, the cauline obtuse, crenate, bracts acute, cut- 
eerrate with cuspidate teeth ; calyx lobes subequal ; corolla light-blue, lower lobes 
deeply notched. (D White Mountains, Lake Superior. 2— G'. Leaves 1—3''. 

43. MELAMPYRUM, L. Cow Wheat. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip 
of the corolla compressed, the margin folded back, lower lip grooved, tri- 
fid. Caps. 2-celled, oblique, opening laterally. Seed>j 1 — 4, cylindric-ob- 
long, smooth. — Herbs with opposite Ivs. Fls. solitary in the upper axils. 

m. prateiBse, p. Jlmeirtcdituni (Benth.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, petiolate, glabrous, 
the upper broader and toothed at base ; fls. axillary, distinct ; cal. teeth slender, half 
as long as the yellowish corolla. (T) Woods : commijn. 6—10', branched. Jn.— Sept. 

Ordeii LXXXIX. ACANTHACS^. Acanthads. 

Herls or shrubs with opposite, simple leaves and regular, bracted floweis. 
Calyx 5-parted, equal or unequal, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-merous, 
tubular below, limb more or less bilabiate, convolute in bud. Stamens 
didyuamous or diandrous, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Fruit a 
2-celled, 4.-12-seeded capsule. Seeds supported by -hooks or cup-shaped 
processes of the placentas, exalbuminous. 

§ Seeds destitute ofhooJced supports. . .(«) 

a Corolla regular. Seeds few, resting on little enps. Vines Thunbkrgia. 1 

a Corolla bilai)iate. Seeds many, with no supports Elytraria. 2 

§ Seeds resting on hooks proceeding from the placentic. ...(/)) 

b Corolla funnel-form, subregular. Stamens 4, unequal Rukllia. 3 

b Corolla bilabiate, ringent. Stamens 4. Pod terete Uygkofiml.v. 4 

b Corolla labiate, the upper lip wanting. Stamens 4. f Rare Ac.a,ntuus moUig 

b Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 2.— c Corolla inverted, upper lip 3-toothed Dioi.tpti-.ua. 5 

— c Corolla straight, lower lip IMobed Diantukra. 6 

—c Corolla straight, lover lip ;^parted Cyrtandra. 7 

1. THUNB:^RGIA, L. Calyx short, toothed or truncate, with 2 large 
bractlets at base. Cor. funnel-bc'U-tbrm, limb 5-lobe(l, nearly regular. Sta. 
4, unequal, included. Caps, beaked, o-4-seeded. ]j [> Fls. showy, axillary. 
T. ALATA. A climbing vine, silky-hairy, with cordato-sagittate lvs<. on winged pet.; 

fls. li' (loop and broad, purple, witii a yellow, bull', orange or white border. \\. Africa. 

2. ELYTRARIA, Vahl. Calyx with 4 or 5 uuoqual scgnuMits. (.\>r, 
bilabiate, lower lip of o bifid segments. Sta. 3 fertile, 2 sterile. iuehuliHl. 
Caps. 8-seeded. — Herbs aeaulesetMit, Avlth (oblong) leaves at baso and clasp- 
ing bracts on the seaptv^, and llu> sinjill tlowers in a terminal spil^c. 

£:. virft-ata 1\1\-. Seni)es several, glabrous, covered with the bracts, wliieli :uv ov.nio, 
cuspidate, ciliate, the upper subteuiling the white tlowers; calyx with -J linear b»-set 
lets at base, eiliale. n \V«t plains, S. dw. to Vhx. It". Angiist. 

3. RUELLIA, li. Calyx r)-parti>d into sUMulor segnunits. Cor. funnel- 
form, limb spreading, subequally r)-U^lu\l. Sta. 1. inoliulod. didvnamous 



234 Order 89.— ACANTHACE.^. 

Caps, narrow. Seeds 4 — 16, resting on hooks. U Low, with tumia joint.^?, 
opposite leaves, ami showy axillary blue, purple, or white flowers. 

§ DiPTERACANTHtJS. Anthers pointless. Style bifid. Soeds 8 — 12 Nos. 1— 2 

§ Calophanes. Anthers pointed at base. Style simple. '>-'.c-'is 4. South... (a) 

a Stems erect from a creeping base, with obtuse U-;- "3 Nos. 4, 5 

<z Stems creeping, diifuse, with the leaves entire. . Nos. 6, 7 

1 II. strepens L. Erect, smoothish, with obovate to oblong-petiolatp 'vs. ; pod. very 

short, 1-4-flowered ; bractlets as long as the narrow sepals, little cnoriei. " <m the 
slender corolla tube. Dry soils. W. and S. 9—16'. Leaves 2— 5'. June. Juiy. 

2 R. ciliosa Ph. Erect, white-hairy, with Ivs. obovate to oblong, abrupt at base and 

subsessile ; bractlots and sepals not half as long as the tube of the corolla. Rich 
soils. W. and S. If or more. Leaves 1 — 2'. Flowers 2 — 2y. June — September. 
iS. h^^bridus. Low, decumbent, and very hairy. Georgia (Dr. Feay). 

3 R. tuMilora Le Conte. Downy; leaves oblong to lanceolate, sessile; fls. solitary; 

sep. lance-linear, i as long as the long tube of the white cor. Ga., Fla. June — Aug. 

4 li. obloiigifolia Mx. Very downj'^; Ivs. obovate to oval, subsessile; fls. 1 — 3 to- 

gether, bractlets and sepals as long as tube of the spotted corolla. Dry, Ga., Fla. 

5 ft. riparia (Chapm.) Smoothish, simple; Ivs. oblong, petiolate ; flowers clustered, 

small (6'0, white, bractlets, sepals, and corolla tube equal. Mid. Fla. 12—18'. 

6 R. liumistrata Mx. Smooth; Ivs. oblong-oval, petiolate ; flowers 1—3 together, 

bractlets shorter than the setaceous sepals. Rich soils, S. Car. to Fla. 

7 R. linearis T. & G. Small, rough-downy ; leaves linear-oblong, imbricated, the 

bractlets similar ; capsule 4-angled, with 2— I seeds. S. Fla. 

4. HYGROPHILA, R. Br. Calyx half-o-cleft, with narrow segments 
Cor. ringent, lower lip trifid. S*;a. 4, unequal, cells of the anth. divergent- 
sagittate, violet. Stig. subulate. Caps, terete, GO-seeded. 2^ ^^r Stolonif- 
erous, 4-angled. FloAvers clustered in the axils. (See Addenda.) 

H. lacustris Nees. Erect, simple, smooth; leaves lance-oblong, sessile (8 — 4'); fls. 
sessile, appearing whorled, white. Borders of lakes. New Orleans. 1 — 2f. 

5. DICilPTERA, Juss. Fls. in bracted heads. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 
bilabiate, inverted, upper lip 3-toothed, sta. 2, anth. cells equal, one placed 
above the other. Caps. 4-seeded, the partitions and valves separating, if 

1 1>. bracliiata Spr. Smooth ; st. 6-angled, brachiately branched : leaves lanceo- 

late, long-petiolate, acuminate ; heads few-flowered, the upper approximate, sessile, 
lower often pedunculate ; flowers purple, 5 — 6". River banks, S. 1— 2f. June — Aug. 

2 U. Halei Riddell. St. downy,- mostly simple ; leaves lance-ovate, petiolate; bract- 

lets and sepals fringed with long hairs ; corolla 5" long. Fla. to La. 1— 2f. Jn.— Aug. 

3 I>. assiirgens Juss,, with scarlet (1') corollas in 1-sided spikes, grows in S. Fla. 

6. DIANTHERA, Gron. (Rhj^iglossa, Kees, and C-B.) Cal. 5-parted. 
Cor. bilabiate, upper lip notched, lower 3-lobed. Stamens 2, anth. cells un- 
equal, one placed above the other. Capsule flattened, 4-seeded above the 
middle. U ^v" Lvs. smooth, entire. Flowers in bracted spikes or heads. 

1 I>. Americana L. Erect, angular, tall; leaves long-lanceolate, wavy, as long 

(3—40 as the peduncles ; bracts and sepals lanceolate, S'', the ringont corolla 6'', 
^iolet-pu^ple. Banks, N. Y., W. and S. 2 — 3f. June, July. 

2 I>. ensiformis Wood. Erect from a creeping base, slender ; leaves linear, oblique 

or ensiform, thick, shorter (8 — 4') than the peduncles ; flowers spicate ; calyx 6" : co- 
rolla purple, 1'. Fla. April. (D. crassifolia Chapm.) 



Ordek 90.— VERBENACE^. 235 

3 Do ovata Walt. St. square, ascending, 4—8' ; leaves lance-ovate, acute, longer than 

the 3-4-flo //erect peduncles ; corolla pale-purple, 3 — 4t'\ S. Car. to Fla. 

4 K. Iiuiiiilis Wood. Erect, square, 1 — Hf; leaves lance-elliptical, shorter than the 

CO -flowered, 1-sided spikes ; corolla 5", purple. Fla. to La. (Justicia Mx.) 

7, CYRTANTHBRA, Nees Corolla ringeiit, upper lip falcate, lower 
*n 3 narrow segments. Sta. 2, antli. nodding. ' Caps. 4-seeded ? U Brazil 
C CARNEA. stem tall, stout, with ample ovate to oblong leaves, and large, showy, ter 
minal spikes of many flesh-coloror" flowers. In the greenhouse. 

Order XC. YERBENACE^. Vervains. 

Herbs (or generally shrubs and trees) with opposite, exstipulatc leaves. 
Flowers with a bilabiate or moi'c or less irregular monopetalous corolla. 
Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely equal, sometimes only 2. Style 1. Fruit 
dry or drupaceous, 2-4-celled (1-celled in Phryma), forming as many 1- 
sceded nutlets. Seeds erect or pendulous, with little or no albumen. 

§ Herbs. Fruit dry, consisting of— 

a 4 one-seeded nutlets. Stamens 4. Corolla 5-lobed Verbexa. 1 

a 2 two-seeded nutlets. Stamens 4. Corolla 5-cleft, minute, spicate. S. Fla Vriya ecJiinhla. 

a 2 one-seeded nutlets. Stamens 2. Flowers spicate, imbedded. S. Fla Stachytaupha. 

a 2 one-seeded nutlets. Stamens 4. Corolla 4-parted Lippia. 2 

a 1 one-seeded nutlet, reflexed. Stamens 4. Corolla bilabiate Phky.ma. 3 

§ Shrubs. Fruit fleshy, berry-like (or a 2-celled capsule in No. 7)...(h) 

I) Leaves compound, digitate. Flowers .5-parted. Seed 1 Vitkx. 6 

b Leaves simple, toothed. — c Cymes axillary. Drupes 4-seeded Cali.ioarpa. 4 

— c Heads axillary. Drupes 2-seeded La.ntana. 5 

6 Leaves simple, entire. — (Z Drupe 2-seeded. Spikes terminal {.\loysia.) 2 

—d Drupe 4-seeded. S. Fla CiTnARKXYi.u.M riUdsum. 

—d Drupe S-seeded. S. Fla Duuanta Pluinidri. 

—d Capsule 4-seeded. Flowers in heads ,. Avicennia tomentdsa. 

1. VERBENA, L. Vervain. Calyx 5-toothed, with one of the teeth 
often shorter. Cor. funnel-form, limb somewhat unequally 5-lobed, lobes 
emarginate. Sta. 4, included, the upper pair sometimes abortive. Drupe 
splitting into 4, 1-seeded, indehiscent carpels. — Herbs or undenshrubs 
Leaves opposite. Flowers sessile, mostly in spikes or heads. 

§ Oorymbed ; the open corollas of the spike fonuing a corymb. Stems weak.. .((»■> 

a Leaves 3-cleft or pinuatitid, the lobes cut-serrate or toothed Xos. 1-3 

a Leaves merely serrate or toothed, somewhat incised Nos. -1—7 

§ Spicate; the open corollas lateral, in sloiuU-r spikt-s.. .(/A 

b Stem simple (mostly), bearing a single spike. Leaves oblong Xos. S. 9 

b Stem branched, with many spikes.— t; Leaves mostly simple Nos. U>— 1*2 

—-C Leaves much divided Nos. 13—15 

1 V. .'Vublelia L. Lvs. ovjte-oblong in outline, 3 j>arted, cut, acute and petiolato at 

base ; si)ikes i)e(lunculate ; bracts halt as long as the cyliiuhieal calyx. Dry soils. Va, 
to 111., and S. 11'. FU)wers lilac, varying in the gai\lcns to purple, .\pril. May. 

2 V. iNcisA. Leaves obh>ng to deltoid, rugous, cut-lobed auvl serrate, abrupt at Kise, 

petiolate ; bracts ovate, a I'ourtU as U>ng as the glandular calyx ; corolla rv^se purple. 
% Brazil. Stems some shrubby, ascending. 

3 \, MUi/riFiDA. Sujall, creepij\g, branched ; leaves nnjltitld into narrow, acute sojf- 

monts ; bracts subulate, iilvorter tliau calvx. .0 Hra.'.il. Red to wliiio. 



2?S Order 90.— VERBENACE^. 

4 V. YEN^SA. Nearly simple, with rigid, ol] long-sessile, cut-serrate leaves ; bracts sub 

ulate, longer than the calyx, both colored : corolla lilac to blue. U Brazil. 

5 V. CHAM^DKiFOLiA. Leavcs oblong-ovate, short-petiolate ; bracts subulate, not half 

the length of the long calyx ; corollas scsrlet to crimson, u Buenos Ayres. 

6 V, PHLOGiFLORA. With uiauy erect branches, and long-petioled, lance-deltoid eaves ; 

bracts lanceolate, half as long as the calyx. Flowers large, red to blue. 

7 V, TEUcmoinES has very hairy, wrinkled, ovate-triangular, crenate leaves on short 

stalks, with large white to roseate sweet-scented flowers. 2C BrazU. 

8 V. ang:ustifoIia Mx. Leaves oblong-linear, tapering to base, serrate, with fur- 

rowed veins ; spikes 1 or few, slender ; corolla deep-blue, bracts as long as the calyx 
(I'O- y Eocks and hills, N. Y. to Va., and W. If. Leaves 2—3'. July. 

9 \. Caroliniina L. Leaves oblong-obovate to oblong, creuate-toothed, sessile; 

spike loose : corolla large, roseate, bracts minute. Zf Dry soils, S. l—'2t June. 

1 V. Iiastiita L. Common Vervain. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, cut-serrate, petio- 
late, the lower lobed or hastate ; spikes panicled, dense, slender, erect and parallel ; 
flowers blue, n Waysides: common. 3— 6f. § Europe. July— September. Hy, 
brids occur, with cleft leaves and loose-flowered spikes. 

11 V, urticaefolia L. Leaves ovate to lance-ovate, serrate, acute, petiolate ; spikes 
axillary and terminal, filiform, lax ; bracts shorter than the calyx, n A homely weed, 
in waste grounds. 3f. Flowers minute, white. § Europe. July, August. 

12 V. strscta A^eut. Mullein V. Hairy and hoary, rigidly erect; leaves oval to obo- 
vate. unequally dentate, sessile, rugous ; spikes dense. U Dry fields, W. 1 — 3f. 
Very leafy, rather handsome. Corolla blue, 4" broad. July. 

I 3 V. bracteosa Mx. Hairy, divaricately branched, leaves laciniate ; bracts lance- 
linear, squarrous on the peduncle and spikes, longer than the small blue flowers, if 
Dry fields, roadsides, N. Y., W. and S. 8—16', June— September. (V. canescens.) 

14 V. officinalis L. Smoothish, erect ; leaves lanceolate to oblong, pinnately lobed 
or toothed, subsessile ; spikes slender, panicled; bracts not longer than the calyx; 
flowers purple, small, u Waysides, Conn, to Ga. 2— 3f. (V. spuria L,) 

1 5 V, strig'osa Hook. Hoary, rough-downy, rigid ; leaves oblong, 3-parted, incised, 
sessile ; spikes strict, lax-flowered bracts long as calyx ; corolla large. N. Orl. 2 — 3f. 

2. LIPPIA, L. Fog-fruit. Cal. 3-parted. Cor. funnel-shaped, limb 
sublabiate, upper limb entire or emarginate, lower 3-lobed. Sta. didyna- 
mous, included. Drupe dry, thin, enclosed in the calyx, 2-seeded. +) U 
Leaves opposite or whorled. Flov/ers small, whitish, in heads or spikes. 

1 li, nodlflora Mx. St. 4-angled, geniculate, simple, creeping; lvs. lanceolate to ob- 

ianceolate, cuneate at base, petiolate, shorter than the ped. Banks, Pa. to Bl., and S. 

2 li. (Alotsia) citriodoka. Lemon Verbena. Shrub smooth ; leaves in 3''s, lance-lin- 

ear, punctate beneath, straight-veined, delightfully fragrant. 3f. 

3. PHRYMA, L. Lop-seed. Cal. cylindric, bilabiate, upper lip longer, 
3-cleft, lower lip 2-tootlied. Corolla bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, much 
smaller than tlie 3-lobed lower one. Stamens included. Fruit dry, oblong, 
striate, 1-celled, 1-seeded. U With opposite leaves. Flowers opposite, 
S|)icate, deflexed in fruit. 

1*. leptostacliya L.— Eocky woods. 2 — 3f. Leaves large (3—6'), thin, coarsely- 
toothed ; flowers small, light-purple, in very slender spikes. July. 

4. GALLIC ARPA, L. Freiich Mulberry. Calyx 4- toothed, bell- 
Bhaped. Corolla short-bell-shapc d, limb of 4 obtuse segments. Sta. 4, un- 
equal, exserted. Stig. capitate, 2 -lobed. Drape juicy, enclosing 4 nutlets, 
^ With opposite leaves and axillary cymes. 



Order 91.— LABIATE. 237 

C. Americana L. Pubescent ; Ivs. ovate, acuminate at each end, crenate-dentate, 
smooth above ; clusters shorter than the petioles ; fruit forming dense verticils Light 
Boils, S. Shrub much branched, 3— 6f, with purple flowers and fruit. 

5. LANTANA, L. Cal. minute, obsoletely 4-toothed. Corolla funi el- 
form, the tube long-exserted, limb oblique, upper lip bifid or entire, lower 
trifid. Sta. 4, didynamous, included. Drupe fleshy, double, the parts sep- 
arable, 1-seeded. J) 3 — 6f. Tropical, with square stems, opposite i)Otio- 
late leaves, and capitate, handsome flowers, often fragrant. 

* Corollas white or lilac, not becoming yellow or scarlet Nos. 1 — 3 

* Corollas white or yellow, changing to saflron, scarlet, crimson, &c Nos. 4, 5 

1 Li. nivea. Branches with reversed prickles ; Ivs. ovate to elliptic, crenate-serrate, as 

long as the peduncles ; no involucre ; flowers white, turning to blue. Brazil. 

2 li. Sellowiana. Branches strigous ; Ivs. rhombic to oblong, coarse-serrate, shorter 

than the peduncles ; heads some involucrate ; flowers reddish lilac. Brazil. 

3 li. involucrata L. Whitish-downy ; Ivs. obovate to roundish, crenulate, as long 

as the peduncles ; heads involucrate with the outer ovate bracts, lilac. S. Fla. 

4 li. MIXTA. Prickles reversed or ; Ivs. ovate, crenate, abrupt at base, shorter than 

the peduncles ; bracts as long as the corollas, which are white at first, then changing 
to yellow, then orange, and lastly red. Brazil. 

5 li. Camara L. Often prickly ; Ivs. as in No. 4, but equalling the peduncles ; bracts 

half as long as the corollas, which are successively yellow, orange, red. Ga., Fla. 

6. VITEX, L. Chaste-tree. Calyx 5-toothed. Cor. cup-shaped, 5- 
lobed, somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens 4, unequal, exserted. Drupe entire, 4- 
celled, 4-seeded. J) With opposite, digitate leaves and paniculate cymes. 

1 V. Agnus-castus. Leaflets 5 or 7. lanceolate, entire, pointed both ways ; panicles 

white-tomentous, terminal, interrupted ; corolla purplish. Hardy. S. 

2 V. Negundo. Leaflets 3 or 5, oblong, serrate, acuminate, Mauritius. 

3 v. iNcisA. Leaflets 5 or 7, incisely pinnatifld, acuminate. China. 

Order XCI. LABIATE. Labiate Plants. 

Herls with square stems, and opposite, aromatic, exstipulale leaves. 
Floicers axillary, in verticillasters, sometimes as if spiked or in heads. Co- 
rolla labiate (rarely regular), upper lip external in the bud. Stamens 4, 
didynamous, or only 2. Ovari/ free, deeply 4-lobcd, the single style arising 
from between the lobes. Fniit composed of 4 (or by abortion fewer) sep- 
arable 1-seedcd nuts or achenia. Figs. 23, 69, 9G, 281, 292, 318, 384. 

§ stamens 2, perfect,— j) asceudinp: beneiUh the pnleii ; ajithors 1-celled. (Tribe IV.) 
— ;) ftsceiuliuK throufxh a cleft in the galea ; anthers 2-coUed . . . (ft) 
—p exserted, distant ; nnthers 2-celled...((0 
J Stamens 4, perfect, — q all declined toward the lower lip. (Tribe I.) 
— q erect, or ascending toward the upper lip. . .(2) 
2 Stamens of eqtial length, corolla almost regular. -l-xVlobed. ..(*c) 

2 Stamens, the upper pair longer than the lower (outoiO, and calyx lS-15-veinod. iTrib« f J 
Stamens, the lower pair longer than the upper (interior) pair...i;>) 
3 Stamens divergent, apart, mostly straight and exserted. ..(r) 
3 Stamens parallel, ascending and long-exserted from the upper side... (ft) 
3 Stamens purnllol, ascending in pairs beneath the upper lip. . .yi) 
4 Calyx i:?-veined, 6-toothed, i»ud sou\ewhat 2-lipped. ..( /) 
4 Calyx 5-U) veined, or irregularly netted. ..(5) 



238 Order 91.— LABIATE. 

5 Calyx strongly 2-lipped, upper lip truncate, closed in fruit. ..(h) 
5 Calyx not 2-lipped, 3 or 4-lobed, open in fruit. . .{7c) 
5 Calyx subequally 5-toothed, teeth not spinescent. . .(?7i) 
5 Calyx subequally 5-toothed, teeth spinescent... (n) 
5 Calyx unequally S-10-toothed. ..(o) 

L OCIMOIDE^.— r Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower entire, flattish Ocimum 

— r Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower saccate, deflexed Hyptis. S 

— r Corolla upper lip 3-4-fid, lower boat-form, involving the sta. .Coleus. 3 

— r Corolla upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed Lavandula. 4 

II. AJTJGOEDE^.— 6 Stamens 2, exserted through a fissure in the tube. Amethystea. 5 

— b Stamens 4, exserted through a fissure in the tube Teucrium. 6 

— Ij Stamens very long, involute, arching the corolla Trichostkmma. 7 

— *e Corolla limb equally 5-lobed. Stamens short Isanthus. 8 

m. SATUREJE.iE.— (Stamens diverging or ascending, 2-celled. Corolla lobes flattish, spreading.) 

— *c Corolla limb obliquely 5-lobed. Leaves purple Perilla. 9 

— *c Corolla limb 4-lobed, upper lobe broadest Mentha. 10 

<? Corolla nearly regular, 4-lobed. Calyx naked in the throat Lycopus. 11 

d Corolla bilabiate,— s cyanic, throat naked. Stamens straight Cunila. 12 

— s cyanic, throat naked. Stamens ascending Hedeoma. 13 

— s yellow, throat with a hairy ring inside Collinsonia. 14 

e Calyx 15-veined. Stamens exserted, divergent Hyssopus. 15 

e Calyx 10- veined, the veins obscured by hairs. Corolla yellow, fringed Collinsonia. 14 

« Calyx 10-13-veined, — t throat naked. — u Stamens straight, divergent Pycnanthemum. 16 

— w Sta. ascending, anth. spurless Satureja. 17 

—u Sta. ascending, anth. spurred Dicerandra. 18 

— t throat hairy. — o Bracts roundish, large Origanum. 19 

— V Bracts narrow, minute Thymus. 20 

/ Tube of the corolla straight. Leaves small, subcrenate or entire Calamintha. 21 

/ Tube of the corolla curved upward. Leaves large, coarse-crenate Melissa. 22 

rv. MONAKDE^.— Connectile long, transverse, distancing the anther cells Salvia. 23 

— Connectile continuous with fil. toothed at the juncture B osmarinus. 24 

— Connectile inconspicuous. — w Calyx subequally toothed Monarda. 25 

—w Calyx bilabiate, aristate Blephyllia. 26 

V NEPETE.1E. — Stamens distant, exserted. Flowers in terminal spikes Lophanthus. 27 

—Stamens all aucending.— <r Anther cells divergent, much Nkfeta. 28 

— X Anther cells divergent, little Dracocephalum. 29 

— X Anther cells parallel. Fls. large Cedronella. 30 

VL STACHYDE^.— (Stamens parallel, ascending. Cor. upper lip galeate. CaL 5-10-veined.) 

h Calyx lips toothed, upper 3 teeth minute, lower 2 large Brunella. 31 

h Calyx lips entire, upper with an appendage on the back Scutellaria. 32 

A; Calyx 3-lobed. Anthers all distinct. Flowers purple streaked Macbridea. 33 

k Calyx 4-lobed. Anthers, the highest pair connate.... Stnandra. 34 

m Corolla tube inflated in the midst, whitish. Lips small Physostegia. 35 

m Corolla tube inflated at the throat, purple. Lower lip long.... Lamium. 36 

m Corolla inflated in the broad, concave upper lip, purple or yellow Phlomis. 37 

m Corolla not inflated, short.— y Calyx salver-form, 10-ribbed B allota. 38 

— 2/ Calyx broad-bell-form, netted ...Mollucella. 39 

n Anthers opening transversely, ciliate-fringed. Leaves notched Galkopsis. 40 

n Anthers opening lengthwise. — z Achenia rounded at the top. Native. . .Stachys. 41 

— 2 Achenia rounded at the top. Cultivated. . Betonica. 42 

—z Achenia truncate, 3-angled at top. . . . . .Leonurus. 43 

o Corolla white, upper lip flattish. Style equally bifid Marrubium. 44 

o Corolla white, upper lip concave. Style unequally bifid. South. .Leucas. 

o Corolla scarlet, exserted. Calyx upper tooth longest Leonotis. 45 

1. OOIMUM, L. Sweet Basil. Upper lip of calyx orbicular, lower 
4-fid. Cor. resupinate, one lip 4-cleft, the other undivided. Stam. 4, de- 
clined, the lower pair longer, the upper often with a process at their base. 
Verticils 6-flowered, in terminal, interrupted racemes. 

O. Itasilicum L. Lvs. smooth, ovate-oblong, subdentate, petiolate ; cal. ciliaie. (i) 
Plant 6—12'. in the kitchen-gardens. Very fragrant. 



OnDER 91.— LABIATE. 239 

2. OOLEUS, Lour. Cul. deflexed in fruit, unequally 5-tootlicd. Cor. 
decurved, upper lip obtusely 3-4-cleft, lower longer, entire, concave, in- 
volving the 4 stamens. @ Verticils 6- QO-flowered. Asia. 

C. Blumei. Leaves large, ovate, bluntly serrate ; verticillasters distinct, GO-flowcred. 
2f. Tender, cultivated for its splendid leaves, which are marked with crimson, green, 
and bronze. Flowers inconspicuous. 
/ 

3. HYPTIS, L. Calyx 5-tootlied, teeth acute or subulate. Cor. tube 

cylindric, limb 5-lobed, the lower abruptly deflexed, contracted at its base, 
the 4 others flat, erect or spreading. Stam. 4, declinate. Ach. ovoid or ob- 
long. — In our species the flowers are in involucrate heads. Summer. 

H, radia.ta Willd. Erect, glabrous ; leaves lance-ovate to lance-linear, unequally and 
bluntly serrate, tapering to the petiole ; heads opposite, pedunculate, at length 
globular, bracts seeming radiate, it Damp, S. 2 — 3f. 

4. LAVANDULA, L. Lavender. Cal. ovoid-cylindric, with 5 short 
teeth, the upper one often largest. Cor. upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, 
lobes all nearly equal, tube exserted, stamens included. 5 

li, spiCA. Leaves hoary, linear-oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, rolled at edge, sessile, 
in the interrupted spike bract-like ; flowers small, lilac. Very fragrant, and yielding 
the well-known Oil-of -Lavender. 12—18'. July. 

5. AMETHYSTEA, L. Flowers as in Teucrium, but the stamens are 
only 2. (i) From Siberia. 

A. ccERULEA.— A branching, smooth herb. If high, with the leaves 3-parted and incised, 
and blue (to white) corollas little exceeding the calyx. July— Oct. 

6. TEUCRIUM, L. Germander. Cal. subcampanulate and subrcgu 
lar, in 5 acute segments. Cor. with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, the 
lowest largest, roundish. Stam. 4, exserted from the deep cleft in the 
upper side of the tube. 

T. Canadense L. Plant erect, hoary-pubescent ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, 
petiolate ; bracts linear-lanceolate, about as long as the calyx ; spike long, of many 
crowded verticils of odd-looking purplish flowers, u Damp grounds. 2f. July. 

N 

7. TRIOHOSTEMA, Lin. Blue Curls. Calyx very oblique, veiny, 
iower lip of 2 short teeth, upper twice as long, of 3, a!l acute. Cor. tube 
slender, limb obliquely 5-lobed. Filam. 4, very long, cxsortod and curved, 
(i) Cymes loose, panicled. Corolla blue. 

1 T. dfcltotoin.i L. Lvs. obloiig-lauceolate. attenuate at base, obtuse, entire pnbe*- 

cont, as woU as the stem and branches. Dry soils, ^lass., and S. If. August. 

2 X. lincaro N. Leaves linear, nearly smooth; stem and bninohos puboruU'Ut. Dr? 

soils, N. Y. (at Salem), and S. If. Flowers as in tho other, 4". July, Aug. 

8. ISANTHUS, Mx. Falsi-: Pknnyuoyat,. Calyx equally 5-toolhed, 
throat naked. Cor. O-partod, tube straiglit and narrow, segiu. ovate ami 
equal. Stam. subequal, incurved, ascending, longer than the corolla, li 
Viscid, pubescent, with entire leaves acute at each end. Flowers axillary. 
I. ooerulens Ms.— Dry fleUls, N. and W. 1— Hf. Ki-anohlug and loafN'. rt'sombllnsj 

roniiyroyal. Lejivos laucf-olliplio, 3-vclnod. FKnvorsl-0 ii\ each axil. bhi*. July, 



240 Order 91.— LABIATE. 

9. PERILLA, L. Calyx subeqnally 5-tootlied, in frait becoming gib- 
bous and 2-lipped. Cor. bell-form, 5-cleft, lower lobe a little longer. Sta 
4, erect, distant, included. — Asia. 

p. ocmoiDES, p. NANKmKNSis, is the Pukple Perilla, a fine leaf-plant, 2f high, with 
large bronze-purple, ovate, cut-fringed leaves, O. crispa Benth.) ® 

10. MENTHA, L. Mint. Cal. equally 5-tootbed. Cor. nearly regu- 
lar, tube scarcely exserted, border 4-cleft, tlie broadest segment emarginate. 
Stam. 4, straight, distant, anth. cells parallel, fil, naked. U Strong-scented 
herbs. Flowers in dense verticils, pale purple. Summer. 

* Leaves sessile. Verticils in a slender, terminal spike Nos. 1- -3 

* Leaves petiolate. — x Verticils in dense oblong spikes Nos. 4, 5 

— X Verticils axillary, not in spikes Nos. &~8 

1 in. viridls L. Spearmint. Smoothish ; Ivs. lance-oblong, acute, cut-serrate ; spikes 

interrupted, attenuate above. Damp soils. 1 — 2f. § Europe. 

2 OT. rotundifolia L. Whitish-downy ; Ivs. roundish to broad-ovate, sharp-serrate ; 

spikes cylindric, nearly continuous. N. J., Pa, (at Easton, Prof. Porter), Ascending 
2— 3f, Spikes 2—3', § Europe. 

3 M. sylvestrls L. WooUy-tomentous ; Ivs. lance-ovate, canescent, finely serrate ; 

spikes conic-cylindric. Delaware Co., Pa. (A. H. Smith), 

4 an, piperita L. Peppermint. Smooth ; Ivs, ovate to lanceolate, serrate ; spikes 

1', oblong to cylindric ; calyx smooth. "Wet. 2f, § Europe. 

5 OT. aquatica L. Stem reflex-hairy ; leaves ovate, serrate, hairy or smoothish ; 

spike globular or oblong, calyx villous. Muddy, § 

6 m. sativa L. Stem reflex-hairy, erect, branched ; leaves ovate, canescent beneath ; 

calyx teeth subulate-awned, Lancaster, Pa. (Porter). § Europe, 

7 M. arvensis L, Smoothish, ascending; leaves ovate, serrate above, entire and 

acute at base ; calyx teeth acute. Fields, M, and W, : rare, § 

8 M. Canadensis L, Horsemint. Upright, hoary-pubescent with spreading hairs ; 

leaves lanceolate, very acute both ways ; cymes shorter than the petioles ; stamens 
exserted. Damp. Can, to Pa, and Ky, 
/3, borealia. Plant nearly smooth, with narrower leaves. 

11. LYCOPUS, L. Water Hoarhound. Cal. tubular, 4^5-cleft. Cor. 

subregular, 4-cleft, the tube as long as the calyx, upper segment broadest, 
emarginate. Stam. 2, distant, diverging, simple. If Bog herbs, with the 
very small flowers in axillary, dense clusters. 

1 li, Virginicus L. Bugle Weed. Lvs. broad lanceolate, serrate, tapering and entire 

at both ends ; calyx teeth 4, obtuse, spineless, shorter than the achenia. Common. 
1— Hf, Plant often purple, and often with long slender runners, July, August, 

2 Ij. Europaeus L, Lvs. lance-ovate to lance-oblong, petiolate, acute, sinuate-toothed 

or lobed, the lower incised; calyx teeth 5, acumlnate-spinescent, longer than the 
smooth achenia. Common, and very variable. 1— 2f. August, 
/3, ruhillus^ with creeping stolons, and downy toothed lvs, (L, rubellus Moench,) 
7. sinuatus^ with smooth sinuate-dentate leaves— no runners, (L. sinuatus Ell.) 
h. eaealtdtug. Tall, with smooth leaves cut into linear teeth. (L. exaltatus Ell.) 
e. ang-ustifoUus, Leaves narrow, slightly toothed or subentire. (L. august. N.) 
^. sessilif'olius, Lvs, oblong, sessile or clasping, remotely toothed, N, J, (Porter). 

12. OUNILA, L. Dittany. Cal. 10-ribbed, equally 5-toothed, throat 
densely villous ; upper lip of corolla flat, emarginat'?. Stam. 2, erect, ex- 
serted, distant, — Flowers numerous, pale red. 



Order 91.— LABIATE. 241 

C Ittari^na L. Lvs. ovate, serrate, subsessile, 1'; cymes pedunculate, corymbout, 
axillary and terminal. li Eocky woods, N. Y. to Ga. and Ark. 1— 2f. July, Aug. 

13. HEDEOMA, Pers, American Pennyroyal. Calyx 13-striate, 
gibbous at base, bilabiate, tliroat hairy, upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft 
Cor. bilabiate, upper lip erect, flat, emarginate, lower spreading, 3-lobed, 
Stam. 2, fertile, ascending. — Low, fragrant herbs. 

1 H. pulegioides Pers. Lvs. oblong, few-toothed, petiolate, narrowed to each end ; 

verticils axillary, 6-flowered ; corolla equalling the calyx. (I) Dry pastures. 6 — 12'. 
June — Aug. A small herb of pungent fragrance and taste, common and much used. 

2 H. hisplda Ph. Hairy, branching, with sessile, linear, obtuse leaves and verticils 

6-flowered ; corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx. (I) Banks, W. 2—5'. July. 

14. COLLINSONIA, L. Horse Balm. Cal. ovoid, 10-striate, upper 
lip truncate, 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft. Cor. exserted, bell-ringent, upper lip 
in 4 subequal lobes, lower longer, declined, fringed. Stam. 2 or 4, much 
exserted, divergent. U Coarse, strong scented, with large, ovate, serrate, 
petiolate lvs. and yellowish fls., in a terminal, leafless panicle or raceme. 

* stamens 4, perfect, long exserted. Leaves very large. South Nos. 1, 2 

* Stamens 2, perfect,— a the upper pair of filaments mere points Nos. 3, 4 

— a the upper pair of filaments capitate. South No. 5 

1 C. verticillata Baldw. Viscid-downy above ; lvs. broad-oval, 6 — 8', acute, peti- 

oles 1 — 2' ; racemes long, naked ; flowers in whorls, 9" ; lower lip strongly fringed. 
Lookout Mt., Tenn., and Middle Ga. 1— 2f. Raceme If. May, June. 

2 C. anisata Ph. Viscid-downy ; lvs. cordate, acuminate, crenate, 5—7', petiole V ; 

panicle 3—6', bracts ovate, flowers 5—6". Ga., Fla., Ala. 1— 2f. July— Sept. 

3 €. Canadensis L. Sparsely downy ; leaves mucronate-serrate, acuminate, abrupt 

at base, 4—7' ; lower petioles slender ; panicle 5 — 8', loose, bracts ovate ; flowers 
5 — 6". Damp shades, Can. to La. (Hale). 3 — 4f. Summer. 

4 C. scabriitiscula Ait. Leaves scabrous above, small (H— 2'), acuminate, acute at 

base, petioles slender, 1' ; panicle leafy, fls. 4—5", calyx 1". Woods, S. 2f. Sept. 

5 C. punctata Ell. Pubescent; lvs. 4—7', lance-ovate, pointed, acute at base, resin- 

ous-punctate beneath ; panicle leafy below, flowers 5". Woods, S. 2 — Of. Sept. + 

15. HYSSOPUS, L. Hyssop. Calyx tubular, 15-striatc, equally 5- 
toothed. Upper lip of the corolla erect, flat, emarginate, lower 3-parted, 
the middle segment largest, tube about as long as the cal3'x. Stamens 4. 
H. officinalis L.— Native of Europe and Asia, occasionally cultivated for its medici- 
nal properties. A bushy herb, 2f, with oblong-lanceolate leaves, and bright blue 
fls. in 1-sided verticils approximate in a terminal spike. St. exserted, diverging. § 

16. PYCNANTHEMUM, M\. Basil. Calyx tubular, l(>-13-stnalc, 
5-toothcd, teeth equal or subbilabiate, throat naked within. Upi>er lip of 
corolla nearly entire, lower trifld, middle lobe longest, all ovate, obtuse, 
Btam. 4, distant, subequal, anth. with parallel cells. U Erect, rigid branch- 
ing herbs, all N. American. Verticils dense, many-flowered. Aug., Sept. 

§ Calyx 2-Uppod, in flat or loose cymes, [.oaves petiolate, snbsernito. . .(a) 
§ Calyx subrogular, in roundish ilons^c heiuls.. .(f)) 

a Tocth of Ihe calyx ovate, aouto, awnloss No. I 

a Teeth of the calyx tipped with bearded awns No*. S — I 

I) Calyx teeth and bracts with naked awns as long !\s the coroIU No« 6i. • 

b Calyx teeth awnless, shorter than the corolla. . .^,l•> 



242 Ordek 91.— labiate. 

c Heads panicled. Leaves subpetiolate, subentire Nos. 7—9 

c Heads corymbed. Leaves sessile, entire Nos. 10—12 

c Heads solitary, involucrate. Lea\ es serrate No. 12 

1 P. albescens T. & G. Leaves lance-ovate, acute, whitened beneath, the upper 

whitened both sides ; flowers in little secund racemes. Ala. to La. 2— 3f. 

2 P. Titllia Benth. Villous-pubescent ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute or pointed ; 

the floral whitened ; inflorescence as in No. 1. Mountains, S. 

3 P. incanam Mx. Wild Basil. Whitish, with a soft down ; leaves ovate, rounded 

at base, slightly acuminate ; the floral whitened both sides ; cymes V and less broad, 
not racemed ; corolla pale red, dotted. Rocky woods, N. and W. 2 — 4f. 

4 P. clini^odioides T. & G. Villous-canescent ; leaves lanceolate, acute both 

ways ; cymes small, dense, terminal and subterminal. Dry soils, N. Y., N. J., and 
W. 2— 3f. Plant not whitened. Heads Q" diameter. 

5 P. aristatuzn Mx. Smoothish ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, subserrate, rounded 

at base, petiolate ; bracts rigid ; heads few, 6—9" diam. Barrens, N. J., and S. 1— 2f. 

6 P. hyssopifolium Benth. Smoothish ; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, nearly ses 

sile and entire ; heads few, large, V diameter. Barrens, Va. to Fla. 1— 2f. 
T P. Torreyi Benth. Slightly pubescent ; Ivs. lin.-lanceolate, acute, subentire ; bracts 
and subulate calyx teeth white-pubescent. Dry hills. New York Island, N. J. : rare. 

8 P. pilosum N. Hoary with soft, spreading hairs ; leaves lanceolate, acute at each 

end, subentire, subsessile ; calyx teeth ovate-lanceolate, and with the bracts white- 
tomentons. Prairies, W. States, to Ga. 2f. Cymes dense, 6 — 9'^ 

9 P. muticnm Pers. Minutely white-downy at top ; leaves ovate to lance-ovate, 

acute, rounded or subcordate at base ; calyx teeth short, merely acute. In dry woods. 
2— 3f. Heads roundish, dense, 4—6'", 

10 P. lanceolatum. Ph. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, acute, rigid, abrupt at 
base, sessile ; calyx teeth short, hairy ; heads small (3 — 5"). Bry woods, Mass. to 
Car., and W. 1— 2f. Handsome, fragrant, nearly smooth. 

IIP. linifolinm. Ph. Glabrous ; leaves linear, attenuated both ways ; heads com- 
pact, corymbed ; calyx teeth pungently awn-pointed. Dry soils. 1— 2f. 

12 P* nudum N. Glabrous, pale, subsimple ; leaves few and small, ovate-oblong, 
obtuse, entire, sessile ; calyx teeth acute, pubescent. Mts., N. Car. to Ga. 1— 2f. 

1 3 P. montanum Mx. Glabrous except the villous-ciliate ovate and linear bracts ■ 
leaves lanceolate, serrate, acnte ; heads involucrate. Mountains, Va. and Car. 1— 2f. 
Resembles a Monarda. Fragrant. 

17. SATUREJA, L. SujorER Savory. Calyx tubular, 10-ribbed, 
throat not hairy. Segments of the bilabiate corolla not equal. Stamens 
diverging, scarcely exserted. — Herbs with small leaves and purplish fls. 

S. hortensis L. St. branching ; Ivs. linear-oblong, entire, acute at the end ; ped. ax- 
illary, cymous. ® River banks, W., escaped from gardens : rare. § 

18. DICERANDRA, Benth. Calyx 13-striate, tubular, upper lip sub- 
entii-e, lower bifid, throat hairy. Cor. tube exserted, straight, strongly 2- 
lipped, the upper erect, emarginate, the lower spreading. Sta. 4, exserted, 
distant, anther cells divaricate, each with a little horn, (i) Branching, 
smooth, with loose cymes. 

1 1>. Unearifolia B. Stem and branches strict ; Ivs. linear, or linear-oblong ; cymes 

stalked, of 1—5 showy pink flowers, forming slender panicles. Dry woods, Prince 
Edward County, Va. (Dr. Mettauer), to Fla. (Miss Keen). If. October. 

2 D. densiflora B. Leaves lance-ob^ong ; cymes sessile, 5-10-flowered. E. Fla. 

19. ORIGANUM, L. Marjoram. Calyx tube 10-striate, 5-toothe<l, 



Order 91.— LABIATzE. 243 

hairy in throat. Corolla tube scarcely exserted, upper lip erect, flat, emar 
ginate, lower with. 3 nearly equal segments. Stamens 4, ascending, distant 
If Leaves subentire. Fls. in dense oblong spikes, with imbricated bracts. 

1 O. vulsare L. Wild M. Leaves ovate, petiolate, hairy ; epikes corymbed ; brscta 

ovate, purplish ; calyx teeth equal. Fields : rare. If. June, July. 

2 O. Mabjorana. Sweet M. Leaves oval or obovate, obtuse, petiolate, hoary-pubes- 

cent ; bracts roundish ; calyx tube split below. If. A kitchen vegetable. 

20. THYMUS, L. Thyme. Cal. 2-lipped, ovoid, 13-veined, upper lip 
of 3, the lower of 2 subulate teeth, throat hairy. Cor. moderately 2-lipped. 
Sla. straight, exserted, distant. ^ Leaves small, entire, strongly veined. 
Bracts minute. Flowers purple. European culinary herbs. 

1 T. Serpyllum L. Wild T. Stems creeping and ascending, leafy, each terminated 

with a small, dense, oblong head of flowers grateful to bees, t §. June. 

2 T. VULGARIS. Stems erect from the decumbent base ; Ivs. oblong-ovate to lanceolate, 

the sides revolute ; fls. in term., leafy spikes. Much branched. 6 — W high. Jn., Jl. 

21. OALAMINTHA, Mcench. Calaminth. Cal. tubular, 13-nerved, 
throat mostly hairy, upper lip 3-cleft, lower 2-cleft. Corolla tube straight, 
exserted, throat inflated, limb bilabiate, upper lip erect, entire or emargi- 
nate, lower spreading, its middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, the lower pair 
longer, usually ascending. If 

§ Herbs hairy. Cymes dense, capitate, bracted. Calyx tube curved, 2-lipped.. No. 1 

§ Herbs hairy. Cymes loose, pedunculate. Calyx tube straight, 2-lipped No. 3 

§ Herbs smooth. Cy. loose, sessile, bracted. Cal. straight, teeth subregular...No. 3 
% Shrubs low, slender, nearly smooth. Cymes few-flowered. Fls. large Nos. 4 — 7 

1 C. Clinopodinm Benth. WUd Basil. Plant clothed with whiti^^h hairs ; leaves 

ovate, subserrate ; fls. purplish, in dense verticils or heads, with many subulate 
bracts. Low woods, N. and W. 1— 2f. Heads near V wide. June— August. 

2 fj, Nepeta Link. Branched below, soft-villous ; leaves small, broad-ovate, obtuse ; 

cymes few-flowered, becoming some racemed ; corolla white, 3 — i" ; calyx 1''. Va., 
Tenn., to Ga. JRoadsides, &c. 21". Strongly aromatic. July, August. § Europe. 

3 C. glabella B. Smooth, decumbent at base, diff"usely branched ; loaves nanowiy 

oblong, tapering to base ; verticils 6-10-flowored. Kocks, O. to Ark. IS'. Cor. 4—5", 
pale violet. Fragrant like Pennyroyal. Often produces runners, and runs into 
/3. diveraif'olia. Flowering stems nearly erect, the barren prostrate like runners, 
bearing small ovate leaves (3 — t"). Rocks, Niagara, and N-W. 10'. 

4 0. Caroliulaiia Sw. Smooth, simple ; Ivs. ovate, obtuse, cronate-serrate ; bracts 

similar ; cy. few-flwd., on short stalks ; cor. rose-purp., 7—9''. Drj* woods, S. ir> . ,11. 

5 €, coceiiica B. Shrub with virgate branches ; Ivs. narrowly ovatc-oblong ; verti- 

cils of 2— (> ample scar. fls. ; cor. !.'>— IS", gland. -pubescent. Sandy shores. Fla. 2r. 

6 C. canesccns T. &, Q. Low shrub, minutely canescent-downy ; leaves linear, with 

rolled edges, obtuse, crowded ; fls. sol., opp., 8", rose-rod. Sandy shores, Fia. S — l*y. 

7 C. deutata Chapm. Tomentous ; Ivs. wedge-obovato, 2-l-toothed at apex. Fla. Sf. 

22. MELX6SA, Toiirn. I^.vi.M. Calyx 13 ribbed, the upper lip 3- 
toolhod, flattened and dilated, lower bifld. Cor. tube rceiirved-asocnding, 
npper lip erect, flattish, lower spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe mostly 
broadest. Stamens ascending. 

W ofllcliialiK L. rubescont ; st. erect, branching: flu. in loose, axillary cjmw 



244 Order 91.— LABIATE. 

leaves ovate, crenate-serrate, petiolate ; bracts similar ; corolla 7'^ yellowish. Oar. 
dens, whence it has escaped into the fields and woods. 1— 3f. July, August. 

23. SALVIA, L. Sage. Cal. striate, bilabiate, upper lip 8-tootliecl or 
entire, lower bifid, throat naked. Corolla ringent, tube equal, upper lip 
straight or falcate, lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed. Stamens 2, con- 
nectile transverse on the filament, supporting at each end a cell of the 
halved anther. 5 U Figs. 96, 281. 

* Native species.— § Calyx limb 3-lobed. Lower anther cell wanting Nos. 1— a 

— § Calyx deeply 2-lipped, 5-toothed. Both cells present. .Nos. 4—6 

* Species cultivated (No. 7 spontaneous).— a Flowers blue Nos. 7—9 

—a Flowers white Nos. 10, 11 

—a Flowers yellow No. 12 

—a Flowers red.— 5 Herbaceous . . Nos. 13, 14 
— d Shrubby Nos. 15, 16 

1 §, azurea Lam. Smoothi^h, branching ; Ivs. linear-oblong and linear, snbentire, 

acutish ; racemes slender ; verticils 3-6-flowered ; corolla pubescent, tube barely ex 
serted ; limb azure blue. 2; S. Car. to Fla. and La. 1— 3f. Summer. 

2 S. longifolia N. ? Tall, branched, puberulent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate ; 

racemes slender ; corolla 8—9", tube twice longer than calyx. Tj. Ga. to Ark. 3— 6f. 

3 S. nrticifolia L. Thinly pubescent ; leaves rhomb-ovate, acute, serrate, decurrent 

on the petiole ; verticils 4-10-flowered, distant in the raceme ; corolla smooth, tube 
little longer than the calyx, u Hilly woods, Va., and S. 18^. May. 

4 S. lyrata L. Lvs. radical, lyrate, erose-dentate, many, stem Ivs. about 1 pair, linear 

spatulate, bract-like ; fls. in whorls, racemed at top of the square scape. 2(. In woods 
6—15'. Flowers V, violet-purple. April— June. 

5 S. obovata Ell. Lvs. broad-obovate, entire, the floral ovate ; verticils remote in 

the raceme ; corolla blue, 8'''', calyx 3". U Ga. to La. 1— 2f. June, July. 

6 S. Claytonl Ell. Lvs. cordate- to lance-ovate, sinuate-pinnatifid, and toothed, m- 

gous, bracts ovate, pointed, "ii Sandy fields, S. Car. 

7 S. Sclarea L. Lvs. ample, rugous, broad-cordate, doubly crenate ; bracts colored ; 

corolla pale purple, upper lip high-arched. @ Gardens, § in Penn. 

8 S. OFFICINALIS. Garden Sage. Shrubby ; leaves lance-oblong, crenulate, rugous ; co- 

rolla upper lip vaulted, equalling the lower. From S. Europe. If. July. 

9 S. PATENS. Hispid and hairy ; leaves ovate-deltoid or ovate-hastate, crenate ; flowers 

very large ; calyx bell-form, 7'-' ; corolla blue, 2' long ; stamen exserted. Mexico. 3f. 

1 S. ARGENTEA. Leaves white with wool, large, ovate, sinuate-lobed, the floral con- 
cave ; flowers 18'', racemed, the upper lip long-falcate. S. Europe. 

lis. CHiONANTHA, with large white-woolly, linear-lanceolate leaves and very large (20 

white flowers with arched galea, is from Asia Minor. 
12 S. AUREA. Shrubs— 4f, with roundish ovate whitened leaves, the splendid yellow 

flowers 2^, calyx 1', in dense racemes. From Africa. 
1 3 S. cocciNEA. Stem and ovate-cordate leaves beneath hoary-do-wny ; verticils of 6 — 10 

red smooth flowers (8") in a raceme ; cal. 2-colored, 4". i[ Cuba, § in Ga., &c. 1— 2f. 
1 4 S, psEUDO-cocciNEA, 3f high, is hispid with long spreading hairs, has ovate leaves 

rounded at base. Otherwise like No. 14. U 
1 5 S. PULGENS. Plant branching, weak-stemmed, pubescent, with lance-ovate, subcor- 

date leaves, the corollas 2', bright red, opposite, m tenninal racemes. Moxico. 
1 6 S. SPLENDENS. Plant erect, smooth, with ovate lvs. and opposite pubescent flowers ; 

calyx 1', scarlet as well as the 2' corollas. The commonest species. Mexico. 3f. 

24. ROSMARINUS, L. Rosemary. Calyx upper lip entire, lower 
bifid. Cor. upper lip 3-parted, lower lip reflexed, in 3 divisions, of which 



Ordep. 91.— labiate. 245 

tHe middle is the largest. Fil. 2, fertile, elongated, ascending toward the 
upper lip, having a tooth on the side. 5 S. Europe. 

B. offlcina,Ils. Shrub evergreen with opposite, linear-oblong, obtuse, shining leavoi. 
Flowers axillary and terminal, bright blue, fragrant of camphor. 4f. 

25. MONARDA, L. Mountain Mint. Calyx elongated, cylindric, 
striate, subequally 5-toothed. Cor. ringent, tubular, upper lip linear, lower 
lip refiexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe nan'owest. Sta. 2, fertile, ascending 
beneath the upper lip, and mostly exserted, anth. cells divaricate at base, 
connate at apex. U Verticils few, dense, many-flwd., bracted. Jl. — Sept. 

* Calyx densely hairy in the throat. Corolla purple or whitish Nos. 1, 2 

* Calyx naked in the throat. Corolla scarlet or yellow Noe. 3, 4 

1 M. fistulosa L. Ilorsemint. Wild Bergamot. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate, pointed, 

serrate or subentire, petiolate ; flowers in large terminal heads ; corollas 1', exserted, 
greenish white, pale lilac, or blue. Thickets, W. Vt., W. and S. 2 — 4f. Variable. 

2 M. Bradburiana N. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate, acute, rounded at base, subsessile ; 

cal. curved, teeth spinescent (as in No. 1) ; bracts and corolla purple. Prairies, "W. 3f. 

3 M. punctata L. Lvs. lance-oblong, tapering to the petiole ; bracts leafy, colored, 

longer than the pale yellow, brown-spotted corollas. Barrens, N. J., S. and W. 2 — 3f. 

4 M. didyma L. St. branching, acutely 4-angled ; lvs. broad-ovate, pointed, short- 

petiolate ; heads terminal and subterminal, with large (IS-") showy crimson corollas, 
and bracts stained with the same hue. Swamps : rare. Often cultivated. 2f. 

26. BLEPHIIilA, Raf Calyx 13-veined, upper lip 3-toothed, lower 
lip shorter, 2-toothed, the teeth setaceous. Cor. upper lip short, erect, ob- 
long, obtuse, entire, lower lip of 3 unequal, spreading lobes, the lateral 
ones orbicular. Stam. 2, fertile, ascending, exserted. U Verticils dense, 
approximate in a spike. 

1 B, bfrsuta Benth. Hirsute all over, wide-branched ; lvs. ov. -lanceolate, pointed, 

serrate, petiolate ; bracts oblong, acuminate, colored, shorter than the pale, pnrple- 
spottcd flowers ; cor. 5". Damp woods, N. Eng., W. Pa., and W. 1— 2f. June, July. 

2 B. ciliata Eaf. Thinly hirsute, simple; lvs. lance-oblong, distant, subsessile ; ver- 

ticils .3— 5, the ovate bracts long as the calyx. Barrens, Pa., S. and W. 2-4f. Jl.-Sept. 

27. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. Hedge Hyssop. Cal. 15-ribbcd, oblique, 
5-cleft, upper segments longer. Cor. upper 1 |; bifidly emarginate, lower 
lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe broader and crenate. Stam. diverging. U 
Tall, erect. Verticils spicate. 

1 li. nepetoides B. Stem smooth, stout, angles sharp ; lvs. ovate, pointed, serrate ; 
calyx teeth ovate, obtusish, green, in spikes 2 — S' long; coi-ollas inconspicuous, 
greenish white. Fence-rows, &c., M. and W. 3 — 6f. July, Aug. 

3 li. soropliularlfoliiis B. Stem pubescent, angles obtuse ; loaves ovate, cron.ile- 

sorrate ; calyx tooth lanceolate, acute, colored ; corolla pale purple. In^rvlors of flolds, 
M. and W. 3— If. July, Ang. Closely rosomblos No. 1. 
3 It, aniwutusi B. Smooth; loaves ovate, i*tc., whitened beneath; calyx tooth as in 
No. 2 ; corolla azuro-bluo, fragrant of anise. Wis. to Dak. (,Dr. Matthews") 

28. NEPETA, L. Catmint. Ground Ivy. Cal. tulml;\r. 5-toothod ; 
Cor. tube sloudor below, dilated and naked in tlie throat, upper lip omar- 
ginate, lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest and crenate, margin of Iho 
orifice retlected. Sta. ascending, antlier cells divergent. Fig^. 3 IS. oS-4. 



246 Order 91.— LABIATE. 

§ Tall, Verticils in a terminal raceme. Calyx nearly regular , . .jSo. 1 

I Glechoma. Low, diffuse. Flowers axillary. Calyx curved, oblique No, 2 

1 N. cataria L. Catnip. Erect, hoary-tomentous ; Ivs, petiolate, cordate, deltoid- 

ovate, coarsely crenate-serrate ; flowers spiked, the whorls slightly peduncled, li 
About old buildings, &c. 2— 3f. July. §. The delight of cats, 

2 N. Crleclioma B. Gill-over-ihe- Ground. Leaves reniform, crenate ; corolla 3 times 

longer than the calyx (10"), bluish purple, anthers forming 2 little crosses, 2f Creep- 
ing in grass, about walls, &c, 3'— If, May, § Europe, 

29. DRAOOCEPHALUM, L. Dragon-head, Calyx subequal, ob- 
lique, 5-cleft, upper segment larger. Cor. bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, emar- 
ginate, throat inflated, lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, middle lobe much larger, 
rounded or subdivided. Sta, 4, distinct, ascending, the upper pair longer. (2) 
D. parviflorum N. Plant some downy, slender : leaves petiolate, lanceolate, deeply 

serrate ; flowers small, bluish, spicate. N. New York, and W. : rare, 18'. July. 

30. CEDRONIjLLA, Moench. Cal. subcampanulate, 5-toothed. Cor 
tube exserted, throat dilated, upper lip straiglit, flattish, emarginate or cleft 
lower 3-fid, middle lobe largest. Stam, 4, ascending, the upper longer, an- 
ther-cells parallel. Flowers spicate, bracted. Summer, 

1 C. cordata N, Pubescent, producing runners ; leaves cordate, petiolate, bluntly 

crenate ; spikes unilateral, corolla pale blue, V. % Rocks, O,, Va. : rare. If, June. 

2 C. Mexicana, Erect, with cordate-lanceolate, dentate leaves ; flowers in a spike of 

close whorls, purple, large, Mexico, 2— 3f, (Gardoquia (Lind.)) 

31. BRUNEIiLA, Tourn, Self-heal, Blue-curls. Cal, about 10- 
ribbed, upper lip dilated, truncate, with 3 short teeth, lower lip with 2 lan- 
ceolate teeth. Filam. forked, one point of the fork bearing the anther, if 

R. vulgaris L. Stem simple ; leaves oblong-ovate, toothed, petiolate ; flowers blue, 
in a large oblong-ovoid spike of dense verticils with reniform bracts. Low grounds, 
very common, varying from 8' to 2f. All Summer. 

32. SCUTELLARIA, L. Skull-cap. Cal. campanulate, lips entire, 
upper one appendaged on the back and closed after flowering. Cor. upper 
lip vaulted, lower dilated, convex, tube much exserted, ascending, throat 
dilated. Stam. ascending beneath the upper lip, anthers approximate in 
pairs, achenia tubercular. % 

% Flowers large (7 to 13" long), racemed at top of the stem, with bracts. . .(a) 

a Bracts ovate, abrupt at base. Lips of corolla short. Petioles long. . .Nos. 1, 2, 3 
a Bracts lance-oblong, acute at base. Leaves notched, petiolate. . .{b) 

b Galea of the corolla longer than the lower lip , Nos. 4, 5 

b Galea of the corolla not longer than the ?ip .Nos. fi, 7 

a Bracts leaf-like, longer than the calyx. Leaves entire, subsessile . . Nos. 8—10 

Flowers large or small, opposite, solitary, in the axils of the leaves Nos. 11—13 

§ Flowers small (3" long), in slender, axillary, one-sided racemes No. 14 

1 S. versicolor N. Glandular-hairy, erect, branched ; leaves broad-ovate, cordate, 

crenate, veiny ; racemes long, many-flowered ; bracts ovate, entire, eubsessile ; co- 
rolla 6 — 7", lips blue, subequal, lateral lobes distinct. Pa., and W. States, li — 4f. 

2 S. rugosa "Wood. Hairs and leaves as in No. 1, but the stem is weak, accending, 

bracts petiolate, and the lower lip of the (8'') corolla pendent and twice lor^ger than 
the npper. Rocky shores, Harper's Ferry, Va., and S-W. 18'. 



Order 91.— LABIATE. 247 

3 S. saxdtilis Rid. Smoothish and not glandular, weak, ascending ; leaves as in No8, 

1, 2 ; bracts as in No. 2 ; corolla 8", lips equal, upper 3-lobed. Del., Va., and W. 2f. 

4 S. canesceiis N. Erect, pubescent-; leaves ovate to oblong, lower cordate; rac. 

terminal and axillary ; bracts lance-linear ; corolla 8", canescent^ upper lip arched, 
remote from the lower. Dry soils, M. and W. : common. 1 — 3f. (S. arguta Bkly.) 

5 S. villosa Ell. ? Slender, erect, stem finely tomentous ; leaves lanceolate, acute 

both ways, servate ; flowers paniculate, bracts lance-linear ; corolla 9'^, tube slender, 
galea strongly arched, 5 times longer than lip. Ga. (Dr. Feay). 2— 3f. 

6 S, serrata Andr. Erect, subsimple, green, smoothish ; leaves ovate, pointed both 

ways, serrate ; rac. few-flwd. ; cor. 13'^ lips subequal. Woods, E. Pa., 111., and S. 2— 3f. 

7 S=. pilosa Mx. Erect, subsimple, pubescent ; leaves rhomb-ovate or oval, obtuse, re- 

mote, crenate-serr. ; racemes terminal ; corolla 9 — IS", lips distant. Pa. to Ga. 2f. 

8 S. integrifolia L. Erect, subsimple, tomentous or downy ; leaves ovate to lance- 

linear, obtuse, entire, or the lower crenate ; flowers 9", much enlarged above, the 
lips subequal, in a terminal raceme. Dry soils, M. and S. y— 2f. 

9 S. Floridana Chapm. Slender, branching ; leaves all linear, obtuse, entire, with 

rolled edges, lowest minute ; corolla 1', enlarged above, lips subequal. W. Fla. If. 

10 S. MACRANTHA (or Japonica). In gardens. If, smooth (except the hairy calyx) ; Ivs. 
clasping, lance-linear ; flowers 1^ blue, wii^h subequal lips, handsome. China. 

lis. nervosa Ph. Slender, erect, producing runners ; leaves sessile, broad-cordate, 
crenate-serr., 3-5- veined; fls. few, 4'', with small floral Ivs. Eocks, M. and W. 8 — W. 

12 S. parvula Mx. Root a string of tubers, stem erect, 3—9'; Ivs. ovate to oblong, 
obtuse, small (6"), sessile, entire ; fls. S", exceeding the Ivs., blue. Fields, M. and "W. 

1 3 S. galericulita L. Commons. Erect, branched, smoothish or downy; leaves 
nearly sessile, cordate-oblong or lanceolate, obscurely crenate, acute ; flowers few, 
large (9— 12''0, sessile, axillary. Low meadows, Can. to Penn. 12—18'. 

14 S. lateriflora L. Mad- dog S. Smoothish, subsimple; Ivs. petiolate, lanceolate, 
serrate ; fls.,4''; rac. axillary, secund, equalling the Ivs. Ditches, N., W., M. 1— -2r 

33. MACBRIDEA, Ell. Calyx 3-lobecl, upper lobe oblong, narrow, 
lower rounded. Cor. tube long-exserted, throat inflated, upper lip erect, 
concave, lower short, spreading, the middle lobe rounded, broadest. Sta. 
ascending under the upper lip, anthers approximate by pairs. 2^ Eroct^ 
subsimple, with large purple-white flowers in heads. 

1 IJI, pulclira Ell. Lvs. wedge-lanceolate, acute, serrulate, the floral ovate; corolla 

18", streaked with purple and white. Wet pine-barrens, S. 12—18'. Aug., Sept. 

2 in. alba Chapm. Lvs. wedge-oblong, obtuse, dentate; the floral roundish; corollj* 

white ; lower lobes of the calyx notched. Pine-barrens, W. Fla. 12—18'. July, Aug. 

34. SYNANDRA, N. Cal. 4-cleft, scgm. unequal, subulate, converg 
ing to one side. Upper lip of corolla entire, vaulted, tlie lower obtusely 
and unequally 3-lobed, throat inflated. Sta. ascending beneath the galea 
upper pair of anth. cohering, having the contiguous cells einj^t y. (^ Flow 
ers solitary, axillaiy, somewhat spicate above. Fig-s. (50, 2l)v?. 

8. {>'rnii<li flora N.— Woods, O. to Tonii. (>— 18'. StiMu simple. Lvs. ot>nlate-ov«t«. 
acuminate, petiolate. Cor. white, 1', with largo lobos, purplo-striate. Jimo. 

35. PHYSOSTEGIA, Iniith. Lion-hk.vkt. Cal. bell-form. 5-toothod 
Cor. much c.xscrtod, throat in Hated, upper lip concave, entire, lower of h 
broad-spread iug lobes. Sta. 4, separat(% ascending beneath the upper lip. 
If Smooth, with lane, serrate lvs. and term, spiivcs of showy rose-wliite fls 
P. Vlrsiiiilana R. Sterna mostly simple: lvs. oblonjr to narn>w-laucool«to, soisil*. 



248 Obder 91,— labiate. 

thick ; spikes 4-rowed, OO-flowered ; corolla 8—15", spotted inside. Wet banks, M.., 
W., and S. Often cultivated, 1 — if. August, September.— Variable. 

36. IiAMIUM, L. Henbit. Cal. 5-veined, with 5 subequal, subulate 
teeth. Cor. dilated at throat, upper lip vaulted, galeate, lower lip broad, 
emarginate, lateral lobes trancate, often toothed on each side near the 
margin of the dilated throat. Stamens 4, ascending. May — November. 

* Weeds in waste grounds, with roundish leaves and smaU purple flowers. . .Nos. 1, 2 

* Lvs. cordate, ovate. Fls. larger (1'), hairy in t^^-oat, side-lobes toothed. . .Nos. 3, 4 

1 Ij. amplexicaiile L. Leaves cut-crenate, petiolate, the floral sessile-clasping; 

corolla slender (6"), galea entire, side-lobes not toothed, throat spotted, (i) 6 — 10'. 

2 li. purpureum L. Lvs. roundish to ovate, crenate, all petiolate ; corolla slender, 

6", hairy within, side-lobes with a subulate tooth, galea entire. @ Penn., &c. : rare. 

3 li. alba L. Lvs. hairy, petiolate ; cor. white, curved, a hairy ring within, and the 

side-lobes with a tooth. Waysides : rare. Flowers in whorls. Cultivated. 

4 li. MACULATUM (or rugosum). Leaves hairy, rugous, petiolate, marked with a white 

oblong spot along the midveia. Flowers as in No. 3, but purplish. Cultivated. 

37. PHLOMIS, L. Jerusalem Sage. Calyx tnincately 5-toothed. 
Cor. galea broad, keeled, lower lip spreading, 3-fid. Stamens ascending be- 
neath the galea, the upper pair appendaged at base. Leaves rugous. 
Verticils showy, axillary. 

P. tnberosa. Tall, smoothish, with large ovate-cordate, crenate leaves ; fls. 30 — 40 m 
a whorl, purple, hairy inside. Scarce in gardens and waste grounds. 

38. BALLOTAj L. Black Hoarhoiind. Cal. funnel-form, 10-veined, 
5-toothed. Cor. tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx, upper lip concave, 
crenate, lower lip 3-cleft, middle segment largest, emarginate. Sta. 4, as- 
cending, exserted. Achenia ovoid-triangular. U 

B. nigra L. Lvs. ovate, subcordate, serrate ; bracts linear-subulate ; cal. throat dl 
lated, teeth spreading, acuminate. Waste places, N. Eng. : rare. July. § Europe. 

39. MOIiUCCELLA, L. Molucca Balm. Shell Flower. Calyx 
campanulate, very large, the margin expanding, often repand-spinous. 
Corolla tube included, limb bilabiate. Stamens 4, ascending, (i) 

jn, li^vis. A curious plant, noted for its ample calyx, much larger than its small, yel- 
lowish corolla. Stem smooth, 2f ; leaves round-ovate, cut-crenate. Syria. 

40. GALEOPSIS, L. Hemp Nettle. Cal. 5-cleft, spinescent. Up- 
per lip of the corolla vaulted, subcrenate, lower lip with 3 unequal lobes, 
having 2 teeth on its upper side, middle lobe largest, cleft and crenate. 
Sta. exserted, anth. cells transverse. @ Vert, distant, many-flwd. § Eur. 

1 O.Tetra.li.it L. St. hispid, the intemodes thickened upward ; leaves ovate, hispid, 

serrate ; cor. twice as long as the calyx, upper lip nearly straight, concave ; corolla 
white-purple. A common weed La fields and waste grounds, N. States. 1 — 3f. Jn., Jl. 

2 Cliadanam L. Intemodes equal; lvs. lanceolate, subserrate, pubescent ; upper 

lip of the corolla slightly crenate ; corolla roseate. Waste soils : rare. If. August. 

41. STACHYS, L. Hedge Nettle. Cal. tube angular, bell-form, 5- 
or 10-ribbed, with 5 acute or pungent teeth. Cor. upper lip erect-spreading 
or some vaulted, lower spreading, 3-lobed, mid-lobe largest. Stamens as* 



Order 91.-LABIAT^. 249 

cending, lower pair longer, anthers approximating by pairs. Verticils 2- 
10-flowered, approximating in a terminal raceme. 

Our species are much alike, yet easily distinguished. They have stem? mostly hispid, 
leaves elliptic-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, uarrowed to an abrupt hase, and corolla pale- 
purple with deeper spots. Summer. 

* Plants U, leaves smooth. Calyx teeth divaricately spreading Nos. 1, 2 

* Plants hispid or hairy.— a U Calyx teeth spinescent. Lvs. subsessile Nos. 3, 4 

—a Calyx teeth acute. Leaves petiolate Nos. 5, 6 

1 S. liyssopifolia Mx. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, serrulate, small (1—20 ; 

calyx teeth half as long as the V corolla. Mass. to Mo., and S. 6 — 12'. 

2 S. glabra Rid. Leaves all petiolate, serrate ; calyx teeth much spreading, as long 

as the corolla tube. Woods, N. Y. to Mich., and S. 15'— 3f. Racemes 3—7'. 

3 S. palikstris L. Stout, hirsute ; leaves some pointed, large, hoary beneath ; corolla 

twice longer (7— 8'0 than the calyx teeth. Moist shades, Can. to Car. 1 — 4f. 

4 S. aspera Mx. Slender, hispid ; leaves pointed, sharp-serrate ; calyx glabrous. 

teeth hispid, equalling the corolla tube. Damp soils : common. 2f. Not leafy. 

5 S, cordata Rid. Stout, with large, pointed leaves, crenate-dentate ; calyx teeth 

triangular, much shorter than the corolla. 2f Shady banks, W. 2— 5f. 

6 S. arvensis L. Weak, diffuse ; lvs. ovate-cordate, obtuse ; bracts very short : cal. 

teeth lanceolate ; corolla tube included, lips short. ® Waste grounds, N. : rare, § 

42. BETONICA, Tourn. Betont. Calyx tu])iilar-bell-form, with 5 
awn-like teeth. Cor. as in Stachys, but beardless inside. Stam. ascending 
parallel beneath the galea. Style bifid. Lower leaves long petioled, cor- 
date, all crenate. Verticils large, dense, in a terminal spike. 

1 B. officinalis L. Wood B. Spike interrupted at base ; flowers purple, cor. twice 
longer than calyx (7-"), galea entire. Gardens, and escaped. If. Rare. § Europe. 

S B. GKANDiFLORA. Villous ; floral leaves clasping ; verticils separate ; corolla violet, 
large (15'0, handsome, galea obcordate, glabrous. Gardens. 2f. Siberian. 

43. liEONURUS, L. Mother-wort. Calyx 5-10-striate, 5-toothed, 
teeth subspinescent. Upper lip of the corolla entire, hair}% concave, erect, 
lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe obcordate. Stam. 4, ascending bcneatli 
the upper lip. Mostly 2^. Verticils axillaiy. Flowers purplish. Summer. 

1 li. Cardiaca L. Lvs. palmate-lobed, 3-fid, to lanceolate; corolla longer than the 

calyx, a hairy ring within. About dwellings. 3— 5f. § Asia. 

2 I-. iiiarriibiastrnm L. Leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely cut-sorrale ; cor. shorter 

than the calyx teeth, naked within. Waste grounds. 2 — tf. § Europe. 

44. MARRUBIUM, L. Hoariiound. Cal. tubular, 5-10-striate, with 
5 or 10 subequal teeth. Cor. upper lip oroct, llattish or ccmcave, entire or 
bifid, lower lip spreading, ;3-lobed, middle U)be broadest, emargiuate, tube 
included. Stam. included in the tube, if Fls. in dense verticils, white. 
1?I. viilfjaro L. Ilonry-pubcscont ; lvs. roundish, ovate, cronato-dontat»\ downy canes- 

ccnt beneath ; cal. of 10 setaceous, hooked tooth. Fields, Ac. 1— 2f. Jn.,Jl. § Eur. 

45. LEONOTIS, Br. Lion's-k.vus. Calyx 10-veined, apex incurved, 
throat oblique, sub-10-toothed, upper tooth largest- Cor. tube exserted, up- 
per lip concave, erect, entire, lower short, spreading, trifid. Stn. 4, under 
the galea, aulh. in pairs.— Vert, dense, with nunu-rous lin. -subulate bracts. 
li. ucpotu'lulia Rr. Erect, stout ; lvs. thin, ovnto, cronate, on slender petioles ; cal. 

teetb 6, spinescent; whorls very large ; cor. scarlet, 10". ® Fields, S. i— 7f. § .Vftr. 



250 Om AK 92.— BORRAGINACE^. 



Order XCII. BORRAGINACE^. Borra&eworts. 

Herhs (shrubs or trees), with rouno stems and branches, not aromatic 
Leaves alternate, generally rough, with stiff hairs. Stipules none. Flowen 
seldom yellow, generally in a coiled (scorpoid) inflorescence. Sepals 5. 
Petals 5, united below, regular, veiy rarely irregular. Stamens 5, inserted 
in the tube. Ovary 4-lobed, or entire, forming m fruit 4 separate, 1-seeded 
achenia in the bottom of the persistent calyx. Figs. 141, 455. 

1. EHRETIE^. Ovary entire, style terminal. Fruit i-seeded, fleshy. Shrubs... (a) 

a Calyx 4-5-toothed, in heads. Corolla funnel-form, white. Fla. and t Cordia hnllcUa. 

a Calyx 4-5-toothed, in corymbs. Corolla funnel-form, white. Fla Ehretia Beurreria. 

a Calyx 5-parted, in secund spikes. Corolla salver-form, pale Touenefoktia. 1 

II. HELIOTROPES. Ov. entire, style terminal. Fr. dry, separating into parts... (6) 

b Corolla tube cylindrical, throat open. Fruit separating into 4 parts Heliotropium. 2 

b Corolla tube conical, throat constricted. Fruit separating into 2 parts Heliophttum. 6 

»IL BORRAGES. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, style basilar. Fruit 4 achenia. . .(c) 

r. Corolla irregular, blue, — d having the border obliquely lobed Echitjm. 4 

—d having the slender tube bent Ltcofsis. 6 

«• Corolla regular in both tube and border. ..(e) 

e Achenia armed with barbed prickles.—/ Corolla salver-form Echinospermum. 6 

—/ Corolla funnel-form CTNOGLOSSffit 7 

• Achenia unarmed. Corolla throat closed by scales. ..C9) 

g Corolla wheel-form, no tube. Anthers exserted Borrago. 8 

ff Corolla wheel-form, a very short tube. Anthers included. . , , Omphalodes. 9 

g Corolla tubular-bell-form, white. Style exserted .Symphttttm. 10 

g Corolla funnel-form, blue. Stamens included Akchusa. 11 

* Achenia unarmed. Corolla throat not closed with scales... (7i) 

h Corolla tubular, with erect, acute lobes, white Onosmodium. 12 

/i Corolla lobes rounded, convolute in the bud Myosotis. 13 

h Corolla lobes rounded, imbricate in bud, — Jc white or yellow IjiTHOSPKEsnjM. 14 

— k purple-blue Mertensia, 15 

1. TOURNEFORTIA, L. Summer Heliotrope. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 
salver-form, throat naked. Sta. 5, included. Sty. short. Fr. 2-carpelled, 
4-celled and 4-seeded. ^ "^ With entire leaves and secund spikes. 

I T. HELioTKOPOiDES Hook. Shrubby at base, erect, hairy, with oval obtuse wa\7-edged 
leaves ; ped. terminal, 2 or 3 times forked, with numerous small inodorous, pale-lilac, 
pretty flowers. BuencsAyres. ■ 

2, T. gnaphaloides il white-silky, and T. volubilis, climbing; in S. Fla. 

2, HELIOTROPIUM, Tournef Heliotrope. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. 
salver-foiTH, throat open, folded between the lobes. Anth. sessile. Sty. short, 
stigma conical, the achenia cohering at base, at length separable. U ^) Fls. 
white or puiple, in 1-sided, scorpoid spikes. Summer. 

§ Flowers white, in forked terminal spikes, or single lateral ones , Nos. 1, 2 

§ Flowers white-purple, in a cluster of terminal spikes. Cultivated — . — No*. -3, 4 

1 H. Europaeum L. Erect, pubescent; Ivs. oval, veiny, obtuse, petiolate ; caJyx 

spreading in fruit, hairy. (T) Rocky banks, moist fields, Va., and N.: rare. 8 — 12'. § 

2 H. Curassavicum L. Glabrous, ascending; leaves linear-oblong to spa'.a.ate, 

obtuse, tapering to base, veinless and glaucous. (T) Shores, W. and S. If. 

3 H. Peruvtanxtm. Shrubby, erect, pubescent ; leaves rugons, lance-ovate, short-petio 

late ; corolla twice longer than the calyx, peculiarly fragrant. Peru. 

4 H. coRTMBosuM. Pubescent, with lance-oblong leaves tapering both ways ; floweri 

deep purple, less fragrant, but larger than in No. 3. 



Order 92.— BORRAGINACE^. 251 

3. HELIOPHYTUM, DC Calyx 5-parted. Cor. salver-form, throat 
constricted, 5-rayed. Anth. included. Sty. very short. Nuts 2, each 2-celled 
(sometimes with 2 additional empty cells). — Herbs with habit of Heliotrope, 
H. Indicnm DC. Erect, branching, hairy ; Ivs. ovate, erose-sermlate, acute, veiny. 

mgous, abrupt or subcordate at base ; spike terminal, single (rarely forked) ; corolla 
much exserted ; fruit with four empty cells. (T) Fields, W. and S. 1— 2f. § 

4. ECHIUM, Toum. Viper's Bugloss. Calyx 5-parted, segm. subu- 
late, erect. Cor. campanulate, obliquely and unequally lobed, with a shoi t 
tube and naked throat. Stigma cleft. Achenia tuberculate, base flat. 
Flowers in-egular, in spicate, panicled racemes. Summer. 

E. vulgare L. Plant rough with bristles and tubercles ; Ivs. lanceolate ; fis. large, 
handsome, violet-blue, many and crowded. ® Fields, Pa. to Va. l^f. 

5. LYOOPSIS, L. Wlld Bugloss. Calyx 5-cleft Cor. funnel-form, 
tube incurved, throat closed with ovate, converging scales. Ach. perforated 
at base, ovoid, angular, (i) Distinguished mainly by the cuiTed cor. tube. 

Li. arvensis L. Plant hispid, erect, branched above, with lanceolate, repand-denticu- 
late leaves ; flowers small, sky-blue with white scales, the bent tube longer than the 
calyx, in leafy racemes. Fields and waysides. If. § S. Europe. 

6. EOHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. Burr-seed. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. 
l^ypocrateriform, throat closed with concave scales. Ach. erect, bearing 
1 — 3 rows of echinate prickles, smooth between, compressed or angular, 
fixed to a central column. — Herbs with bracted racemes and small blue fis. 
E, lidppnla Lehm. Branched above ; Ivs. hairy, lanceolate to linear ; corolla longer 

than calyx, border concave ; ach. with prickles in two rows. (T) Dry soils. If. July. 

7. CYNOGLOSSUM, Toum. Hound's Tongue. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 
short, funnel-form, concave, throat closed by 5 converging, convex scales. 
Ach. covered with echinate prickles, depressed, forming a broad pyramiiial 
fruit, each fixed laterally to the style. Lvs. large. Cor. blue, purple or white. 

§ Kacemes without bracts, or nearly so Nos. 1, 9 

§ Racemes bracted at base, but the pedicels always extra-axillary No. 3 

1 C officinalis L. Common H. Silky-pnbcsccnt, leafy to the top; leaves oblong- 

lanceolato, the upper sesfiile ; naked racemes panicled ; corolla dull purple. U Pas- 
tures, «fcc. 1— 2f. Plant dull green, ill-scented. July. § Europe. 

2 €. Vlrsiniciim L. Plant hairy, loatless above, with oblong-oval lvs. below, and a 

terminal cluster of t-hort spikes of palo-purple (lowers, li Woods, Va., N. and W. 

3 C. ITIori'isoni DC. Beggar-ticks. Kough-pubescent, widely-branched ; leavers acu- 

minate ; racemes forked; flowers very small, white; fruit with doubly barbed 
prickles adhering to all that pass. i^P) Hocky places. 2— 3f. July. 

8. BORRAGO, Toum Bouu.vok. Cal. 5-part(Hl. Cor. rotate, with 
acute segments, a scale at base of each. Sta. converging. Ach. ovind, nuiri- 
cate, excavated at base, inserted lengthwise into an excavated reoep. — Eur. 
II. OFFICINALIS. Pongh-haired, branching; leaves ovate; flowers sky-blue, ehowy, in 

terminal, loose racemes, i^a^ la old ganiens, sowing itself. 1— Sf. All Summer. 

9. OMPHALODES, Toum. N.vvet.wokt. Calyx deepiv .") nartol 



252 Order 92.— BORRAGINACEJE. 

Cor. rotate, tube shorter than the calyx tube, throat closed. Sta. included 
Achenia cup-form, toothed at the edges. — Oriental herbs. 

1 O. LiNiFoiiiA. Erect, smooth, glaucous ; leaves obovate to linear-lanceolate ; corolla 
white, twice longer than calyx. ® Spain. If. June — August. 

!J O. VEKNA. Runners creeping ; leaves cordate to ovate, puberulent ; racemes in pairB, 
few-flow3red ; flowers bright blue, li S. Europe. Q\ April, May. 

10. SYMPHYTUM, Toum. Comfrey. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. tubular- 
campanulate, orifice closed with 5, subulate scales, converging into a cone. 
Ach. smooth, ovoid, fixed by an excavated base. U Oriental herbs. 

S, officinale L. Stem hairy, winged with the decurrent, lance-ovate leaves ; fls. white 
or pink, in revolute racemes. Gardens and fields. 2 — 4f. Summer. 

11. ANCHUSA, L. BuGLoss. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. funnel-form, throat 
closed with 5 scales. Sta. included. Achenia excavated at base. — Europe. 

A. Italica. Plant bristly- hispid, with lanceolate leaves and panicled racemes of numer- 
ous bright-blue, small mellifluous flowers. A hardy biennial. Summer. 

12. ONOSMODIUM, Mx. Cal. deeply 5-parted, with linear segments. 
Cor. cylindrical, having a ventricous, half 5-cleft limb, with the segments 
converging and the throat open. Anth. sessile, included. Style much ex- 
serted. Achenia whitish, shining. U North American. Racemes ter- 
minal, subspicate, one-sided. Flowers white. Summer. 

1 O. Virginianum A. DC. Very rough with appressed, stiff bristles ; Ivs. oblong, 

sessile, 5-veined ; cor. hispid, i longer than the lance-linear sepals, the segm, lance- 
subulate ; anthers arrow-shaped. Dry soils. 15—30'. Corolla 4 — 5'^ 

2 O. Carolinianum. DC. Shaggy with long, spreading, rusty-white bristles ; leaves 

lance-oblong, 7-veined ; flowers shaggy-bristly ; corolla near twice longer than sepals, 
the segments ovate, obtuse. By streams, M., W., S. 2 — 4f. 

3 O. moUe Mx. Hoary with soft appressed hairs ; Ivs. oblong-ovate ; corolla hirsute, 

lobes triangular, pointed. Dry soils, W. 2— 3f. 

13. MYOSOTIS, Dill. Forget-me-not. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. salver- or 
funnel-form, tube about equalling the calyx, the 5 lobes convolute in bud, 
throat closed with short, concave scales. Ach. ovate, smooth, with a small 
cavity at base. — Herbs slightly villous. Racemes bractless, or with a few 
small leaves at the base. Flowers never axillary. May — Aug. Fig. 455. 

§ Racemes one-sided. Calyx clothed with minute, appressed hairs, if any No. 1 

§ Rac. two-sided. Calyx beset with spreading, minutely-hooked bristles — Nos. 2, 4 

1 M. paliistris Roth. Roughish-downy, or nearly smooth, branching ; leaves lance- 

oblong, obtuse ; ped. spreading, longer (2—3") than the equal cal. ; cor. 2 — 3''' broad, 
blue, with a yellow centre, u Gardens ; from Europe, also escaped in fields, &c. 
/3. lasca, taller (If), very slender ; Ivs. lin.-obl. ; ped. 4—6" long. Swamps, ditches. 

2 M.. arvensis L. Rough with tubercled hairs, branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 

acute; rac. loose, naked ; ped. twice as long as the open, equal cal. (g) Fields. 6 — 15'. 

3 M. verna N. (stricta Link.) Rough-bristly, with spatulate to lin. -oblong Ivs. ; ped. 

ascending, as long as the closed, bilabiate calyx ; racemes leafy at base, (i) Dry hills. 

4 M. versicolor Pers. Stem veiy slender, hispid-villous ; leaves oblong ; racemes 

leafless ; pedicels shorter than the deeply and equally 5-cleff calyx ; flowers yeUow, 
varying to blue. Del. (Canby, Porter). § Europe. The true Forget-me-not. 

14. LITHOSPERMUM, L. Gromwell. Puccoon. Cor. funnel- or 



Order 93.— HYDKOPHYLLACE^. 253 

salver-form, limb 5-lobed, orifice open, with or without appen lages, anth. 
mcluded. Stig. obtuse, bifid. Ach. bony, rugous or smooth, flat at base. 
— Herbaceous or sufiruticous, generally with a thick, reddish root. Flow- 
ers spiked or racemed, bracted, white or yellow. (See Addorxda.) 

§ Achenia rugous-tubercled. Corolla throat open, not appendaged, white No. 1 

§ Achenia smooth and white. Corolla throat appendaged.— a Fls. white. . .Nos. 2 — i 

— a Fls. yellow.. Nob. 6—7 

1 li. arvense L. Wheat-thief. Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, hairy ; calyx nearly 

equal to the corolla, with spreading segments. (1) A rough weed in fields. If— 18'. 
Root reddish. Fls. small, solitary in the upper axils. May, June. § Europe. 

2 Li. officinale L. Erect, very branching above ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, veiny; calyx 

nearly equal to the tube of the corolla. U Dry boUs, N. and M. 1— 2f. Flowers 
small, pedicellate, in recurved, leafy racemes. July. § Europe. 

3 li. latifoliniu Mx. Rough, erect, subsimple ; leaves ovate, sessile, pointed both 

ways ; racemes leafy, sepals lance-linear, if. Thickets, N. Y. to Va., and W. 2f. 

4 li. angnstifolinin Mx. Ascending, much branched; leaves linear, rigid ; flowers 

scattered ; corolla hardly exserted. 2i Sandy banks, W. 6— 15'. Leaves 1'. 

5 li. canescens Lehm. Fuccoon. Erect, subsimple, soft- villous ; leaves oblong or 

linear-oblong, obtuse ; stem revolute at top, with the showy orange-yellow flowers 
axiKary. n Fields, prairies, N. Y., W. and S. 8—12'. June, July. 

6 li. liirtum Lehm. Erect, simple, rough-haired ; Ivs. lance-linear, the floral lance- 

ovate ; corolla twice longer than the linear sepals. It Pa., W. and S. 8 — 15'. May. 
T li. longlflorum Spr. Slender, simple, cinereous-strigous ; leaves linear ; corolla 
tube 4 times longer than the calyx (9— 12'0. Plains, W. 10—15'. July. 

15. MERTENSIA, Roth. Smooth Lungwort. Calyx short, 5-cleft. 
Oor. tube cylindric, limb subcampanulate, 5-cleft, throat open, often with 5 
folds or ridges between the insertion of ^e stamens. Sta. inserted at top 
of the tube. Ach. smooth or reticulated. U St. and Ivs. usually glabrous, 
pellucid-punctate, the radical many- veined, cauline sessile. Rac. terminal. 

1 M. Virginica DC. Ascending, very smooth ; root leaves large, obovate to ovate, 

stem leaves sessile, lance-oblong, all entire, obtuse ; fls. somewhat trumpet-shaped 
pendent, 10", blue to lilac, very handsome. Rich soils, N. Y., S. & W. 1—\\L May. -f 

2 M, maritinia Don. Glabrous, weak ; Ivs. ovate, obtuse, fleshy, glaucous ; corolla 

twice longer than calyx, blue-purple. Sea-shore, N. IL, and N. : rare. 

3 Iff. paniculata Don. Scabrous, erect; Ivs. acuminate, cordate-ovate to oblonff' 

corolla thrice longer than calyx, blue to white. Lake Superior, and N. t 

Order XCIII. HYDROPHYLLACE^. HYDRorHYLLS. 

llerhs mostly, with altcrnatc-lobcd leaves and regular bluish lUnvora. 
Calyx 5-cleft, usually with appendages at the clofls, poi-sistont, free. (V 
•rolla 5-lobed, often with 10 honey scales or furrows near the base. Stameiu 
5, inserted into the corolla, with a deeply bilid style. Omnj entire, ovoid, 
free, 1-celled, with 3 parietal, several-seeded plaeentte. Fruit iJ-valved, 
filled by the placenta?. Seeds reticulated, albuniinous. 

$ lIYmiOrilYLLE.IC. Oviuy imd poiU-coUod. Stylo billil. I.ouvos deft.. .c<i) 
li HVDKOlilO.K. l)vnry uuil i>.Hl •J-oolhvl. oo-seoaeil. Stylos 2. Loaves euUr»...(«) 

(I Lobes of tho coroUn convoluto in tho b»d...(W 

a Lolbefl of the corolln imbrlcivto ^nuiucuuciul^ lu tho biul ..(<•) 



254 Order 93.— HYDROPHYLLACE^. 

b Stamens exsertei Flowers in forked, revolute cymes Hydpophtlluh 1 

h Stamens included. Flowers solitary, opposite the leaves Nemophila. 2 

e Flowers solitary. Calyx enlarged in fruit Ellisia. 3 

e Flowers racemed. — d Lobes of the corolla fringe-toothed Gosmanthus. 4 

— d Lobes of the wheel-bell-form corolla entire Phacelia. fi 

— d Lobes of the tube-bell-form corolla entire Whitlavia. 6 

e Corolla wheel-bell-form. Leaves ordinary, with soft hairs Hydeolea. 7 

e Corolla funnel-form. Leaves large, with stinging hairs Wigandia. 8 

1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Tourn. Wa'TEb-leai'. Burr-flower. Se- 
pals slightly united at base. Corolla bell-fonn, convolute in bud, with 5 
double folds (nectaries) inside. Sta, exserted. Caps, globous, l-ccUed, 2- 
valved, 4-seeded, 3 of the seeds mostly abortive. Placentae 2, fleshy, free 
except at the base and apex. U Leaves large, long-stalked, pinnately or 
palmately veined, cauline alternate. Cymes scorpoid, bractless. 

§ Calyx appendaged between the sepals at base. Stamens as long as the cor. . .No. 1 
§ Calyx not appendaged. Filaments much exserted Nos. 2 — 4 

1 H. appendiculsituiii Mx. Hairy ; Ivs. palmately 5-lobed, the lower pinnately 
divided, lobes pointed and toothed ; sta. often included ; appendages defiexed, much 
shorter (1") than sep. (4— 5'0 ; cor. blue. Woods, N. Y. to Wis., & Va. 1 — IJ^f. May. 

Q, H. "Virginicum L. Nearly smooth ; leaves pinnatifid ; segments oval-lanceolate, 
pointed, incised, the upper 3 confluent ; petioles long ; ped. still longer, bearing a 
roundish tuft of pale flowers with hirsute calyxes. Moist woods. If. June. 

3 H. Canadense L. Lvs. smoothish, palmate, roundish, with 5 — 7 shallow lobes, 

unequally dentate, teeth obtuse-mucronate ; fls. in crowded fascicles ; ped, shorter 
than the forked petioles ; cor. white or purplish. Alpine woods. 1— l^f. June, Jl. 

4 H. macropliyllum. N. Whitish, with reversed hairs ; leaves oblong-oval in out- 

line, pinnatifid, and cut into blunt-mucronate teeth ; cymes dense, globous, on long 
peduncles ; corolla white, 6" ; stamens 10". Rocky woods, W. and S. If. June. 

2. NEMOPHILA, N. Cal. 5-parted, the sinuses with reflexed ap- 
pendages. Cor. wheel-bell-form, lobes rounded, convolute in bud, tube 
with 5 pairs of folds within. Sta. included. Ov. and caps, as in Hydro- 
phyllum, the placentae each 2-12-ovuled. (i) Tender and fragile, with pin- 
uately-parted leaves and solitary, showy flowers. 

* Leaves all or the lower alternate. Flowers not spotted . . Nos. 1, 2 

* Leaves all opposite. Flowers spotted with blue or brown Nos, 3, 4 

1 N. microealyx F. & M. Smooth ; leaves triangular, 5-3-cleft, with rounded, mu- 

cronate teeth ; ped. and petioles slender ; corolla 1—2", white, calyx still smaller ; 
seeds 1 or 2. Damp woods, S. 3—12', very weak. April. 

2 N. iNsiGNis. Lvs. oblong, with 7—9 ovate, acute lobes, shorter than peduncles ; fls. 

V or more broad, the border pure blue with a white centre. California. 

3 N, MACULATA. Leaves 3-7-lobed, tapering and entire at base ; flowers on long ped.. 

If' broad, white, with a violet spot on the apex of each lobe. Califoraia. 

4 N. ATOMAKiA. Leaves and peduncles nearly as in the last ; flowers white, 10—12", 

sprinkled all over with small brown spots. Sierra Mountains. 

3. ELIjISIA, L. Cal. 5-parted, equalling the tubular-bell-form corolla, 
enlarged in fruit. Cor. tube minutely appendaged within. Sta. included. 
Caps, 2-valved, 4-2-seeded, Leaves pinnatifid, flowers white. May — July. 
E, Nyctelaea L. Weak, slender; lvs. petiolate, the upper alternate, lobes 9—11, lin. 

oblong : ped. 1-flowered. with calyx larger than corolla. Woods, Pa., W and S. If 



Obder 93.— HYDROPHYLLACE^. 255 

4. COSMANTHUS, Nolte. Miami Mist. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. wheel- 
bell-form, tube not appenclaged, lobes delicately fringe-toothed, as long aa 
the stamens. Ovary hairy. Capsule 2-valved, 4-seeded. ® Delicate, with 
alternate leaves and small pale flowers in long, bractless racemes. 

1 C, Piirslill Wood. Nearly smooth, erect; Ivs. pinnatifid, the upper sessile, lobes 

5—7, ohlong, acute ; rac. 9-15-flowered ; pedicels longer than the lance-linear, ciliate 
sepals ; lis. light blue, 5—6". River bottoms, 111., Ky., to Ga. 8—12'. May, June. 

2 C. fimbria.tus Mx. Pubescent ; stems clustered, assurgent ; leaves pinnate, vrith 

5-^" roundish or oblong-obtuse lobes ; pedicels as long as the oblong-spatulate, ob- 
tuse sepals ; corolla vi^hite, 4—5". Mountains, Tenn., Va., to Ga. May. 

5. PHACEIiIA, L. Cal. not appendaged. Corolla tubular-bell-form, 
lobes entire, imbricate in bud, tube appendaged within. Sta. 5, generally 
exserted. Ov. and caps, hispid, ovoid, 4-oo-seeded. — Herbs hispid, with 
alternate leaves and 1- sided racemes. May, June. 

§ Capsule 4-seeded. Corolla tube evidently appendaged w^ithin Nos. 1—3 

§ EuTocA. Caps, (or ovary) 8- GO-seeded. Cor. obscurely appendaged... (a) 

a Seeds or ovules 6— 8. Racemes simple. Native South Nos. 4 — 6 

a Seeds or ovules 20 or more. Rac. forked or corymbed. Gardens. (i)..Nos. 7— 9 

1 P. bipiniiatifida Mx. Stem hairy, suberect, much branched ; Ivs. cut-pinnatifid, 

long-petioled, segm. again incised ; rac. forked or simple, loose ; corolla twice longer 
than calyx, 6'^ blue. (2) Hilly woods. 111. to N. C. and Ala. 1— 2f. 

2 P. TANACETiFOLiA. Hispid or hairy, tall, with pinnatisect leaves, long, dcLse ra 

cemes, corollas blue, and long, exserted stamens. California. 1— 2f. 

3 P. coNGESTA. Hoary-pubescent ; Ivs. pinnate with very unequal alternate-cut Ifts. 

racemes loose, spicate ; flowers small, blue ; stamens little exserted. California. If. 

4 P. parviflora Ph. Stems smoothish, weak ; Ivs. all petiolate, pinnatifid or S-fliL 

lobes distant, small ; fls. 4'\ pale ; sep. smoothish. @ Shady banks, Pa., and S. 9'. 

5 P. inaculata Wood. Erect, branched, sparingly hirsute ; Ivs. pinnatifid, 5-7-lobed, 

lower petiolate, upper sessile; lis. 7", violet-blue, 10-spotted around the yellow throat; 
sepals bristly-ciliate, linear-oblong. @ Stone Mountain, Ga., and W. 6 — 12'. 

6 P. pusilla Buckley. Pubescent; leaves sessile, pinnatifid, lobes abruptly pointed; 

fls. pale-blue or white ; sepals linear-oblong; stamens exserted. Prairies, Ala. 

7 P. Franltliuli Gray. Soft-hairy, erect; Ivs. bipinnatifld with crowded lobes; ra- 

cemes short, dense, crowded, with blue fls. Isl. Roj-al (Porter) to Orog. I Cultivated. 

8 P. vfsciDA. Viscid with glandular hairs, ovate, coarsely-toothed leaves, and long, 

revolnte racemes, uncoiling as the large (9") purple-blue flowers expand. Cal. If. 

9 P. Menziesii. Lvs. linear, entire, or the lower with few *inear-oblong lobes ; tlow- 

ers sessile, light-blue, in short spikes. Oregon. 

6. WHITLAVIA, Ilarvcy. Cal. S-partcd. Cor. lubul;ir-cainp;uuil:\to, 
the 5 lobes abruptly spreading, throat slightly contracted. Sta. exsortod. 
Capsule oo-seeded. ® From Texas and California. 

\V. (JBANoiFLoKA. Souic viscid. With broad, ovate, petiolate. coarsoly-toothod lo.svos, 
loose racemes of largo (!') deep-bluo (or white) boll-sluipod flowers. Juno— October. 

7. HYDROLEA, L. Sep. 5. Cor. rotatc-caiupauiilato. 5-lobcd, bear- 
ing the 5 stamens. Styles 3, distinct. Capsule 'J-eelled. 0-valved. the pl.v 
centic large, with oo minute seeds. — Iltrbs with entire leaves; and eyn\es 
of bine flowers. Jnly — Septen\ber. 

1 H. coryitiboNa M;ict)ride. Not spiny, some hairy above ; h5. lanoo-ovate, sossilo ; 
branchlets corymbed, o;ioh witli a tonninal, showy, a/.iire flower. IViui^. S. 1— if. 



256 Order 94— POLEMONIACE^. 

2 H, quadrl'walvis Walt. Spiny, hispid ; leaves lanceolate, petiolate ; cymes 4-6' 
flowered ; cor. azure-blue, 5—6'' broad; sep. ovate. Slow waters, S. C, and W. 3t 

8. WIGANDIA, H. B. K. Cor. funnel-form.— Herbs with large leaves. 
W. Caracasana. Half-shrubby, with ovate-cordate, doubly-crenate, variegated, ample 
leaves, stinging hairs, and revolute spikes of small flowers. S. Am. Greenhouse. 

Order XCIV. POLEMONIACE^. Phloxworts. 

Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves and 5-parted, regular, showy 
flowers. Corolla monopetalous, the lobes convolute, rarely imbricate in 
sestivation. Stamens 5, adherent to the corolla tube, and alternate with its 
lobes. Ovary 3-celled. Stigma 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculi- 
cidal. Seeds few or many, albuminous, attached to a permanent colu- 
mella. Fig. 46. 

I. POLEMONIEiE. Sepals united at base. Lobes of tbe corolla convolute in bad. ..(a) 

tl. DIAPENSIEjE. Sepals distinct, oval. Lobes of the corolla imbricated in biid.,..DiAPENSiA. 7 

a Stamens unequal, included in the tube of the salver-form corolla Phlox. 1 

a Stamens unequal, in the tube of the funnel-form (scarlet) corolla Collomia. 2 

a Stamens equal and protruded from the corolla tube. Seeds 00 ...(6) 

6 Leaves undivided, opposite. Corolla wheel-funnel-fomi, dentate Fenzlia. 3 

b Leaves variously divided. Ovary and pod 00 -seeded. . .(c) 

c Stamens equal and straight. Corolla of various forms Gii-IA. 4 

c Stamens declined in the bell-form corolla. — tZ Low herbs Polemonium. 5 

— d Climbing shrubs CoB^A. 6 

1. PHLOX, L. Phlox. LTcmsriDEA, Calyx prismatic, deeply 5-cleft. 
Corolla salver-form, the tube more or less curved. Sta. very unequally in- 
serted, and included in the tube. Caps. 3-celled, cells each 1-seeded. — A 
highly ornamental North American genus. Lvs. mostly opposite, sessile, 
simple, entire. Fls. in terminal cymes, corymbed or panicled. Fig. 46. 

* Lobes of the corolla rounded and «ntire at the end. . .(1) 

1 Panicle of cymes oblong or pyramidal, many-flowered Nos. 1, 2 

1 Panicle of cymes corymbed, level-topped, flowers fewer... (2) 

2 Plants glabrous. Calyx teeth shorter than its tube Nos. 3, 4 

2 Plants hairy. Calyx teeth attenuated, longer than the tube . . . (3) 

3 Leaves narrow, linear, or nearly so , Nos. 5, 6 

3 Leaves broad, ovate or lanceolate, &c Nos. 7, 8 j8, 9 

* Lobes of corolla notched or bifid at the end.-4 Leaves distant Nos. 8, 10 

— 4 Leaves imbricated No. 11 

1 P. paniculata L. Smooth, erect ; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at 

each end ; fls. numerous, in a terminal panicle, pink-purple, varying to white ; calyx 
teeth setaceous-pointed. 2f Shady banks, Penn., W. and S. 2— 3f. July— Sept. t 
p. acuminata, Lvs. ovate-acuminate, downy beneath ; stem hairy. 

2 P. maculata L. Stem roughish, purple-spotted, upright ; leaves thickish, lanceo- 

late, the upper ovate-cordate ; fls. many, purple, in an oblong panicle; cal5'x teeth 
lanceolate, acute. % Moist fields, Penn. to Car., and W. 2— 3f. June— August. 

p. g-racilior. Tall, slender, rough : leaves lance-linear and linear. Ga. (Feay). 

y. suateolena. Smooth; flowers white, sweet-scented. Gardens. 

3 P. Carolina L. Ascending, often branched ; leaves lanceolate, rounded at base, 

pointed ; fls. rose-purple, in small, dense cymes. % Prairies, woods. Pa., W. and S. 
9'— 2f. May— July.— 3. ovata has roughish stems and ovate leaves. 



Order 94.— POLEMONIACE^. 25Y 

4r I?, glaberrima L. Slender, erect ; leaves oblong- to lance-linear, taper-pointed, 
thick, with rolled margins; calyx teeih sharp-pointed; corollas pale-pink, few. U 
Prairies and barrens, Wis. to Ga. 1— 3f. June, July. 

a p. pilosa L. Ascending, slender, glandular-hairy above ; Ivs. lanceolate to linear, 
attenuate to an acute apex ; corymbs loose ; calyx teeth bristle-pointed, much longer 
than the tube ; corolla small. 7i Wis. to N. J., and S. May, June. 
3. JFloriddna, Leaves oblong-lanceolate*; calyx teeth lance-setaceous. Fla. 

6 P. involucrata Wood. Hoary-pubescent, branched and ascending at base ; Ivs. 
linear-oblong, rather obtuse, clasping, flat, the floral similar and closely subtending 
the dense corymbs as if involucrate ; calyx teeth linear or subulate-spatulate ; flowera 
purple to carmine. U Dry soils, S. 6—12'. May, June. 

•y p. reptans Mx. Assurgent, with creeping stolons ; Ivs. obovate to ovate, obtuse , 
fls. few ; sep. linear-subulate ; cor. blue-purple. % Hills, Ind. to Pa., and S. 9'. Jn. 

8 P. divaricata L. Low, difi"use, downy ; Ivs. ovate to lance-oblong, acute ; flowera 

grayish-blue, lobes notched ; sep. lin. -subulate. Ti N. Y. to Wis., and S. If. Apr., May. 
j3. IjaphumU, Leaves ovate ; corolla lobes obtuse, entire. Wis. (Lapham). 

9 P. JDruium6nd.il Hook. Upright, forking, glandular-hairy ; Ivs. lanceolate to ob- 

long, mostly alternate ; sepals lance-setaceous, revolute ; flowers in dense corymbs, 
all shades in the gardens, white to purple, with a star, (i) Ga. ! to Texas. 

10 P. bifida Beck. Low, assurgent, difluse ; Ivs. lance-ovate to lance-linear; fls. few, 
sepals linear, petals deeply bifid, purple. 2f 111. to Mo. : rare. 6'. April. 

IIP, subulata L. Moss Pink. Procumbent, much branched and very leafy, in 
tufts ; leaves rigid, linear to subulate, fascicled ; flowers pink to white, covering the 
tufts in May, 5—8'. Penn., S. and W., and in gardens. 

2. COLLOMIA coccfNEA. @ From Chili, lias bright carinlue-red fls 
in heads subtended by broad bracts. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, often 3-cleft at apex, alter- 
nate. Pods 3-seeded. 10—15'. June, July. 

3. FENZLIA DiANTHOiDES. (D California. A small pink-like herb, 
3—6', with exquisitely beautiful flowers, 1'. solitary, pink with 5 purple dots around a 
yellow eye, and the 5 lobes evenly notched at the end. Leaves linear, opposite. 

4. GILIA, R. & P. Cal. teeth acute. Coi-. funnel-form, the tube short 
or long, bearing the equal sta. more or less exserted and not declined. Pet 
entire. Pod oo-seeded. — Herbs with elegant, showy flowers. 

§ Ipom6psis. Corolla tube long exserted, in thyrse-likc racemes. Tall No. 1 

§ LEPTOSipnoN. Corolla tube long, slender, in involucrate heads. Low No. 2 

§ EuGiLiA. Corolla tube included in the calyx, scattered or capitate Nos. 3, 4 

1 G. coronopitolia Pers. Standing Oijpress. A splendid herb 2 — If, plumo-like in 

form, closely beset with delicate piunatilid Ivs. and bearing at top a long (If) thyree 
of bright red flowers (15"). (a) Sandy banks, S. C. to Fhi., and W. July— Sept. t 

2 G. ANDUOSACEA. Strict, simple, downy ; Ivs. opp., digitatoly 5-9-oloft into very nar- 

row segments ; cor. 1/ or more long, lilac, purple or white. i^O Cal. G— V2'. May, Ju. 

3 G. TRicoLou. Difl\isely branched ; Ivs. 2-;>-pinnatilUl ; flowers many, 3-colorcd. limb 

lilac, throat purple, lube yellow. A groat favorite, from California. 

4 G. CAPiTATA, with the blue 6" flowers at length in round dense heads. Cal. and Oreg. 

5. POIiEMONIUM, L. C,kkek Valkuian. Calyx and corolla boll 
form, with subcroct segments. Stamens equally inserted, declined, hairy at 
base. Capsules 8-valved, o-celled. — Herbs weak, with alternate pinnatcly- 
divided leaves and terminal cymes, blue to white. 

1 P. rcplans L. Ditl\isely branched ; loaves 7-11-foliato, loallots acute ; tls. nodding 
pod cells '2- or 8-seedod. U Damp uplands, N. Y. to Wis., and S. 1 IJt". M.'jy. 



258 Order 95.— CONVOLVULACE^. 

2 P. coer ikleum. Tall, with erect branches ; leaflets 11—17, pointed ; fls. erect ; seeds 
00 . Swamps, Yt., N. Y., N. J. (Dr. Howe, Prof. Porter). 2— 3f. Often cultivated. 

6. OOB.ffIA scANDENS. Calyx large and leaf-like. Cor. large, throat 
ftmple, limb spreading, duU purple. Leaves pinnatisect, ending in a tendril. Coarse 
climbers, from Mexico. The lower leaf-segments resemble stipules. 

7. DIAPENSIAj L. Cal. of 5 oval sepals, closely subtended by bracts. 
Corolla bell-form, imbricated in the bud. Fil. flat, arising from the sinuses 
of the corolla, anth. cells diverging at base and the dehiscence transverse. 
(Japs. 3-celled, Go-seeded. 1^. Prostrate, with densely imbricated, entire 
leaves and solitaiy terminal flowers. 

§ DiAPENSiA proper. Anthers without awns. Flowers pedicellate No. i 

§ Pyxidanthera. Anthers with the lower valve awned. Flowers sessile No. 3 

1 D. Lapponica L. A little tufted shrublet, with fleshy, evergreen, obtuse leaves, 

and the tiny white fls. raised «n pedicels 1' long. White Mountains. 2 — W. July. 

2 D. l>arl>ula.ta Ell. Prostrate, creeping, forming dense beds, with short branches t 

flowers terminal, sessile ; anth. short-awned at base. Barrens, N. J., and S. Z-&. Jt 

Order XCV. CONVOLYULACE^. Bindweeds. 

Chiefly twining or trailing Jierhs, sometimes parasitic, sometimes shi'ubby. 
Leaves (or scales when leafless) alternate. Flowers regular, pentamerous 
and 5-audrous. Sepals unbricated. Corolla monopetalous, 5-plaited or 
iobed, convolute in bud. Ovary free, 2-(rarely 3-)celled or falsely 4-celled, 
or of 2 distinct, 1-ovuled pistils. Capsule 2-6-seeded. Embryo large, coiled 
in mucilaginous albumen. Figs. 48, 65, 81, 82, 209-10, 262. 

III. CUSCUTINEjE. Leafless, twining, orange-yellow parasites CuscuTA. 11 

ri. DICHONDRE^. Leafy. 2 distinct ovaries with 2 distinct styles ..Dichondra. 10 

I. OONTOLVULE^. Leafy. Ovary 1. Capsule dehiscent. Seed-lobes leafy... (a) 

Styles united into one. . .(6) 

1 Styles 2 or 3, distinct or nearly so. Stamens included. . .(s) 

6 Ovary and pod 4-celled.— c Stamens exserted. Flowers small Qttamoclit. 1 

— c Stamens included. Flowers large Batatas. 

i Ovary and pod 3-celled. Stigma capitate, granulate Phaebitis. 3 

b Ovary and pod 2-celled. . . (d) 

d Stigma 1, capitate. — e Stamens included Ipom(EA. 4 

— e Stamens exserted Calonyction. 5 

d Stigmas 2, — x ovate, flattened. S. Fla Jacqokmontta violacea, 

— X linear-terete. Calyx not bracted Convolvulus. 6 

— x oblong-terete. Calyx in 2 large bracts C alystegi a. 7 

z Styles each bifid. Peduncle very short Evclvi;LUS. 8 

« Styles each simple. Peduncles longer than the leaves SxYLtsiiA. 9 

1. QUAMOCLIT, Toum. Cypress- vine. Sep. 5, mosty mucronute. 
Cor. tubular-cylindric, with a salver-form border. Sta. exserted. Stvie 1, 
stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Ov. 4-celled, cells 1-seeded. ^ From Tropical Am. 
1 Q. vulgaris Choisy. Cypress-vine. Lvs. pinnatifid to the midvein, segni. linear, 

parallel, acute ; ped. 1-flwd. ; sep. ovate-lanceolate ; cor. scarlet. (1) An exceedingly 

delicate vine, in gardens, and often escaped S. July, Aug. § 

3 Q. cocciiiea Moench. Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire or angular at base ; ped. 

3longated, about 5-flowered ; calyx awned ; flowers light scarlet, limb nearly entire 
^' broad. (£> Along rivers, S. and W. June— Aug, § t 



Order 95.— CONYOLVULACE^. 259 

2. BATATAS, Kumph. Sweet Potato. Cal. of 5 sepals. Cor. cam- 
panulate, with a spreading limb. Stam. 5, included. Style simple, stigma 
capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, with 4 erect seeds. ^ Herbs, 
or shrubby, with milky juice. 

1 JB. littoralis Chois. Creeping, sending ont runners ; Ivs, smooth, thick, sinuate 

with 3—5 rounded lobes and cordate at base ; ped. 1-flowered, as long as the leaf ; sep. 
abrupt-pointed ; seeds tomentous ; corolla white, 74. Coast sauds, S. Aug. — Oct. 

2 B. luacrorliiza Wood. Creeping or twining ; Ivs. cordate, lobed or entire, soft- 

downy beneath ; ped, 1-5-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; cor. purple ; seeds vil- 
lous, u Sands, S. C. to Fla. Root very large, (Ipomcea Michauxii Swt.) 

3 B. ednlls. Sweet Potato. Lvs. 3-5-lobed or angled, lobes acute ; ped. 3-5-flowereu 

as long as the petioles. U W. Indies. Extensively cult, for its sweet tubers. Purple. 

3. PHARBITIS, Chois. Morning Glory, Calyx 5-sepalled, Cor, bell- 
t'unnel-form. Sty, single, stig, capitate, granulate. Ov, 3-(rarely 4-)celled, 
cells 2-seeded, ^ Beautiful, cultivated and spontaneous. 

1 P. purpurea Wood. Twining stem clothed with reversed hairs ; lvs. cordate, en- 

tire ; ped. 2-5-flowered ; corolla large, dark purple, varying to blue, flesh-color, &c., 
appearing in long succession, in fields and gardens. June, July. § 

2 P. Nil Chois. Some hairy ; leaves cordate, 3-lobed ; ped, 1-3-flowered, shorter 

than the petioles ; sepals ovate, long-pointed, corolla tube white, border indigo {nil) 
blue. Gardens, and in fields, July, Aug, § 

3 P. HEDERACEA, from S. Am., difi'ers from P. Nil in the middle lobe of its lvs., which is 

ovate, and contracted at base ; ped. 1-flwd. ; cor. 2' or more broad, vaiying in purple 
and blue, blue and white, pink and white, «fec.— The hybrid P, limbata has a purple 
star with a white border and leaves scarcely lobed. (T) 

4 P. Leakii, from Mexico, has ped, longer than the cordate, velvet-silky leaves, each 

bearing a cluster of magenta-blue-red flowers. Greenhouse, u. 10— 15f, 
\ 

4. IPOMCEA, L, Cal. 5-scpalled, Cor, bell-funnel-form, Sta. included. 

Style 1, stigma capitate. Ov. and capsule 2-celled, cells 2-seeded. — Herbs, 
shrubs, or trees. Our species are herbs creeping or climbing, 

* Flowers capitate, involucrate, small, blue. Sepals hairy No. 1 

* Flowers separate.— a Sepals bristly ciliate, capsules somewhat hairy Nos. 2, 3 

— a Sepals glabrous.— 6 Flowers purple. Maritime Nos. 4, 5 

— b Flowers white, rarely yellow. . ,Nos. 6 — 8 

1 1. tamnirolia L. Tlairy; leaves ovate, cordate, acuminate, large, equalling the 

peduncles ; fls. crowded, S)'', witli linear bracts and sepals, ^f) Ga. to La. J 1.— Sept, 

2 I. coiiiiiiutAta R. & S. Smoothish ; lvs. cordate, entire or 3-Iobcd : pod. as lon<j 

as the petioles ; flowers 2— .5, purple to pink, IS" ; sep, 5''. (I) Fields, S, July— Oct. 

3 I. laicunosii L. Puberulent ; lvs. cordate, entire or angular-lobod ; ped. i as long 

as the petioles ; flowers 1—8, white, with a purplish rim, 1', sepals i as long. J) Dry 
fields and hills, Penn. to 111., and S. 2—61'. August, September, 
'4 I. Pcs-C'aprjc Sw. Koughish ; leaves romulish, emarginate or 2-lobod, thick ; ped. 
as long as the petioles ; fls. 1—5, purple, 3' long. Coasts oflia. and Fla. June + . 

5 I. Mn^'ittltoliii. {Mk.) Glabrous; lvs. cortlate-sagittnte ; ped. as long as the petiole, 

much shorter than the one large (8') purple flower, U Marshes, S. .lune-f-. 

6 1. sinuuta Ort. Lvs. palmately 7-clefl, varying to sinunte-lobed ; segments plnna- 

tilUl ; ped. 1- or 2-flowered ; cor<.)lla white, 1'. u Ga., Fla, 2t>f. July— October, 
1 I. cillolata Pers. Leaves cordate, entire, acuminate ; pod. l-floworod, 2-bracted 

above; corolla lar-^e, yellow; sepals S" long, u N. Car. and Tenn, 
8 1. patudiirala Meyer. Wild I\)(ato. Loaves brojul-conla to to panduriform; jh^I 



260 Order 95.— CONVOLVULACE^. 

l-5-flcwered, longer than the petioles ; sepals } as long as the corolla ; corolla 3', 
white witu a purple centre, li N. Y. to HI., and S. July, August. 

5. OALONYOTION sE'ECiosum (or Ipomoea Bona-nox), Good-night, 

Is a tall climber of the W. Indies and S. Fla., often cultivated in the greenhouse. Flow- 
ers 4 — 7 on each long peduncle, very large, funnel-form, white. 

6. CONVOLVULUS, L. Bindweed. Sep. 5. Cor. beri-form. Style 

1. Stigmas 2, thread-form, often revolute. Ovary and capsule 3-cellpd, 4- 
seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, twining or erect. 

1 C. arvensis L. Prostrate or climbing; leaves arrow-shaped to ear-shaped; ped. 

bearing 1 small rose-white flower and 2 bracts. 2f Fields : rare. June. § 

2 C. TRICOLOR. Stem weak, 1— 3f high; leaves lance-obovate, sessile, shorter than the 

1-flowered ped. ; corolla yellow in centre, white next, border blue. ® Europe. 

7. CALYSTEGIA, Br. Calyx 5-parted, included in 2 leaf-like bracts. 
Coiu bell-form, 5-plicate. Style 1. Stigmas 2, obtuse. Capsule ] -celled, 4- 
seeded. — Herbs, with the flowers solitary. 

1 C. spitliamaea Br. Erect or assurgent, 6—8' (a span) high ; leaves lance-oblong, aa 

long as the peduncles ; flowers white. U Can. to Penn., and W. June. 

2 C. Sepium Br. Rutland Beauty. Glabrous, twining; Ivs. cordate-sagittate, lobes 

truncate ; bracts cordate ; flowers many, large, white with a reddish tinge. 2f Hedges, 
thickets. Can. to Fla. 6— lOf. May— July. 

/3. Catesbeiana, Pubescent, with smaU leaves and short peduncles. S. 

y. ? paradoxa, Tomentous ; bracts linear, remote from the flowers. (Pursh.) 

8. EVOLVULUS, L. Sep. 5. Cor. bell-, funnel-, or wheel-form. Sty. 

2, each bifid. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, 4:-seeded. — Herbs diflfuse. 

E. sericeus Swtz. Stem dividing at base into simple, filiform, procumbent branches ; 
leaves lance-linear, sessile, 3-veined, sUky beneath, 9" ; ped. 1 — 2", 1-flowered : co- 
rolla wheel-form, 5''', white. 2f Prairies, Ga., Fla., to La. If. 

9. STYLISMA, Eaf Sepals 5, equal. Corolla bell-form. StameniS 
included. Styles 2, rarely 3. Stig. capitate, if Slender creepers. 

1 S. humistrata (and aquatica) Walt. Hairy or smoothish ; leaves oval, oblong, or 

linear, obtuse or retuse both ways, on short petioles ; ped. longer than the leaves, 3- 
(1— 5-)flowered ; bracts minute ; styles less than \ united ; corolla 6—9", white. 
Sandy soils, Va. to O., and S. 2— 5f. Lvs. 12—18". (S. evolvuloides Choisy.) Jn.-Sept. 

2 S. Pickeringii (Torr.) Leaves linear, narrowed to subsessile base ; bracts leafy, 

equalling the flower ; styles more than \ united, otherwise as No. 1. N. J. to N. C. 

10. DIOHONDRA, Forst. Sep. 5, obtuse. Corolla bell-form, 5-cleft. 
Pistils 2, distinct. Capsules 2, utricular, 1-seeded. li Prostrate. 

D. repens Forst. Lvs. round-cordato or reniform, the petiole longer than the blade 
or the 1-flowered peduncles ; calyrx villous, larger (3") than the whitish corolla (2'')- 
Wet grounds, S. 3—12'. March— May. 

11. CUSOUTA, Tourn. Dodder. Fls. 5-(rarely 4-)parted. Corolla 
globular-bell-form. Sta. appendaged with scales or fringes at base. Sty lea 
8. Caps. 2-celled, 4-seeded. ® Stems yellow to orange, thread-form, with 
minute scales for leaves, twining against the sun and living on other plants. 

§ Stigmas filiform as well as the styles. Capsule regularly circumsciseiie No ] 

% Stigmas capital' e. Capsule indehiscent or bursting irregularly. ..(*) 



Order 96.— SOLANACE^. 2G1 

• Sepals distinct, with imbricated bracts added. Flowers sessile. . Nos. 2, 3 

* Sepals united, bracts few and i^cattered. Flowers pedicellate. . . (a) 

a Corolla cylindrical, withering on the top of the capsule. Nos. 4—8 

a Corolla bell-shaped, persistent at the base of the capsule. . .(ft) 

b Lobes of the corolla acute or acuminate Nos. 7, 8 

b Lobes of the corolla obtuse Nos. 9 — 11 

1 C.E^pllinum Weih. Flax D. Fls. sessile in small, dense, remote heads ; calyx 5- 

parted, scarcely shorter than the globular corolla or capsule. Flax fields. Jn. § Eur. 

2 C glomerata Choisy. Fls. in compact masses surrounding the foster stem while 

its own filiform stems decay ; sepals 1", with many squarrous bracts ; corolla white, 
2''', tube-bell-form, 5-lobed. On the Compositse, &c., W. and S. 

3 C. compacta Jass. Fls. in large (1—2') masses, with thick stems ; sep. and .3—5 

bracts minute {\") ; cor. slender, with 5 oblong lobes. N. Y., W. and S., on shrubs. 

4 C. tenuiflora Eng. Pale, much branched, on high plants ; fls. short-pedicelled ; 

cor. tube slender, twice longer than the calyx or its own short obtuse lobes ; capsule 
often but 1- or 2-seeded. Wet grounds, N. J., Pa., to 111., and W, 

5 C. inflexa Eng, Fls. pedicelled, mostly 4-parted ; cor. fleshy, its lobes erect and 

inflexed, margins crenulate ; capsule brown, capped with the dead corolla. Prainee 
and open woods. 111. to Va. and Ga. On Hazel, Rhus, &c. 

6 C. decora Chois. Fls. pedicellate, 5-parted, large (H'O, fleshy, white ; cor. broad- 

bell-form, lobes acute ; capsule enveloped by the dead corolla. Wet, HI. to Fla. 
T C. chlorocarpa Eng. Low, branching, orange ; fls. 4-parted, short-pedicelled, 
V\ bell-form, the lobes of cal. and cor. acute ; caps, large, greenish. Wis. to Del., & S. 

8 C. arvensis Beyr. On low plants ; flowers small {i"), 5-parted, pedicellate ; corolla 

tube shorter than its pointed lobes, or the rounded sepals. N. Y. to 111., and S. Ju., Jl. 

9 C. obtusiflora H. B. K. Low, bright orange ; fls. pedicell., dotted with red glands 

(jS. glandulosa) ; sep. round-obtuse ; caps. 1^". Mostly on Polygonum. Ga.,S. audW. 

10 C. Gronovii Willd. Stems thick, often high-climbing; fls. mostly 5-parted, a: 
length densely panicled ; corolla tube bell-form, longer than the calyx, its lobes ob 
tuse, entire, spreading. Common in all the country. Flowers 1^". 

lie. rostrata Shutt. Fls. large (2— 3^'), in loose cymes; corolla deeply bell-fomc , 
lobes obtuse ; capsule 2— 3'^ with a 2-pointed beak. Mountains, Md. to S. Car. 

Order XCVI. SOLANACE^. Nightshades. 

Plants herbaceous, rarely shrubby, with a colorless juice and alternate 
leaves often m pairs. Flowers mostly regular, often extra-axillary, 5-parted, 
onbractless pedicels. Cm'olla valvate or plicate in the bud, and often con- 
volute. Calyx persistent. Stamens 5, adherent to the corolla tube, alter- 
nate with its lobes ; anthers 2-celled. Fruit a 2 -(rarely 3- or more)collod 
capsule or berry. Seeds oo, -with a curved embryo in flesliy albumen. 
Figs. 66, 113, 1G8, 360, 483-4. 

{ NOLANEvE. Oviirioa fow or 00, ilistinot, siniplo. CoroUii fiiiinel-beU-forai Nolan A. 1 

§ SOLANKiE. Oviiry 1, compound, 2-(or morolci'llcil. . .(*) 

* Corolla wlu'cl-form, the tiibo vcM-y sliort. AiUliora converijont. . .(/') 

* Corolla l)cll-foriu, the liroail tnbo inolmiin};; tho croct anthors.. .((O 

* Corolla I'utniel-form, tube lonj? and— <i tho linib somewhat iiiuvmal. ..(lO 

— a the lin\b qnito ri>,!;uh>r. ..(r) 

b Stamens connate, openiuK by slits in>ido. Horry torous I.YOOrKHauTM. S 

h Stamens connivout, opening by terminal pores. Horry nmnd Soi.am'm. S 

h Stamens connivent, opouini: by slits. Herry dryish, an);nlar CvrsiCVM. 4 

c Corolla bluish. Herry dry, enclosed in the enlur.CTd calyx Xioanpka. S 

r Corolla yellowish. Herry Juicy, enclosed in tho oularjred calyx Vhtsaui*. 6 

f Corolla purplish. l?erry blackish, sittinv; ou tho open calyx . . AtKor a. 1 



262 Okder 96.— SOLANACE^. 

d Stamens exserted, declinate. Capsule opening by a lid. Htoscyamus. 8 

d Stamens included, unequal. Capsule opening by valves Petunia. 9 

e Stamens exserted, growing to the summit of fhe tube Neieembeegia. 10 

e Stamens exserted, growing to the bottom of the tube Lycicm. 11 

e Stamens included. — x Flowers 3' — 12' long. Calyx prismatic Datura. 12 

— X Flowers l' — 4/ long. Calyx terete Nicotiana. I'd 

. — a; Flowers 6 — 10" long. Calyx terete, short Cestrum. 14 

— X Flowers 5''' long. Leaves very small Fabiana. 15 

1. NOLANA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. showy, funnel-bell-form. Ova- 
ries 3 — 40, distinct, 1-6-celled, becoming as many drupes around tlie base 
of the style, ^ ^ From S. America, with blue flowers. 

1 N, ATErPLiciFOLiA. Stems procumbent ; leaves thick, entire, ovate to spatulate, ob- 

tuse ; flowers solitary, supra-axillary, with a yellow tube, azure-blue border, and 
white zone, numerous aU Summer. 

2 N, PRosTRATA. Leaves ovate-oblong, tapering both ways ; calyx segments triangu 

lar-arrow-shaped ; corolla blue with dark-purple streaks. Otherwise as No. 1, 

2. LYCOPERSICUM, Tourn. Tomato. Calyx 5-6-00 - parted. Cor, 
rotate, with a short tube and a plicate-valvate limb. Stamens 5-6-00, ex- 
serted, anth, connate at apex, longitudinally dehiscent on the inner face. 
Berry fleshy, 2-3-00 - celled, Ped. extra-axillary, co-flowered. 

li, EPCFLENTiTM Mill. Hairy ; st. herbaceous, weak ; Ivs. unequally pinnatifid, segments 
cut : corolla many-lobed ; fruit torulous, furrowed, smooth. (T) A coarse, strong- 
scented herb with yellowish flowers and splendid fruit. 

3. SOLANUM, L. Potato. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Cor. rotate, 
subcampanulate, tube very short, limb plicate, 5-cleft, lobed or angular. 
Anth. erect, connivent, distinct, opening at the top by 2 pores. Berry 2- 
celled, subglobous or depressed. Seeds oo. — Herbs or shrubs. Peduncles 
terminal, becoming lateral by the extension of the axis. Figs. 260, 483-4. 

§ Prickles none. Anthers obtuse. . . (a) 

a Herbs, with the flowers and fruit in clusters Nos. 1, 2 

a Shrubby climbers, with clustered flowers and fruit Nos. 3, 4 

a Shrubs erect, with orange or scarlet berries Nos, 5, 6 

§ Plants armed with prickles. Anthers linear-oblong, pointed., .(&) 

b Flowers 5-parted. Calyx open in fruit. Anthers equal Nos. 7—9 

b Flowers 5-parted. Calyx closed on the fruit. Anthers unequal Nos. 10, 11 

b Flowers 6-9-parted. Calyx open with the large fruit Nos. 12, 13 

1 S. tuberosum L. Common Potato. Subterranean branches bearing tubers ; leaves 

pinnatifid unequally and interruptedly; corolla 5-angled, ped. jointed. S. America. 
Cultivated since the 17th century. Many varieties. 

2 S. nigrum L. Nightshade. Smoothish ; leaves ovate, toothed, wavy, or entire ; 

umbels lateral, drooping, flowers small (2— 3'0i whitish ; berries black, as large as a 
peppercorn. "Weed in old fields. 2— 3f. Summer. § Europe. 

3 S. Dulcamara L. Bittersweet. Stems shrubby, slender, climbing : leaves cordate, 

entire or with 1 or 2 pairs of lobes at base ; clusters terminal and lateral, corolla pur- 
p.e, with 5 green spots ; fruit red. July. § Europe. 

4 S. jASMiNoiDEs. Climbing high, smooth, Ivs. ovate, entire ; clusters blue-wh, BraziL 
o S. PsEUDO-CArsxcuM. Jerusalem Cherry. Erect, like a dwarf tree ; leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, smooth, shining; flowers solitary, white, berries scarlet, as large as cher- 
ries. Mauritius. 2 — 4f. Handsome. 

6 S. LACiNiATUM. Shrub ei-ect, smooth : Ivs. pinnatifid ; fls. blue ; fr. orange. Australia. 



Order 96.— SOLANACE^. 2G3 

7 S. Carolinense L. Horse Nettle. Prickles large, yellow, scattered on tte stem, 

petioles, aud veins; leaves angular-lobed, acute; flowers white, 10— 15^', racemed; 
berries yellow. Roadsides, N. Y., S. and W. 1— 2f. June. 

8 S. Virginianum L. Hairy and prickly ; leaves deeply pinnatifid with angular 

sinuate lobes ; flowers pale-violet, 15", in leafy racemes. Va., and S. July. 

9 S. mammosum L. Apple-of-Sodom. Villous and v/ith scattered spines ; leaves 

roundish-ovate, subcordate, lobed ; berries inversely pear-shaped, (i) Waste grounds. 
Ga., Fla., and W. Flowers violet, 15". Fruit yellow. 

10 S, RosTBATUM. Hoary-tomentous and very prickly; leaves doubly sinuate-lobed • 
flowers yellow, 12—15" ; fruit closed in the burr-like calyx, (i) Kansas. 

lis, HETEROuoxuM. Very hairy and prickly ; leaves doubly pinnatifid, lobes runci- 
nate ; flowers violet-blue. ® From Texas. Fruit black. 

12 S, Melongena (or esculentum). ^j5'g' Plant. Prickly; Ivs. ovate, wavy or sinuate; 
flowers violet ; fruit very large, glossy-purple, prized as a great delicacy. E. India.- 
A variety has white fruit exactly imitating a goose-egg. 

13 S. Texanum. With scarlet fruit depressed-globous and lobed. From Tex. Mex. 

4. CAPSICUM, Tourn. Pepper. Calyx erect, 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, 
tube very short, limb plaited, 5-lobed. Anth. connivent. Fr. capsular, dry, 
inflated, 2-3-celled. Seeds flat, very acrid. — Herbs or shrubs, with hot and 
acrid taste. Leaves often in pairs. Ped. axillary, solitary. 

C ANNUUM. Hed or Cayenne P. Herb with angular, branching stem, smooth ovate 
entire leaves and large roundish or lance-form red fruit. (D Many varieties. 

5. NICANDRA, Adans. Apple op Peru. Cal. 5-cleft, 5-angled, the 
angles compressed, sepals sagittate. Cor. campanulate. Sta. 5, incurved. 
Berry enveloj^ed in the persistent calyx, (i) Peruvian. Summer. 

N. pliysaloides Adans. Herb smooth, with ample ovate-oblong, sinuate-angled Ivs. : 
flowers solitary, axillary, white, with blue spots. Gardens aud fields. 2 — of. § 

6. PHYSALIS. L. Ground Cherry. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, at 
length inflated. Cor. bell-rotate, tube very short, limb obscurely 5-lobed. 
Sta. 5, connivent. Berry globous, enclosed within the 5-angled calyx. — 
Herbs (rarely shrubs) with angular branches. Leaves alternate or un- 
equally twin. Flowers solitary, nodding, extra-axillary, all Summer. 

§ Anthers yellow. Ped. elongated. Fruit edible, not filling the calyx ... (a) 

a Corolla yelloAv with brown-purple in the centre Nos. 1—3 

a Corolla yellow in centre as well as border Nos. 4, 5 

§ Anthers blue or violet. Ped. shorter than the petioles. . .(ft) 

b Peduncles near 1' long. Berry not filling the closed calyx Nos. 6 — S 

b Peduncles 2—8" long. Berry filling the open calyx No. 9 

1 P. vl^scosa L. Viscid-pubescent, diftuse ; leaves ovate to obloug, mostly abrupt at 

base and bluntly toothed ; corolla 8— 10'-'; fruiting-calyx IJ'. % Dry soils. If. 

2 P. Pemisj'lvaiiloa L. Puberulent, decumbent; leaves ovato to lanceolat<', nv 

pand-toothed or entire, base obtuse or acute ; corolla slightly spotted, 6-J>''; fhiil- 
calyx rounded, 1'. n Dry soils, Penn., S. and W. 6—15'. 
jS. Intirralnlo, Pubescent; leaves tapering and acute both ways. S. 

3 P. aiifiiistiroliii N. CJlabrous ; leaves lanee-linear, entire, thiekish ; IVuit c.hIvx 

wing-iingled, P; corolla 10— 12". 71 Wet sands, Kin. 6-12'. 

4 P. uy<'fa«»snca Dun. Pubescent; leaves small, elliptic ovate. biunt-tooth*Hl ; 

calyx hairy ; corolla small (5—6"'), wholly yellow. South. (>— 12'. 

5 P. AlkoktMiy;! !'• ^traiflHny Tivitato. Pubescent, erect; leaves deltoid-ovat«j, 

acuminate, repaml ; calyx redileuing in fVuit. U UanUns nud ilelds. 1 -2r. 



264 Okder 96.— SOLANACE^. 

6 P. pubescens L. Viscid-tomentous, decumbent ; leaves ovate or cordate, base un- 

equal, repand ; corolla spotted, 6" ; fruit-calyx 5-angled. (i)Damp. S. andW. 9—18'. 

7 P. angulata L. Smooth, erect ; Ivs. ovate to oblong, acutely toothed ; cor. small 

(3—6") ; fruit-calyx ovoid-conic, longer than its stalk. ® Dry fields. 

8 P. liinkiana Nees. Smooth, diffuse, 2f or more ; leaves lance-oblong, attenuate 

both ways, s^ft^tofe-toothed ; corolla 6" ; fruit-calyx 1^^. (i) S. C, Ga. (Dr. Feay). 

9 P. Pliiladelpliica Lam. Smoothish, erect ; Ivs. obliquely ovate, pointed, angu- 

lar-repand ; corolla 9", spotted and striped ; berry large, red. ^ M. and W. t 

7. ATROPA, L. Deadly Nightshade. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. cam- 
panulate, limb 5-cleft, valvate-pllcate in bud. Statu. 5, distant, include \ 
Berry globous, 2-celled, sitting on the enlarged calyx. 21 Herbs of lurid 
colors. Leaves often twin. 

A. Belladonna.— Europe. Leaves ovate, entire, large. Berries dark-purple, handsome 
but poisonous, like the whole plant. Medicinal. 

8. HYOSCYAMUS, Tourn. Henbane. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Cor. 
funnel-form, one of the 5 obtuse lobes larger. Sta. 5, declinate. Stigma 
capitate. Capsule ovoid, 2-celled, opening with a lid near the summit. — 
Coarse herbs, native in Eastern countries. 

H. niger L. Branched, very leafy, viscid-hairy and foetid ; leaves sinuate-lobed, clasp, 
ing ; corolla straw-color, netted with purple, in one-sided spikes, (g) In old fields, 
and rubbish. 2f. Poisonous— medicinal. July. 

9. PETUNIA, Juss. Cal. segments oblong-spatulate. Cor. funnel- oi 
salver-form, tube cylindric, limb spreading, slightly unequal. Sta. 5, in- 
serted in the middle of the tube, unequal, included. Caps. 2-celled. Seeds 
minute. South American herbs. Leaves alternate, entire, the floral twin. 
Flowers solitary, large, all Summer. Fig. 66. 

1 P. NTCTAGiNiFLORA. Erect, diffusely branched, viscid-hairy; flowers white, tube 

slender, thrice longer than the calyx, limb spreading 1\ — 3'. u 

2 P, viOLACEA. Prostrate at base, then erect, viscid-hairy; flowers vioiet-purple, tube 

inflated, twice longer than the calyx. By admixture numerous varieties, single, 
double, striped, &c., are raised. 

10. NIEREMBERGIA, Kuiz & Pav. Cal. curved, 5-cleft. Cor. fim- 
n el-form, tube long and slender, limb ample, spreading, plicate, slightly 
unequal. Sta. 5, inserted in the throat, unequal, connivent, anth. hid be- 
neath the stigma. Capsule 2-celled, oo-seeded. — South American, chiefly 
herbs, creeping, with elegant, solitary, extra-axillary flowers. 

N. GRACILIS, stems very slender and much branched ; Ivs. linear to spatulate ; flow- 
ers 1' or more, white, lilac, purple, with a yellow eye. 

11. LYOIUM, L. Matrimony YiNe. Cal. 2-5-cleft. Cor. tubular, 
bell- or funnel-form, 4- or 5-lobed. Sta. 4 or 5, exserted. Berry 2-celled, 
seeds several. "^ J) Often spiny. Leaves alternate, entire, often clustered. 
Flowers small, solitary or in pairs. 

Ii« Barbarnm L. Branches spiny, slender, pendulous or climbing ; leaves lanceo- 
late ; corolla greenish-purple, 5-parted ; calyx 3- or 4-toothed ; berries email, orange- 
red. From Barbary. Planted for arbors walls, <S:c. 



to\ 



Order 96.— SOLANACE^. 265 

2 li. Carolinianum Mx. Branches rigid, spiny, upright ; Ivs. fleshy, cluh-shaped, 

clustered ; flowers small, 4-parted, purple. Salt marshes, S. 3f. 

12. DATURA, L. Thorn Apple. Calyx large, tubular, inflated, de- 
ciduous, or spathe-form. Cor. funnel-form, limb plicate in bud, with 5 oi 
10 cuspidate angles. Sta. 5. Caps. 2-celled, 4-valved, cells 2-parted. (i)^ 
Coarse, foetid, poisonous, with large, often handsome flowers. Fig. 168. 

§ Calyx deciduous, its base persistent. Flowers euberect. ^.. .(a) 

a Limb of the corolla 5-toothed. Pods erect Nos. 1 — 3 

a Limb of the corolla 10-toothed. Pods drooping Nos. 4, 5 

§ Calyx persistent, splitting and spathaceous. Flowers erect. (T) No. 6 

§ Calyx persistent, often splitting. Flowers pendulous. Tree-like Nos. 7—9 

1 D. Stramonium L. Jimson Weed. Stem forked ; Ivs. large, ovate, with unequal 

sides and angular teeth ; corolla cream-white, 2' long. Waste grounds. 3f. § 
/3. Tdtula. Stem purple ; flowers bluish-white ; stem 3 — 4f. S. and W. § 

2 D, QTJEKCiFOLiA. Lcavcs sinuate-pinnatifid ; flowers white, 5' broad. Mexico. 2f 

3 D. PASTUOSA. Stem dark purple, with whitish, shining dots ; Ivs. lance-ovate ; cor 

violet without, white within, single or double, V long. (I) Egypt. Splendid. 

4 D. Metel. Villous-pubescent ; Ivs. ovate ; flowers white, 4' broad. Mexico. 3 — 4f. 

5 D. METELOiDES. Smoothisb, slender; leaves ovate-oblong; flowers pure white or 

tinged with blue, 5' broad. Very fine. From Mexico. 

6 1>. CERATOCAULA. Stem terete, thick, purple ; leaves lance-ovate ; corolla thrice 

longer (5—7') than the calyx, tube incurved, limb 10-toothed. Cuba. 

7 JD. ARBOREA. Leaves lance-ovate, downy ; calyx spathaceous, entire ; corolla 8 — 10' 

long, white, green-veined ; anthers distinct. Pern. Flowers often double. 
S I>. suAVEOLENS. Leaves ovate-oblong, entire; calyx 5-toothed; corolla 9— 12' long, 

sweet-scented, white ; anthers cohering. Mexico. 
9 I>. SANGUINE A, has flowers 8' long, limb red, tube yellow, with purple veins. Peru. 

13. NICOTIANA, Tourn. Tobacco. Calyx urn-shaped, 5-toothed. 
Cor. funnel-form, 5-lobed. Sta. 5. Caps. 2-celled, 3-4-valved. ® Coarse 
narcotics, with large, entire leaves and terminal fls. Jn. — Aug. Fig. 113. 

1 N. rustica L. Viscid-pubescent; Ivs. petiolate, ovate ; corolla tube cylindric, lobes 

round-obtuse, greenish-yellow. Weed in N. Y., &c. 1— l^f. § 

2 N. Tabacum. Virginia T. Viscid-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, sessile and decur- 

rent ; corolla tube inflated in throat, lobes acute, rose-color. 4 — Gf. 

3 N, LONGiFLORA. Branches Spreading ; upper leaves sessile, cordate-lanceolate ; flow- 

ers racemed, white-purple-yellow, tube slender, 4'. Hardy South. 

14. OESTRUM, L. Calyx often colored, 5-cleft, Cor. tubular-funnol- 
form, tube clavate, limb 5-cleft or 5-parted, plicate in bud. Sta. 5, included, 
adnate to cor. below. Style 1. Berry few-sccdod. +> S. American, with 
entire leaves and brilliant flowers in clustoi's, fragrant. 

§ Habuothamnus. Corolla clavato. rod or purple, limb suberoci No-s. 1, 2 

k? EircKSTRUM. Corolla cUib-fnnnol-form, yollow-onuigo, limb s^proading... No*;. 8, 4 

1 <\ KLKGANS. Lvs. lanco-ovate ; corolla purplo, shining, 9"; calyx purple. 3'. 5— ^if. 

2 €. PAscicuLATiTM. Lvs. broailovato ; corolla sc:irlet. *)" ; onlyx roiUionod.S". 5— Of. 

3 C AruANTiACUM. Loavcs lancoovrtto ; corolla tube intlaiod, iMauiro-oolorod. r> '. 4f. 

4 €. Pakqui. Leaves narrow-lanccohxto ; cin-oUadtill yellow, ti ', tuho loroto. 

15. FABIANA tmkkicata, Kuiz vt Pav., is a flue little shrub rosombling 
A Taiuarix, with small (,()' longl ovato loavos covorluj; the uumorous brauchou. and smail 
Violet-whito tlowors. t Chili. 



266 Ordek 97.— GENTIANACE^. 



Order XCYII. GENTIANACE^. Gentiais-worts. 

Herbs smooth, with a colorless, bitter juice, with entire, exstipulato 
leaves. Flow&rs regular, mostly centrifugal in inflorescence and convolute 
in the bud. Calyx persistent. Corolla withering, its lobes alternate with 
the stamens. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 2 more or less projecting parieta. 
placentae. Fruit a 2-valved, septicidal, co-seeded capsule, rarely baccate. 
Seeds with a minute, straight embiyo in the axis of fleshy albumen. Fig. 140. 

I. GENTIANE^. Corolla convolute (in No. 8 imbricate) in the bud. Leaves opposite... (6) 

II. MENYANTHE^. Corolla valvate-induplicate in the bud. Leaves alternate or radical. ..(a) 

a Petals beardless or nearly so. Leaves simple, floating Limnanthemum. 10 

a Petals bearded inside. Leaves trifoliate, erect Mentanthes. 9 

h Sepals only 2. Corolla 4-parted, tubular-campanulate ...Obolakia. 8 

h Sepals as many as the petals, more or less united. . .(c) 

c Corolla lobes furnished each with a spar in the middle of the back Haleki*. 7 

c Corolla lobes furnished each with a large central gland Frasejsa. 6 

c Corolla lobes plain, without spurs or glands. ..(c?) 

d Leaves reduced t j scales. Corolla deeply l-parted B artonia. 5 

d Leafy.— e Style none, stig. sessile. Corolla tubular Gentiana. 4 

— e Style present.— x Corolla tube longer than the limb Ertthr^a. 3 

—a: Corolla tube shorter than the limb Eustoma. 2 

— X Corolla wheel-form, tube none Sabbatxa. 1 

1. SABBATIA, Adams. American Centaury. Calyx 5-12-parted. 

Cor. rotate, 5-12-parted. Sta. 5 — 12, anth. soon recurved. Style 2-parted, 
Caps. 1-celled. ©(D Slender, with veiy beautiful flowers, in Summer. 

§ LAPITH.EA. Corolla 7-12-(mostly 9-)parted, rose-red Nos. 1, 2 

§ Sabbatia proper. Corolla 5- (rarely 6-)parted.. .(a) 

Flo-wers -white but ) — x paniculate or scattered Nos. 3, 4 

drying yellowish ) — x in a level-topped cyme. Branches opposite Nos. 5, 6 

a Flowers rose-red. — b Branches opposite Nos, 7, 8 

— b Branches alternate Nos. 9, 10 

1 S. cliloroides Ph. Simple or forked ; flowers 1—5, pedunculate, SO'' ; petals ob- 

lanceolate, 10" ; sepals linear-spatulate, 6" ; leaves lanceolate to oblong. Wet 
grounds, Plymouth, Mass., E. I., and S. 1— 2f. t 

2 S. gentianoides Ell. Strict, subsimple ; leaves linear, exceeding the internodes ; 

flowers sessile, 2-bracted, solitary, or several together; petals obovate, 10"; sepals 
lance-subulate, 4'^ Wet barrens, Ga., Fla., and W. 1— 2f. 
/3. Boykinii (Gray). Leaves lance-oblong, at least the lower. Ga. 

3 S. calycosa Ph. Kigid, divaricately-forked ; flowers few, distant ; sepals oblanceo- 

late (5—8"), as long as the petals ; leaves oblong, 3-veined. Va., and S. If. 

4 S, paniculata Ph. Stem much branched, terete, with 4 thread-like ridgee • 

branches mostly opposite ; leaves small, oval, oblong to linear ; panicle diff"u6e ; se 
pals subulate, 3" ; petals 6''. Low grounds, Va., and S. 1— 2f. 
^. XHlidttii, Branches alternate; leaves mostly linear; petals 7 or 8". 
# S. lanceolata (Walt.) Corymbously -branched and 4-angled above ; leaves ovate 
to lanceolate, 3-5-veined ; flowers 6-parted, V broad. Barrens, N. J. to Fla. 2f. 

6 S. macropliylla Hook. Stem terete throughout, corymbed at top ; leaves erect, 

thick, ovate, acuminate, 3-5-veined ; flowers small {^' broad). Fla., La. 

7 S. angularis Ph. Stem with 4 winged angles, corymbous-panicled ; leaves ovate, 

5-veined, clasping; flowers 15—18' broad, with a greenish star. Wet meadows, 
N. Y. to 111., and S. 10—18'. 

8 S, bracbiata Ell. Stem obtusely 4-angled, panicled ; leaves lance-linear to linear 



Order 97.— GENTIANACE.E. 267 

lowest ovate ; flowers 15", the star purple, bordered with green ; petals oblong-obo- 
vate, obtupe. Prairies, Ind. to Va., and S. If. 

9 S. gracilis Salisb. Very slender, diffuse ; leaves oblong to linear-filiform ; flowers 

distant ; pet. elliptic, obtuse, 5" ; sep. filiform, 4". Wet, Mass. to Fla., and La. 2f. 
p. stellhris. Suberect, the flowers larger (13" broad), the star yellow. 

10 S. cAMPESTKis. Low (6—10'), erect ; Ivs. ovate to oblong; fls. few, W broad, the 
star yellow ; calyx tube 5-winged ; sepals as long as the broad petals. La. 

2. EUSTOMA, Don. Calyx 5- or 6-parted, with subulate segments. 
Cor. wbeel-funnel-form, 5-6-parted. Sta. shorter than the style. — Herbs 
glaucous, with few large splendid blue flowers. 

1 E. EussELLiANUM. Stem 1— 2f, forked ; Ivs. ovate, cuspidate, subconnate ; fls. long- 

stalked, expanding 3—4', petals oval. (I) Ark. (Mr. Robertson). 

2 E. ex^ltatum, taller, with flowers 2' broad, grows in S. Fla. (Chapman). 

3. ERYTHRJGA, Renealm. Calyx 5-4-parted, angular. Cor. funnel- 
form, 5-4-parted, tube slender. Anth. 5-4, exserted, spirally twisted. Style 
slender. @ Stem squarish, 3 — 10'. Leaves connate at base. 

1 E. ramosissima., ^. JTIuhlenbirg-ii (Gr'i&oh.) Stem 1-3- times-forked into a loose 

cyme ; leaves ovate-oblong ; flowers pedicellate, bright purple, 4''. L. Is. to Va. : rare. 

2 E. spicata Pers. Stem forking, erect ; leaves oval to lanceolate ; fls. sessile, 8", 

spicate on the long branches, rose-white. Nantucket to Md. § Europe. 

3 E. Centauriiim Pers. Erect ; Ivs. oblong, acutish at each end ; flowers subses- 

sile in the loosely corymbcd cymes, rose-purple, 6". Oswego, N. Y. August. § 

4. GENTIANA, Tourn. Gentian. Calyx 5- or 4-parted or entire. 
Cor. tubular, limb 5- or 4-cleft, closed or open. Sta. 5 or 4. Stig. 2, style 
or very short. Capsule oblong, 1-cellcd, seeds numerous and minute. — 
Herbs with showy flowers in August to October. 

§ Fls. 4-parted, fringed, sky-blue ; no crown or folds. (I) Nos. 1, 9 

§ Fls. 5-parted, blue, pedicellate, clustered ; no fringe or folds, (i) No. 3 

§ Fls. 5-parted, corolla with folded appendages between the lobes, u . . .(a) 

a Flower solitary, terminal, somewhat stalked. Leaves linear No. 4 

a Flowers clustered, sessile,- 6 ochi'oleucous or whitish Nos. 5. fi 

— b blue ; the corolla always closed No. 7 

— b blue ; the corolla open or expanding. . .Nos. S— 10 

1 G. crinita Fro^l. Fringed G. Stem and branches erect ; leaves lanceolate, acute ; 

petals obovat^;, finely fringed at margin. (T) Moist soils. Can. toGa., and W, If. A 
beautiful and interesting plant. 

2 G. dctoiisa L. Stem and few branches strict ; loaves lance-linear ; flowers solitary, 

loiig-stalked, petals crenate-ciliate. {i) N. Y. to Wis. If. 
;j ii, <iuiiiqiicllora L. St. 4-ivngled ; Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, acute ; fls. 7— S", pedi- 
cellate, clustered; sepals subulate, very short, or (In ^. parritlora) lauco-linear, 4"; 
corolla segments bristle-pointed, (^ii^ Fields and woods. If. 

4 G. aiiK'UKtitolia Mx. Slondcr, erect; fl. IS— 2t)" long; Ivs. linear; sepals linear, 

7 — 10" ; corolla blue, lobes ovate, the cleft folds much shorter. N. .1. to Fla. If. 
j8. rit'ltUtVora, Flower nearly sessile, 15", greenish white, folds very short. S. 
B in. ocliroleiioa Fra^l. Lvs. snioothish, oval to elliptical, acutish both ends ; calyx 

segments lauce-linear, nearly equiUling the W corolla. Pa. (Prof. Porter'* to Fl.i, If. 
G G. alba IMuhl. Very smooth, stout; Ivs. lanceolate, the broml Ivise clasping; Qh. 

2' long, calyx segments ovate, very short. Woods, pniiries. M. ami W. Ij — Sf. 
7 G. Aiielro\%'Nll CJrisob. Ch\<(d IVuf 0. Simple, smooth: leaves oval lanceolate ; 



268 Order 97.— GENTIAKACE^. 

cluster dense, terminal ; calyx segments ovate-oblong, 3 — i" ; corolla 18", Inflated, 
never openitig, folds as long as segments. Woods, N. Eng. to Fla. 2f. 

8 €r. Saponaria L. Subsimple, stout, smooth ; leaves oblanceolate to lance-oblong, 

3-veined ; calyx segments linear, 6 — S'' ; corolla 2\ folds much shorter than the open 
erect lobes. N. J., Pa., to El., and S. 2f. Leaves 2—3'. 

9 G. linearis Wood. Simple, slender ; Ivs. lance-linear to linear, l-(rarely 3-)velned ; 

calyx segments subulate, 4—7''' ; corolla folds subentire, much shorter than the erect 
or spreading lobes. N. Eng. (rare) to Iowa and Ky. 1 — l^-f, July— Sept. 

10 G. puberula Mx. Slender, rough or puberulent ; leaves 1', oval to ovate, very 
rough-edged, clasping, acute ; calyx segm. lanceolate, 5" ; corolla subcampanulate, 
15", lobes very acute, folds short, cleft. Prairies, W. and S. 9— 18^. 

5. BARTONIA, Mulil. Screw-stem. Fls. 4-parted, persistent. Cor. 
subcampanulate, pet. slightly united. Stig. tliick, some biiid. Sds. veiy oo 
and minute, li. Slender, erect, with scale-like Ivs. and small white fls. 

1 B. verna Muhl. Low, simple, 3—5', clustered ; ped. 1-flowered, petals 3", oblong, 

obtuse, sepals 1", acute. Bogs and barrens, Va. to Fla. March. 

2 B, tenella Muhl. Branched above, very slender, 5—12' ; ped. opposite, erect, sub- 

equal, 4" ; petals pointed, 1", sepals nearly as long. Wet. Mass. to Fla. August 
j8. brachiata. Pedicels bent outward and upward, some alternate. S. 

6. FRASERA, Walt. Columbo. Fls. mostly 4-parted. Pet. united 
at base, oval, spreading, each with 1 or 2 bearded glands in the middle. 
Sty. 1, stig. 2, distinct. Caps, compressed, 1-celled. Seeds few, large, ellip- 
tic, margined. 71 Showy and tall, with opposite or verticillate leaves. 

F. Carolinensis Walt. Smooth, 4— 9f high ! paniculate above ; Ivs. oblong, sessile, 
in 4's — 6's ; petals greenish with blue dots, and a large purple gland. Rich soils, 
N. Y., S. and W. A stately plant, and a good tonic. June, July. 

7.- HALENIA, Borkh. Felwort. Flowers 4-parted, broad bell-form. 
Each petal prolonged at base into a spur, which is glandular at the end. 
Stigmas 2, sessile. — Flowers panicled. 
H, deflexa Griseb. Erect, branched, lower leaves oblanceolate, upper lance-ovate, 

3-5- veined ; spurs slender, curved outwafd, half as long as the 4" greenish-yellow 

petals. (2) N. Eng. (rare) to Wis. 18'. August. 

8. OBOLARIA, L. Pennywort. Calyx of 2 wedge-oblong sepals. 
Corolla tube-bell-form, 4-cleft. Sta. on the corolla. Stigma sessile, bifid. 
Seeds go, veiy minute, if Flowers sessile, pale. 

O Virginica L.— Woods, N. J., W. and S. Stem 4—8', subeimple. Leaves roundish, 
sessile, thick, crowded above, sepals similar. April, May. 

9. MENYANTHES, Tourn. Buck Bean. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate 
or funnel-form, limb spreading, 5-lobed, villous within, no glands at the 
base. Stamens 5. Style 1, stigma bifid. Capsule 1-celled. — Bitter herbs, 
actively medicinal. Leaves trifoliate, nearly radical. 

Tfl, trifoliata L.— In muddy places, Penn. to Cal., and N. 8—12'. Petioles long and 
round. Scapes bearing racemes of handsome, flesh-colored flowers. May. 

10. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmel. Floating Heart. Cal. 5-parte4 
Cor. rotate, each seg. with a glandular scale at base. Sty. short or 0, stig. 



Okder 99.— APOCYNACE^. 

2-lobecl. Caps, opening by decay, y^ Stagnant water. Pet. long, bearing an 
umbel of small white fls. below tbe roundish leaf-blade, also oblong tubers. 

1 li. lacunosum Griseb. Leaves small (1 — 20, smooth, round-reniform ; seeds 
smooth and shining. N. Eng. to Fla. (Villarsia lacunosa Vent.) 

3 Ii. tradiyspermuni Gray. Lvs. large (3—50, dotted and pitted beneath; seeda 
muricate about the margins. Md. to Fla. and La. (Menyanthes, Mx.) 

Okder XCVIII. LOGANIACE^. 

Herhfi or shrubs with opposite leaves, stipules between the petioles or at 
least a ridge, and with 4- or 5-parted regular gamopetalous flowers. Ovary 
superior, stigmas as many as the cells. Fruit a 2-celled capsule, or a 1-2- 
seeded drupe. Seeds winged or peltate, with albumen. Fig. 47. 

* Delicate, twining shrubs, with large yellow flowers. S Gelsemiusl 1 

• Low herbs.— a; Flowers scarlet, tubular, with one style Spigelia. 2 

— X Flowers small, white, 5-parted, in 1-sided racemes Mitreola. 3 

— X Flowers small, white, 4-parted, in axillary cymes Polypekmum. 4 

. 1. GELSIjMIUM. Juss. Yellow Jessamine. Cor. bell-funnel-form 
with 5 short rounded lobes. Sta. 5, now longer and now shorter than the 
style {dimor pilous). Caps, flattened, twin, cells each with 4 — 6 winged sds. 
■^ Very slender, with numerous flowers. The stipules a mere ridge. 
G. sempervirens Ait. — Woods and banks, Va., and S., overrunning bushes and low 
trees. Leaves thick, shining, lanceolate. Flowers V. March— May. 

2. SPIGELIA, L. PiNK-ROOT. Calyx seg. linear-subulate. Cor. nai- 
rowly funnel-iform, limb 5-cleft. Anth. 5, convergent. Caps, twiu-lobed, 
ftiW-seeded. — Herbs, with the flowers sessile in terminal spikes. Fig. 47. 

S. Wlarllaiidica L. Stem square, erect, simple; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate; 
spike scorpoid, uncoiling as the 3—8 handsome flowers expand ; corolla 1^ — 2' long, 
%. Thickets, Pa. to 111., and S. June. Medicinal. 

3. MITREOLA, L. Corolla tubular, short, 5-cleft, hairy in the throat 
Sta. 5, included. Ovary 2-celled, styles 2, united only at top with 1 stigma. 
Capsule 2-horned, oo -seeded. (\) Flowers in several scorpoid spikes at 
top of a long terminal peduncle. June — August. 

1 WL» petiolata T. & G. Branching ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, tapering at base to 

a petiole ; raceme loose-flowered. Va., and S. 1— 2f. 

2 M. sesslllfolla T. & G. Nearly simple ; leaves oval to elliptical, soi^silo, k^horter 

than the intcrnodcs ; raceme close-floworcd. S. C. to Fla. ll>— 18'. 

4. POLYPREMUM, L. Calyx seg. 4, subulate. Corolla broad U-W- 
form, lobes a little unequal, obtuse, throat boarded. Stamens 4, included. 
Stigma subsessilc. Capsule ovoid. (T) Smooth, ditfusely branched from 
base, with linear-subulate leaves. Flowers sessile. 

P. prociimbens L.— Dry floUls, Va., and S. 6—12'. In dense patches. Mar— Sept. 

Okoku XCIX. APOCYN.V(MMv Dor. uvnk.s. 
Plant with an acrid, milky juice, entire, exstipulate, mostly opposite Irsk 



270 Order 99.— APOCYNACE^. 

Flowers 5-parted, regular, the calyx persistent, the corolla twisted in aesti- 
vation. Stamens 5, with distinct filaments, anthers filled with granular pol- 
len. OvaHes 2, distinct, but their stigmas blended into a head-shaped mass. 
Fruit 1 — 2 follicles, or capsular or baccate, with albuminous seeds. 

§ Herbs erect, native. — a Corolla bell-form, whitish. Leaves opposite Apoctnum. 1 

— a Corolla salver-form, blue. Leaves alternate Amsonia. 2 

§ Half-shrubby, cultivated, trailing or erect. Corolla -wide-spread Vinca. 3 

§ Shrubs twining. — h Native. Flowers small, yellowish Forsteronia. 4 

— & Cultivated. Flowers large, white .' Echites. S 

§ Shrubs erect. — c Leaves opposite or in 4's. Corolla yellow ...Allamaxpa. 

— c Leaves opposite or in 3's. Corolla roseate Nerium. 7 

— c Leaves alternate. Flowers 3". Fruit a drupe. S. Fla Vallesia. 

1. APOCYNUM, Tourn. DoG's-BAiirE. Cor. bell-fonn with short lobes. 
Sta. included, alternating with 5 glandular teeth on the base of the corolla. 
Ovaries 2. Stigma connate. Follicles slender, distinct. Seeds comous. U 
Leaves entire, mucronate, opposite. Flowers pale, in cymes, June — Aug. 

1 A, androseemifolium L. Leaves ovate ; cymes terminal and lateral ; cor. 3", 

Tvith red stripes, tube longer than the calyx, lobes spreading. Hedges and fields. 3f. 
A handsome plant, smooth or downy. 

2 A. cannabinum L. Leaves oval to lance-oblong, often downy beneath ; cymes 

terminal ; corolla 1", tube not longer than the calyx, lobes erect. Li shades. 2 — 4f 
Pods 3'' long. (A. hypericifolium Ait.) 

2. AMSONIA, Walt. Calyx segment pointed. Cor. tube hispid, fun- 
nel-form, limb in 5 linear segments twisted in bud. Style 1. Ovaries 2, 
connate at base, follicles 2, erect, slender. Seeds not comous. 11 Leaves 
alternate, entire. Clusters terminal, blue. 

1 A. Tal>ern£eiiiO]ita,]ia Walt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; sepals lance- 

acuminate ; corolla 8", livid blue. Damp grounds, W. and S. 2f. May, June.— 
Varies with leaves lance-elliptic, and sepals acute. 

2 A, cillata Walt. Leaves more or less crowded, linear or filiform, the margins cili- 

ate ; cluster long-stalked, corymbed, or soon panicled ; corolla glabrous outside. 
Sands, S. : common. 1— 2f. April, May. 

3. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. Corolla funnel-foiTQ, deeply 5-cleft, twistea 
in bud. Anthers adherent to the stigma. Stigma 2-lobed. Follicles 2, 
spreading, seeds comous. "^ Leaves opposite. 

F. difflormis DC. Climbing; leaves round-oval to lance-oval, cuspidate-pointed; 
cymes axillary and terminal, stalked : calyx segments ovate, long-pointed ; corolla 
3 — i'-', pale yellow. Swamps, Va., and S. May— August. 

4. VINCA, L. Periwinkle. Cor. funnel- or salver-form, convolute, 
with the 5 lobes oblique, orifice 5-angled. Two glands at base of the ovaiy. 
Follicles 2, erect, slender. \^ ^ Lvs. opposite. Flowers solitary, axillary, 

1 V. MINOR. ProcuirifOent ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, not ciliate ; sepals lanceolate ; 

flowers scentless, violet, purple, or white. May, June. Europe. • 

2 V. MAJOR. Decumbent ; leaves ovate, ciliate at edges ; sepals long, bristle-pointed. 

In shades, forming loose masses, leaves often silver-edged. Europe. 

3 V. ROSEA. Erect, soft-downy ; leaves oval, obtuse ; flowers large, roseate, often 

white or white-edged, perpetual. From Madagascar. 



Order 100.— ASCLEPIADACE^. 



271 



5. EOHITES, Br. Cor. funnel- or salver-foiin, not appendaged, lobea 
convolute, bearing the subsessile anthers in the throat ; 5 glands at base of 
ovaries. -Foil. 2, slender. Sds. comous. "^ 5 Lvs. opp. (Mandevilla, Lindl.) 

E, SUAVEOLENS. Clim'bing ; leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, ehorter than the axillary 

or terminal racemes ; flowers fragrant, 2^ S. America. 
"E, unibellata Jacq. and E. AndreTvsii Chapm. are indigenous in S. Fla. 

6. ALLAMANDA cathartica. Shrub from Guyana, with slender 
branches, oblong thin-pointed leaves, and bright-yellow flowers 24 — 3', Cor. funnel-bell- 
form, lobes 5, rounded, throat appendaged. Ova. 1, becoming a prickly, 1-celled capsule. 

7. NERIUM, L. Oleander. Corolla salver-form, convolute, throat 
crowned with 5 cleft scales. Anth. arrow-shaped, tipped witli a long hairy 
bristle. 5 Lvs. lanceolate, acute both ways, thick and leathery, in 2's or 3's. 

1 N. Oleander. Leaves lanceolate ; scales of the crown each of 3 or 4 pointed unequl 

teeth ; fls. clustered, inodorous, often double, 2\ Palestine. 5 — lOf, very handsome. 

2 N, ODORUM. Leaves linear-lanceolate ; scales of the crown each ■^T-cleft ; appenda- 

ges of the anthers exserted ; flowers fragrant. India. 



Order C. ASCLEPIADACE^. Asclepiads. 

Plants (chiefly herbs in the United States) with a milky juice, oftei 

twining. Leaves opposite (rarely whorled 
or scattered), without stipules, entire. 
Floicers generally umbellate, 5-parted, re- 
gular, the sepals and also the petals united 
at base, both valvate in restivatiou. Sta- 
mens united, adlierent to and covering 
the flesliy mass of the two united stig- 
mas. Pollen cohering in masses. Ovarks 
2, forming follicles in fruit 




Fig. 530.— 1. Asclopias cornuti. 2. A flower, the 
petals and sepals reflexed, and the corona erect. 
3. One of the scirments of the corona with the 
horn bent inwardly. 4. A pair of pollen masses 
suspended from the irlands. 5. A mature follicle. 
(>. Vertical section of V. pl\vtolaect>i(les showing; 
the two t)varies. 7. Lobe and horn of the corona. 



/^(\* § Stems proi-t, loufy, liorlmceoiis. . .(ii> 

0\^l I K^* § Stems cliniliinjr, ot^tMi shrubby... (r) 

g Stems low, leaves fleshy, till rndicHl. . .ST.vrKi.n. 11 

a A little horn in ejioli hoo.l o\' tliecvowu. Teluls rellexoil .\sei.Krt vs. 1 

« No horns ill the eijwu.—/) IVtuis relloxeil or sproiuUng .^ckratks. i 

-/. Petals erect Popostigji a. S 

€1 Corolla salver-rorni, vliite. the erown in the hotlom of the tiii.e STKnivNons. 10 

c Corolla wheel-form, llattish, the lobes sitreadiiiK. . -O'* 

« CorolU soKineut^ erect, crown 5-ieuv«nl,—<f o.<Kih leatlef J-awued Kxslkm i. « 

— </ l(«*itl«»t» HwiiliKs Mktastviv* S 



272 Order 100.— ASCLEPIADACE^. 

n Crown double, the outer a ring, the inner 5-leaved. S. Fla Sarchstbmma. 

» Crown simple, — a; deeply 5-parted. Leaves linear Seutera. ; 

— X of 5 awned scales. Leaves ovate Peeiploca. 9 

— X a ring 5-10-lobed, or merely wavy. . .(y) 

y Anther slits vertical, pollinia pendulous. Leaves thin Vincktoxicum. 7 

y Anther slits horizontal, poUinia spreading. Leaves cordate Go>'OLOBus. 8 

y Anther slits vertical, pollinia erect. Leaves thick Hota. 11 

1. ASCLEPIAS, L. Mllk-weed. Silk- weed. Calyx and cor. segm. 
soon reflexed. Staminal crown of 5 distinct hoods (cucnllate leaflets), each 
with a little curved horn from within. Anth. consolidated with the stig., 
forming a 5-angled tnincate mass (antheridium), opening by 5 chinks. 
Pollen masses (pollinia) 5 paks, hanging vertically by a pedicel from a cleft 
gland. Follicles 2, lance-shaped, seeds comous. U Erect, with the flow- 
ers in simple umbels which are between the petioles or terminal, Jn. — Aug. 

* Flowers whitish, greenish, or purple in various shades. . . (a) 

* Flowers orange-colored or scarlet. Leaves narrowly lanceolate Nos. 15 — 17 

a Leaves ovate to lanceolate, narrowed to a petiole. . . (5) 

a Leaves ovate-oblong to cordate, sessile or clasping Nos. 12—14 

a Leaves linear, very narrow. . .(x) 

b Both crown and corolla greenish-purple. Pods woolly-spiny Nos. 1, 2 

b Both cro^vn and corolla pure purple. Pods smooth Nos. 3, 4 

b Crown white ; corolla white tinged with pink. Flowers small Nos. 5—7 

b Crown white ; corolla greenish-white.— c Umbels pedunculate Nos. 8, 9 

— c Umbels subsessile. S Nos. 10, 11 

X Leaves all opposite, or rarely the highest alternate .* Nos. 18, 19 

X Leaves mostly verticillate or scattered. Flowers greenish Nos. 20, 21 

1 A. Corniiti Dcsn. Leaves oblong-ovate, do^vny beneath, acutish at base and short- 

stalked, longer than the many-flowered umbels ; hoods ovate ; horns acute. Road 
sides and hedges. 2 — if. Leaves 5—8'. Flowers 6'\ 

2 A. SuUivaiitii Eng. Leaves ovate-oblong, smooth hoth sides, nearly sessile » 

hoods obovate ; horns blunt ; flowers 9'\ Ohio to El. July. 

3 A. purpnra;sceiis L. Simple ; leaves ovate to elliptical, acate mucronate ; um 

hels subsolitary, terminal ; peduncle 1—2' ; pedicels 1' ; horns horizontal. N. Eng, 
to N. Car., and W. 3— 4f. Flowers large (6")^ dark purple. Hoods lance-ovate. 

4 A. incarnata L. Branching above ; leaves lanceolate ; umbels many or few, some 

what panicled ; flowers small (3") ; ped. i — 2'. Wet places. 3— 5f: common. 
/3. pulchra. Hairy ; leaves lance-oblong or -ovate. Very handsome, t 
6 A. ovalifolla Dcsn. Low, downy ; Ivs. ovate, acutish ; umbels subsessile, 10-15- 
flwd. ; pet. oval ; hoods yellowish, obtuse, longer than the horns. W. (A. Vaseyi C-B.) 

6 A. perennis Walt. Branched at base, half-shrubby, smooth; leaves thin, lanceo- 

late, pointed both M'^ays, long-stalked, exceeding the small white umbels ; hoods 
shorter than the horns. Low grounds, W. and S. 2f. (A. parviflora C-B.) 

7 A. q uadrifolia Ph. Simple, smooth ; leaves ovate, acuminate, some of them in 

whorls of 4; umbels few, loose-flowered, long-stalked. Dry woods. 2f. 

8 A. variegata L. Simple, smoothish; leaves oval to lance-oval, short-pointed, 

acute at base ; umbels densely 00-flowered, small (1'— 18" diam.) ; hoods orbicular. 
/3. nirea, Lvs, elliptical, pointed both ways ; umb. 10-15-flwd. N. J., W. & S. 1— .Sf. 

9 A. pUytolaccoides Ph. Tall, simple ; leaves broadly ovate, pointed both ways, 

glaucous ; umbels lateral, with about 20 drooping fls. ; peduncles and pedicels 1—3' 
long ; hoods truncate, with 4 unequal teeth ; horns esserted. Damp shades. 4— 5f. 

10 A. tonientosa Ell. Woolly, stout ; leaves lance-oblong, wavy, cuspidate ; umbels 
lateral, with many large flowers ; hoods obovate. truncate. Barrens, S, 



It 



Order 100.— ASCLEPIADACEiE. 273 

11 A. obovata Ell. Tomentous ; leaves obovate, obtuse, mucronate; umbels 10-14- 
flowered, lateral ; fls. large, yellowisb-greeu ; hoods elongated. Gravels, Ga., Fla. 

12 A, rubra L. Simple, glabrous; Ivs. ovate, loug and acutely pointed, subsessile ; 
umbels paoicled above, few ; flowers red-purple ; hoods acute, some longer than the 
slender exserted horns. Barrens, N. J., and S. 2— 3f. Leaves 3—5'. 

1 3 A. obtusilolia Mx. Simple, smooth ; leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, subcordale, 
obtuse-mucronate ; umbels 1—3, terminal, pedunculate, 15-25-flowered ; hoods trun- 
cate, shorter than the sickle-shaped horn ; flowers G", red-green. M;, W., S. 3f. 

14 A. amplexicaitlis Mx. Simple, flexuous, glaucous; Ivs. ovate, cordate-clasp- 
ing, obtuse, not mucronate ; ped. lateral and terminal, with 00 dull-purplish flow- 
ers ; pedicels slender ; hoods ovate, including the horns. Copses, S. 1— 2f. 

15 A. tuberosa L. Butterfly-weed. Stem ascending, hairy, umbellate branched; 
leaves sessile, alternate, lance-oblong ; umbels many, erect ; flowers bright orange- 
red ; hoods oblong ; horns suberect. Dry fields. Eoot tuberous. Stem 2f. t 

16 A. paupercula Mx. Smooth and virgate ; leaves linear and oblong-linear, 4 — 6' 
long ; umbels with few large yellow-red flowers at the naked summit, N. J., and S. 

17 A, Curassavica L. Half-shrubby and branching at base ; branches terete, leafy 
to the top ; leaves lance-linear ; umbels with few large scarlet flowers. S. Fla. Cult. 

18 A, cinerea Walt. Stem wiry, simple, naked above; leaves linear-filiform, 1 — 3', 
erect ; umbels terminal, several, bracteolate, 3-5-flowered ; peduncles 4—6" ; pedi- 
cels 6—8''' ; corolla ashy-purple, 3 — 4'^ Damp barrens, S. C. to Fla. 2 — 3f. 

1 9 A , viridula Chapm. Stem and leaves as in No. IS ; umbels 6-12-flowered, yellow- 
ish green, shorter than the leaves. Fla. 

20 A, MicliaitxilDcsn. Stems diflTuse ; leaves linear, 3 — 4', scattered; umbels 00- 
flowered, often panicled, mostly shorter than the Ivs. ; fls. ^", fragrant. Sands, S. If. 

21 A. verticillata Ell. Simple, slender, erect; leaves linear, very narrow, generaUy 
verticillate ; umbels small, many, lateral, 1' diameter, pedunculate. Swamps. 2f. 

2. ACER ATE S, Ell. Hoods of the crown destitute of a horn. Other 
wise nearly as in Asclepias. U Flowers greenish. June — August. 

§ Ac^B.ATT.s proper. Umb. lateral ; pet. reflcxed ; crown adnate to auth.. .Nos. 1 — 3 
§ Anantherix. Umbels tenninal ; pet. spreading ; crown free from anth. .Nos. 4, 5 

1 A. virldlflora Ell. Stout, whitish-downy ; leaves thick, oval, obtuse, petiolate, 

varying to elliptic-lanceolate, or even to orbicular (Ga., Prof. Pond) ; umbels small, 
dense, subsessile. Sands, 2f. Leaves exceedingly variable. 

2 A. long'lfolla Ell. Rongh-puberulent, simple ; leaves alternate, lance-linear to 

linear ; umbels lateral, pedunculate, densely many-flowered ; flowers small, 3'^ crown 
Rtipitate. Prairies, W. 2— 3f. Peduncles 1'. 

3 A. ]auii^;lno$a Dcsn, Low, stout, hairy; leaves lanceolate; umbel 1, on the 

naked summit of the stem, dense ; crown sessile. Prairies, Wis. If. 

4 A. conni veils Dcsn. Strict, half-shrubby ; leaves oval-oblong ; umbels T-12-flwd., 

along the naked summit of the stem ; pet. 5", oval, with a short cusp ; hoods (Wj/ii- 
vent over the anthers. Barrens, Ga., Fla. 2f. Leaves 20— .'50". 
6 A, paiiiciiluta Deslii. St. angular ; Ivs. lance-oblong, obtuse; umhols olustorod 
at the leafy top, 5-lMlowercd ; pet, largo, hiilf-oroct, 7''' ; pods glabn.>us, scihIs with 
long silky tufts, Ga. to 111. and Kan. (Uev, J. H. Carruth.) 

3. PODOSTIGMA, Ell. Cor. seg. 5, erect, oblong. Crown .^(ipi'dita, 
hoods without horns. Eolliclcs 2, long, slender, smooth. 2^ Low aiui 
simple, with opposite leaves and supra-axillary fcw-llowercd umbels. 

P. pub^scous Ell —Wet grounds, S. A curious plant, with liiuMrnhKin-: le.'we* icd 
3—5 umbels of yellowish-green tlowers, In May, «Iune. If. 

4. ENSLENIA, Nuft. Cor. r)-parted, segments erect ; hoods or scales 

18 



274 Order 100.— ASCLTPIADACE^. 

of the crown 5, free, each terminated by 3 fihform, flexuous lobes. Pol- 
linia oblong, pendulous. Stig. 5-angled, conical. Follicles cylindraceous, 
smooth. ^> A twining herb, with opposite, cordate leaves, and cream- 
white flowers in small lateral coiymbs. 
E, albida N.—W. and S. : common. 6— lOf. Clusters 5-8-flwd., fragrant. July, Aug. 

5. METASTELMA, Br. Cor. somewhat bell-form, segments incuiTed 
at apex. Crown of 5 distinct scales. Stigma flat. Pods smooth, slender, 
seeds comous. "^ Lvs. cuspidate, smooth. Umb. of few small flowers. 

M. Fraseri Dcsn. Leaves oval ; umbels sessile ; pet. ovate, ciliate, as Jong as the 

linear crown-scales. In Carolina (Fraser, in DC). 
M. Scblectendalilii and other species grow in S. Fla. (Dr. Chapman.) 

6. SEUTERA, Reich. Sepals 5, lanceolate. Cor. rotate, segm. acute. 
Crown on the base of the sessile anthers, of 5 retuse segments. Pollinia 
ovoid, pendulous. Stigma bifid. Pods smooth, seeds comous. ^ Leaves 
linear, fleshy. Umbels few-flowered. 

S. maritima Dcsn.— Salt marshes, S., twining on the rushes, &c. Leaves opposite, 
1'. Umbels 7-10-flowered. Pet. greenish, crown short, white. June— October. 

7. VINCETOXIOUM, Moench. Calyx and cor. 5-parted, wheel-form. 
Crown a fleshy, 5-10-lobed disk. Anth. tipped with a membrane. Pollinia 
and fruit as in Asclepias. if ^ Flowers small, in dense clusters. 

1 V. nigrum Moench. Herb somewhat twining, -with lance-ovate, attenuately-acute 

leaves and small blackish clusters in the axils. Gardens and fields : rare. 

2 V, scoparium (N.) Shrubby at base, much branched ; leaves thin, linear, 1' ; clnti 

ters short-stalked, downy, with few green flowers ; pods slender, 1'. Fla. 

8. GONOLOBUS, Mx. Corolla subrotate, 5-parted, convolute in bud. 
Crown a small, fleshy, undulate-lobed ring, attached to the throat of the 
corolla. Anth. opening transversely beneath the stigma. Pollinia 5 pau's, 
horizontal. Pods turgid, seeds comous. "^ Leaves cordate. Umbels few 
flowered, short, extra-axillary. Flowers brownish, 

* GoNOLOBUS proper. Cor. rotate, flat, lobes linear to oblong, smoothish. . .Nos. 1—3 

* Chthamaxia. Corolla bell-form, small (woolly), lobes ovate, 1" long No. 4 

1 G. macro phyllus (and Igevis) Mx. Smooth, or with minute down and scattered 

hairs ; leaves short-pointed, base-lobes open ; umbels 5-flowered, buds conic-pointed ; 
pet. linear-subulate, 4" ; pod smooth, ribbed. Shady banks, Va. to Ky., and S. 3— 5f. 

2 tr. obliqnus Br. Hirsute with spreading, unequal hairs ; leaves acuminate, base- 

lobes closed and some oblique ; umbels S-5-flowered, buds oblong, pet. linoar-oblong 
W ; pod muricate, ribless. Banks, O. to Pa. and Ga. 3— 5f. 

3 G. hirsiitiis Mx. Hirsute; leaves acuminate; umbels 5-8-flowered, bud* cvoid. 

petals oblong, 3", yellow, downy ; pod muricate. Woods, South. 4 — 8f. 

4 G. prostratus Ell. Branches from base, prostrate, 6—12' ; leaves small (1'), reni- 

form-cordate ; umbels sessile, 3-5-flowered ; corolla segments ovate, 1", veiy woolly 
inside, da* k purple. Sands, Ga. (Dr. Feay), (Chthamalia pubera Dcsn.) 

9. PERIPLOCA, L. Cor. rotate, flat, 5-parted. Crown 5-cleft, tipped 
with 5 filiform awns. Filaments distinct, anthers cohering. Pollinia 5, 
each 4-lobed, single. Follicles 2, smooth, divaricate. Seeds comous. ^ 



fei 



Order 101.— OLEACE^. 275 

P, Graeca L. Leaves ovate, acuminate, 3 — 4'; flowers panicled on a long peduncle; 
petals veiy hairy, linear, obtuse, purple. Gardens, &c. 10— 15f, August. § 

10. STEPHANOTIS, Pet.-Th. Sepals distinct. Cor. salver-form, limb 
5- lobecl, convolute in bud, tube including the 5-leaved crown in its en- 
larged base. "^ Leaves thick, very smooth. 

S, FLOKtBUNDA. Leaves oval ; flovs^ers 5—8 on each peduncle, white and fragrant, tube V, 
limb ly broad. Greenhouse plant, from Madagascar. 

11. HOY A, Br. Wax-plant. Sepals 5. Corolla rotate, flat, valvate in 
bud. Crown of 5 depressed, spreading segm. Pollinia fixed by the base, 
connivent. Pods smooth, seeds comous. "^ Smooth, fleshy. 

H. CARNOSA. Branchlets puberulent ; leaves oval-oblong ; flowers in dense umbels, 
pink-colored, wax-like. Greenhouse plant, from E. India. 

12. STAPELIA) L. Carrion-flower. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. rotate, 
fleshy, 5-cleft. Crown double, of 2 rings entire or lobed. Pollinia erect 
Pods erect, smooth. — Fleshy, leafless, cactus-like plants, from S. Africa, 
with large, dark-red fcetid flowers, in the greenhouse. 

S. HXKStjTA, with erect, dull-green 4-sided branches, toothed on the angles, and flowers 
3 — 4' broad, with purple, ciliate, lance-ovate petals. 

Order CI. OLEACE^. Olfveworts. 

Trees and shrubs, with opposite, simple or compound leaves, and regula* 
-i-S-parted diandrous flowers. Corolla rarely wanting, its divisions morf 
in number than the stamens. Ovary free, 2-celled, with 2 (rarely 1 or oo 
ovules in each cell. Fig. 16. 

I. JASMINE.'E. Corolla 5-8-parted. Ovary cells each with 1 erect ovule Tasminuu 1 

II OIjEA.G'EM proper. Corolla valvate, 4-parted or 0. Ovary cells 2- or 00-ovaled...(«) 

* Flowers perfect, corolla present. Leaves simple. . .(a) 

• Flowers imperfect, inconspicuous, often apetalous.. .(c) 

a Flowers yellow. Ovary with many ovules in each cell Forsythiji. 2 

a Flowers white, or lilac. Ovary cells 2-ovuled. ..(h) 

b Stamens exscrted. Fruit a fleshy drupe or berry OlkA. o 

h Stamens included.— .r Corolla salver-form, tube longer than lobes Syrinoa. 4 

—X Corolla funnel-form, tube sliortcr than lobes Ligi'STRCM. ,% 

— .r Corolla lobes long, linear, drooping l'Hio.N.\NTiir8. (> 

c Leaves simple. Corolla 0. Fruit a fleshy drupe Fokkstikka. T 

e Leaves pinnate. Corolla 0, or present. Fruit a winged samara Fr.vxixis. S 

1. JASMINUM, L. Jessamine. Calyx o-S-lobod. Cor. snlvrr t\)nu, 
limb 5-8-clcft, convolute in bud. Sta. includod. Berry double, ',^-seeded. 
^ ^ Petioles jointed. 

% Leaves opposite, unifoliatc. FlowtM-s whiti', 8-10-p»^rted Nop. 1, S 

§ Leaves opposite, 3-9-foUatc. Flowers white, 5-iwu-tod Nos. .V 6 

§ [-oaves nlternut e, 3-7-foliate. Flowers yellow, 5-pnrted Nos. (>, 7 

1 J. Sambac. Scarcely cUinbing ; leaves ovate ; potJils S, rvinndod. fniLrrfiut. India. 

2 .1. i.MiuiKoi-iiTN. Climbiuij; ; leaves' I'lncoolato ; pet. 9 or 10, linoar, iVjii^nuit. Iiulla. 

3 J. Az6uuniM. Dill^ise ; leaflets 8, ovate, shinlnjj ; flo\vei-i> very fra^^nint. Ar.ores. 

4 J. OFFICINALE. Cliinblui:; Ifls. 7, lanceolate ; t'ep. linear, equal inc oor tube Asia. 



'276 Order 101.— OLEACE^. 

6 J. GKAKDiFLOKUM. Climbing; leaflets 9, oval, some confluent, the odd one pointed; 

sepals thrice shorter than the corolla tube ; petals oval. India. 
6 jr. KEVOLUTUM. Not Climbing ; Ifts. ovate, pointed ; pet. roundish, recurved. Asia. 
T J. ODORATfesiMTrM. Climbing ; Ifts. oval, obtuse ; fls. less fragrant than No. 6. Azores, 

2. FORSYTHIA, VaM. Calyx very short, deciduous. Cor. subcam- 
panulate, lobes long, twisted in bud. Sta. inserted in the base of the tube, 
included. Seeds oo in the 2-celled pod. ^ Leaves opposite or in 3's, ap- 
pearing after the yellow flowers. 

1 F. viEiDissiMA. Branches erect, strict, covered v^ith flowers in early Spring, eacn 

floT\'er separate, pedicellate, lateral ; leaves lanceolate. China. 

2 Ft stJSPENSA. Branches weak, pendulous ; leaves ovate ; flowers scattered. Japan. 

3. SYRINGA, L. Lilac. Calyx small, persistent, many times shorter 
than the tube of the salver-form corolla. Sta. included. Pod 2-celled, 
valves bearing the septum in the middle, seeds 4. ;5 Leaves opposite. 

1 S. vxTLGARis. Commop- L. Leaves cordate-ovate, entire, glabrous ; flowers lilac to 

lilac-purple, in a dense thyrse, very fragrant. A beautiful shrub, from Hungary : vary- 
ing with flowers bluish^ or white. April— June. 

2 S. Peksica. Persian L. Leaves lanceolate, acute, smooth, often pinnately cleft, • 

thyrse loose, smaller, white, or lUac-blue. Persia. 

3 S. VELLOSA. Chinese L. Leaves elliptic, acute, hairy beneath. N. China. 

4. OL£j A, Tom-n. Olive. Calyx short. Corolla tube short, limb 4 
parted, spreading. Stamens 2, inserted in the base of the tube, exserted. 
Ovary with 4 suspended ovules, ripening only 1 or 2 seeds. Drupe fleshy, 
^ily- 5 b Leaves opposite. Flowers white. 

* Eacemes axillary, shorter than the coriaceous leaves Nos. 1—3 

* Eacemes in a large terminal panicle. ( Visiania paniculata C-B) No. 4 

1 O. Americana L. Leaves oblanceolate to elliptic, entire, smooth, shining, at- 

tenuated to a petiole ; raceme compound, scarce longer than the petiole ; flowers 
dioecious ; drupes globular. Swamps, N. J. to Fla. 15 — 20f. 

2 O. EuEOP^A. Leaves lanceolate, mucronate ; racemes longer than the petioles ; 

drupes oval. Europe. Cultivated in California, rarely far South. 20 — 40f. 

3 O. FRAGRANS. Shrub ; leaves lance-oblong, serrate ; flowers small, white, very fra- 

grant, in axillary corymbs, white-red ; styles 2. China. (Osmanthus.) 

4 O. CLAVATA. Shrub with ovate entire leaves and many small flowers in large pani- 

cles ; style 1, cmb-shaped, exserted like the stamens. China. Hardy S. 

5. lilGUSTRUM, L. Privet. Prim. Cal. minutely toothed. Cor. 
funnel-form, 4-lobed. Sta. subincluded. Sty. veiy short. Berry 2-celled, 2- 
4-seeded. Sds. angular. ^ With simple Ivs. and term, panicles of white fls. 
li. vulgare L. Leaves lanceolate to obovate, 1—2', obtuse or acute, thick but decidu- 
ous ; flowers small, in small thyrses ; anthers partly exserted, but shorter than the 
ovate corolla lobes. Planted in hedges. May, June. § Europe. 

6. OHIONANTHUS, L. Fringe Tree. Cal. short, 4-parted. Cor. 
tube very short, including the 2 stamens, the limb of 4 linear lobes. 
Style very short. Drupe fleshy, with a bony 1-seeded nut. ^+) "Wil]i 
opposite leaves and white flowers in panicles. 

C. Virg i ulcus L. Leaves oval to oblong ; panicle with filiform branches and pedicels ; 



Order 101.— OLEACE^. 277 

petals very narrow, drooping, 10'''. A highly ornamental shrub or small tree, in 
woods. S. Penn., and S. April — June. 

7. FORESTIERA, Poir. Dioecious, apetalous ; buds co-flowered. 
5 Flowers sessile, crowded, each flower a pair of stamens surrounded by 

a calyx of 4 sepals. 2 Flowers pedicellate, umbellate, no calyx, an ovary 
tipped with a slender style and capitate stigma, cells 2, ovules 4. Drupe 
l"3eeded. j^ +) Leaves opposite, simple. Flowers minute. 

1 F. acuminata Poir. Glabrous ; leaves lance-elliptic, pointed both ways, sern- 

late, petiolate ; drupe linear-oblong, pointed. Streams, 111. to Ga. 15f. 

2 F. ligustrina Poir. Some downy ; leaves ovate to oblong, obtuse, attenuate to a 

petiole, serrulate ; drupe oval-oblong. Banks, Ga., Fla. 

3 F. porulosa Poir. Smooth ; leaves lance-oblong, obtuse, sessile, dotted and rusty 

beneath ; drupe round-ovoid. Coast of E. Ga. and Fla. 

8. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Ash. Fls. $ ^ ^ or ^ $ . Cal. 4-toothed, 
rarely 0. Cor. of 2 or 4 oblong or linear petals, or 0. Sta. 2. Stig. bifid. 
Samara 2-celled, flattened, winged at apex, 4-ovuled, but 2-seeded. ^ +) 
Leaves opposite, odd-pinnate, petiolate. Flowers racemed or panicled. 
Wood valuable for timber. April, May. Fig. 16. 

§ Native species, all dioecious and apetalous, in woods, &c.. .(a) 

§ European species, polygamous, planted for shade, &c Nos. 1, ^ 

a Calyx persistent at the terete base of the samara No. 3 

a Calyx persistent at the narrow, flattened base of the samara Nos. 4—6 

a Calyx none, the samara naked at the broad base Nos. 7. 8 

1 F. ORNxrs. Flowering Ash. Lfts. 7 — 9, lanceolate, serrate above ; buds pubescent ; 

panicles dense ; petals 2 or 4, linear-oblong, white ; fruit lance-linear. Parks. 

2 F. EXCELSIOR. European Ash. Leaflets 11—13, lance-oblong, serrate ; racemes short, 

dense ; fruit linear-oblong, notched at end ; pet. and calyx 0. A tall tree, in parks, 
&c. jS. PENDULA, the Weeping Ash, is one of its varieties. 

3 F. Americana L. White Ash. Leaflets7— 9, ovate, acuminate, subentire, shining; 

panicles loose ; fruit calyculate, the seed portion terete, half as long as the oblong 
wing. A forest tree 40 — 80f. Timber excellent. 

4 F. pubescens Walt. lied Ash. Leaflets 7—9, lance-ovate, acuminate, siibserrate, 

petioles and branchlets velvety-pubescent ; fruit calyculate at the acute base, gradu- 
ally widened into the oblanceolate wing. Wet woods. 30— (iOf. 

5 F. viridis Mx./. Greeti Ash. Lfts. 7—9, lance-ovate, serrate, long-pointed, brio'ht 

green, and, with the petioles and branchlets, glabrous; fruit calyculate, spatulate, 
obtuse, the seed portion as long as the wing. Woods, W. and S. 15— *iof. 

6 F. platycarpa Mx. Leaflets 5 — 7, elliptical, acute, obscurely serrate, some downy , 

fruits brojully-spatnlate, attenuate to the calyculate base, some of them (especially in 
|3. triptern) with 3 angles winged 1 Va., and S. 

7 F. quadran«»Mlat.a Mx. Blue Ash. Leaflets?— 9, short-petiolulate, lance mata, 

acuminate, sharply serrate; branchlets square or acutely l-augled ; buds velvety; 
ft'uit oblong, winged to the base. Woods, W. (JlV— 8()f. 

8 F. sainbHclfolla Lam. Black Ash. Leatlets 7— 11, lance-ovate, .vY.»\W/f, sernilate, 

pointed; fruit oblong with equal ends, notciied at apex. Swamps, Can. to Pa. and 
Ky. 40 — 70f. Wood used for hoops, baskets, &c. 



278 OnDER 102.— ARISTOLOCHIACE^. 



Cohort 3. APETALiE, 

Oil MoivrocHLAMTDEOUs ExoGEi^s. Plants with no corolla, 
the calyx or perianth green or colored, consisting of a single 
series of similar organs, or often wholty wanting. 

Order CII. ARISTOLOCHIACE^. Birthworts. 

Low herbs or climbing shrubs^ with alternate leaves and perfect flowers. 
Pei^nth tube adherent to the ovary, brown or dull, valvate in the bud. 
Stamens 6 to 12, epigynous and adherent to the base of the styles. Ovary 
6-celled, becoming a 6-celled, many-seeded capsule or beriy. Seed albu- 
minous, embryo minute. Figs. 24, 333. 

1. AS ARUM, Toum. Wild Gestger. Calyx bell-foiTu, regular, 3- 
cleft. Sta. 12, placed upon the ovaiy, anth. adnate to the middle or sum- 
mit of the filaments. Style veiy short, stigma 6-rayed. Fruit fleshy, 
6-celled, crowned with the calyx, if Acaulescent, with creeping rhizomes 
and 1 or 2 leaves on each branch. Flowers solitary. 

§ Leaves in pairs. Calyx lobes pointed, reflexed. Ovary wholly adherent. . . . . .No. 1 

I Leaves solitary. Calyx lobes obtuse, suberect. Ovary partly free Nos. 2, S 

1 A. Canadense L. Lvs. 2, broad-reniform, on long, opposite, radical petioles with 

the flower between ; sepals greenish-purple, pointed, reflexed ; filaments extended 
above the anthers. Rich shades. The root is a popular remedy. May, June. 

2 A. Virginicum L. Leaf orbicular-ovate, glabrous, coriaceous, deeply cordate, 

entire, obtuse ; flowers subsessile ; calyx short, smooth outside ; segments obtuse, 
dull purple. Rocky soils, Va., Ky., and S. April. 

3 A. arifoliuin IVIx. Leaf broadly hastate with a deep sinus ; fl. 7—9", tubular, soon 

nrceolate, lobes short and obtuse. Rich soils, Va., and S. March — May. 

2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Toum. Birthwort. Calyx fibular, tube vari- 
ously bent and inflected above the ovaiy, limb irregular. Anth. 6, subses- 
sile on the style. Stig. 6-lobed. Caps. 6-celled, oo-seeded. If Caulescent, 
with alternate leaves and lateral lurid purple flowers. 

§ Stem erect. Calyx tube sigmoid {i. e., twice bent like the letter S). . . . Nos. 1, 2 

§ Stem climbing, woody. Calyx tube recurved, once bent upward. May, Jn..Nos. 3, 4 

1 A . serpentaria L. Virginia Snake-root. Stem flexuous ; lvs. petiolate, oblong 

or ovate, thin, cordate, acuminate ; ped. radical, many bracted ; cal. tube smoothish, 
contracted in the midst. Thickets, Pa., S. and W. 8—13'. June, July. 
8. hastata. Leaves narrowly oblong, auricled at base, short-stalked. S. 

2 A. reticulata N. St. very flexuous ; lvs. oval, cordate-clasping, with decussating 

lobes, strongly reticulated ; flowers radical, small (5'0- La. If. 

3 A. Sipho L'Her. Dutchmari's Pipe. Lvs. glabrous, ample, round-reniform ; ped. 

1-flowered, with 1 clasping bract ; flowers H', bent like a siphon or tobacco-pipe, 
limb spreading. A vigorous climber, 30 — 40f, in hilly woods, Pa. to Ky., and S. t 

4 A, tomentosa Sims. Leaves downy or hairy beneath, round-cordate, very veiny; 

ped. solitary, 1-flowered, bractless ; flowers 20'', tube yellowish, limb purple, reflexed. 
throat nearly closed. Banks, HI., and S. 30— 40f. May. 



Order 103.— NYCTAGINACE^ 279 



Order CIII. NYCTAGINACE^. Maryelwort3. 

Herhs (shrubs or trees) with tumid joints, entire and opposite leaves 
Flowers generally surrounded with an involucre (calyx-like when the flowei 
is solitary). Calyx a delicate, colored, funnel-foiTn or tubular perianth, 
deciduous above the 1-celled, 1-seeded ovary, leaving iis persistent base to 
harden and envelop the fruit (achenium) as a kind of pericarp. Stamens 1 to 
several, definite, slender, hypogynous, exserted, unequal. Embryo coiled 
around the copious white albumen. Figs. 143, 207. 

§ Involucre just like » calyx, including one flower Mir aeilis. 1 

§ Involucre 5-lcaved, including many flowers in an umbel-like head Abronia. 2 

§ Involucre 5-lobed, including 3 — 5 flowers Oxyeaphus. 3 

§ Involucre 0. — x Herbs, with minute flowers in little clusters Boerhaavia. 4 

— X Shrubs. Flowers dioecious, cymous. S. Fla Pisowia. 

1. MIRABILIS, L. Marvel of Peru. Four-o'clock. Involucre 
calyx-like, 5-lobed, 1-flowered, lobes acuminate. Perianth (calyx) tubular 
funnel-form, limb spreading. Sta. 5, and style more or less exserted. Fruit 
(as in all the genera) an achenium invested in the permanent base of the 
calyx, li Cultivated. Leaves ovate, more or less cordate, acuminate. 

1 M. Jalapa. Erect, glabrous ; flowers 3 — 6 in each terminal fascicle, short-stalkea 

opening at about 4 o'clock p. m., and remaining in bloom all night, infinitely various 
in color. Peru. 2f. Summer. 

2 M, dich6toma. Erect, glabrous ; flowers sessile, mostly yellow, smaller than in M. 

Jalapa ; limb 6". Mexico. 2f. Summer. 

3 M. LONGiFLORA. Weak, dlfi'use, viscid-pubcsccnt ; lower leaves long-petioled ; flo«'- 

ers sessile, tube 6' long, hairy, border 1', white. Mexico. 

2. ABRONIA, Juss, Involucre 5-leaved, surrounding an umbcl-liko 
head of many small flowers on a long peduncle. Perianth salver- form, 
limb 5-lobed, corolla-like, deciduous. Sla. 5, and style included. % Fleshy. 

1 A. UMBELi.ATA. St, prostratc ; Ivs. ovate, long-petioled ; umbellate heads compact ; fls. 

rosy-lilac or pink, the lobes obcordate. Sandy sea-coa.>*ts, California. 1— 2f. 

2 A. FRAGRANS. Stem asccnding ; leaves lance-ovate, long-stalked ; umbele loose, fls. 

and involucre white, tubes near 1'. Dalles, Oregon. 

3. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. Invol. 5-cleft, containing 8—5 lis., pei-sistent. 
Perianth tube very short, limb boll-form, plicate, deciduous. Sta. 3, and 
style exserted. Fruit obovoid, ribbed, l^ Flowers small, purple. 

1 O. iiyotajriucus Sweet. Smoothish, oroct, forked ; Ivs. broad-ovate to lanceolate, 

subcordato, acute ; i)ed. solitary ; involucre .'? 5-lbnvorod. l^anks, W. Juno — Auc:. 

2 O. fiiii^:iistiroliiiN Sweet. l?ushy, with alfernato branches; Ivs. lanceolate, aoiito 

botli ways, subsessile, 1— 2' ; pod. \—\\ axillary; iuvoluoro cup-shapoil. liispid, S 
llo\\ (Mcd : ovary hispid. Dry soils, S. 2— of. Junti — .Inly. 

3 O. albidiiN Sweet. Stem with strict slender bninchos, or simple; loaves linear 

oblong, petiolato, the upper often bract-llko ; pod. liiilf as long (^ti"— 1 1 at the loaves, 
involucre hairy, 3-lloworod. S. 1— 2f. May. 

4. BOERHAAVIA, L. liuolueiv 0, braetlols dooidiunis. IVrinnth 
funnel- or bell-form, colored, 5-lobed, upper hulf deciduous, lown pei-sisl- 



280 Order 104.— POLYGOjSTACE^. 

ent. Sta. 1 — 4. Fruit 5-ribbed, truncate at apex, 1-seeded. ® Leaves 

petiolate. Flowers veiy small. 

B. erecta L. Glabrous ; Ivs. ovate, wavy, pale beneath ; clasters 3-6-flwd., dielant la 

a strict panicle with filiform branchlets. Sands, S. 2 — 4f. June— Sept. 
B. liirsuta, and B. vlscosa, grow in S. Fla., according to Dr. Chapman. 

Order CIV. POLYGONACE^. Sorrelworts. 

Herbs (rarely shrubs) with alternate leaves and mostly sheathing stipules 
[pchrem) surrounding the stem above each tumid joint. Flawers mostly 
perfect. Perianth (or calyx) 3-6-cleft, mostly colored, imbricated in bud 
and persistent. Stamens 4 — 15. Oxary 1-celled, free, with a single, erect 
ovule. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit a 3-angled achenium enclosed in 
the calyx. Seed erect, albuminous, with a curved embiyo. Figs. 147, 
151-4, 286, 304, 313, 337, 521. 

§ Ochreae, or sheathing stipules, present at each joint... (ft) 

§ Ochreas none. — a Flowers in involucrate umbels, 6-sepalled Eriogonum. 1 

— a Flowers in bracted racemes, 5-sepalled. Stems with tendrils Bfunnichia. 2 

6 Sepals 4, equal by pairs. Stamens 6. White Mountains: rare Oxfria. 3 

6 Sepals 6, all similar. Stamens 9. In gardens: common Rheum. 4 

h Sepals 6, the Sinner increasing, tuberculate Eumex. .5 

b Sepals 5 (in one Polygonum 4 irregular) ... W 

c Sepals all or the 3 inner f-.inged. Pedicels solitary Thysanella. 6 

c Sepals all entire,— X opct, or 3 closed on the fruit. Pedicels solitary Poltgonella, 7 

— X open at base of fruit. Pedicels fascicled Fagopyrum. " 

— X closed on the angular fruit. Herbs Polygonum. ' J 

—X combined with the round fruit. Trees. Fla Coccolobus. 

1. ERIOGONUM, Mx. Fls. many in each common 5-toothed involu 
ere. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Sta. 9, sty. 3. Ach. 3-angIed or 3-lobed. — Herbs 
clothed with down or wool. Lvs. alternate, exstipulate, mostly at the base 
of the stem, the upper bract-like, often whorled at the forks of the umbel 
late inflorescence. Very abundant in the Pacific States. June — Aug. 

1 E. tomentosum Mx. Lower lvs. crowded, oblong-obovate, rusty-white beneath, 

the upper whorled in 3's ; involucre sessile ; calyx colored, li Dry soils, S. 2 — 3f. 

2 E. longifolium N. Lower lvs. crowded, oblong-linear, white beneath, the upper 

scattered ; involucre pedunculate ; calyx green, woolly. Fla., and W. 2 — 4f. 

2. BRUNNIOHIA, Banks. Calyx colored, 5-parted, lobes oblong, at 
length increased and closed on the obscurely 3-angled achenium. Fil. 8, 
capillary, styles 3, slender, stigmas entire. "^ Temlrils from the ends of 
the branches. Flowers racemed, greenish. 

B. cirrliosa Banks.— A smooth, shrubby vine, 10— 20f, on river banks. Car. to Fla., 
and W. Leaves cordate to ovate, entire. Sheaths obsolete. May. 

3. OXYRIA, R. Br. Mountain Sorrel. Cal. herbaceous, 4-sepalied, 
the 2 inner sepals erect, larger, the 2 outer reflexed. Ach. lens-shaped, 
thin, girt with a broad, membranous wing. Sta. 6, equal. Stig. 2, sessile, 
penicillate. if Low, nearly acaulescent, alpine plants. 

©. reniforniis Hook (or digyna Camp.) Root leaves on long stalks, reniform ; outei 
eepals \ as long as the inner ; fruit orbicular. White Mountains, and N. 3 — i'. June. 



Order 104.— POLYGONACE^. 281 

4. RHEUM, L. Rhubarb. Calyx colored, 6-sepalled, persistent. Sta 
!). Sty. 3, very short, spreading, stig. multifid, reflexed. Ach. S-augled, 
the angles margined. U Flowers fhsciculate in racemous panicles. 

R.. Rhafonticum L. Pie-plant. Leaves smooth, cordate-ovate, very large (1 — 2f), 
the petioles juicy and pleasantly acid, of equal length ; stems noUow, 3 — 4f, panicle? 
bursting from large white bracts. Siberia. 

5. RUMBX, L. Dock. Sorrel. Calyx of 6 sepals nearly distinct, 
the 3 inner (valves) larger, petaloid, connivent over the achenium, 1 or 
!nore of them usually bearing a tubercle or grain on the back, the 3 outer 
green. Sta. 6. Styles 3, short, stigmas penicillate-fringed. Ach. and seed 
S-a-ngled, embryo lateral. — Weed-like herbs with small, greenish flowers 
often whorled, in racemes or panicles. May — July. (See Addenda.) 

§ Docks. Flowers all or mostly perfect. Valves bearing grains on the back. . .(*) 

§ Sorrels. Flowers dioecious. Valves grainless. Leaves acid (.hastate; Nos. 11, 12 

* Valves entire, or merely angular. . .(a) 

* Valves conspicuously toothed on each side near the base Nos, 8—10 

a Pedicels in fruit 2 — 5 times longer than the subcordafe valves Nos. 1 — 3 

a Pedicels in fruit shorter or not longer than the valves. . .(J) 

h Leaves flat, all tapering to both ends Nos. 4, £ 

h Leaves wavy, the lower cordate or subcordate Nos. 6, 7 

1 R. crispus L. Yellow D. Root fusiform, yellow ; Ivs. lanceolate, wavy, acute, tne 

lower oblong, subcordate ; ped. twice longer than calyx ; valves broad ovate, cordate, 
each bearing a grain ; rac. long, some leafy, ii Fields. 2 — 3f. § Europe. 

2 R. verticillatus L. Water D. Leaves acute at each end, lance-oblong ; rac. leaf 

less, dense ; ped. 7—9" long, deflexed ; valves broad-ovate, each bearing a large grain. 
% In muddy places. 2f Whorls 10-30-flowered. 

3 R. Hydrolapatliuni Iluds. Great Water D. p. orbicuUitun, Tab (:i— 5r) ; Ivs. 

lance-obl., acute boih ways, erosc-crenulate, the lower very long; p-in. naked, dense* 
ped. 5—6" ; valves round-ovate, obtuse, all grain-bearing, u Pools, M. and N. 
y. Floritlanus, Valves deltoid-ovate, obtusely-pointed. Fla. 

4 R. altissimus Wood. Peach-leaved D. Tall (3— 6f); leaves entire, lance-ellipti- 

cal, acute both ways; rac. leafless, panicled, slender; valves broadly subcordate, one 
of them grain-bearing, one obscurely so. and one naked. % Wet, M. and ^\^ (R. 
Britannicus Meisn. nee Linn, who says "• valves all grain-bearing.") 

5 R. saliclfoliiis Weinm. Pale D. Lvs. lin.-lanceolato. attenuate-acute both ways ; 

pan. leafy at base ; pod. very short ; valves all grain-bearinir. U Coast, N-E. 3f. 

f* R. couslomeratus Murr. Lvs. oblong to lancoolato,^ lower subcordat«» ; whorls 

mostly axillary ; valves oblong ovate, all grain-bearing, n Wet. N. S— 3t. § 

7 R. san«»'">"*?"S I'- I^^s. a*? i" No. (5, mostly with red veins; pan. leafy at base, 

whorls distant ; valves oblong-obovate, one or two grain-bearing. 2; Fiolds. § 

8 R. obtiisilolliiN L. Lower loaves ovato-cordato, obtuse, upjicr narn»\v. acute; 

panicle Ualy, whorls distant; valves hastatc-ovato, one chiefly grain-bearing, all with 
some brlstlo-shapod lateral tooth. V, Fiolds, ^to. 2-31". § Kuropo. 
R. luai-ittiiiiiM Ti. Golden 1). Low (U) ; loaves lanoo-lin'>ar, the lowest cordate, 
wavy; whorls crowded ; valves rhumb-ovalo, pi>intod. oaoh wilh I latonil awns and a 
largo gniiu, yellowish. (^0 lU-ackish waters, Mass. to (\'ir. 

10 It. p»il<'l»or L. Lower Ivs. cordate, some llddlosliapoil. upper laucoolato ; whorla 
distant, loat'y ; valves strongly toothed, unoqually gnun-bonri?»g S. § 

11 R. Aootosi'lla L. Slu't'iy Sorrd. Loaves oblanooolato, the base lobos oonspicn- 
ous ; valvos not increasing in tYiiit. A common wood. I)'- 1!" 

12 R. liasf.iilntu!« Baldw. Loaves with small auricles or none. ;<,I;iuoous ; valvo^i In- 
creasing to rouml-oortl.ito in iVuit ; pod. joiutod. ^lo. to Cia. . laro. 



282 Order 104 -POLYGONACE^. 

6. THYSANELLA, Gray. Fls. 5 ¥ ? . Cal. colored, 5-parted, lobes 
all erect, the 2 outer cordate, the 3 inner smaller, pectinate-fringed. Sta. 
8. Styles 3. Achenia 3-anoled, acumiaate. — A smooth, erect herb, with 
the habit of Polygonella. (Polygonum, Ell.) 

T. fiml>riata Gr.— Pine-barrens, Ga., Fla. Stem branched, 2— 3f. Sheaths bristle- 
fringed. Lvs. linear, 1—2'. Fls. rose-white, in crowded, panicled spikes. July— Oct. 

7. POLYGONELLA, Mx. Calyx colored, 5-sepalled, persistent. Sta. 
8, included. Styles 3 or almost 0. Ach. 3-comered, naked or enclosed in 
the 3 inner sepals enlarged and become scarious valves. Embiyo straight. 
— Herbs or delicate shrubs, with very narrow leaves and the small flow- 
ers solitary in each ochrea. 

§ Fls. dioecious. Pedicel 1". Filaments all filiform. Stig. nearly sessile.. .Nos. 1—3 
§ Fls. all 5 . Pedicel 2", The 3 inner filaments dilated. Styles manifest. . .Nos. 4, 5 

1 P. parvifolia Mx. Shrubby, branches strict, leafless above ; lvs. linear-cuneate ; 

panicle oblong ; inner sepals equalling the acute achenia. S. 1— 2f. 

2 P. gracile N. Annual, glaucous ; branches fiJiform ; leaves spatulate ; 3 inner sepals 

exceeding the pointed achenia. Dry sands, S. 2— 3f. 

3 P. Croomia Chapm. Shrubby ; branches slender ; leaves linear (2— 3") : 3 valves 

unequal, 2 roundish, 1 oblong, exceeding the achenia. Uplands, S. 

4 P. Meisneriana Shutt. Shrubby, very leafy, leaves linear, filiform, 6—10", ever- 

green, ochrea tipped with a white membrane ; 2 outer sepals reflexed. Uplands, Ga., 
Ala., Fla. 1— 2f. A delicate bushy shrub. 

P. articulata Meisu. Annual, strict, with erect branches, which are soon nearly 

naked ; leaves linear, caducous from the tops of the truncate sheaths ; sepals flesh- 
colored, expanding. Dry. N. J., and W. : rare. 

8. POLYGONUM, L. Knot-grass. Calyx of 5 sepals, rarely fewer, 
colored or greenish, similar, imbricated in bud, at length all connivent, 
persistent. Sta. 8, rarely fewer. Sty. 2 or 3, mostly 3, short filiform. Ach. 
3-cornered or lens-shaped, enclosed in the dry, withered calyx. Embryo 
curved, lateral, lying in a groove at one angle of the albumen. Herbs with 
ochreate-jointed stems and small, white, red, or greenish fls. June — Sept. 

§ Stems armed with retrorse prickles. Lvs. cordate-sagit. Echinocauion. .Nos. 21, 22 

§ Stems unarmed, twining. Leaves cordate-hastate. Teniaria Nos. 18 — 20 

§ Stems erect or decumbent, unarmed. Leaves hardly ever cordate. . .(*; 

* Calyx unequally 4-cleft. Styles 2, long deflexed. Tovaeia No. 17 

* Calyx equally 5-parted. Styles erect. . .{a) 

a Sheaths salver-form. Stamens 7. Style 2-parted. Tall. AMBLYoaoKTJM...No. IB 
a Sheaths subcylindrical. Staraens 5, 6, 8. Styles 2 or 3. . .(6) 

b Flowers in leafless, terminal, spike-like racemes. Persicaeia. . . (c) 
b Flowers axillary, or seldom forming a leafy raceme. . .(e) 

C Eaceme 1, dense. Stem at base or rhizome decumbent Nos. 14, 15 

c Racemes several. Sheaths naked, not fringed Nos. 12, 13 

c Racemes several. Sheaths bristly, fringe-ciliate . . .(d) 

d Style 2-(or 3-)cleft. Achenia flat or lens-shaped Nos. 9— 11 

d Style 3-cleft. Achenia sharply 3-cornered , Nos. 5 — 8 

e Achenium protruding beyond the calyx, 3-augled Nos. 3, 4 

e Achenium included in the ealyx, 3-angled Nos. 1, 2 

1 P. aviculare L. Bird's K. Doorweed. Procumbent, ditfuse ; leaves lance-ellip- 



Order 104.— POLYGONACE^. 283 

tic, acutish, 1'; flowers 2 or 3 together, subsessile, reddish; achenia striate, dull, 
enclosed ; stamens 5—8. (i) A common weed, 6—16'. In rich shady soils it arises to 
p. erictum^ with larger oval leaves and pedice^ate flowers. 

2 P. tenue Mx. Slender, rigid, erect, with long simple-angular branches ; Ivs. lineai, 

erect ; eheaths bristle-fringed ; flowers solitary ; achenia shining. Dry. i — If. 

3 P. maritimnin L. Prostrate, difi'use, glaucous, with very short joints and swell- 

ing torn sheaths ; Ivs. fleshy, oblong, 1—6''' ; fls. sessile, at length spicate ; fruit little 
exserted, smooth and shining. ® Sandy coasts, Mass. to Ga. i — If. 

4 P. ramosissimuui Mx. Erect or ascending, much branched, striate ; Ivs. linear 

oblong, 1—2' ; flowers greenish, pedicellate ; fruit i exserted, olive-green, shining, 
1i^'. © Sandy shores, R. I. to Mich, and Md. 2— 3f. 

5 P. lifrsutuiti Walt, Densely hirsute with spreading tawny hairs, erect; Ivs. lan- 

ceolate ; sheaths fringed ; flowers white, in 2 or 3 slender spikes. @ S. 2— 3f. 

tt P. hydro piperoides Mx. Mild Water-pepper. Stem smooth, slender, sheaths 
long, close, fringed and hispid ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, not acrid ; spikes erect, slen- 
der, loose at base ; calyx glandless , achenia shining. 
|3. «ef«c«a the leaves and stem above are more or less hispid. 2{ Wet. 1— 3f. 

7 P. acre H. B. K. Water Smartweed. Glabrous, virgate, slender ; sheath loose, 
bristle-fringed; Ivs. lanceolate, acrid; spikes filiform, erect; flowers reddish-green, 
dotted like the leaves ; fruit shining, (i) Wet places. S. and W. 2— 5f. 

S P. TiNCTORiuM. Madder. Lvs. oval ; spikes oblong, dense, roseate. China. 1— 2f. 

9 P. Hydropiper L. Water Pepper. Glabrous ; sheaths brisLly-ciliate ; lvs. lanceo- 

late^ very acrid, finely punctate ; spikes nodding, loose, slender, greenish ; calyx 
punctate ; stamens mostly 6 ; achenia roughened, black, (i) Damp, 1— 2f. § 

10 P. Careyi Olney. Stem erect, 3— 5f, bristly and much branched ; leaves lanceo 
late, some hispid ; stipules tubular-truncate, ciliate ; spikes dense, purplish, nodding 
on long hairy peduncles. ® Swamps, N. Eng. to Penn. (See p. 44T.) 

11 P. PersicJ.ria, L. Smart-weed. Glabrous, erect; leaves lanceolate, usually 
marked with a brown spot ; sheaths fringed ; spikes dense, erect, oblong ; stamens 
6 ; style 2-cleft ; achenia shining. ® Waste grounds : common. 1— 2f. § 

12 P. Peimsylvanicuin L. Branches above and pedicels glandular-hispid ; leaves 
lanceolate; spikes erect, oblong, crowded, rose-colored, showy ; achenia Ions-shaped, 
with flat sides. ® Margins of waters. 2 — 4f. 

^. densiUoruni, Smooth; racemes slender ; achenia truly lens-shaped. South 

13 P. incariiatum Ell. Smoothish ; leaves lanceolate; branches and pod. glandii 
lar-dotted; spikes linear, nodding, becoming long; achtfhia lens-shapod, with con 
cave sides, (i) Ditches and pools, W. and S. 2 — 3f. 

14 P. aiiipliibium L. Stcni prostrate and rooting bolow, ascending; loavos thick, 
smooth, lance-oblong, variable; spikes oblong, ovoid or douse ; stamens 5; style 2- 
cloft. Pools and swamps. 3 — If. Spike 1' or more. 

/3. lerre.slre, IMant more or loss hirsute ; spikes elongated. 

15 P. vlviparjuii L. Low, simple, erect IVom a creeping rhizonio ; loavos lance 
linear, with rolled edges ; spike 1, linear. U White Mountains, and X. 

16 P. orlcntalo L. Princess Feather. Tall, erect, branohod ; loavos largo, with 
hairy salvor-form sheaths ; stamens 7 ; Bfylce 2 ; spikes largo, rod, nodding, showy. 
(j) Fields and gardons. 3— 8f. § 

1 7 P. Virtiiiilaiiiiiii L. Stem simple; loavos lanoo-ovato. aouaiinato • ihnvoi-s re- 
mote, 1 from oaoh sheath, in a slender nioemo, greenish, u Shades, ,'> — If. 

18 P. convolvulus L. Knot Jiindwotd. Prostrate or climbing, roughish , shoath* 
naked; loavos hastate, pointed; flowers in axillary fiisciolos or in Intonuptod ra- 
cemes; fruit exsortod, dull, blackish. ©Fields. 2~Jf. § 

19 P. clllnodo Mx. Climbing; sheaths ciiiatf at base; loavos deeply corxiate, 
poiTi.S'd ; raoonios paniculate, loose ; achenia shining. Hodges. 3 v<f. 

20 P. diiinotorum L. Iftd(j<! liindw^cd. Climbing high ; joints not oilLHtc ; .yvsvvM 



284 Oeder 106.— CHENOPODIACE^. 

cordate-hastate, with acute lobes ; outer sepal keeled and winjjed on the back ; fruit 

smooth, black. Thickets. 3— 12f. §. — A native form, 
/3. scandens^ has the raceme panicled and the sepals with very broad wings. 
^l 1*. sagittatuiu L. Scratch-grass. Climbing, 3— 5f, rough backwards; leaves 

lance-sagittate ; flowers in small heads, whitish ; stamens 8 ; style 3. (T) Wet. 
22 I*, arifolium L. Rough with reversed prickles, 3— 5f ; leaves hastate, apex and 

l(;bes pointed ; flowers racemed ; stamens 6 ; styles 2. Wet. 

9. FAGOPYRUM, Tomii. Buckwheat. Calyx colored, equally 5- 
parted, persistent, unchanged. Stamens 8, alternate with 8 honey-glands. 
Styles 3, with capitate stigmas. Ach. 3-angled, much exceeding the calyx. 
(T) Leaves cordate-hastate. Flowers rose-white, in panicled racemes. 

1 F, esculentam Moench. Smoothish ; leaves with obtuse lobes ; flowers showy, 

numerous, sought by bees : achenia ovoid-triangular, wingless, black. Fields. 2 — 4f. § 

2 F, T \.TiT ARictn&r. India Wheat. Glabrous ; leaves broader thau long, lobes acutish ; 

ra ;emes axillary and terminal, scarcely panicled ; achenia lance-triangular, angles 
fiinuate-dentate. rather obtuse ; calyx minute. Tartary. Cultivated. 

Order CV. PHYTOLACCACE^. Pokeworts 

Rerhs with alternate, entire leaves and perfect, 5-parted flowers. Uali/x 
free. Stamens 5 — 30, alternate with the sepals when of the same number. 
Ovary of 1 to several carpels, each 1-ovuled. Styles and stigmas as many 
as carpels Fruit baccate or acheniate. Seeds erect, with the embiyo 
coiled around the albumen. 

§ styles and carpels 5— 12. Fruit baccate. Leaves exstipulate Phytolacca. 1 

8 Sty'ft and carpel 1. Leaves with stipules. — a Berry globinar, smooch .Rivina. 2 

— a Acheniuia with 2- bool<"s Petiveria. 3 

1. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. Poke. Garget-weed. Calyx 5-parted. 
Stamens 5 — 25. Styles 5 — 12. Beriy depressed-globular, with as many 
seeds as styles. — Herbaceous. Racemes terminal, soon opposite the leaves. 
P. decandra L. Stem stout, purplish, tall ; leaves ovate ; floweris with 10 stamens 

and 10 styles ; berries black, full of crimson juice. Hedges. 5— 8f. July-f-. 

2. RIVINA, Plum. Calyx 4-parted, 3-bracted. Sta. 4 or 8. Berry at 
last dry, 1-seeded, embryo a vertical ring. Shrubby, with racemes termi- 
nal, soon lateral. 

R. laevis L. Branching, smooth, 6 — 8f ; Ivs. ovate ; fls. rose-white, in long racemes • 
stamens 4. Fla.,andW. Herbage bright-green. 

3. PETIVERIA ALLiACEA L. Half-shrubby, 2— 3f, with obovate-ol> 
tase leaves and spicate flowers. Grows in S. Car. (Michaux), and S. to the tropics. 

Order CYI. CHENOPODIACE^. Chenopods or Goose-foots. 

Herbs chiefly weed-like and homely, more or less fleshy, with alternato 
exstipulate leaves. Bracts not scarious. Flaicers greenish, regular. Caly.-: 
imbricated in bud. Stamens as many as, and opposite to the calyx lobes, o? 
fewer Ovary 2-styled, 1-celled, becoming a t-seeded, thin utricie^.vir cary- 
c psis. Embryo coiled or spiral. 



Order 106.— CHENOPODIACEiE. 



285 



V^'ll'M^ v^K ^ mJ \ jilSi^kkl ™oved, showing the ovary and 

u/^ ^^\)| I^^Ki^ \\^ yW \\ ^^ *• Bi'^'^ch of Salicomia herha- 

IL^ '^^^^/ ^^^S^ \% //7 Vl "<?V/ ^^*" S- Two joints magnified. 

^5 '^D 2 ^^^3 ^±^if ^ijHvi 6. Ovary of a flower. 

§ Leaves flat, neither (leshy nor spiny. p]rabryo a ring around copious albumen. . .(«■> 

g Leaves none, or linear and fleshy or spinescent. Embrj-o a spiral or folio. Albumen Q...{y) 

ffl Stems twining; and climbing. Flowers white, in racemes BOUSSINGACLTIA. 1 

a Stems erect. Flowers greenish, all similar and perfect. ..(h) 

a Stems erect. Flowers greenish, of two sorts, monoecious or dicEcious. ..(x) 

6 Seed horizontal.— c Pericarp rough and corky. Calyx ribbed Beta. 2 

— c Pericarp thin, in a calyx bordered all around CyctOLOMA. 3 

— c Pericarp thin, in a plain, unbordered calyx Chenopodium. 4 

h Seed vertical. — d Fruit smooth, sepals distinct, mostly fleshy Blitum. 6 

— d Fruit in a veiny, wrinkled calyx. Leaves pinnatifid Roubieva. 5 

— d Fruit axillary to a bract, no calyx. Leaves linear Oorispermum. 10 

X Fruit enclosed in a hardened calyx without bracts. Cultivated Spinacia. 9 

X Fruit naked (no calyx) between two bracts. Leaves oval or triangular... Atriplex. 7 

y Embryo folded, not spiral. Stems jointed, leafless Salicornia. 11 

y Embryo a flat spiral, horizontal. Leaves acute Chekopodina. 12 

2/ Embryo a conic spiral. Sepals appendaged. Leaves spinescent Salsola. 13 

1. BOUSSINGAULTIA, Kimtli. Mexican Vine. Cal. corolla-like, 
open, 5- or 6-partecl, with several imbricated bracts. Stig. 3, club-shaped. 
Pericarp thin. ,^ Twining to the right. Leaves thick, pctiolate. Flow- 
ers in many spike-like racemes. S. America. 

B. BASELLoiDEs. Leavcp broadly cordate-ovate, acuminate, u Arbors. 15f. 

2. BETA, Tourn. .Beet. Cal. 5-cleft, persistent. Sta. 5. Ovary half- 
adherent. Stig. 2. Utricle depressed, corky, enclosed in and consolidated 
with the ribbed cal3^x. — Herbs with fleshy roots, furrowed stems, alternate 
leaves, and greenish, spicate flowers. 

B. vulft'arfs. Glabj-ons; leaves large, wavy, acute both Avays ; spikes in a large pani 

cle the second year. @ S. Eur. Cultivated for its root, which is commonly red. 

^.Cifla, tScarcifi/. Leaves roughish ; root slender, whitish ; flowers in 3's. 

y.Rapa, 'Turnip Beet. Hoot najnforni, white or rod, very sweet. 

S.JTItrtif;'el'irtti'ltel, Root very large, mostly white. Cultivated for stock. 

3. CYOLOLOMA, JMoquin. Calyx 5-ch>ft, lobo^ strongly koolod, at 
length appendaged outside with a circular membranous border or crown. 
Sta. f), styles 8. Utricle depn^ssed, enclosed. (Ti With furrowed stems, 
tdternate lobed leaves, and small sessile tlowers. 

i\ platypli^'llum Moq.— "Ranks of (ho Mississijipi, 111., and W. 1-lK. white-downy 
above. lioaves lance-oblong, shuiate-toothed or lohod, 'i'. Flowers at length iu 
fc-maTi panicles. July— Sept. 

4. CHENOPODIUM, Tourn. runvKKD. Cooskfoot. Calyx bnict- 
Icss, 5-cleft, lobes often keeled, never appendaged, more or less enclosing 
the fruit. Sta. 5, styles 2. Utricle deiir(>ssed, membranous, seed nu>sUy 



286 Order 106.— CHENOPODIACE^. 

horizontal, lenticular. Weeds often glaucous or glandular, with alternate; 

often rhombic Ivs., and the minute fls. in panicled spikes. June — Aug. 
§ Plants ill-scented, smooth, never glandular. Embryo a complete ring. . .(*) 
§ Plants glaudular-puberulent, green, aromatic. Embryo a half ring., .(ft) 

* Herbage glaucous or whitish, covered with mealiness. ^ Nos. 1 — 3 

♦ Herbage green, rarely purplish, not glaucous or mealy. . .(a) 

a Leaves entire, ovate-oblong, on slender petioles No. 4 

a Leaves toothed or lobed, petiolate Nos. 5 — 7 

b Flowers glomerate, axillary, in spike-like racemes Kos. 8, 9 

b Flowers cj'mous, innumerable, in long raceme-like panicles No. 10 

1 C. glaucum L. Prostrate or ascending, branched ; leaves ovate to oblong, obtuse, 

sinuate-angled or -dentate ; racemes simple ; seed partly enclosed, (i) Mass. to Pa. : 
rare. If. Leaves 1—2', whitish beneath. § Europe. 

2 C. albunx L. Common P. Erect, loosely branched, striate ; Ivs. rhombic ovate, 

sinuate-toothed to subentire ; racemes some panicled; seed wholly enclosed, (i) The 
commonest of weeds, 2— 7f, often striped with purple. 

3 C. BosciaMum Moq. Erect, branched; Ivs. small, lance-linear, entire, canescent 

beneath ; seed partly enclosed. ® Shades, Pa. (Prof. Porter), and S. 2f. 

4 C. polyspermum L. Ascending, branched from base ; Ivs. ovate to oblong, en- 

tire, bright green ; racemes spike-like, strict ; fruit partly enclosed. Rare. § Eur. 

5 C. hybridum L. Leaves ample, subcordate, deeply sinuate-angled, with pointed 

lobes ; racemes leafless ; seed rugous, dull. (I) Common, 2 — it § Europe. 

6 C, murale L. Ascending; leaves ovate-rhombic, acute at base, unequally and 

acutely toothed ; seed acute-edged, dull-rugous, (i) Rare. 12 — 18'. § 

7 C. urbicum L. Erect; leaves as in No. 6, but slightly mealy; racemes strict, 

dense, in an erect narrow panicle ; seed blunt-edged, shining. (T) 2 — if. § 

8 C. anibrosioides L. Mexican Tea. Branched; leaves oblong to lance-linear, 

attenuate both ways, sinuate-toothed to entire ; spikes dense, leafy, seed shining, 
obtuse-edged ; fruit wholly enclosed, (i) 1— 2f. § Mexico. 

9 C. antlielminticuin L. Worm-seed. Subsimple; leaves ovate-oblong, deeply 

sinuate-serrate or pinnatifid ; racemes spike-like, long ; styles mostly 3 ; fruit as in 
No. 8. 21 Waste grounds. 1— 3f. § Mexico. 
IOC. Botrys L. OaJc-of -.Jerusalem. Leaves oblong, obtuse, sinuate-subpinnatiSd ; 
branches strict, panicles slender, spirally twisted. (I) Sands, &c, 1— 2f. Plants 
strongly aromatic of turpentine. 

5. ROUBIEVA, Moq. Calyx 5-toothed. Sta. 5. -Styles and stig. 3. 
Seed lens-shaped, quite vertical, enclosed in the veiny rugous calyx. U 
Pubescent, much branched. Leaves pinnatifid. 

R. multifida Moq.— Roadsides about New York. Prostrate and ascending. 1— 2f. 
Flowers minute, in numerous panicled racemes. Leaves V. § S. America. 

6. BLITUMj Tourn. Elite, Calyx 3-5-sepalled, mostly becoming 
juicy and berry-like in fruit, enclosing the utricle. Sta. 1 — 5. Styles 3. 
(D Leaves petiolate. Flowers glomerate. 

§ Heads forming a dense terminal spike. Calyx dry No. 1 

§ Heads axillary, some spicate above. Calyx thickened Nos. 2, 3 

1 B. Bonus-Henricus Reich. Goal King Henry. Subsimple, ascending, mealy; 

leaves triangular-hastate ; stamens 5. Waysides, N. : rare. § Europe. 

2 B. inaritimuiii N. Much branched ; leaves lanceolate, attenuate to both ends; 

stamen 1 ; seed shining. Marslies, R. L, N. Y., and N. J. 1— 2f. August. 

3 B. capitatuiu L. Straivbernj B. Jininchod ; leaves triangular-hastate glomer 

ate fruit reddened like fitrawberries, insipid. Va., and N. l-2f. June. 



Order 106.— CHENOPODIACEiE. 287 

7. ATRIPLEX, Gsert. $ Bractless. Calyx 3-5-sepalled. Sta. 3—5. 
? Ovaiy 2-styled, with no stam., enclosed between 2 leaf-like bracts, with 
or without a calyx. — Herbs or shrubs, often mealy or scurfy, with opposit* 
or alternate hastate leaves and glomerate-spiked green flowers. 

§ Leaves partly opposite. Bracts triangular-ovate Nos. 1, i 

§ Leaves all alternate.— a; Bracts rhombic, canescent, toothed No. fj 

— X Bracts round-ovate or -cuneate Nos. 4, 5 

1 A., Iiastata L. Slender, vpeak, green ; leaves petiolate, hastate, remotely-toothed ; 

flowers single in the slender spikes, bracts triangular-ovate, denticulate, N. Eng. to 

S. Car., coastward. 1 — 3f. — jS. JPnrsk'hna is scurfy. 
Z A. litto rails L. Erect with many strict branches ; leaves short-stalked, lanceolate 

to linear, subentire ; flowers glomerate, forming interrupted spikes ; bracts hispid, 

triangular-hastate, denticulate. Lake shores, N-W. 

3 A. rosea L. Canescent, ascending, branched ; Ivs. ovate to oblong, sinuate-toothed ; 

glomerules axillary, bracts rhombic, toothed. Albany, N.Y. (Prof. Tirter). 2f. § Eur. 

4 A. HORTENSis. Garden Orache. Erect, branched ; Ivs. triangular-hastate or -oblong, 

subentire, bright green ; bracts roundish, entire. Asia, 

5 A. arenarla N. Sand Orache. Mealy-canescent, branched ; leaves oval to oblong, 

entire, short-petioled ; bracts broad-cuueate, united, denticulate, ® Sea-beaches, 
Mass, to Fla. (Obione, C-B.) 6— 12^ July— Sept. 

9. SPINACIA, Tourn. Spinage. Dioecious, bractless. $> Cal. 3-5- 
sepalled, Sta. 4 or 5, exserted. 9 Calyx tubular, 2- or 4-tootIied, soon 
hardening and enclosing the compressed achenium. Styles 4. (i) Leaves 
petiolate. Flowers green, axillary. June, July. 

S, OLEUACEA, Leaves hastate-lanceolate to arrow-shaped ; fruit-calyx solitary, 3-angled' 
armed with 2 or 4 slender prickles, or unarmed. (1) Gardens. 1— 2f. 

10. CORISPERMUM, Juss. Calyx 1-2-sepalled or 0. Stam. 1—5. 
Styles 2, short. Pericarp oval, flat and thin, adnate to the seed, vertical. 
(i) With narrow, sessile leaves, and sessile, solitary, axillary flowers. 

C liyssopiroliiiiii L. Hairy or glabrous, much branched; flowers in many bracted 
spikes, bnutf ovate, subulate-pointed; leaves V and less; fruit a pellucid disk 
Sandy lake-sliores, Buflalo, and W. § 

11. SAL-ICORNIA, Tourn. Saltwort. Samphire. Flowers 2 or 3 
togcthei-, sunk in the cavities of the jointed stem. Calyx bladder-like, 
denticulate, enclosing the compressed vertical fruit. Stamens 1 or 2. 
Styles 2. Embryo folded.— Seaside, jointed, fleshy herbs almost leafless, 
with opposite branches, 

1 S. liorbiicea L, Suberect ; spikes oiongatod. green ; joints truncate autl bractless; 

middle (lower largest. (,0 Salt marshes. 8—12', August. 

2 S. Virjiiiii<'a L. Erect; sjiikos short, soon red ; ji>iuts sliovf. tipped witli "2 aoute 

bracts : flowers all alike, n Salt marshes, t^— <)'. Sept. ^S. muorv)nnta 0-H.1 

3 S. rriiticosa L. Prostrate, with ascending branches ; spikes sUuider. joints tipped 

with 2 obtuse bracts, n Sandy beaches. (S. ambigua C-B.') 

12. CHENOPODINA, iMoq. (^r.vsswour. Calyx braotoolate. cup- 
shapetl, 5-parted, Ueshy in fruit with the seed luM-izontal. Sta. o. Stigma 
sessile. Embryo a flat spiral.— Sn\ooth seaside fleshy plants, wiLh jiUor- 
nate sessile heaves and axillary lUnvers. (Su;edn. Forsk.) 



288 Order 107.— AMARANTACE^ 

C maritlma Moq. Diffusely branched ; Ivs. linear, 2' and less, semfterete ; flowers 
micute, green, clustered, sessile ; seed black, shining. (I) Marshes. August. 

13. SALSOLA, Gaert. Saltwort. Fls. 5 sessile. Sep. 5, transversely- 
winged on the back. Wings enlarged and scarious in fruit. Sta. 5. Styles 
2. Utricle depressed, horizontal. Embryo coclileate. — Seaside fleshy 
plants, with terete leaves and axillary, whitish flowers. 

S, K.ali L. Branches diffuse on the sand, rigid, with crowded subulate leaves, each 
tipped with a spine ; flowers solitary, wings purplish ; seed with a thin testa and 
green embryo coiled like a snail-shell, (i) 

Order CVII. AMAEANTACE^. Amaranths. 

Herbs similar to the last Order, but with an imbricated involucre ot 3 
diy, scarious bracts added to the "flowers. Sepals 3 — 5 (rarely but 1), per- 
sistent and often colored, unchanged in fruit. Stamens 3 — 5. Ovary com- 
pressed, 1-celled, 1-GO-ovuled. Style 1. Fruit a utricle, caryopsis or 
berry. Seed vertical, albuminous. Embryo annular. 

§ Anthers 2-celIed. Ovary with many ovules. Cultivated Celosia. \ 

§ Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. Leaves alternate... (*) 
§ Anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. Leaves opposite. . .(a) 

* Flowers monoecious or polygamous, all with a calyx and stamens Amarantus. 2 

* Flowers dioecious, the pistillate with neither calyx nor stamens Acnida. 3 

a Sterile stamens none.— (Flowers white, paniculate) Iresine. 4 

a Sterile stamens none.— (Flowers crimson, &c. Capitate. Cultivated) Gomphrena. 5 

a Sterile stamens 5, the 5 fertile in a tube. — x Heads axillary Telanthera. 6 

—X Spi'Kes terminal and axillary. . . .Fkcelichia. 7 

1. CELOSIA, L. Cockscomb. Fls. perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 se- 
pals. Sta. 5, anth. 2-celled. Stig. 2 or 3, recurved. Utricle circumscissile, 
many-seeded, more or less enclosed in the calyx. — Herbs or shrubs, smooth, 
erect, with alternate leaves and brilliant, scarious flowers. 

I C cristata. Leaves lance-ovate; spikeg ovoid-pyramidal, varying in cultivation to 
fantastic shapes, crimson or even white. (J) E. India. 2 — 4f, 

2. AMARANTUS, Tourn. Amaranth. Fls. 6 $ ? or 5 , 8-bracted. 
Cal. of 5 or 3 sepals. Stamens 8 — 5, rarely 2, anth. 2-celled. Stig. 2 or 3. 
Fruit a 1-seeded utricle, circumscissile, or tearing, or not opening, (i) 
Coarse weeds, with alternate petioled Ivs. and minute fls. in clusters. Aug. 

§ Amarantus ^proper. Utricle Ihin, regularly circumscissile. Not spiny., .(a) 
§ EuxoLUS. Utricle somewhat fleshy, indehiscent, or tearing open. . .(c) 

a Flowers 5-parted, in long panicled spikes,— 6 crimson-tinged Nos. 1, 2 

—6 green Nos. 3, 4 

a Flowers 3-parted, in separate, axillary, dense glomerules Nos. 5, 6 

c Spines 2 in each axil. Bracts not longer than the 5 sepals No. 7 

c Spines none.— a; Bracts longer than the 3-5-sepalled calyx Nos. 8, 9 

—X Bracts shorter than the 5-sepalled calyx Nos. 10, 11 

1 A. liypochondriacus L. Prince's Feather. Smoothish ; leaves lance-oblong, 

on long stalks, some reddened ; spikes very obtuse, the terminal one much the 
largest ; flowers deep purple. Fields and gardens. 3 — 6f. § Mexico. 

2 A. panicula.tu!^ Mnq. Prince''s F. Pubescent, pale-green; leaves lance-ovale* 



OiiDER 107.— AMARANTACE^. 289 

spikes slender, acutish, crowded, all nearly equal, reddish-green, or in /3. sang'uineua^ 
crimson ; bracts short-awned. Fields and gardens. 2— 3f. § Mexico. 

3 A. retroflexiis L. Pubescent, erect, stout ; leaves ovate or subrhombic, obtuse- 

pointed ; panicle of thick, crowded, dense spikes; bracts awned, longer than calyx. 
A common weed in gardens and fields. 2 — 4f. Plant green or glaucous. § 

4 A. hybridus L. Erect, glabrous, green ; leaves ovate, bright green ; panicle 

loose ; spikes terete, obtuse ; calyx shorter than the awned bracts. § Mexico. 

5 A. albus L. White Pigweed. Whitish, diffusely spreading; leaves long-petioled, 

rhomb-ovate, very obtuse ; glomerules remote, in pairs, 4- or 5-flowered : common. § 

6 A. melancliolicus. Love-lies-bleeding. Erect, usually dark-purple ; leaves lance- 

oblong, obtuse, emarginate ; glomerules dark-purple. Asia. 2 — 4f. 
/3. tricolor. Leaves variegated with purple, green, and yellow. 

7 A. spinosus L. Much branched ; leaves rhomb-ovate, obtuse, with 2 spines in 

each axil; spikes panicled, erect, acute ; bracts equalling the sepals; utricle falling 
without opening. Waysides, Penn. to Fla., and W. § 

8 A. lividus Moq. Erect, smooth, livid-purplish; Ivs. elliptic, obtuse, emarginate ; 

spikes slender, rigid, acute ; sepals thrice longer than bracts ; fruit rugous. § 

9 A. deflexus L. Ascending, ashy-green, branches deflexed ; leaves rhomb-lanceo- 

late, obtuse ; spikes thick, obtuse ; sepals longer than bracts ; fruit smooth. § 

10 A. viridis L. Erect; livid-purple; leaves long-petioled, ovate ; spikes panicled, 
rather loose and long ; sepals twice longer than the bracts. Waste grounds, S. 

1 1 A, puitiilus Raf. Diffuse or prosti'ate ; leaves subsessile, obovate ; flowers in ax- 
illary, sessile glomerules ; fruit twice longer than the calyx. Sandy sea-coasts. 

3. ACNIDA, L. Water Hemp. Fls. $ ? , 3-bracted. $ Calyx of 5 
equal, erect sepals. Stamens 5, antli. 2-celled. $ Cal. 0. Ovary 1-oviiled, 
with 3 — 5 stig. Utricle 1-seeded, naked. (D Glabrous, tall, branched, with 
long-stalked, entire leaves and fls. small, green, in slender spikes. Jl. — Oct. 

§ AcNiDA pro2)er. Utricle indehisceut, longer than its stigmas No. 1 

§ MoNTKLiA. Utricle circumscissilc, shorter than its stigmas No. 2 

1 A. caiinabiiia L. Leaves lanceolate to linear, pointed, 2—8'; $ spikes numerous, 

rather dense, 2—4' ; ? spikes interrupted ; panicle leafy ; fr. H\ obovoid, bracts J as 
long. Salt marshes. 3— Sf. The two sorts quite dissimilar. 

2 A. taiiiai'iiticiiia. Leaves lance-oval, 1—5' ; spikes interrupted and leafy at base, 

or throughout ; ? bracts longer than the ovary. Wet shores, E. and W. 1— Gf. The 
$ plant scarcely differs from $ No. 1. 

4. IRE SINE, Va: Fls. S ? or ?, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 erect sepals. 
Sta. 5, anth. 1-celled. Stigmas 2 or 3. Utricle valveless, included in the 
calyx. — Leaves opposite, petiolate. Flowers minute, scarious, white, in 
dense spikes or heads. September, October. 

I. celosloidos L. Ih-anches opposite, strict ; leaves ovatc-lanocolato ; flowers in nu- 
merous delicate paniclod spikes, (i) Banks, W. and S-W. 2 — If. 

5. GOMPHRENA, L. Globk Amakantu. Fls. 3-bracted. Cal. 5- 
sepalled, erect. Fil. 5, 3-cleft at apex, miiUlle tooth bearing ti\e t-celled 
anth. Stig. capitate, Fv. as in Ircsinc. Tropical plants. Lvs. opposite. 
Flowers in heads. 

G. GLOBosA. Trichotomously much brnnohoil ; loaves oblong, out iio ; flowers f.ideloea 
bright purple, in heads 1' diamotor. i^O K. India. 1— '.H'. 

6. TEIiANTHERA, Hr. Fls. 3-bracted. Cul. of 5 sepals. Slameus 5, 



290 Order 108.— LAURACEiE. 

with 5 mteryening sterile filaments, antli. 1-celled. Stig. capitate. Fr. as 
in Iresine. Leaves opposite. Heads axillary and terminal. 

T. polygonoides Moq. Procumbent, diffuse, hairy; leaves oval, obtuse, attenuate 
to a winged petiole ; flowers silvery whitish. 2f Waste grounds, S. 

7. FRCELICHIA, Mcencli. Fls. 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at 
apex. Sta. 5, connate into a tube, with 5 sterile filaments. Anth. 1-celled 
Stigmas capitate or tufted. Utricle enclosed in the hardened calyx, (i) 
Hairy or woolly stems, long-jointed. 

F. Florida na Moq. Nearly simple, strictly erect; leaves linear; flowers in short 
dense, cottony spikes. Eiver banks, W. and S. 1— 3f. July, August 

Order CYIII. LAURACE^. Laurels. 

Trees and sJirvbs aromatic, mostly with alternate, simple, punctate leaves. 
Flowers with a colored perianth of 4 — 6 slightly united, strongly imbri- 
cated sepals. Anthers 2- or 4-celled, opening upward by as many recurved, 
lid-like valves. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, free, in fruit a berry or a drupe. 
Seed without a'lbumen. 

g Flowers perfect. Stamens 12, the 3 inner sterile. — a Evergreen trees Persea. 1 

— a Leafless vines. S. Fla Casstta. 

S Flowers dicEcions. Stamens 9, all fertile. Leaves deciduous. ..(*) 

* Involucre none. Anthers 4-celled. 4-valved. Leaves lobed Sassafras, 2 

* Involucre -t-leaved. Anthers 2-celled, 2-Talved. Leaves entire Benzoin. 3 

* Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Leaves entire Tetranthera. 4 

1. PERSEA, Gsert. Red Bay. Bay Galls. Fls. 5 , umbellate, with 
no involucre. Cal. of 6 sepals. Sta. 12, the 3 inner sterile, reduced to mere 
glands, anth. 4-celled (2 cells above and 2 below). Drupe oval, seated on 
the persistent calyx, containing 1 large seed. ^ 

F. Carolineosis Mx. Tree 30— 40f, often but a shrub, with lance-oblong, entire, firm 
leaves, 6' ; umbels small, on ped. 1—2' ; drape oval, blue. Swamps, Va. to Fla. 
Bark deep-furrowed ; wood fine, rose-colored. April, May. 

2. SASSAFRAS, Kees. Sassafras. Fls. 6 ?. Calyx 6-parted, de- 
ciduous. 3 Sta. 9, the 3 inner with a pair of glands at base, anth. 4-celled. 

S Sta. 6, all sterile. Ov., style, and stig. 1. Drupes ovoid, blue, on thick 
red pedicels. ^ Flowers yellow, appearing before the leaves in Mar. — Jn. 
S. officinale Xees. Shrub or small tree, 10 — 20f ; leaves of two forms— ovate and en- 
tire, or 3-lobed, cuneate at base ; flowors handsome, in racemes or corymbs. Fielils 
and woods. Bark pleasantly aromatic. 

3. BENZOIN, Nees. Spice Wood. Flowers S ? , with 4 involucrate 
scahs. Cal. 5- or 6-parted. S Sta. 9, the inner 3 glandular at base, anth. 
2-celled. ? Sta. 15 — 18 rudiments. Drupe obovoid, red. ^ ;5 I^^'s. entire. 
Fls. yellow, in small lateral clusters before the leaves. (Lmdera, Thunb.) 

1 B. odoriferum Ne€s. Shrub 6 — 12f; leaves iance-obovate, acute at base; bnda 

and pedicels smooth. Moist woods : common. May. 

2 B. isielissge folium Nees. Shrub 2— 3f ; leaves lance-oblong, abrupt or cordale 

at base ; buds and pedicels villous. Swamps. S. February, March 



Order 110.— SANTALACE^. 291 

4. TETRANTHERA, Jacq. Pond Spice. Fls. as in Benzoin, but 
the anthers are 4-celled and 4-valved as in Sassafras. Drupe globular 
(red). J) Flowers yellow, precocious. February, March. 

T. geiiiciile.ta Nees. Shrub 8— 15f, with branches and branchlets very crooked and 
divaricate. Leaves small, oval to oblong. Swamps, S. 

Order CIX. LOKANTHACE^. Loranths. 

Shrubby 2)?<27ife, parasitic on trees, with thick, opposite, exstipulate leaves. 
Flowers mostly diclinous, an adherent calyx of 2 — 8 lobes, with stamens of 
the same number, opposite the calyx lobes. Ovary 1-celled, becoming a 
fleshy fruit with one albuminous seed. (See Addenda.) 

PHORODENDRON, N. Mistletoe. Fls. ,3 $ , in jointed spikes, 
mostly 3-lobed. 6 Anth. sessile on the base of each lol)e, the 3 cells di- 
vei-gent. ? Stig. sessile (no stamens). Fr. a pulpy, viscous beny. — Herb- 
age yellowish-green. Stems brittle, woody, firmly engrafted on the limbs 
of oaks, elms, &c. 

P. flavc«cens N. Stems much branched, 1 — lif ; leaves wedge-obovate, thick, entire, 
a8 long as the spikes ; berry white, pellucid, sticking to the limb which it touches 
until it takes root. 

Order CX. SANTALACE^. Sandalworts. 

'Vrees^ shrubs, and herbs, with alternate, undivided leaves, with the calyx 
tube adherent to the ovary, limb 4-5-cleft, valvate. Stamens as many as 
the sepals, and opposite to them. Ocary 1-cellcd, with a free central pla- 
centa bearing at top 2 — 4 suspended ovules, but in fruit drupaceous, 1- 
seeded, crowned with the persistent calyx. 

§ ITnlf-shrnbby. Aiithers connected to the sepals by a tuft of liiiirs Comanpra. 1 

§ Shrubs. Anthers free.— * Flowers 4-piiited, with 4 petals in the $ flowers Bucklkya. '1 

— * Flowers 5-parted, nil ivpetiilous. Leaves alternate rvKULAUi a. ^ 

1. COMANDRA, N. Bastard Toadflax. Calyx tube adherent, 
limb 4- or 5-parted. Anth. 4 or 5, connected as above mentioned. Fil. on 
a 5-lobed perigynous disk. — Smooth plants, with herbaceous branches and 
whitish flowers in small umbels. 

1 €. uiubellata N. Flowers perlVct ; branches strict, corymbod above; loaves olv 

lanceolate, subscssilo ; umbels S-lloworod, exofoding the loaves; connecting hairs 
yellow. L'ocky woods. If. Leaves scattered, t)". Juno. 

2 <'. I>arl>yi« A. DC. Flowers dia>oious ; branches short, loafy ; loaves elliptic^!, 

mostly opposite ; umbels 5-nowereil, shorter than the loavos ; connooting hairs white. 
Woods, S. : rar«. 1—21'. The fertile plant unknown. 

2. BUCKLEYA, Torr. Fls. ^ ^ , the $ with a doulUe calyx, the Iq- 
ner (corolla) caducous, and without stamens. Sty. 4-lobod. S Calyx sin- 
gle, 4-lobed, with 4 stam. Fruit oblong, 10- furrowed, 1 -seeded. 5 Loavea 
Rubsessile, entire. Sterile flowers elust(M-(^d. fertile solitary. 



292 Order 112.— EL^AGNACE^. 

B. dlstyehopliylla Torr— Mountains of E. Tenn. Shrah 10— 20f ; leaves ovale, 

acuminate ; fruit 8 — 9" long, resembling that of Forestiera. 

3. PYRULARIA, Mx. Oll-ntjt. Fls. $ 2 . Calyx 5-cleft, half-adhe- 
rent by the o-toothed disk. Style 1, stigmas 2 or 3. Drupe pear-shaped, 
1-seeded, with the albumen very oily. 5 

P. pttbera Mx. Shrut) 4— 6f, spineless, with oval-oblong leaves and email greenish 
flowers in terminal racemes ; drupe 7—9". Mountain streams. Pa., and S. May. 

Order CXI. THTMELACE^. Daphnads. 

Shrubs with a veiy tough, acrid bark, entire leaves and perfect flower?, 
with the calyx tubular, colored, the limb 4- (4- or 5-)parted, regular, the 
tube bearing the stamens^ as many or usually twice as many as its lobes, 
and free from the ovary ^ which is 1-celled, 1-ovuled, the suspended seed 
with little or no albumen. 

1. DIROA, L. Leatherwood. Cal. colored, tubular, limb obscurely 
4- toothed. Sta. 8, exserted. Stjde 1. Beriy 1-seeded, 5 Fls. opening 
before the oblong-obovate, alternate leaves, 3 from each bud. 

D. palikstris L. Shrub 3— 5f, along streams, with very tough bark ; flowers 4", yel- 
lowish, in April, May ; berry oval, small, red. 

2. DAPHNE, L. Cal. colored, funnel-form, limb spreading, 4-parted. 
Anthers 8, subin eluded. Stigmas capitate. Berry fleshy, 1-seeded. |) 
ITative of the Old World. 

1 I>, Mezef.eum. Shrub 1 — 3f, ■s^ith very smooth lanceolate leaves appearing later than 

the lateral clusters of rose-purple, sweet-scented flowers. 

2 I>. ODOEA. Shrub S— 3f ; leaves lance-oblong, evergreen ; clusters terminal, roseate, 

very fragrant. Greenhouse. 

3 D. Laueeola. Shrub 1 — of, hardy, with large oblanceolate, shining, evergreen leaves 

and axillary clusters of greenish flowers. 

Order CXII. EL^AGNACE^, Oleasters. 

Shrubs or trees usually with the leaves covered with a silvery scurf, en- 
tire. Flowers mostly dicecious, the calyx free, entfre, persistent, becoming 
m fruit pulpy and berry-like, enclosing the 1-celled, 1-seeded achenium. 
Embryo straight, with little albumen, 

» Flowers perfect. Stamens 4. Leaves alternate, petiolate, entire Eleagxus. 1 

* Flowers dicEcions. Stamens 8. Leaves opposite, after the flowers Shepherdia. 2 

• Flowers dioecious. Stamens 4. Leaves alternate, after the flowers Hippoph^. 3 

1. EL-EAGNUS, L. Oleaster. Cal. 4-cleft, colored within. Sta. 4, 
alternate with the sepals. Achenium enclosed in the mealy, 8-furrowed 
calyx tube, ^ J) With silvery foliage. 
1 E. ARGENTEA Ph. SUverbeTTy. Shmb 8— 12f; leaves broadly or narrowly elliptical, 

acute, 1—2' ; flcvers asiUary, deflexed, canescent. Dakota, and W. 
'I E. HORTENSis. Tree with narrow-lanceolate, acute leaves ; flowers axillary, erect.— 

Also, E. LATTFOLiA, With cvergreeu leaves, is cultivated. 



Order 113.— EUPHORBIACE^. 293 

2. SHEPHERDIA, K Fls. $ 2 . Cal. 4-cleft Sta. 8, with 8 glands. 
$ Calyx tube closely investing tlie ovary, limb 4-lobecl. Sty. and stig. 1. 

Beriy globular, fleshy. ;^ Spinescent. 

1 S. Canadensis IS. Shrub 6— 8f; leaves elliptic-ovate, clothed beneath with stel- 

late hairs and rusty scales, nearly smooth above. Banks of streams, N. Clustera 
subsessile. Berry sweetish. 

2 S. ABGENTEA N. Bi/ffulo Berry. Tree 12—181"; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, both 

surfaces smooth and covered with silvery scales. Fruit the size of a currant, scar- 
let, well-flavored. Missouri. 

3. HIPPOPHffi RHAMNOiDES. Shrub with lance-linear leaves, silvery 
white beneath, and a crowd of yellow, acid drupes. Europe. 

Order CXIII. EUPHORBIACE^. Spurgeworts. 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, usually with a milky, acrid juice. Flowers dicli* 
nous, sometimes enclosed in a cup-shaped involucre. Calyx inferior, some- 
times wanting. Corolla scale-like or colored, often wanting. Ovary free, 
sessile or stipitate, 2-, 3-(or more)-carpelled ; styles distinct or united. Fruit 
of 2, 3 (or more) 1-2-seeded carpels (rarely of 1 carpel) united to a common 
axis, at length separating. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Fig. 142. 

547. Head or capitulum of Enphor- 
^ ^]^-^■^'^ /^ ^rt^l/T>$~.-_S^=^^/^^^^3!) /I bia corollata. 8. The involucre tube 
^^^y^ ^"^^^^^[^ \Q^^\ II [I cut open, showing the monaudrous, 

' 7" staminatc flowers surrounding the 




li 



• ^Vl|!|l||/ 9 550 jO pistillate. 9. One of the i flowers, 

»vith a toothed bract at base. 50 Cross-section of the ovary, showing the 3 one-seeded 
sells or carpels. 

V Cells of the ovary 1-ovuled ; fruit cells or carpels 1-seeded. . .(•) 

r Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled ; fruit cells or carpels each 2-soeded. . .(x) 

* Flowers in a cup-shaped involucre, the $ many, each merely a stamen, the ? 

only 1,— an ovary exserted on a pedicel EupnoRniA. 1 

♦ Flowers not in an involucre, g , all apetalous, with a calyx only... (a) 

a Stigmas and carpels 6— 9. Fruit flesh.y, apple-like. Trees. S. Fla IIifpom.^nk .Vaninnf/Za. 

a Stigmas and carpels 3. Fr\iit dry, capsular... (?>) 
b Stamens erect in the bud, 2 — i in number. . .(r) 
b Stamens erect in the bud, 8—00 i« number. ..(<?) 
b Stamens indexed in the bud. $ Flowe>-s usually with small petals. ..(f) 

t Staminate calyx imbricated in bud. Anthers pendulous. Tree. S. Fla Skbastiani.i htcida. 

c Stam. calyx imbricated in bud. Anthers erect. Flowers in spikes Stii.i.inoh. 3 

c Siam. calyx valvato in bud. Flowers in racemes. IMant downy.. Tkac.m. S 

d Flowers in cymes, with white, imbricated sepals. Stinging Jatkopra. 4 

<Z Flowers in small spikes with large bracts. Sepals vnlvate .VoAi.YriiA. 5 

d Flowers in long interrupted s|nkes. Sepals 3, valvate in bud Mk-kci'iuaus. 6 

d Flowers in panicles. Leaves piilmatel.v lobed, glabrous Ku'iM's. 7 

« Ovary 3- or 2-celled and -seeded. I'tants hairy, downy, Ac J^koton. 8 

« Ovary 1-celled and -seeded. Plants silvery-seur(>' rKt>TOXOi*sia. 9 

iv Calyx 5-(i-parted ; stamens 3, united. Flowers nxillar.v, small rnYiXASTiU'S. 10 

03 Calyx 4-partod ; stamens t, distinct, lar.ge. Flowers in braeted spikes rAOiivsANPKA. 11 

B Calyx 4-partod ; stiin>ei\s t, distinct. Fls. axilhny. Shrub. I, vs. opposite lU'XCS. IJ 

1. EUPHORBIA, L. Sfvk-ok. Fls. moiuvcious and achlamydcoua, 
sev<3ral in an involucrate cluster, simulating one tlowor (soo tigurt^s). In- 



294 Order 113.— EUPHORBIACE^. 

yolucre calyx-like, 4- or 5-lobed, often with 4 or 5 large glands. $ Fls. 
9 or more, each a stamen with a bract. ? Flower central, a 3-celled, 3- 
ovuled ovary on a pedicel. Styles 3, 2-cleft. Caps. 3-lobed, separating 
into 3 nutlets. — Plants with a milky juice. 

§ Shrubs of the greenhouse, with scarlet bracts or invohicres Nos. 33—35 

§ Herbs, erect, without stipules. Leaves alternate or opposite. . .(a) 
% Herbs, mostly prostrate, diffuse. Leaves all opposite, oblique at base, 
small, furnished with small stipules at base. Glands of the involucre 

4, usually white-margined. ® May— Nov (x) 

a Glands of the involucre 5, bordered with white petaloid appendages.. .(6) 
a Glands of the involucre 4 or 5, crescent-shaped or 2-horned. . .(c) 
a Glands of the involucre 1—5, neither white nor horned. . .(d) 

b Heads pedunculate. Branches regular. Leaves oblong to linear Nos. 1, 2 

h Heads pedunculate. Branches irregular. Leaves oval or ovate Nos. 3, 4 

b Heads nearly sessile. Leaves with broad white margins No. 5 

c Umbel of many rays. Stem leaves narrow, alternate. Seeds smooth. 2f...Nos. 6, 7 

c Umbel of 3 rays, and forked. Stem leaves alternate, thin Nos. 8, 9, 10 

c Umbel of 3 or 4 rays, and forked. Stem leaves opposite, thick No. 11 

d Inflorescence a simple terminal cluster. Leaves toothed or lobed....Nos. 12, 13 

d Inflorescence a forked cyme, peduncles in the forks. Lvs. entire Nos. 14, 15 

d Inflorescence a compound umbel. Heads terminal. . .{e) 

e Seeds reticulated or wrinkled. Leaves serrulate Nos. 16, 17 

e Seeds smooth and even,— A; in a rough, warty fruit Nos. 18—20 

—k in a smooth and even fruit Nos. 21—23 

X Leaves serrulate or serrate. Seeds roughened with wrinkles or pits. . .{y) 

y Stems ascending or erect. Plants smooth or smoothish Nos. 24 — 26 

y Stems flat on the ground, spreading, mostly hairy Nos. 27, 28 

X Leaves entire. Seeds smooth and even. Plant glabrous .Nos. 29—32 

1 E. coro3I.sta L. Flowering S. Erect, glabrous, or subglabrous ; umbel 3-7-rayed, 
rays 3- and 2-forked ; lvs. oblong to oblong-linear, obtuse, those of the umbel whorled 
or opposite ; involucre glands obovate, petaloid. U Dry fields, 1— 2f. July, Aug. 
p. ang-testlfhlift. Leaves oblong-linear ; umbel becoming irregular. S. 

a E. Curtisii Eng. Smooth, slender, branched from base, divisions about 3-forked, 
then 2-forked ; leaves opposite or in 3's, linear-oblong or linear ; heads minute ; in- 
volucre glands narrowly white-bordered. V Barrens, S, If. (E, discoidalis Chapm.) 

3 E» pubeaitsssima Mx. Hairy, 2 or 3 times forked ; leaves oval or ovate-oblong, 

petiolate or subsessile, scattered, the floral much smaller ; heads minute ; involucre 
glands minutely white-margined, entire. Dry. S. If. (E. paniculata Ell.) 

4 E. mercurialtna Mx. Stem naked below, leafy, and 3- or 2-forked above, pubes- 

cent ; leaves oval or ovate, petiolate, mostly opposite ; involucre lobes crenulate, 
white. Tenn. : rare. 8—10'. Too near to the preceding. 

5 E. marginata Ph. Leaves lance-oblong, sessile, the floral crowded, and with a 

broad white margin ; umbel 3-rayed, capitate. (T) Ky., and W. If. t 

6 E. Cyparissias L. Lvs. linear, much crowded, the floral broad-cordate, all sessile ; 

umbel of many simple rays ; glands lunate, n Fields and gardens. If. § 

7 E. Esula L. Lvs. lance-linear, the floral broadly cordate ; umbel of many iorked 

rays, and scattered branches below ; glands 2-horned. Fields : rare. § 

8 E. JPeplus L. Leaves round-cuneate, the floral ovate ; umbel of 3 (rarely 5) forked 

rays ; carpels doubly wing-keeled on the back. Fields, N. Eng. : rare. § Europe. 

9 E. Olxiotica Steud. Smooth, erect frr)m a decumbent branching base ; lv8. mostly 

floral, reniform, sessile, the pairs appearing orbicular; carpels not winged ; glands 3 
horned. U Woods, Ohio, W. and S. If. (E. oommntatA Eng.) 



Order 113.— EUPHORBIACE^. 295 

10 £!. tetrapora Eng. Leaves linear-spatulate, the floral larger, ti Ansversely ovate ; 

umbel 3-rayed ; seeds i-pitted on the inner face, (i) Ga. to La. 10'. 
HE. Ijatliyris L. Caper S. Stout, 2 or 3f high; leaves sessile, lance-linear, all 

opposite ; umbel 4-rayed, then forked ; glands homed. Gardens, and §. 

12 E. lieteropliylla Mx. Stem with scattered branches, 1— 3f; leaves ovate, or 
sinuate-lobed, or panduriform, all petiolate and scattered, the upper stained red on 
the margins ; gland 1, sessile. Iowa to Ga. June, July. 

13 E. dentata Mx. Stem 8'— 2f, hairy, with opposite branches; leaves opposite, 
ovate, dentate, petiolate ; heads subsessile ; seed tubercled, round and black ; gland 
1 or more, stalked. ® Shades, Penn. to Iowa and La. 

14 E. Ipecacuanliae L. Root long, stems clustered, slender, diffusely forked ; Ivs, 
opposite, all oblong to linear, obtuse, sessile ; heads on filiform pedicels ; seed white, 
compressed, pitted. 7i Sands, coastward. 8 — 12'. (E. gracilis Ell.) 

15 E. nudicaiilis Chapm. Slender, forking above; leaves minute (y), obovate, 
the upper opposite ; heads minute, glands margined, greenish. Ti Fla. 

16 E. Helioscopia L. Stout; umbel 5-rayed, rays trifid, and forked; Ivs. cuneate 
to obovate, whorled above ; glands round, stalked. ® Waysides, N. § 

1 7 E. dictyosperma F. & M. Slender ; umb. once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked ; 
floral leaves roundish-ovate, subcordate, cauline oblong-spatulate to obovate ; fruit 
warty, seeds reticulated. (I) Ky., and S-W. (E. Arkansana C-B.) 

1 8 E, Uarlingtonii Gray. Tall (2— 3f ) : umbel 5-8-rayed, rays forked or trifid ; 
leaves entire, oblanceolate, the floral oval, u Woods, Penn., and S. 

19 E. platypli]flla L, Erect, 8—16' ; umbel 5-rayed; leaves lance-oblong, subcor- 
date, serrulate, the floral triangular-ovate, (i) Lake shores, N. § 

20 E. obtiisata Ph. Erect, l—2f; umbel 3-rayed, rays trifid or forked; leaves all 
sessile, serrulate, obtuse, the floral roundish-cordate, the lower oblanceolate ; fruit 
very warty. (I) Woods, Va., and W. 

21 E. iiiundata Torr. Smooth, erect; umbel 3-raycd, and forked; leaves entire, 
sessile, lanceolate to oblong-ovate ; glands round, entire ; seeds globous. u Wet 
barrens, Fla. 6—12'. Heads on slender peduncles. Root woody. 

22 E. spliaerosperiiia Shutt. (E. Floridana Chapm.) Lvs. lance-linear to cordate- 
ovate ; heads green, glands creuate. Otherwise like No. 21. if Dry. Fla. 1— 2f. 

8 J E. telepliioides Chapm. Plant some fleshy, 2—5' high ; lvs. ovate, large on tho 
stem, small on the nmbel. Otherwise like No. 22. u West Fla. May. June. 

24 E. IiypericiloUa L. St. 1— 2f ; lvs. (^-12", oval-oblong, sorrate all around ; sds. 
oval, obtusely 4-nngled, wrinkled and tubercled, black. ® Fields : common. 

25 E. glyptosperiiia Eng. St. 5— 1(>' ; lvs. 4—6", linear-oblong, serrulate toward tho 
apex ; stip. fringed ; sds. ovoid, obtuse-angled, wrinkled, ambor-color. Wis., and S-W. 

26 E. luacuIiVta L. Hairy ; leaves oblong, serrulate, often with a brown spot ; stip. 
minute ; seeds sharply angled, obscurely wrinkled, reddish. S«ndy fields : common. 

2,7 E. liunii^strAta Eng. Hairy; lvs. elliptic-obovate, serrulate at apex, rarely spot- 
ted ; stipules fringed ; seeds obtuse-angled, oval, roughened, brownish, lianks, W. 

28 E. sicrpyllllolia Pers. Smooth; lvs. obovate-oblong. serrulate at apex, seldom 
ppotted; stipules IVinged; seeds acutely 4-angled, cross-wrinkled. r>anks. W. 

29 E. polygoiiKulia L. Lvs. oblongliuear; glands of invol. not appendaged : eeeilu 
large (1" long"), ovoid, smooth and whitish. Sandy sea and lake coasts. 

30 E. <iicyorl Eng. Leaves oblong-obovate ; glands with narrow appendages ; seed* 
small (J"), ovoid, acute, obtusely ;5-angled, ash-oolored. Sandy soils, N-W. 

31 E. sorpoiis ll.R. K. Lvs. round-ovate, very smallO— 2") ; *tip, triangular; glands 
scarcely api)endaged ; pod acutely keeled, seeds ovoid-.'5-angled. 111. to l-j». 

32 E. ooi-dllulia Kll. Lvs. 4— 6", conlate-oval ; glands conspicuously white-appeii- 
daged ; pods and sectls as in No. ;U. Fields, South. Spreading If. 

33 E. si'LENDKNS. Shrubby and fleshy, thorny; lvs. ovate, acute both ways ; ped. ax 
illary ; floral loaves in pairs, broader than lon^, scarlet. Madagascar. 



296 Order 113.— EUPHORBIACE^. 

34 E. FCLGENS. Not spiny; Ivs. lanceolate, pointed both ways, floral Ivs. scon falling; 
lobes and appendages of the involucre red and purple. Mexico. 

35 E. PULCHERKiMA (or Poinsettia). Floral leaves lanceolate, of a brilliant red, lowe» 
leaves wedge-oblong, often fiddle-shaped, all pointed. Mexico. 

2. STILLINGIA, Gard. Fls. s , in a, terminal, dense spike, apetalous, 
$ Calyx cup-form, lobed and crenulate. Sta. 2 or 3. Fil. exserted, with 

short, 2-lobed anthers. 2 Calyx 8-lobed. Style trifid, with 3 diverging, 
simple stigmas. Capsule S-lobed, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — Plants smooth, erect, 
with alternate leaves. Fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike. 
Bracts of the spike biglandular at base. May — Sept. 

1 S. sylvatica L. Herbaceous; stems clustered ; leaves subsessile, lance-linear to 

lance-oblong, and obtuse to acuminate, crenate-serrulate ; spikes yellowish, longer 
than the leaves ; glands cup-shaped. U S. 1— Sf. 

2 S. aquatica Chapm. Shrubby; stem single; Ivs. short-stalked, lanceolate, acute, 

sharply serrulate ; spikes shorter than the leaves ; glands peltate. Fla. 3— 6f. 

3 S. ligustriiia Mx. Shrubby ; leaves lance-ovate, petiolate, entire ; stipules ovate ; 

spikes shorter than the leaves ; sta, 3. Swamps, S. 6— 12f. (Sebastiania, MuUer.) 

4 S. sebifera L. Tallow Tree. Tree 30— 40f ; Ivs. long-petioled, rhomboidal, acumi- 

nate, entire ; fruit rough, blackish, seeds white. S, §. (Exccecaria, Mul.) 

3. TRAGIA, Plum. Fls. 8 . Cor. 0. $ Calyx 3-parted. Sta. 2 or 8, 
distinct. ? Calyx 5- to 6- to 8-parted, persistent. Style 3-cleft. Stig. 3. 
Fruit 3-lobed, 3-celled, separating into 3 bivalve, 1-seeded nutlets. U '^ 
Homely weeds. Lvs. mostly alternate, pubescent, stipulate. Fls. small, 
racemed. May — August. 

1 T. macrocarpa Willd. Slender summits of the branches twining ; lvs. cordate- 

ovate, acuminate, serrate ; rac. long (3 — 4') ; fr. 5 — 6". Copses, Ky., and S. 2 — 4f. 

2 T". urticse folia Mx. Erect, hairy, sparingly branched ; leaves deltoid-lanceolate, 

truncate at base, sharp-serrate ; fruit very hairy. Dry. S. 1— 2f. 

3 T. imiocua Walt. Erect, branched, puberulent ; leaves ovate-oblong, varying to 

linear, coarsely few-toothed or entire. Dry. S. If. (T. urtns L., but it does not 
sting as Linnteus supposed.) 

4. JATROPHA, L. Spurge Nettle. Fls. s , in forked cymes ; the 
fertile generally in the forks. Calyx colored, imbricate in bud. Corolla 
present or not. Sta. 10 — 80, monadelphous. Styles 8, forked. Pod 3-car- 
pelled. U Leaves palmi- veined, stipulate. 

J. iirens, /S. siimuTbsa Mul. Loav, hispid with bristly stings ; leaves half 3-5-lobed, 
cordate, lobes lanceolate, serrate ; sepals white, oval, spreading ; corolla 0. Sandy 
woods, S. : common. Stings wliite, i' long. March— July. (Cnidoscolus, Pohl.) 

5. AOALYPHA, L. Three-seeded Mercury. Fls. 8 , in short clus- 
ters or little spikes, surrounded by a large cut-toothed bract. Cor. 0. 6 
Calyx 4-parted. Sta. 8 — 12, monadelphous, with halved anthers. 5 Calyx 
3-parted. Styles 3, each 2- oo - eleft. Fr. 3 nutlets, (i) Weeds resembling 
Nettles, with stalked alternate leaves (and 5 tropical). Summer. 

1 A. Virginica L. Leaves lance-ovate, obtusely pointed, obscurely serrate, equal 
ling their petioles (1—2') ; sterile spikes hardly exserted. Dry. 10 — 20'. 
^. ffracilUnla, Leaves narrower, on shorter stalks ; $ spikes exserted. 



OuDER 113.— EUPHORBIACE^. 297 

it A. Caroimiana Walt. Lvs. ovate, cordate, closely and strongly serrate ; i spikea 
axillary, ? terminal, fruit soft-echinate, bracts with linear lobes. W. and S. 

6. MEROURIALIS, Tourn. Fls. <9 , apetalous, axillaiy, in bractles3 
spikes or fascicles. Calyx 3-parted. Sta. 10 — 20, anth. 2-celled, extrorse. 
Fruit 2-carpelled, 2-seeded. — Herbs with opposite, petiolate leaves. 

TfK, annua Willd. Lvs. lanceolate, &c., thrice longer than the stalks ; branches oppo- 
site ; i spikes long, interrupted, seeds oval, pitted. (T) Waysides, S. : rare. § 

7. RICINUS, Tourn. Castor Oil Plant. Fls. s , apetalous. Calyx 
3-5-parted, valvate in the bud. $ Sta. go, with irregularly united fila- 
ments. ? Style short, stigmas 3, 2-parted, plumous, colored. Capsule 
echinate, 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs. 

R. COMMUNIS L.— A stout ® herb with peltate, palmi-lobed leaves, 4—12', divided into 
lance-shaped lobes. Southward it becomes a shrub, or tree 10— 20f. Cult, for its seeds, 
yielding the castor oil, or for the ornament of its splendid foliage. E. India. 

8. CROTON, L. Fls. 5' . Calyx 4-8-parted. Petals hypogynous, 4—8, 
mostly minute, often (especially in the ?) wanting. 6 Disk with 4 — 6 
lobes. Sta. 5 or more, anthers inflexed in the bud. 5 Ovaiy 3-celled, 
styles 3, 1-3-times forked. Fruit 3-carpelled, 3-secded. — Plants glandular, 
clothed with scurf or stellate hairs. Leaves alternate. 

§ Downy. Fertile calyx 5-partcd, with 2 styles, and pendulous No. 1 

§ Hairy or scaly. Fertile cal3'x 5-parted, with 3 styles, each 2- or 3-cleft Nos. 2 — 4 

§ Densely woolly. Fertile calyx 8-parted. Styles 3, each twice 2-cleft Nos. 5, 6 

1 €. monantliogynus Mx. Stellate-downy, di- and tri-chotomously branched ; lvs. 

ovat'G or subciordate, silvery beneath ; fls. in the forks, (i) Pi-airies, 111., and S. If. 

2 C. {^landiilosiis L. Hispid, tri-(or 4-)chotomously branched ; lvs. clustered at the 

forks, lance- to linear-oblong, serrate, with 2 concave glands at base ; fls. in clusters, 
the sterile 4-parted, S-audrous. ® A straggling weed, W. and S. 1— 2f. 

3 C argyranftlicintis Mx. Clothed with silvery glandular scales, branched at base ; 

lvs. oval to oblong ; fls. in a hd. or spike, silvery all over, all 5-partcd. u Ga., Fla. If. 

4 C. maritlinus Walt. Half-shrubby, bushy, trichotomously branched, tomcntous; 

lvs. broad-oval, silvery beneath ; flowers in dense heads on long stalks ; stain, aoout 
10 ; stigmas 18—20. Drifting sands, sea-coast, S. 2— 3f. July— Oct. 

5 C. capitatus Mx. Lvs. ovate to oblong, long-petiolod, obtuse ; ? cal. large (7"), 

7-&-cieft ; styles 3, each 4-parted to base ; seed double-convex. W. and S. 

6 C. Elllottil Chapnui. Lvs. lance-oblong, short-petiolate, acutish; ? cal. 6"dlam., 

6-8-cleft ; styles 3, each 4-cleft to the middle ; seeds plano-convex. ^J) S. 2— 3f. 

9. CROTONOPSIS, Mx. Fls. s , minute, in spikes. Calyx o-parted. 

$ Petals 5, si)alulatc. Sta, 5, distinct, i Petals 0, 5 scales instead. Stig. 
3, each bilid. Ovary and pod 1-cellod, 1 -seeded, ij^ Slender, silvery-scurfy, 
with small, alternate heaves. UpiH'r llowers st(Mile. 

C. linearis ;^^x.— Sandy swamps, N.J. to 111., anil S. Stems as slender as Flax, n>- 
pcatedly trifld and forked, t— -Jf. Leaves linear oblong, »') -10''. Juiu'— Sept. 

10. PHYIiLANTHUS, T., Flowers o-^ , axillary. Calyx in 5 or (? seg- 
ments. Petals 0. Stam. 3, very short. Styles 3, bitld. Ovuk's and secda 
2 in each 2-valved carpel. — Leaves alternate, in 2 ranks, 

P. CnrolIu^'ii!«iIs Wait. St. slender, witli alteniato branches; lvs. oval, C — 10", the 

laminl Muirh smaller ; t1invor>j subsolilaiy. Ta. to 111. and S. f. -18'. ^'^^\v — .^n^j 



298 Order 114— URTICACE^. 

11. PAOHYSANDRA, Mx. Flowers 9 , apetalous, in bracteJ spikes, 
Calyx 4-parted. $ Filaments 4, long-exserted, flat. ? Styles 3, recui-ved, 
Capsule 3-Lorned, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. it Prcciimbent stems from 
long creeping root-stocks. Leaves alternate. 

P. procumbens Mx. Lvs. ovate to obovate, coarsely toothed, clustered above the 
spikes, which are all near the base of the stem. Va. to Ky., and S. March— May. 

12. BUXUS, L. Boxwood. Flowers 8 , axillary, s Calyx 3-leaved, 
petals 2. Sta. 4. $ Cal. 4-sepalled. Pet. 3. Sty. 3. Caps, with 3 beaks 
and 3 cells. Seeds 6. 5 b Leaves opposite, ovate, entire, smooth. 

B. SEMPERViRENs. A tree of slow growth, fine-grained wood, m Europe. The dwarfed 
varieties are planted in gardens for edgings. 

Order CXIY. URTICACE^. Nettleworts. 

Plants of various habit, with stipules (which are often early deciduous) 
and with small inconspicuous, mostly diclinous flowers. Calyx regular, 
free from the 1-celled ovary. Stamens as many as the calyx lobes and op- 
posite to them. Fruit a 1-seeded samara, drupe or achenium, separate or 
aggregated. The following groups have usually been regarded as Orders. 

? ULMACE^. Trees with colorless innoxious juice. Flowers habitually perfect, not 

in araents. Fruits separate. No albumen. (Figs. 181, 256, 295, 316, 382. 509) ... (a) 
|§ ARTOCARPE^. Trees with milky poisonous juice. Flowers diclinous, in aments 

or heads. Fruits aggregated. Seed albuminous. (Figs. 195-6, 298, 349) ... (i) 
S§§ URTICE^. Herbs. Flowers diclinous, not in aments. Filaments crenulate. 

Fertile calyx 3-5-parted. Embryo straight. (Fig. 503) . . . (c) 
?i§§ CANNABINEyE. Herbs. Flowers diclinous. Filaments straight. Fertile calyx 
of 1 sepal, spathc-like. Embrj-o curved or coiled. (Fig. 213). . .(d) 

o Flowers appearing before the leaves. Fruit a samara winged all around Ulmus. 1 

a Flowers icitJi the leaves. Fruit wingless,— x a dry nut from a 1-celled ovary. . . .Planera. 2 

—X a sweet, fleshy drupe Celtis. 3 

b Flowers enclosed within a hollow receptacle, both kinds together Ficns. 4 

h Flowers external. — y Fertile aments globular. Branches thorny Macluea. 5 

— y Fertile aments globular. Plants thornless Broussonetm. 6 

— 7/ Fertile aments oblong, fniit sweet, juicy ..MoRUS. 7 

c Herbs with stinging hairs. — z Stamens 4. Leaves opposite Urtica. 8 

— ^2 Stamens 5. Leaves alternate Lapoetea. 9 

r Herbs stingless. — n Stamens 3. Fertile calyx 3-sepalled Pilea. 10 

— n Stamens 4. — o Flowers in slender spikes B(Ehmeria. 11 

— Flowers in in volucrate clusters Parietaria . 12 

d Herbs twining. Fruit in an imbricate strobile-like ament Humulus. 13 

d Herbs erect. Fruit a 2-Yalved cary opsis in axillary pairs Caxnabinum. 14 

1. ULMUS, L. Elm. Fls. $ . Calyx 4-9-cleft. Stam. 4—9, fil. long 
and slender. Styles 2. Ovaiy 2-celled. Samara flat, 1-seeded. 5 ^'^s. 
yellowish, or reddish, in precocious clusters. Figs. 181, 256, 295. 

* Samara fringed veith hairs, hanging on slender ped., 2-beaked Nos. 1—3 

* Samara not fringed, nearly sessile,— a; slightly notched at apex. .Nos. 4, 5 

—X cleft down to the seed Nos. 6, 7 

1 U Americana L. White Elm. Lvs. oval, acuminate, doubly serrate ; flowers in 
ooso, umbel-like'ulusters ; fruit oval, 6'-', its 2 beaks with points incurved and meet- 
ing. A majestic tree, with ascending branches and often long pendulous " weeping" 
branchlotsi. Native, and everywhere cultivated. 



Ordek 114.— URTICACE^. 299 

2 I;, racemdsa Thomas. CwTcElm. Smaller tree, wilh rigid branches ; branchlete 

downy, often with wing-like corlcy ridges ; flowers 2 — 4 in each fascicle, which are 
arranged in racemes. N. H. to Wis., and S. 20— 30f. 

3 U. Floridana Chapm. Tree 30— 40f, with brittle branches, smooth ; Ivs, thick, 

acute ; fruit orbicular, 2— 3'', its teeth broad and erect. W. Fla. 

4 U. alata Mx. Winged Elm. Whahoo. Tree, with its branchlets here and there 

winged with 2 corky ridges; leaves lance-oblong, acute, 1—2^^'; flowers racemed; 
fruit downy all over, with its 2 beaks slender. 111. to Va., and S. 

5 U. fulva L. Red Elm. Slippery Elm. Tree 20— 40f; buds covered with fnlvoua 

down ; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate ; flowers reddish, 7-partcd, sessile ; fruit or- 
bicular. Low grounds. Valued for its very mucilaginous liber. 

6 U. CAMPESTKis. English Elm. A stately tree, 50— 70f, with rigid branches and dense 

foliage; leaves small, ovate; stamens 5 ; fruit nearly orbicular. Europe. 
/3. SUBEROSA. Branchlets with thick corky wings ; stamens mostly 4. Europe. 

7 U. MONTANA. Scotch Elm. Witch Mm. Large tree, with ample obovate, cuspidate 

leaves, rough above, downy beneath ; flowers 5-parted ; frtiit oblong, V. Europe. 

2. PLANERA, Gmel. Fls. $ ^ i. Cal. lobes and sta. 4 or 5. atig. 2, 
oblong, diverging ; ova. 1-celled, fruit 1-seeded, wingless, indehiscent. ^ 
P. aquatica Gm. Tree 30— 40f, elm-like, with small smooth, ovate, acnte, serrate 

leaves and axillary flowers in clusters of 2—5 ; nut roughened. Swamps, S. 

3. CELTIS, Tourn. Kettle Tree. Sugar-berry. Fls. 6^9, the 
S G-pai'ted and the 5 5-parted. Sty. 2, elongated, spreading. Drupe glo- 
bular, f^ f^f Leaves mostly oblique at base. Flowers subsolitary. Fig. 316. 

1 C occid.cnta.lis L. Tree 30— 70f, with wide-spread branches ; Ivs. ovate, subcor- 

date, acuminate, serrate, rough-hairy beneath ; ped. longer than the petiole ; sepals 
triangular-ovate, erect, white ; drupe 3", dark purple. Woods, &c. 

/3. crattaintUa. Leaves cordate, thick, mottled with dark and light green. 

y. inteffrri folia. Leaves smooth, subentire ; bark snn)oth. W. and S. 

2 €. p&linila Ph. A straggling ?iir"b. 3— lOf, with broad-ovate, acute, smooth, ser 

rate leaves ; calyx of G oblong-linear spreading segments, 2". Woods, S. 

4. FIOUS, Tourn. Fig. Banian. Fls. <9 , minute, fixed upon the 
inner surface of a liollow receptacle, s Calyx 3-parted, sta. 3. !i) Calyx 
5-parted, ovary 1, seod 1. Fruit (syconus) comiK)sed of the enlarged, tloshy 
receptacle enclosing the numerous dry, imbedded achenia. Fig. 195. 

1 F. Carica. Common Fig. Leaves cordate, 3-5-lobcd, ropand-dentate, rough and 

downy; flg pear-shaped. From Asia. A shrub in our conservatories, a small tree S. 

2 F. elastica. India-rubber Tree, in tiie greenhouse, with a straight, simple trunk, 

faul very large (8—10'), shining, thick, oblong leaves. E. India. 

3 F. UEniNS. Creeping on walls, iS:c., with ovate, cordate, acute, sen-ate Ivs. K. India. 

4 F. Inuica, the Banian (§ 207), with many trunks, may grow South. 

5. MACLURA, N. Osage Ou.vnge. Flowers ,^ i: , the ,« raeetnoirs, 
calyx 4 parted. $ Flowers in a dense globular head. Calyx 4-sepalled, 
fleshy, fmally embracing the obconic achenium, all ripening into a globu- 
lar porosis, resen\bling an orange. Style terminal. T^ Juice milky. Leaves 
alternate, entire. Ihamiies with sharp spines. Fig. 298. 

M, aiirniUiacu. Lvs. shining, ovateoblonj;, thlckish, pointed: ftuit yellow wt\en 
ripe, lactescent, peiululous. Arkaiisas. IManted for hedges. May. ,luno. 

6. BROUSSONETIA, T/ller P\vi:i; Mri.nKiiuv. Fls. ,t v^ . in amcnts 



300 Order 114.— UETICACE^. 

the 5 cylindiic, tlie 2 globular, style lateral, ovary becoming a fleshy club- 
shaped 1-seeded fr. protruding from the tubular, 3- or 4-toothed calyx. ^ 

B. PAPTRTFERA. Tree with a low bushy head, of rapid growth, with rough and downy 
leaves, ovate or variously lobed ; fruit dark red, hispid. Japan. Fig. 349. 

7. MORUS, Toum. Mulberry. Fls. 8 , in aments, the $ loose, the ? 
dense and spike-like. Cal. 4-parted, sta. 4, sty. 3. Achenium compressed, 
enclosed in the fleshy calyx, the whole spike thus constituting a compound 
berry (sorosis). ^ Leaves alternate, broad, often palmately lobed. Fig. 196. 

1 J?I. rul>ra L. Tree or shrub, 15 — 60f; roots yellow; leaves rough and do^vny, sub- 

cordate, serrate ; fertile spikes cylindric ; fruit dark red, very sweet. 

2 III. AXBA. Chinese M. Shrubs (here), with smooth and shining, cordate, unequally 

serrate leaves ; fruit whitish. Introduced for silkworms. 

3 M. NiGEA. Tree for ornament and shade, from Persia, with rough, ovate or lobed 

leaves ; fertile spikes oval ; fruit reddish-black, acid. 

8. URTICA, Toura. Nettle. Fls. <? , sometimes 5 ? . $ Calyx 4^ 
sepalled. Ovary a cup-shaped rudiment. Sta. 4. 2 Sepals 4, the outer 
pair minute, the inner at length surrounding the shining, compressed 
achenium. Stig. 1, sessile. — Herbs with stinging hairs. Leaves opposite. 
Fls. green, in axillary or subterminal clusters or racemes. Summer. Fig. 503. 

§ Clusters compound, longer than the petioles. Perennials Nos. 1, 3 

§ Clusters simple, shorter, or not longer than the petioles. Annuals Nos. 3, 4 

1 U. procera Willd. Stem tall (3 — 6f ), slightly hispid, with few stings ; leaves lance- 

ovate, 5-veined, nncinate-serrate ; spikes panicled above. Waste places : common. 

2 U. dioica. L. St. 1— 3f, very hispid and stinging ; leaves ovate, deeply serrate, the 

slender point entire ; spikes clustered in the axils. Wastes: common. § 

3 U. iirens L. Low (If), hairy ; Ivs. broadly ovate, coarsely serrate, 5-veLned ; clus- 

ters pedunculate, loose, by pairs in each axil. Waste grounds, E. § 

4 XJ. chamaedrioides Ph. St. 1 — 2f, with scattered bristles ; leaves ovate, crenate- 

serrate ; clusters capitate, 1 or 2 in each axil, spiked above. Ky., and S. 

9. LAPORTEA, Gaudich. Wood Nettle. Fls. in axillaiy panicles, 
the 5 calyx 5-parted, the 2 of 4 sepals, the 2 inner larger. Sta. 5. Stig. 
subulate. Achenium flat, ovate, very oblique. li Hairs stinging. Lvs. 
ample, ovate, petiolate. 

It, Canadensis Gaud. Leaves 3—5', acuminate, serrate ; flowers minute, green, in 
panicles, 1 — 2', the lower sterile. Damp woods. 2 — 6f. 

10. PILEA, Lindl. Richweed, Fls. in dense axillary clusters, the i 
with 3 or 4 sep. and sta. 2 Sepals 3, unequal, oblong. Sta. 3 rudiments. 
Achenia roughened, erect, ovate. ® Smooth, stingless. Stipules united. 

p. puniila Gray. Stem succulent, weak; leaves rhomb-ovate, crenate-serrate, long- 
stalked ; flowers green, in short clusters. Moist shades. 3—18'. July, Aug. 

11. BCEHMERIA, Jacc False ISTettle. $ Calyx 4-pai-ted, with 
lanceolate, acute segments. Jstamens 4. 2 Calyx tubular, truncate, or 4- 
toothed, persistent and closely investing the ovate, pointed achenium. — 
Herbs or shmbs, stingless. Flowers minute. 

B. cylindrica Willd. Erect, ?imple ; leaves generally opposite, on long petioles 



Order 116.— CALLITRICHACEJE. 301 

ovate, acuminate, dentate ; upper spikes interrupted, leafy at lop, sterile, lower 
dense, fertile, u A coarse weed in swamps. 2— Si'. Spikes 1 — 6'. July, August. 
j8. lateriflora has narrower leaves, shorter stalks, all alternate. 

12. PARIETARIA, Tourn, Pellitory. Fls. polygamous, in clus- 
ters, surrounded by a many-bracted involucre. 6 Cal. 4-sepalled. Sta. 4, 
at first incurved, elastically expanding. ? Stigma tufted. Ach. polished, 
enclosed within the persistent, 4-lobed calyx. — Herbs weed-like, with al- 
ternate leaves. Clusters of green flowers axillary. 

1 P, Pennsylvaiiica Mahl. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, veiny, tapering to an obtuss 

point, entire ; involucre longer than the flowers. (5) Rocky shades. 6 — 12'. 

2 P. Floridana N. Leaves round-ovate, obtuse, entire, on long petioles ; flowers 

as long as the involucre. ® Damp sands, S. 10'. (P. debilis Forst. ?) 

13. HUMULUS, L. Hop. Fls. $ ? , the $ panicled, with 5 sep. and 
eta. Anth. with 2 terminal pores. ? Aments with large imbricated, en- 
tire, 1-flowered bracts. Cal. of 1 sepal, investing the achenium. Styles 2. 
Embryo coiled. ^ Twining with the sun. Leaves opposite. Fig. 213. 
H. lupulus L. — Rich alluvion, along streams, and extensively cultivated. Stems 

10— 20f. Leaves cordate, 3-5-lobed, rough, on long stalks. Bitter, narcotic. July. 

14. CANNABIS, Tourn. Hemp. Flowers S ? , the S with 5 sep. and 
sta., in panicles. ? In spikes. Cal. a single spathe-like sepal enfolding the 
2-valved cariopsis. Embryo curved. ® Leaves opposite, digitate. 

C. sativa L.— Fields, waste grounds. Tall, erect, 4— 8f. Leaves petiolate, regularly 
formed of 5— 7 lanceolate-serrate leaflets. Cultivated S-W. June. § 

Order CXV. SAURURACE^. Saururads. 

Uerbs with jointed stems, alternate, entire leaves furnished with stipules. 
Flowers in spikes, perfect, naked, having neither corolla nor calyx. Sta- 
mens definite. Ovaries 3 — 5, more or less united. Fig. 15. 

SAURURUS, L. Lizard-tail. Inflorescence a terminal spike of 1- 
flowcrcd scales. Sta. C, 7, 8 or more. Ovaries 4. Berries 4, 1-sceded. U 
Stem angular. Leaves cordate, acumintite, petiolate. 

S. c^riiuus Willd.— Common in marshes, 1— 2f. Leaves 4— G'. Spikes slender, r**- 
curvcd at the more slender top, its flowers whitish. July, August. 

Order CXVI. CALLITRICHACE.E. SrARwour.^. 

Herbs aquatic, small, with opposite, simple, entire loaves. Floorers axil- 
lary, solilar}', very minute, pt)lygan\ous, aehlaniytleous, with 2 colored 
bracts. Stamen 1, rarely 2; filament slender; anther 1-oelled, 2-valved. 
reniform. Ovarn -l-eelled, 4-lobed ; ovules si^litary. Styhii 2 ; sti<rmas 
simple points. Fnu't l-eelled, 4-seeded, indehiseeut. S(r(/.s' albuminous. 

OAIiLITRICHE, L. Character the same as that of tl\e order, r 
Very delicate. 



302 Order 119.— EMPETRACE^. 

* stems short (6"- 20, spreading on moist grounds. Leaves reniform Nos. 1, 2 

* Stems (3 — 16') growing in water. Fruit sessile.— a; Leaves of two kinds.. .Nos. 3, 4 

— X Leaves all linear No. 5 

1 C. Austinii Eng. Lvs. obovate, 1—2" ; fruit depressed, 4-lobed all around, its pedi- 

cel and stig. nearly as long, lobes narrowly winged. N. J. (Porter), N. Y., and W. 

2 C. peploides N. Lvs. elliptical, 1" ; fruit roundish, 4-lobed above, sessile, its stig- 

mas twice as long, lobes not winged. Tenn. to La. (Hale). 1—2'. 

3 C. verna L. Floating lvs. 3", rosulate, obovate, narrowed below, the submersed 

leaves 6", oblong-linear ; fruit oval, emarginate, longer than its stigmas. Pools. 

4 C. lieteropliylla Ph. Floating leaves spatulate, attenuate below, 4 — 6", the sub- 

mersed linear, 6—9'-'; fruit globous, obcordate, its stigmas rather longer. Pools. 

5 C. autniiiiia.Iis L. Leaves all submersed, 3—5". linear, obtuse at both ends ; fruit 

rounded, its lobes slightly united, winged ; stj-les slender. Lakes and rivers. 

Order CXVII. PODOSTEMIACE^. Theeadfoots. 

Serbs aquatic, with the habit of seaweeds, with alternate, dissected 
leaves, with flowers minute, perfect, naked or with 3 sepals. Stamens 1 or 
many, hypogjTious. Ovarp compound, 2-3-celled, with as many stigmas, 
and numerous ovules. I^?^mt a many-seeded capsule, ribbed and some- 
what pedicelled. Albumen none. 

PODOSTEMUM, L. C. Rich. Threadfoot. River Weed. Fls. 
axillary, solitary. Sta. 2, til. united below. Ovary oblong-ovoid. Stig. 2, 
sessile, recurved. Caps. 2-celled. Seeds minute. — Small, submersed ^, 
adhering to stones and pebbles. 

P, ceratopliyllum ]\Ix. Leaves alternate, repeatedly forking into linear, thread- 
form segments ; stem a few inches long, in running water : common. 

Order CXVIII. CERATOPHYLLACE^. Hornworts. 

Hei^bs aquatic, with whorled, dichotomously dissected leaves. Flowers 
S , sessile, axillary, minute, with neither calyx nor corolla. Involucre 8- 
12-cleft. Anthers (12 — 24) sessile. Fertile flower a simple 1-celled ovary 
with one ovule. Cotyledons 4. 

CERATOPHYLLUM, L. Hornwort. Character that of the order. ^ 

C deraersum L. Stem floating or prostrate, 8 — Ifi', with numerous branches and 
whorls ; leaf-segment filiform, sharply toothed. Pools. 

Order CXIX. EMPETRACE^. Crowberries. 

Heath-like shrubs, with evergreen, linear, exstipulate leaves, and small, 
imperfect ^wers. Calyx of 4 — 6 hypogynous, imbricated scales, the inner 
often colored and petal-like. Stamens 2 — 4, with compound pollen. Ovary 
free, 2-9-celled, 2-9-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, with as many seeds. In Balls 
the drupes are consolidated. 

• Stamens 3. Stigmas 6-9-ra.Ted. Berry 6-9-seeded , Empktrum. 1 

» Stamtns 3. Stigmas 3 or 4. Style slender. Drupe 3- or 4-seeded Corema. 2 

* Stamens 2. Stigmas 4. Berry 2-seeded. Shrub erect ,,.... Ckratiola. 3 

•Stamens 4 Stigma! Berry 4-6eeded. Prostrate Batis. i 



Okder 131.— JUGLANDACEJ5. 303 

1. EMPETRUM, Tourn. Crowbeiiiiy. Fls. $ 5 . Perianth consist- 
ing of 2 series of scales, the 3 inner petaloid. $ Sta. 3, anth. pendulous on 
long filaments. $ Stig. subsessile, 6-9-rayed. Drupe globular, with 6 — 9 
seed-like nutlets. 5 Alpine. 

E. nigrum L. A small prostrate shrub,! — 4f; branches closely beset with oblorig- 
linear leaves with rolled edges, 2—3" ; berries black, eatable. High mountains of 
N. Eng., N. Y. May, June. 

2. OOREMA, Don. Perianth of 5 or 6 bractlets, the 3 inner scpaloid. 
$ Sta. 3, exserted. ? Ovary 3- or 4-celled. Style filiform, 3- or 4-cleft, 

with narrow stigmas. Drupe globular, minute, with 3 or 4 seeds. 5 

C Conradii Torr. Shrublets difFiisely branched, 6—12^, with narrowly linear leaves, 
2—3"; flowers in terminal clusters, with brownish scales and purple stamens. 
Sandy barrens, N. J, and N-E., forming blackish tufts. April. 

3. CERATIOLA, Mx. Sand-hill Rosemaky. Fls. 8 , of 6—8 imbri- 
cated, concave, fimbriate scales, the 2 or 4 inner membranous. $ Sta. 2, 
exserted, anth. 2-celled, roundish. $ Ovary 2-celled. Style short. Stig. 
4 or 6, spreading, toothed. Drupe 2-seeded. +> Branches whorled, erect. 
C. erlcoides Mx.— Sandy places, Ga., Fla. 3— 6f. Leaves whorled, crowded, linear- 
terete, 5—6". Flowers reddish, followed by yellowish drupes. March, April. 

4. BATIS, P. Br. Fls. $ $, in cone-like spikes. $ Calyx of 2 unequal, 
united sepals. Pet. 4, clawed. Sta. 4, anthers introrse, exserted. $ A 
mass of 4-celled ovaries onlj^ becoming a sorosis of 4-seeded drupes. ^ 

B. maritiina L,.— Salt marshes, Fla. Stems prostrate, 2— 3f; leaves club-shaped 
fleshy, 1'. Spikes 5", fleshy. Petals white. June— September. 

Order CXX. PLATANACE^. Sycamores. 

Trees with a watery juice, alternate, palmate leaves, and sheathing, sou- 
rious stipules. Flowers monoecious, in globular aments, destitute of both 
calyx and corolla. Sterile. — Stamens single, with only small scales inter- 
mixed. Anthers 2-celled, linear. Fertile. — Omrt/ teruiinatcd by a thick 
style with one side stigmatic. ]\^ut clavatc, tipped with the persistent, re- 
curved style. Seed solitary, albuminous. Fig. 288. 

PliATANUS, L. Plane Tree. Button "Wood. SYCA^rouK. Ch:u - 
nctcr of the genus the same as that of the order. The o and ^ tlowers 
in separate aments. 
P. occIdciitaliM L. Tree in hard, gravelly soil. .'H) -vSOf The trunk grows to gre.Ht 

si/0, and hollow ; bark whitish ; loaves large, augiihniy lohed and tiuMlied ; stii>iilos 

oblique ; balls pendulous, solitary. lilay. 

Order CXXI. JUGLANDAC^K.K. Wai.mts. 

Trees ^y'\[\l alternate, pinnate, exstipulate lfar<'s and momveiousy^>»r<»r5. 
Sterile JUxcers in aments, with an irregular perianth. Fvrtih-, solitniy or 
clustered. ? Oali/.v. regular, 3-5-lobed, tube adherent to the partly 3-4- 
cellcd ovary. Fruit a tryma (§ 157). with a fibrous ei>iearp {shuck) and a 



304 OiiDEii 122.— CUPULIFER^E. 

bony endocarp {shell). Seed large, ortliotropous, exalbuminous, with lobed, 
often sinuous, oily cotyledons. 

• Sterile aments solitary, simple. Epicarp persistent on the ^rynia Juglans. 1 

* Sterile aments clustered, lateral. Epicarp 4- valved and separating Carta. 2 

1. JUGLANS, L. Walnut. 6 Fl. a calyx, scale-like. 5- or 6-parted, 
with about 20 stamens. ? Fls. terminal, 4-parted, with 4 greenish petals 
and 2 fringed stigmas. Tryma with a spongy epicarp closely investing 
the veiy rough endocarp. ^ Leaflets many. Pith in transverse plates. 

1 J, cinerea L. White W. Butternut. Tree 40— 50f, with a large but short trunk, 

and wide- spread branches ; leaflets 15—17, lanceolate ; fruit oblong-ovate, viscid- 
hairy. Good for its fruit and handsome wood. April, May. 

2 J. nigra L. Black W. Tree 60— 90f, with a long, straight trunk; leaflets 1.5—21, 

lance-ovate, subcordate ; fruit globous, glabrous, uneven, the kernel edible. The 
wood is dark-purple, used in cabinet-work. April, May. 

3 J. EEGiA, from Persia, but called English walnut, has 7—11 leaflets, and a smooth- 
ish endocarp (sheU) with a rich kernel. Earely cultivated. 

2. CARYA, K. Hickory. $ Calyx scale-like, 3-parted, with 4 — 6 
stamens. 2 Calyx 4-cleft, no petals. Stig. 2-lobed, lobes bifid. Epicarp 
4-valved, disclosing a smooth, even nut. ^ Timber very sti'ong. Leaves 
and both kinds of flowers from same bud, in March — May. 

§ Leaflets 13—15, scythe-shaped. Nut oblong, thin-shelled, very sweet No. 1 

§ Leaflets 7—11. Nut with a tender shell and very bitter kernel .Nos. 2, 3 

§ Leaflets 5—9. Nut roundish, hard-shelled, sweet and eatable.. .(*) 

* Valves of the epicarp distinct to the base. Bark with loose plates Nos. 4, 5 

* Valves of the epicarp united below. Bark continuous, firm Nos. 6—8 

1 C. olivaeformis N. Pecan Nut. Tree 60— 90f; leaflets falcate, 5—6'; i aments 

separate to base ; nut with its kernel loose in the thin, oblong shell. River bottoms, 
Ind., m., and S. Bark at length shaggy. 

2 C. amara N. Bitter Nut. Tree 20 — 40f ; leaflets about 9, ovate-oblong, sharply 

serrate ; fi'uit roundish, valves half-united ; nut white. Moist. 

3 C. aquatica N. Tree 30— 40f ; leaflets about 11, lanceolate, oblique, subentire ; 

fruit pedunculate, ovate, with a thin, reddish shell. Swamps, S. 

4 C. alba N. Shagbark. Tree 40— 50f, with a rough, shaggy bark ; leaflets 5, the two 

lower much smaller ; fruit and nut roundish, squarish, with a thin £hell and very 
sweet meat : common. Fruit and timber excellent. 

5 C. sulcata N. TMck-shellbark. Tree 40— 80f, with shaggy bark ; leaflets 7 or 9, the 

odd one subsessile ; fruit large, oval, 4-furrowed ; nut pointed at each end, 1^ — 2' 
long, with thick shell. Common West. 

6 C. tomentosa N. Mocker Nut. Tree 40— 60f ; bark ragged, but not shaggy ; leaf- 

lets 7—9, odd one stalked, all and the petiole rough-downy ; aments hairy ; nut with 
a very thick shell and small kernel. 

7 C. porcina N. Pignut. Tree 60— lOOf ; leaflets 5 or 7, nearly glabrous ; fruit ovate 

to pyriform, with a bitterish kernel : common. (C. glabra Torr.) 

8 C. microcarpa N. Tree 60— 80f ; leaflets 5 or 7, glabrous ; amenta glabrous ; fruit 

roundish-ovoid, as small as a nutmeg. Woods, N. Y., and S. 

Order CXXII. CUPULLFER^. Mastworts. 

Trees or shrubs. Lecmes alternate, simple, straight-veined, with decidu- 
ous stipules. Flowen 8 , the sterile in aments which are racemed or capi- 



Order 123.— CUPULIFER^. 305 

tate. S Calyx scale-like or regular, with 5 — 20 stamens inserted at its 
base. ? Calyx adherent to the 2-3-celled, 2-6-ovuled ovary. Fruit a 1- 
celled, 1-seeded nut, solitary or several together, invested by an inwlucre 
which forms a scaly or echinate cupule. 8eed destitute of albumen, filled 
by the embryo with its large cotyledons. Figs. 1-4, 182, 256, 277, 218-22, 
83S-40, 381, 386, 435, 507, 511. 

§ sterile flowers in aments, fertile, solitary, or few together. . .(*) 

* Involucre of many scales, valveless, cup-like, partly enclosing the 1 nut Qctercus. 1 

* Involucre of prickly scales, 4-valved, enclosing 2 or 3 nuts Castanea. 2 

* Involucre of soft, prickly scales, 4-valved, enclosing 2 nuts Fagus. 3 

* Involucre of 2 or 3 large, lacerated, united scales, valveless, with 1—2 nuts Cortlus. 4 

§ Sterile flowers and fertile, both kinds in pendulous aments... (*) 

* Involucre scales in pairs, with their edges united, inflated Ostrya. 5 

* Involucre scales in pairs, distinct, 3-lobed, becoming leaf-like Carpixcs. 6 

1. QUERCUS, L. Oak. $ Fls. in loose aments. Calyx mostly 5- 
cleft, Sta. 5 — 10. ? Fls. in clusters or scattered. Ov. 3-celled, 6-ovuled 
(Fig. 162), with 3 stig,, but in fruit a 1-seeded nut (acorn) seated in a scaly 
cup or involucre. ^ o ^ noble genus. In many oaks the fruit is (g), that 
is, 2 years in ripening, known by its occupjang the old wood below the 
leaves of the season. 

§ Leaves mostly entire, the ends subeqiial, petioles very short.. .(*) 

* Peduncle longer than the oblong acorn. Leaves evergreen. Fruit (i) No 1 

* PednndL' shorter than the acorn. Fruit (g).— x Lvs. downy beneath. . .Nos. 2, 3 

—X Lvs. smooth both sides... No. 4 

§ Leaves 3-lobed and dilated above, awnless when mature. Fruit © Nos. 5, 6 

§ Leaves .3-9-l()bed or pinnatifld, broad, lobes setaceoushj awned. Fruit ©...(*) 

* Lvs. at base cuneate, short-pet., 3- or 5-lobed. Shrubs or small trees. .Nos. 7— S 

* Leaves at base abrupt or truncate, mostly long-petiolod, 7-9-lobod.. .{a) 

a Nut one-third immersed in the saucer-shaped, tine-scaled cup... Nos. 10, 11 
a Nut near lialf immersed in the liemispherical, coarse-scaled cup. . .{b) 

b Leaves cinereous-downy beneath, acorn also downy No. 1*2 

b Leaves (except when young) glabrous both sides Nos. 13, 14 

§ Lvs. 5-9-lobed, divisions obtuse, never bristle-awned. Fr. (T), sessile. ..Nos. 15 — 18 
§ Lvs. 9-25-toothed, downy beneath, awnless. Acorn (i), sweet, eatable.. .Nos. 19. '20 

1 CJt. virens Ait. Live Oak. Tree 40— HOf, often nauch smaller, very valuable for tim- 

ber ; leaves small, firm, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, downy and pale beneath, rarely a few 
sharp tcetli ; nut oblong-i)bovoiil ; ped. V. Va., and S. 

2 <l. ciiirrea Pli. Upland ^ylllow 0. Shrub4— SOt"; lvs. as in No. 1, but more downy 

beneath ; nut roundish, in a saucer-shaped cup. I?arrons, Va. to Fhi. 

3 Q. iitil>i-i4-uria Mx. Laurd 0. ,S/ii/ujlr 0. (Fig. ;«i8.) Tree beautiful, JO— ^Of. with 

dense dark-green foliage; lvs. 3— 5', lance-oblong, wavy, shining above; nut rouiul- 
ish, in a shallow cup. Common W. and S. Makes poor shingles. 

4 CI. Plicllos r,. ]]'inow 0. Tree 3t>— COf, with poor timber; lvs. linear-laneeolrtte. 

entire, 3-1', glabrous; acorn roundish. O", in a shallow cup. borders of swamps. 
N. J. to Ky. and Fla. Young shoots with toothed loaves. 
(S. Innri folio. A large handson\e tree ; lvs. 3—5'. often with a ftnv tooth. S. t 

6 Q. aquatii'a M\-. Water 0. Tree 20-40f. of rounded foruj and dense, shinlm; 
foliage; leaves wedge-obovato. entire or obscurely 3-lobod above, .sttouuato to bano, 
Bhort-petioled ; nut roundovoid. Swamps, i\ld. to Fla.. and oullivatoil. 

6 CI. iiljiTtt L. niack-JacK. Ihirrcn 0. livn O. Tree small and gnarlod. with djirk 
massy loliage ; leaves short -pel ioled. wedge-form. luv^stly with '\ sulvqual rxMindru 
lobes at apex, subeordate at base, rust downy beneatli \. V.. W. and S. 



306 Order 122.— CUPULIFER^. 

7 Q. triloba Mx. Downy Black- Jack. Tree of rapid growth, 20 — 30f; leaves oblong- 

cuneiform, acute at base, rusty-tomentous beneath ; lobes at apex often toothed, 
bristle-pointed ; nut depressed. Barrens, N. J. to Fla. 

8 Q. Clatesbaei Mx. Turkey 0. Tree 20 — 25f; leaves large, very irregular, glabrous, 

cuneate at base, lobes deep, narrow, with bristle-pointed, divaricate teeth ; cup large, 
half covering the ovoid, mealy nut. Barrens, South. 

9 Q. ilieifelia Wang. Scrub 0. Bear 0. Shrub 3— 7f, straggling ; Ivs. petiolate, obo- 

vate, angularly 5-(3-7-)lobed, 3—4', whitish-downy beneath ; acorn small (5—6"), cup 
very shallow. Barren tracts : common. Animals feed on the acorns. 
/3. Georg-ihne^ Leaves smaller and smoother, of the same form, on Stone Mt. 1 

1 Q.. rubra L. Bed 0. Tree 5i)— 70f, wide and high ; leaves long-stalked, glabrous , 
sinuses rounded, shallow, lobes 7—9, with bristle-pointed teeth ; acorn 1', ellipsoid, 
i immersed in the shallow cup. Wood reddish, coarse : common. 

11 Q.. pali;,stris Mx. Fin 0. (Figs. 1-4.) Sinuses deep and broad, lobes oftener 5, 
petioles long (1—2'), toothed as in Q. rubra; acorns 7—8''' ; nut i immersed in the 
cup. Tree GO— SOf, with a light open foliage, in wet, cool soils. 

12 Q.. falcata L. Spanish 0. Tree60— 70f; Ivs. long-stalked, obtuse at base, ashy- 
tomentous beneath, lobes 5—7, narrow, simple or toothed, more or le^s falcate ; acorn 
globular, 4—5", in a shallow snbsessile cup. Va. to Fla. 

13 C|. coccinea Wang. Scarlet 0. Trees very large (SOf) ; Ivs. much like Q. rubra, 
but clianging to scarlet in Autumn, while that becomes red-brown ; acorn 7— 8^', nut 
\ — f immersed in the cup. In young shoots the leaves almost lose their lobes and 
teeth, but keep their bristles. Not rare. 

(3. tinctorea. Black 0. Leaves oftener obovate in outline ; bark black and bitter. 

1 4 Q. liCana N. Lea's 0. Leaves oblong, blunt at base, margin with a few angular, 
very irregular lobes : acorn roundish, in a hemispherical cup. Rare. Ohio (Clark), 
111. (Wolf). A hybrid ? but very constant. 

1 5 Q. alba L. White 0. (Fig. 339.) Lvs. short-petioled, acute at base, oblong, sinu- 
ate-pinnatifid, lobes subequal, obtuse ; acorn sessile ; nut oblong-ovoid, i immersed 
in the tubercled cup. Timber very useful. 

16 Q.. obtusiloba Mx. Iron 0. Post 0. Tree middle size, wide-spreading ; leaves 
cuneiform at base, downy beneath, deeply sinuate, the 3 upper lobes dilated, each 2- 
lobed ; nut oval, half immersed, sweet. Timber good. 

17 Q,. macrocskrpa Mx. Moss-cup 0. (Figs. .310, 4-35.) Leaves deeply and lyrately 
sinuate-lobed (most deeply in the middle) ; cup very deep, fringed with the pointed 
scales, nut f or more immersed, V. Common. W. and S. 

18 Q,. lyrataWalt. Over-cup 0. Tree large ; leaves acute at base, whitish beneath, 
with 7—9 triangular acute lobes ; cup rugged with the scales, nearly or quite inclu- 
ding the round nut. Swamps, S. 

19 Q,. bicolor Willd. Swamj) White 0. Tree handsome, 70f; leaves obovate, acute 
and entire at base, white-downy beneath, with 9 or more obtuse teeth or lobes ; 
acorns in pairs on long (1—2') peduncles. Low woods. 

20 Q,. Priiius L. Swamp Chestnut 0. Tree 50— 70f, with large (!') sweet acorns; 
leaves 4—7', obovate, crenate-undulate, downy beneath, with straight, strong veins ; 
fruit ped. shorter than the petioles ; nut i immersed. (Q. monticola.) 

/3. acuminata, Lea^ es oblanceolate, pointed, teeth sharp ; fx'uit subeessile. 
y. prinoitSes, Shrub 3 — 4f ; fruit crowded, sessile ; leaves small. 

2. OASTANEA, Tourn. Chestnut. Sterile flowers in long, slender 
amcnts, fertile fls. few, 3 together, in an involucre. Cal. 6-lobed or parted. 
Sta. 8 — 20. ? Ovary 3-6-celled, with as many stigmas. Fr. a prickly in- 
volucre (bun), 4-valved, enclosing 1 — 8 coriaceous 1-seedei nuts. ^:5 
Leaves acuminate, expanding before the flowers. Fig. 381. 
1 C vcsca L. Tree 50— SOf, with a large straight trunk. Lvs. 6— 9^ long, lacce-obit-ns, 



Order 123.— BETULACE^. 307 

serrate, smooth ; nuts mostly 2 or 3 together ; aments 6—9', yellowish, in July, the 
brown nuts ripe in October. In woods. 
2 C. pitmlla Mx. Cliinquainn. Shrub 6— 12f, much branched ; leaves obovate to 
oblong-ovate, downy beneath ; nut solitary. N. J., W. and S. 

3. FAGUS. Tourn. Beech. Sterile flowers in capitate aments, sus- 
pended by a slender peduncle, fertile 2 within an involucre. Calyx 5- or 
6 cleft or lobed. Stam. 5 — 12. ? Ovary 3-celled with 3 stigmas. Fruit 
a pair of l-seeded, sharply 3-angled nuts in a prickly involucre. ^ Leaves 
plicate in bud. May. Figs. 182, 256, B. 

1 F. ferruginea Ait. Tree 50— 80f, with a smoothish ash-colored bark ; hs. ovato 

to oval, short-petioled, pointed, regularly and remotely toothed, hairy when young. 
Timber fine-grained. Hardly distinct from 

2 F. SYLVATicA, the European Beech, which has broader leaves, and is occasionally 

cultivated, especially the variety \\\i\\. purple leaves. 

4. CORYLUS, Tourn. Hazel-nut. Sterile flowers* in a cylindrical 
ament, fertile flowers in a capitate one. Calyx represented by 2 scales in 
the axil of a bract. Stam. 8, with half-anthers. $ Ovaiy adherent, 2- 
ovuled, 2-styled. Nut bony, roundish, l-seeded, enclosed in a many-cleft 
involucre. ^ Leaves acuminate, expanding after the flowers. May. 

1 C. Americana Walt. ShrubS- lOf; leaves roundish, cordate ; involucre bell-form, 

much wider than the nut, coarsely toothed. Thickets : common. 

2 C. rostrata Ait. Shrub 3— 6f; leaves ovate to oval ; involucre bottle-shaped, longer 

than the nut, 2-parted, with toothed segments. Thickets. 

3 C, AvELLANA. Filbert. Shrub.S- lOf; leaves as in No. 1 ; involucre not larger than 

the large rounded nut. From Europe, rarely cultivated. 
/ 

5. OSTRYA, Miclil. Lever-wood. Hop Hornbeam, s Amenta 

cylindrical, hairy. Calyx a scale, with 8 1-celled bearded anthers. $ 
Aments loose, flowers in pairs under each deciduous scale ; ovary with 2 
stigmas, enclosed in a sac (involucre), which in the hop-like fruit is inflated, 
ovoid, and much larger than the nut. ^ Wood very hard and strong. 

O. Vlrginica Willd. Small tree 20— 30f; leaves elliptical, acuminate, serrate; buds 
acute ; fertile ament oblong, pendulous, 2'. Woods. April, May. 

6. CARPINUS, L. Hornbeam. Iron-wood. ^5 Aments long, cylin- 
dric. Calyx a roundish ciliate scale, with 8 — 14 stamens, slightly boarded 

$ Aments loose, with large oblong 'S-lobi'd bnwL^, each 1-o-flowered. Calyx 
G-toothed. Stigmas 2. Nut ribbed. ^^ Ai>ril, May. 

C. Aiiiei'Icuna L. Tree email, 12— 20f; loaves ovato-ohlnng. acumiiialo. sornito ; 
bracts of the fertile aments bocouiing leaf-like, 1' long. In woods. 

Order CXXHL BETULACE.K. r.iuruNViurrs. 

Trees or ttlinibs with bark in thin layers, l<i(irs alteniate, simplo. straight- 
vehied, and with deciduous tttipulcn. Floircrs s , 'A together, in the axil of 
each 3-lobed bract of the ament. Caft/.r 0. ,<: Sl<iiii<n.< distinct, detinite. 
Anthers 2-eelltHl. s: Oran/ 2-celled, 2-ovuleil, becoming in fruit a thin, 1- 
celled, l-seeded nut. Figs. 1 ();?-!, 2S;s 2i)(5. ;5''>:. ;>1'J. VM 



308 (^RDER 124.— MYEICACE^. 

1. BETULA, Tourn. Birch. ^ Fls. in clustered, drooping, slender 
aments, bracts peltate, deeply 3-parted. Calyx a scale, sta. 4. ? Amenta 
oblong-ovoid, bracts 3-lobed, 3-flowered. Calyx 0. Ovary tipped with 2 
styles. Nut flattened, winged. 5 +> Buds sessile. Flowers yellow, pre- 
cocious, in Spring. Figs. 163-4, 437. 

* Trees with a yellowish bark, smoothish leaves, and short, erect, ? aments No. 1 

* Trees with a reddish-brown bark and ovate-obloug, suberect, s aments Nos, 2, 3 

* Trees with a white bark, long-stalked leaves, and drooping ? aments Nos. 4, 5 

* Shrubs with brownish bark, roundish leaves, and short, erect, ? aments Nos. 6, 7 

1 B. liitea Mx./. Yellow B. A forest tree 40— 80f, known at sight by its silver-yel- 

low bark ; leaves ovate, deeply and doubly serrate ; i aments 2 — 4', drooping, the ? 
ovoid-oblong, 1', erect. Can. to N. Car. (B. excelsa C-B. not of Ait. ?) 

2 B. lenta L. Blade, Sweet, or Cherry B. A noble tree, about 60f; Ivs. cordate-oval, 

acuminate, sharply serrulate ; 5 aments 3 — 4', ? aments erect, pedunculate, much 
shorter. Woods, Can. to Ga. Timber rose-colored. Cambium (§ 418) sweet and spicy. 

3 B. nigra Ait. 'Eed B. Tree 30— 50f, the bark loose and torn ; leaves rhomb-ovate, 

acute both ends, repand and serrulate, small, petioles hairy ; $ aments 2—3', droop- 
ing, ? oval, sessile, erect, 6". Swamps, Mass. to Fla. Twigs very slender. 

4 B. popiilifolia Ait. White B. Tree 30— 40f, trunk white, twigs brown ; leaves 

deltoid (Fig. 307), lobed and serrulate, acuminate. Thickets, Me. to Pa. 
a B. papyracea Ait. Paper, or Canoe B. Tree 50 — 70f, trunk white, branches brown ; 
Ivs. ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate ; ? aments V long. Mt. woods, Can. to Pa. 
/3. minor. Shrub 6 — 9f, with smaller and merely acute leaves. White Mountains. 

6 B. pumila L. Dwarf B. Shrub 2— 7f, branches (not glandular) and young leaves 

downy ; Ivs. rounded to obovate, serrate, 6 — 16". Swamps, Ct. to Pa. (Prof. Porter). 

7 B. glanduIo.sa Mx. Shrub 1 — 4f, upright, branches glabrous, dotted with wart 

like glands ; leaves round-obovate, glabrous, crenate, 9". Mts., N. and N-W. 
/3. roiundifblia, Shrublet prostrate, 6—12' ; Ivs. orbic. White Mts. (B. nana C-B.) 

2. ALNUSj Tourn. Alder. $ Flowers in cylindric, drooping aments, 
bracts peltate, with 5 scales and several flowers beneath. Cali/x 4:-parted, 
sta. 4, anth. 2-celled. 5 Aments ovoid, bracts cuneate, truncate, thick, 
2-flowered. Calyx of 4 scales, persistent. ^ J) Buds peduncled. 

* Fls. developed before the Ivs. in early Spring. Frait almost wingless .... .Nos. 1, 2 

* Fls. developed with or after the leaves. Fruit winged, No. 3, wingless, No. 4 

1 A. inca,iia Willd. Speckled, or Black A. Stems 8— 20f ; leaves obtuse at base, br6ad 

oval or ovate, sharp-serrate and some lobed, glaucous-downy beneath ; stipules lance- 
oblong. Thickets by streams, N. Eng. to Wis. and Can. 

2 A. serrulata Ait. Smooth A. Stems in clumps, straightish, 10— 15f ; Ivs. obovate, 

pointed, doubly serrulate, smooth ; stipules elliptical, obtuse. Swamps. 

3 A, viridis DC. 31ountain A. Shrub 3^f; Ivs. oval, acute, clammy; stip. broad- 

ovate ; fertile aments on long stalks, oval. Streams in mountains, northward. 

4 A. tuaritima Muhl. Tree 20f; leaves glabrous, ovate to obovate, cuneate, serru- 

late ; fertile aments ovoid-oblong, 1'. River banks, Del., and S. 

Order CXXIY. MYRICACE^. Galeworts. 

8hruhs with alternate, resinous-dotted, often fragrant leaves, with the 
flowers monoecious or clicecious, both kinds in scaly aments, and destitute 
of corolla or calyx, S Stamens 2 — 8. ? Ovary 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule. 
Stig. filiform. Fr. dry or drupaceous, indehiscent. Seed y^\i\i no albumen. 



OiiDER 125.— SALICACE^. 309 

1. MYRIOA, L. Candlebeiiky Myrtle. Fls. 5 ? , the $ in cylin- 
drical aments ; anth. 4 — 10 in each scale, large, 2-celled. ? Aments ovoid, 
ovary 1 to each bract, in a cup of 3 — 5 scales, stigmas 1 — 4, spreading. 
Drupes covered with wax or resinous dots. 5 leaves undivided. 

* Stigmas 2 or 4. Fruit small (1—3"), ovoid Nos. 1—3 

*■ * Stigma solitary. Fruit large (6"), oblong. (Leitneria, Chapm.) No. 4 

1 M. cerifera L. Bayberry. Shrub 3— 4f; Ivs. 1—2', oblong to oblanceolate, entire 

or a few remote teeth above ; stam. about 6 ; aments 6 — 9" ; drupe oval, 2", covered 
with white wax (bayberry tallow). Coasts, Can. to Fla. 

|8. Carolinhisift, Lvs. large (3 — 5'), evergreen, tapering to the petiole. M. atd S. 

7. phmila. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, acute at each end. 1 — 3f. S. 

2 ITI. Gale L. Sweet Gale. Shrub 3— 4f ; leaves wedge-oblong, obtuse and serrulate 

at apex, 1— li' ; aments 4—8" ; nuts crowded., 1", reddish. Shores. 

3 M. inodora Bartr. Shrub 6— 16f, with whitish bark; lvs. thick, evergreen, 1—2', 

oblong, obtuse, entire, with rolled edges ; drupe 3", ovoid., black. Fla. 

4 OTC. Floridana (Chapm.) Shrub 2— 6f, with brown bark ; lvs. oblanceolate, acute, 

entire, long-stalked, deciduous ; drupe oblong^ greenish., 'i''. Mid. Fla. ! 

2. COMPTONIA, Sol. Sweet Fern. Fls. 8, the 5 in cylindric 
aments, with reniform pointed bracts and 3 — 6 stamens. ? Aments glo- 
bular. Ovary surrounded by 6 linear scales longer than the bracts. Nut 
ovoid. 5 Leaves pinnatifid, narrow, fern-like, stipulate. 

C. asplenifolla Ait.— Dry hills, Can. to Va. Shrub 2f, with brown twigs, the very 
fragrant leaves 3—5' long, with 20—30 wing-like lobes. Stipules pointed. 

Order CXXV. SALICACEtE. Willow-worts. 

Trees or shriihs with alternate, simple leaves and deciduous or persistent 
stipules. Flowers $ $ , both kinds in aments, one under each bract of the 
ament. Calyx none or cup-form and entire. Omnj 1-2-cclled, with 2 short 
styles. Fruit a capsule, 2-valved, 00-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of haira 
coma) and no albumen. Figs. 17-20, 200, 287. 

1. SALIX, Tourn. Willow. Osier. Aments cylindric, bracts imbri- 
cated, entire, 1-flowered, no calyx, but a little nectariferous gland instead. 
<S Sta. 2 — 7. $ Ovaiy ovoid-acuminatc, stigmas 2, short. Caps. 1-celled, 
the valves revolute wdicn open. Seeds oo. 't>hb Branches mostly long 
and slender. Leaves mostl}^ narrow and pointed, and with stipules. Nos. 
4, 10, and 21 are used in basket-making. 

§ Stamens 3—10. Amonts with the leaves, scales green-yellow, caducous Xos. 1—3 

g Stamens 2, the filaments united. Aments precocious, scales black No. 4 

§ Stamens 2, rarely 3 (1 in No. i;)1, the filaments distinct.. .(,*) 

* Scales yellow-green. Am. iv'tth the lvs.— (r 0\. snbsessile, irlnbrous. Trees... .5— 7 

-a (.^varies stalked. Shiubs Nos. S, 9 

* Scales of the ? aments brownish or blackish, persistent. . .^ft) 

t Ovaries and pods sessile. Shrubs Nos. 10, 11 

b Ovaries and pods stalked, and glabrous. Amonts wi'h the lvs Nos. 11, 13 

b Ovaries and pods stalked, and downy or silky., .(c) 

c Aments jippearing with the leaves. Shrubs Nos. 14—16 

c Ani'Mits appearing before the subenf ire hairy loaves No*. 17—19 

C Am. before the serrate, smootli or downv lomr petioled Iru Nos. 90. U 



310 Order 125.— SALICACE^. 

1 S. lucida Muhl. Shining W. Tree small, handsome, 5— 15f; branches green ; IvB. 

smooth and shining, lance-ovate, acuminate with a long point ; stip. serrate ; stam. 
mostly 5. Along streams, especially northward and northwest. Often cultivated. 

2 S. PENTANDEA. Bay W. Tree 20— 40f, very elegant, in shrubberies ; Ivs. lance -ovate, 

cuspidate-pointed, shining ; twigs reddened ; aments yellow ; sta. 5 + . Europe. 

3 S. nigra Marshall. Black W. Shrub 10— 20f ; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate to 

both ends ; stip. small, caducous ; branches pale yellow; stamens 3— 5. Common. 

4 S. purpurea L. Shrub 6— lOf, with long, slender, olive-colored tmgs ; leaves very 

Fmooth, oblanceolate ; 1 filament with 2 anthers. Low grounds, t 

5 8. fragilis L. Crack W. Bedford W. Trees tall (60— SOf ), of quick growth, with 

greenish divergent twigs brittle at base (like many other species) ; leaves lanceolate ; 
stipules cadacctis ; stamens 2, rarely 3. Often planted in parks. § Europe. 

|8. tieitpiens, A smaller tree, with red polished twigs and upper leaves obovate. 

y. Ilusselliana^ has long-pointed, serrate, bright Ivs. with conspicuous stipules. 

6 S. alba L. White W. Yellow W. Large trees, with straight branches and yellowisl 

tough twigs ; Ivs. lanceolate with a straight point, and silky-whitish, especially be 
neath ; stigmas subsessile, 2-lobed. Common, of rapid growth. § 

^. vitellina^ has shining, yellow branches, with narrower leaves. 

y. coerulea, leaves bluish, nearly or quite smooth beneath. By rivers. 

7 S. Baeylcnica L. Weeping W. Tree of large size, with long, slender, pendent 

branches ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; stipules roundish ; $ aments 1—2' long, 
the $ unkn(.wn in U. S.— 13. annularis, leaves curled into a ring. Not drooping. 

8 S. longifolia Muhl. Shrub difluse, a— lOf, with wnitish twigs; Ivs. long, linear, 

pointed both ways, remotely toothed, hairy. River banks, N. Eng., and W. 

9 S. myrtilloides L. Shrub low, erect, glabrous ; Ivs. elliptic-oblong, entire, acuta 

or obtuse. Mountain bogs, N. and N-W. (S. pedicellaris Ph.) 

10 S, viminiiJis L. Basket Onier. Stems long, straight, slender, 10— 12f; Ivs. lanc*.- 
linear, long, pointed, silky-canescent beneath ; aments precocio^^s. Wet. 

11 S. herbacea L. Arctic W. Low, creeping, 1—2' high ; Ivs. round-oval, cordate, 
sei-rate, glabrous ; aments few-flowered, terminal. Summits of White Mountains. 

12 S. cordata Muhl. Shrub 6— 8f. with smooth, green branches ; Ivs. lance-oblong, 
cordate, acuminate, smooth ; stipules large, serrate. Wet grounds. 

/3. inpricoides. Leaves not cordate, with 2 glands at base, glaucous beneath. 
•/. an(fustata» Leaves lanceol.ite, acute at base ; stipules much smaller. 

1 3 JS- Ciitleri Tuckm. Low. prostrate; Ivs. elliptic lo obovate, shining above; sta 
men single ; aments pedunculate, dense. White Mountains. (S. uva-urs^i C-B.) 

14 S. vagans, ^. rostrei'a (Anders^sonl. Shrub 3 — 12f, with straight, erect, yellowish 
branches ; leaves lance-ovate to lance-obovate, acute, subentire, glaucous-downy be- 
neath ; Slip, toothed ; fertile aments becoming long and loose; ovaries long-pointed 
{rostrate). Dry grounds, Penn., N. and W. (S. livida Wahl.) 

1 5 S. argyrocarpa Aud. Shrub low, creeping ; leaves lance-oblong or -linear, clau- 
cous beneath with appressed silvery hairs ; pod short-conical, silvery-silky, style 
slender. White Mountains. Young plants all silvery. (S. repens C-B.) 

1 6 S, cliloropliylla And. Shrub low, spreading ; Ivs. glabrous, glaucous beneath ; 
lanceolate to oblanceolate, subentire ; fruit very short-stalked : style very long, stigma 
entire ; stipule? 0. White Mountains, and N. (S. phjiicifolia C-B.) 

17 S. trislis Ait. Sage W. Small downy shrub with a profusion of small naked 
aments ; leaves lance-linear to oblanceolate ; stipules minute, caducous. Dry fields. 

1 8 S. liiiuiilis Marsh. Shrub 4— 8f, with brown twigs ; Ivs. oblanceolate ; stip. lunate, 
subdentate, shorter than the distinct petioles. Dry. (S. Muhlenbergiiiana Barr.) 

19 S. Candida Willd. Shrub 4— 6f, handsome, all whitish ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
very long ; stipules lanceolate, as long as the petioles. In damp woods. Common. 

20 S. discolor Muhl. Sbrub7— lof; branches greenish-brown ; leaves lance-oblong 
remotely toothed, glaucous beneath ; stipules lunate, toothed or entire : ov. conical, 
densely silky; siig';n(Wto?2(7, linear. Swamps. (S. eriocephalns Mx.) 



OiiDETi li'G.— CYCADACEiE. 311 

21 S. petiolaris Sm. Shrub 4— 15f, twigs long, slender, tongh, purplish or yellow- 
ish; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, emooth, glaucous beneath ; stipules lunate, dentate; ova- 
ries ovoid, densely silky, stigmas very short. Sandy banks of streams. 
/3. sericea, Lvs, grayish-silky benealh ; stigma sessile ; stipules deciduous. 

2. POPULUS, Toura. Poplar. Aspen. Aments cylindric, scal-es 
lacerate-fringed. Cal. an oblique, disk-like cup, its margin entire, s Sta. 
8 — 30. 5 Ova. free, stig. very large, 2-lobed. Caps. 2-valved, 2-celled. ^ 
Large trees, with soft, light wood. Leaves broad, on long, often com- 
pressed petioles. Aments lateral, before the leaves. 

§ Ends not viscid. Leave? lobed, ahvays white-downy beneath No. 1 

§ Buds not viscid. Leaves round-ovate, soon glabrous and green Nos. 2 — 4 

§ Buds viscid with a resinous varnish. Leaves always glabrous., .{x) 

X Leaves ovate, whitened beneath. Stamens 20—30 Nos. 5. 6 

X Leaves deltoid or deltoid-ovate Stam. 6—30. Petioles compressed.. Nos. 7—9 

1 P. ALBA. Abele P. Silver-leaf P. Tree rapidly growing, and spreauing by the roots ; 

leaves cordate, lobed, dark green above, very white beneath. Europe. . 

2 P. treimiJoSdes Mx. American Aspen. Tree 25 — 40f; bark smooth, greenish; 

lvs. roundish-cordate, abruptly pointed, dent-serrate ; petioles compressed, rendering 
the leaves tremvlous iu the slightest breeze. Woods : common. 

3 P. hetei-opliylla L. Cotton-wood. Tree 40— (iOf, with smooth greenish bark ; lv8. 

roundish, cordate or ovate, serrate, white-downy when young ; buds very downy, 
short, obtuse ; stamens very many ; seed with much cotton. Wet woods. 

4 P. graiididciita.ta Mx. Tree some 40f. with smoothish gray bark; lvs. round- 

ovate, acute, with large unequal sinuate teeth, villous when young; buds subpubes- 
cent; petioles compressed. Woods. Common northward. 

5 P. balsam lie ra L. Balsam P. Tacinthac. Tree 40— 80f, with rough bark; lvs. 

ovate, acuminate, with appressed serratiires ; buds very fragrant. Wei. N. 

6 P. caiidicaus Ait. Balrn-of-Gilead. Tree 30— SOf ; lvs. ovate, cordate, acuminate, 

serrate; iietiole hairy; buds lull of fragrant resin. Woods, and cultivated. 

7 P. aiig,iila,ta Ait. Western Cotton-wood. Tree 40— 80f, branches acutely angular 

or winged ; leaves deltoid-ovate, or broad-cordate : buds little viscid. S. and W. 

8 P. CanadeiLsi.** De-f. Necklace Cotton-wood. Tree40— SOf; young branchlets an- 

gular; lvs. deltoid to oval, acuminate, erose-denticulate, subcordate; ament scales 
not hairy. By rivers and lakes. N. ana W. (P. monilifera Ait.) 

9 P. niti:ra, ^. brluUfolia, Black P. Tnc wiih an ovoid form, 30 — lOf; youn^ 

branches a d lvs. i)iibes. ; Ivy. delloid-rhomhic, pointed, cronato-sorrate. N. Y. : rare, t 
y. liHathta, Lombard 1/ P. 'J'ree very tall, pyramidal inform; lvs. deltoid. Com. 

Class IL YMNOSPEini.T]. 

Pistils none, or ropivsentod by o\)Ci\ scales, with cvules in 
tlieir axils. Stignm iu)n(\ but ihe poUiMi :i|>plicHl dirocily to the 
ovules, which become naked seeds, destitute oi' :i true pericar}i. 
Flowers always diclinous. Cotyledons often more th;ni .. (i< ."»10.) 

Cohort 4. CONOIDE.E. Eiiuivalent to the (Mass. ij< .m:>.) 

Ouniou CXXVI. C^VC.VD.VCM:.!:. CYC.\ns. 

Trees of low stature, siiuplo trunks with their nitornodos undeveloped 
and the surface scarred with the fallen loaves. A<*<nw pinu.ite, panilli'l- 



312 Order 127.— CONIFERtE. 

veined, circinnate. Flowers dioecious, naked, in cones, $ anther covering 
the under surface of tlie connectile. ? Scales peltate, bearing naked 
ovules dorsal or marginal. 

1. OYCAS REVOLUTA, from Japan, hardy South, has a short thick trunk, 
crowned with numerons pinnate leaves, 4— 5f long, with innumerable linear 1-veiiied 
leaflets rolled at the edges. Fruit in an oblong spadix. 

2. ZAMIA rNTEGRiFdLiA. CooNTiE. Florida Arrow-root. Stem 
corm-like, abounding in starch. Leaves '6—of long, leaflets 3—5', lance-oblong, join^et? to 
the rachis, entire, 00-veined ; fruit in a large oblong cone. S. Fla. 

Order CXXVII. CONIT^RiE. Conifers. 

Trees or shrubs mostly evergreen, abounding with a resinous juice. Leaves 
scattered or fascicled, mostly linear, parallel or fork-veined. Flowers $ ? 
or 8 , destitute of corolla or calyx, in aments and cones. $ Stamen 1, or 
several united. 2 Omry, style, and stigma wanting. Ovules 1 — oo at the 
base of the carpellarj^ scale. Fruit a strobile (cone) with the scales woody 
and distinct, or baccate with the scales fleshy and coherent. Figs. 107, 166, 
194, 216, ^56, 293, 299, 352-3, 473-4, 491. See Hoopes' Book of Evergreens. 

§ ABIETINE^. Scales of the cone each with a bract beneath it. Seeds 2, winged. . ,(*) 
g§ CUPRESSINE^. Scales bractless. Seeds 1—9, mostly with 2 wings. ..(**) 

* Leaves evergreen, linear, 2— 5 together in each fascicle Pinus. i 

* Leaves evergreen, linear, solitary, scattered Abies. 2 

* Leaves in fascicles of many together,— a evergreen Cedrus. 3 

— a deciduous Larix. 4 

** Cones baccate, consisting of the fleshy coherent scales Juniperxts. 5 

** Cones dry, scales imbricated. — x Leaves lance-linear CoN:^;lNGHAMIA. 6 

—X Leaves scale-form, opposite, 4-rowed Thuya. 7 

*♦ Cones dry, scales valvately closed. — y Iivs. scale-form, opposite, 4-rowed...CuPRESstrs. 8 

—y Lvs. linear, alternate, deciduous Taxodium. 9 

—y Lvs. alternate, evergreen, t Sequoya. 10 

1. PINUS, L. PnsE. Fls. <? , the 5 in clustered aments. Stamen 1, 
with a 2-celled anther. ? Aments of many open imbricated carpellary 
scales, each with a bract at the back and 2 inverted ovules at base within. 
Cone woody, persistent two years, the scales often thickened and awned 
at the tip. Seeds nut-like, winged. Cotyledons 3 — 12. 5 Fascicles of 
3 — 5 linear-filiform leaves, sheathed at base. 

§ Leaves in 5' s. — x Scales spineless, hardly thickened at end. Nos. 1 — 3 

—X Scales ending with a cap and a spine No 4 

§ Leaves in 3's.— y Cones oblong, with small recurved spines Nos. 5, 6 

— 7j Cones ovoid, with weak or strong spines Nos. 7—9 

§ Leaves in 2's. — z Scales tipped with spines or prickles . .Nos. 10 — 12 

— z Scales spineless. — a Trees native Nos. 13, 14 

— a Trees European Nos. 15, 16 

1 P. strobiis L. TVhite Pine. A majestic tree, 100— ITOf, in the forests ; lvs. needle- 
shaped, 4 — 5', not rigid ; cones oblong, 5—7', pendulous. Woods, Penn., N. andN-W. 
Timber of great value in architecture. 
Jl P, EXCELSA. BhotanP. Lvs. glaucous, 5 — 7' ; cones cylindric, 6 — 9' ; nuts winged. Asia 



Order 127.— CONIFERS. 313 

3 P. CEMBRA. Sione P. Leaves 2—3' ; cones ovate, erect ; seeds hard, wingless. Alpe. 

4 J?, AKiSTATA. Colorado p. Leaves 1—1^', crovs'ded ; cones oval, 21'. Tree 40— 50f. 

5 P. australis Mx. Long-leaved P. Tree 60 — lOOf, very resinous ; leaves 10 — l^, 

crowded ; cones lance-oblong, nearly as long as the leaves. Stands in extensive 
forests. South. Very valuable for turpentine, timber, or fuel. 

6 P. Taeda L. Loblolly P. Tree50— 90f; leaves 6— 10', with long sheaths ; cones do- 

flexed, half as long as the leaves, with small but strong spines. S. 

7 P. serotina Mx. Pond P. Tree 30 — 50f; leaves 5 — 8', rigid ; cones broadly ovoid, 

polished, nearly spineless, as large as a goose-egg. Wet lands, S. 

8 P. I'jgida Mill. Pitch P. Tree 30— 70f, with very rough bark; leaves rigid, 4—6', 

with short sheaths ; cones clustered, ovoid-conic, 2 — 3'. Sandy barrens. 

9 P. PONDEKosA. Tree 50— lOOf in Califoraia, with sturdy trunk, smoothish bark, 

heavy wood ; leaves 9—12' ; cones 3i', conical, with short strong spines. 

10 P. mitis Mx. Yellow P. Spruce P. Tree of slow growth, 30 — 60f; Ivs. covering 
the branchlets, some of them in 3's, mostly in pairs, .3 — 5', slender ; cones li— 2', 
ovoid-conic, clustered. In dry lands. Timber very valuable. 

11 P. pnngens Mx. Tree with crooked branches, 20— 30f; leaves stout, crowded, 
about 2' ; cones ovoid, 3', with stout spines 3'' long. Mountains, Penn., and S. 

12 P. inops Ait. Jersey P, Scrub P. Tree 15— 25f, rough and crooked ; Ivs. rigid, 
obtuse, 2—3' ; cones ovoid-oblong, 2—3', with straightish prickles. Barrens. 

1 3 P. resiiiosa Ait. Norumy P. Bed P. Tree 60f, bark smoothish ; Ivs. slender, 5—6', 
sheaths ti-12" ; cones conic with a rounded base, half as long as the leaves. Dry woods, 
Penn. to Wis., and N. Timber compact, moderately resinous. 

^14 P. Hudsonica Poir. (P. Banksiana Lamb.) A straggling pine 5— 25f; Ivs. rigid, 
curved, 1', th(3 cones longer (li— 20, recurved, smooth. Rocks, Me., W. and N. 
1 5 P. Lakico. Cardcan Pine. A large tree of rapid growth, very handsome in parks ; 
leaves slender, bright green, wavy, 4—6' ; cones 2—3'. Branches whorled. 
/3. AusTRiACA. Austrian P. Leaves more rigid, of a rich dark-green color. 
16 P. STLVESTRis. Scotck P. Tree of rapid growth, perfectly hardy ; Ivs. 2—4', twisted, 
rigid, bluish green ; cones ovoid-conic, 2—3'. Common in Europe. 

2. ABIES, Toitrn. Spruce. Fir. Hemlock. $ Aments clustered 
with the old Ivs. $ Am. solitary, cones with thin, flat, spineless scales, per 
sistent one year. Seeds winged. Cotyledons 3 — 9. ^ Lvs. solitary, not 
sheathed, scattered over the branches, linear, short, mostly petioled. 
§ Fir. Cones erect, the scales deciduous. Lvs. flat, spreading two ways., .(.r) 
§ Spn/ce. Cones nodding. Lvs. 4-sidod or ensifonn. pointing all around., .{a) 

§ IlernlocJc. Cones hanging. Leaves flat, mostly spreading two ways Nos. 1 —3 

a Cones oval, 1—2' hmg, the scales nearly entire. Native, t Nos. 4, ."S 

a Cones oblong, 3— S' long, the scales eroso-dentate. Cultivated Nos. 6, 7 

X Bracts conspicuously exsertod, much longer than the scales Nos. S— 10 

X Bracts shorter than the scales or rarely a little exsertod Nos. 11—13 

1 A. rnuadeiiNiN Mx. Covnnon IT. Tree 50 — 80f, very beaut i(\il when young; lv«>. 

short-linear ((>— 8"), glaucous beneath ; cones ovoid, terminal, as long as the k'avcs, 
scales concealing the bracts. Rocky woods : common N. 

2 A, WiMJAMSoNii (or Pattonianat. Largo tree in Oregon, very tlno ami lianiy horo. but 

rare ; loaves yellowish, (i— 8", tlio '.-onos throe times longer, bracts oonoo;ilod. 

3 A. DouoLAssii. A huge tree in Crogon, handsome ; oonos with Uuig, 8-forkoil bracts. 

4 A. ni<>:ra Mx. Doubled. Tree pyramidal. (')(>-x8()f; loaves t> -7", dark greon ; ooium 

ovoid, 1—2, scales eroso-dontioulaio. Damp mountain wo<nls, northwanl. 
6 A. alba Mx. Single S. Tree 30- ^^Of, subpyramidal ; loaves (">—!)", glauoinis ; con«v» 

deciduous, cylindrioal, 2', with the scales entire. Rocky woods: common. 
6 A. Pick A (or excel sa>. Xortray S. A stately troo with dense dark-irroon folki^it ; lvs. 

0—13" ; cones 5— ^^' long. li;;ht brown, eoalos notched. Vorv common. 



314 Order 137.— CONIFERS. 

7 A. Men^ziesii. Tree 50— 70f in Oregon ; Ivs. i\ silvery-glaucous ; cones 3 — 4', maa . 

8 A. BRACTEATA. Tree lOOf in California ; leaves 2 — 3', silvery-glaucous beneath ; concB 

4', bracts 3-lobed, middle lobe much exceeding the scale, and recurved. 

9 A. PECTiNATA. Tree from Europe, 80f; leaves 9", obtuse, glaucous beneath ; cones 

4 — 1\ brown when ripe, bracts fringed, the cuspidate point spreading. 
/3. Cephalonica, from Greece, bracts linear-oblong, toothed, reflexed. 
y. NoRDMANNiA, from Crimea, bracts with an entire recurved point. 

10 A, Fraseri Ph. Do^ible Balsam F. Tree small (15— 30f ) ; '^^ark ^moot\ blistered 
as in the next ; leaves 8 — lO''', seeming 3-veined beneath ; cones 1—2', oblong ; bracts 
denticulate, long-pointed, reflexed. White Mountains ! and Alleghanies. 

1 1 A, balsaniea Marsh. Balsam F. Tree 30 — 50f, with smooth bark filled M'ith 
blisters (reservoirs) of balsam ; leaves 8—10", obtuse, silvery beneath ; cones cylindri 
cal, 3—4' X l', bracts concealed or slightly exserted. Damp woods. Cultivated. 

12 A. SiBiRiCA (or Pichta). Small tree from Asia ; leaves 1'; cones ovoid-conic, 3 — 4'. 

13 A. GRANDis. Tree 200f in Oreg. ; Ivs. 1'— IS", bifid, silvery beneath; cones oblong, 4'. 

3. CEDRUS, Link. $> Am. solitary, terminal. $ Cones persistent two 
or three years ; scales persistent, close-pressed ; bracts concealed adnate to 
the scales. ^ Leaves sessile, fascicled as in Larix, rigid, evergreen. 

1 C. LiBANi. Cedar of Lebanon. Tree with wide-spread branches; leaves 9 — 15", dark 

green, acute ; cones oval, obtuse, brown, 3 x 2', scales very many. 

2 C. Dbodara. Huge tree in the Himalayas ; Ivs. 1—2', light glaucous ; cones ovoid, 4'. 

4. LARIX, Tourn. Larch. Tamarack. 5 Anthers 2-celled, cells open- 
ing lengthwise, with simple pollen grains. $ Cones erect, oval or round- 
ish, scales colored, persistent. Seeds with a proper wdng. ^ Leaves 
deciduous, acerous, soft, scattered, and in axillary, many-leaved fascicles, 

1 li. Americana Mx. "^A splendid tree 70— lOOf, with straight axis and horizontal 

branches ; leaves filiform, very slender, 1 — 2', in bunches of 12 — 20 ; cones deep pur 
pie, 6—10", scales few, with inflexed edges. V/oods northward. Common in cult. 
^. pindifln, Branchlets slender and drooping. Exquisitely beautiful. 

2 Ij. Europ^a. Large tree ; Ivs. flattened, linear-spatulate ; cones 1— If' long. 

5. JUNIPERUS, L. Juniper. Fls. $ $ , aments very small, roundish. 
S Scales peltate, each with 4 — 7 anther-cells beneath. ? Scales few, united 

at base, 1-2-ovuled, forming a sort of berry in fruit. Cotyledons 2. 5 5 
Leaves subulate or scale-like, pungent, opposite or whorled. 

§ Lvs. scale-form, opp., 4-rowed, and subulate in 3's, not jointed, nerveless. . .Nos. 1 — 3 
§ Lvs. all subulate and in 3's, divaricate, jointed to the stem, 1-nerved Nos. 4— 7 

1 jr. Virginiana L. Red Cedar. Tree of middle size, dark green ; early lvs. vei-y 

slender, 3 — 4", little divergent, in 3's, later ones 1—2", scale-form, 4-rowed. opposite, 
appressed ; cones or berries small, blue-white, on short branchlets. Rocky soils. 

2 J. sabina, ^. procumbensVh.. Shrub trailing ; lvs. opposite, obtuse, a gland in 

the middle, imbricated in 4 rows ; fruit larger (3"), nodding, dark purple. Rocks, N. 

3 J. Bermudiana L. Late branchlets very slender, covered with scale-form pun- 

gent lvs. in 4 rows, divergent, 1" ; fr. brown, no bloom. 2", subsessile. Fla. 15— 20f. 

4 J. communis L. Common J. (Fig. 353.) Tree or shrub ; leaves in 3's, crowded, 

pungent-acuminate, 6-S". fruit small (2"). subsessile. dark-purple, sweetish. Woods. 
iS. nlpina. Shrub trailing ; leaves more crowded, less spreading, curved. N. 
y. OBLONGA. Branchlets drooping; leaves larxe-linear, glaucous ; fruit clustered. 

5 J. RiGiDA. WeejnngJ. Branchlets drooping; lvs. channelled on the upper side. Japan. 

6 J. OxYCEDRUS. Shrub 10-12f, from Eur., is known by its red-brown berries 3-4" long, 

7 J. DKUi'ACEA. Shrub from Syria, 8— 12t', \^ ith berries dark-purple, as large as a plum 



Order 128.— TAXACE^. 315 

6. CUNNINGHAMIA Sinensis. Tree from China, 30— 40f, very 
cnique. Leaves 1— If, lance-linear, stiff and pungent, in 2 rows. Cones ovoid, 1^', with 
toothed and pointed scales (or bracts ?) each 3-seeded. 

7. THUYA, Tourn. Arbor Yit^. Fls. 8 , on different branclies, ter- 
minal. 3 Anther-cells 4 on each imbricated scale. $ Scales few, in pairs, 
opposite, imbricated, each 2-6-ovuled. Seeds winged. 5 h Leaves scale- 
form, opposite, imbricated in 4 rows. 

1 T. occidentalis L. Tree branched from base to summit; leaves rhombic- ovate, 

tubercle! on the back ; cones oblonij, scales not reflexed, each 2-seeded. On rocky 
banks, common N., now veiy frequent in cultivation. Many varieties. 

2 T. (THUYOPSIS) DOLABKATA. Tree from Japan, 40— 60f, with ovate scale-form Ivs., 

not appressed ; cones small, roundish, each scale 5-seeded. Rare. 

3 T« (BIOTA) ORiENTALis. Shrub li<?ht green, or yellowish ; ramifications vertical ,• 

cones broad, with thick scales and hona-like leflexed points. China. 

8. CUPRESSUS, Tourn. Araents 8 , small, roundish. ^ Scales each 
with 2 — GO erect ovules. Cone globular, the scales angular, pejtate, val- 
vately closed until ripe. 5 Leaves scale-form, flat, imbricated as in Thuya, 
often with a tubercle on the back. Cypress. 

J C. SEMPEKViRENS. Cone large, oval, 1', scales QO-seeded ; Ivs. minute, ovate, obtuse, 
very closely imbricated. Cultivated South. Tree strict, conical, 20 — 10<. 

2 C. tliyoides L. White Cedar. Tree pyramidal, filiform branchlets square ; ^eaveB 

minute, lance-ovate, close, the tubercle manifest. Swamps. Cones small as peas, 

3 C!. Lawsonii. Splendid tree from Oregon; branchlets flattened, feather-like, bluish- 

green ; leaves lance-ovate, tuberclcd ; cones \\". Becoming common. 

9. TAXODIUM, Rich. Bald CyriiEss. Fls. 8 , sessile, small, round- 
ish, the $ in spikes, $ in pairs below. Cone globular, the scales peltate, 
angular, thick, tirmly closed till ripe, with 2 anguhir seeds at base. Coty- 
ledons G — 0. ^ With deciduous, linear, 2-rowed leaves. 

T. disticliuni Rich. Tree 100— 125f, trunk fi—Of diam. ; large conical excrescences 
grow up from the roots; Ivs. light-green, i-cattored, in 2 rows on the slender branch- 
lets. Swamps, Va., and S. Timber valuable. 

10. SEQUOYA, Endl. Ked-wood. Cones rountlish, with peltate trape- 
zoid, 5-see(l(Hl scales, valval ely closed. Seeds winged both sides. J) Im- 
mense, Californian. Leaves linear or subulat(\ alternate. 

1 S. SEMPKiiviUKNS, Tree 200f, with a diam. of lOf; bark blackish, with roso-pnrple 

wood almost iniiiorishable ; cones globular, 1' ; loaves of 2 kinds. 

2 S. oioANTK\. Tre(> ^Olif. with a diam. of 20f gotten larger!"*; bark I'iiinainon color, 

wood dull ro«' , c(>nes ova!, near 2' ; loaves nit^stly sulMilaie. Karely plantoil. 

OuDKK CXXVlll. T.VX.VCE.K. Ykws. 

frees or shrubs, with the geiuM-al habit of the Pines, but with no conce, 
nor even the carpellary scale. Floirti-s consisting sintply of authei-s or an 
ovule involucrate with bracts. Fruit a nut-like seed, naked, or iu a cup 
form dry or pulpy disk. Cotyhd'fis 2. Fig. UU?. 



316 Order 129.— PALMACE^. 

• LeaTes linear. Anthers 5 — 8 on each scale. Seed sitting in a fleshy cup Taxtts. 1 

• Leaves lance-linear. Anthers 4. Seed fleshy-coated or dry, not in a cup Torreta. 2 

• Leaves linear to ovate, 1-veined. Anthers 2. Seed inverted, in a shallow cup Podocarfus. 3 

• Leaves flabelliform, fork-veined. Anthers 2. Seed erect, in a deep cup Salisburia. 4 

1. TAXUS, Toum. Yew. Flowers axillaiy, the $ in aments. Stam. 
or bracts peltate, -VS-lobed, with 5 — 8 anther-cells. $ Flower solitary. 
Ovule erect, becoming a nut-like seed, sitting in a deep fleshy cup-shaped 
disk. ^ ;5 Leaves rigid, alternate, in 2 rows. 

1 T. Canadensis L. Bioarf Y. (Fig. 1G6.) Shrub low or prostrate, branches as- 

cending; Ivs. mucronate, revolute-edged, 9—12"; stam. with 5 anther-cells ; fruit de- 
pressed-globous, a black seed in an amber-colored cup. Rocky soils, northward. 

2 T. BACCATA. English Y. Tree of low stature, widely spreading ; Ivs. falcate, acute, 

flat, 10 — 12" ; stam. with 6 — 8 anther-cells ; fruit oblong-bell-form. Europe. 

3 T. "brevifolia N. Tree 15— oOf, branches ascending ; Ivs. 7— 10", very narrow ; sta. 

with 6 anther-cell? ; fruit oval. Fla. ? and Greg. The species are all closely related. 

2. TORREYA, Arn. Flowers axillary, the S many in the ament, 
bracts in 4 rows. Stamens with 4 anther-cells. ? Ovule with few bracts, 
becoming drupe-like, at length a diy ovoid bony nut or seed. ^ 5 Leaves 
rigid, alternate, 2-rowed, pungent, lance-linear. 

T, taxifolia Am. Tree 15— .30f, with erect strict form, dark green ; Ivs. 1— If long, 
2-ranked as well as the branchlets ; fruit smooth, glaucous, ovoid, 9 — 11". Fla. t 

3. PODOCARPUS, L'Her., contains some rare evergreens with remark- 
ably large leaves (2 — 3' long). As yet very sparingly cultivated. 

4. SALISBURIA adiantifoll^ (or Ginkgo biloba). Tree 40— 80f, from 
Japan, strict and pyramidal. Lvs. fan-shaped, 2-lobed, fork-veined and petiolate, in strac- 
ture much >ike the Maidenhair Fern. The flowers and fruit are seldom seen. 

PEOVmCE, ENDOGENS, 

The MoKOCOTTLEDOifous PLAiq'TS. stems without the distinc- 
tion of bark, wood, and pith, endogenous in growth (§ 421). 
Leaves mostly parallel- veined and alternate. Flowers 3-parted 
(rarely V). Embryo with one cotyledon. (Prov. Acrogens, 360.) 

Class III. PETALIEEK^. Endogenous plants having 
flowers either with a whorled perianth or without one, but 
never glumaceous. (Class IV. Glumifer^. Page 355.) 

Cohort 5. SPADICIFLOE^. Flowers crowded on a 
thickened or club-shaped rachis (spadix), mostly naked^ 
rarely with a scale-like perianth. (Cohort 6, p. 322.) 

Order CXXIX. PALMACE^. Palms. 

Trees or sJirubs, chiefly with unbranched trunk=; growing by the terminal 
bud. Leaver large, plaited, on sheathing petioles, collected in one terminal 



Order 130.— ARACE^. 317 

cluster. Tiowers perfect or polygamous, on a branching spadix Dursting 
from a spathe. Perianth double, 3-merous, hexandrous, ovaries (and styles) 
3, distinct or commonly united into 1, eacli 1-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, 1-3- 
seeded. Fig. 508. 

* Flowers all perfect. Ovaries and styles united into 1. Berry single. Sabal. 1 

'' Flowers perfect and staminate. Ovaries and styles distinct. Drupes 3 Cham.brops. 2 

1. SABAL, Adans. Palmetto. Fls. $, sessile, complete. Sepals S 
united, petals 3, subdistinct. Sta. 6, fil. distinct. Ovaries 3, soon united, 
Sty. 1. Fr. a dryish 3-seeded berry. ^ J) Caudex (§ 237) procumbent or 
erect, beset with the persistent bases of the petioles. Lvs. palmately fan- 
shaped, many-cleft. Flowers small, greenish. June — Aug. 

1 S. Palmetto Loddig. Caudex erect, 20— 50f, usually enlarged above ; the majestic 

lvs. are 6— lOf long, all from one terminal bud ; spadix much shorter than the leaves, 
spathe double ; berry globular. Along the coast, Fla. to S. C. 

2 S. Adamsoni Guern. Caudex prostrate ; lvs. rigid, longer than the eren-edged 

petioles ; spadix slender, much branched, as high (3 — If) as the leaves ; style thick, 
obtuse ; berry depressed. Along the coast, in low grounds, S. 

3 S. serrulata R. & S. Caudex creeping; petioles aculeate-serrate; epadix thick. 

2— 3f ; style subulate ; berry oblong-ovoid. Barrens, S. C. to Fla. 
j3. minima. Every way smaller ; k-aves about 7-clcft. E. Fla. 

2. OHAMJEROPS, L. Blue Palmetto. Fls. § and 6. Perianth 
as in Sabal. Sta. 6 or 9, connate at base. Ovaries 3, distinct, stig. sessile. 
Berries 3, 1-seeded. Palms acanlescent. Petioles aculeate. Spadix dense- 
flowered, flowers yellowish. June — Aug. 

C. Hystrlx Eraser. Caudex low, making oflsets at base ; leaves 3— 4f, the petiolon 
spiny in the axils ; drupes ovoid, hairy, in masses. Clay soils, Ga., Fla. 

Order CXXX. ARACE^E. Aroids. 

nerhs with a creeping rhizome or corm, an acrid or pungent juice, ltarc« 
often veiny, and the floicers mostly diclinous and naked. lujlorescence a 
spadix, dense-flowered, naked or mostly surrounded with a large spathe. 
PenantJi none, or of 4 — G scales. Anthers cxtrorse. Omri/ free, stigma 
sessile. Ft'uit baccate or dry, seeds albuminous. Fig-s. 432, 430. 

* House, or greenhouse plants, nsnally with vory liiri;o Iimvos. . .(j/) 

* Wild native plants, Krowiufr in water or damp plucos. . .(^^^ 

n Spadix growinfr to the spatho. $ KlowtM- solitary. l''loutin}r I'istia. i 

(D SpatHx freo, enveloped in the spiifhe. . .(<•) 

a Spadix naked, destitute of a spatho. — h Leavo-s onsiforin .'VcoRrs. 7 

—h Loaves oval, A Okontum. « 

; Flowers covorinK only the h-ise ot" thf> spadix. Perianth .\ris.km.v. 3 

c Flowers covorins tlu' whole spailix, or all hut the hase, aiul...(<0 

d MoimH-ious. SpsUhe involute. Stamen aronnd a shield Pkltkntka. 3 

<J All perfect.— .r Perianth 0. Spathe open, white. Swamps Oam-a. 4 

— >i- Perianth rejcular. Spatho sholl-t'orm Stmimoo \Krrs 3 

(/ Spadix naked nt the top. Spathe yellowish. Loaves peltate Cohvasia. S 

y Spadix naked at the top. Spathe yellowish. Loaves not peltate Piiu.oi>KNnKO«. 9 

V Bpkdi.Y covered with llowors. Spalho white.— s Loaves j:r»»en only Kion vkim \. W 

— « 1/oavos varieirated I'ai.apuh H 



318 Order ! JO.-ARACE^. 

1. PISTIA, L. Spathe tubular at base, spreading above. Fls. S , few, 
the upper $ in an involucre, of 3 — 8 anther-cells. $ Fl. solitary, of a 1- 
celled ovary and thick style. Berry several-seeded. ',^ 

P. «patliula.ta Mx. Floating free in still water ; leaves 1 — 2', obovate-spatalate, rofiu- 
late, the veins lamellated beneath ; spathe white. E. Fla. 

2. ARIS^MA, ]\Iart. Dragon-root. Indian Turnip. Spathe con- 
volute at base. Spadix with a long naked summit, flower-bearing at base. 

$ Fls. above the fertile, each merely a cluster of 4 or more stamens. $ 
Ovary 1-celled, stig. flat. Berry red, 1- or few-seeded, if Root tuberous. 
Scape sheathed with the petioles. 

1 A. tripliylliim Torr. JacTc-in-the-pulpit. Stem a large corm fiercely acrid ; scape 

round, thick, 8—12' ; leaves 2, trifoliate ; leaflets oval, pointed, sessile ; spatho 
striped, inflected over the club-shaped spadix. Rocky woods. April + . 

2 A. quinatum Wood. Leaves 1 or 2, Avith very long sheaths, one or both quinate ; 

leaflets oval to lance-oval, acute, or obtuse, cuspidate, narrowed to a petiolule. Ga. 
to Car., in hilly woods. 1 — 2f. (A. polyinorphum Buckley.) 

3 A. I>rac©iitiuiii Schott. Green Lragon. Leaf mostly 1, pedate, with 7— lllance- 

oblong leaflets ; spadix subulate, longer than the spathe. Bogs. 2f. 

3. PELTANDRA, Raf Spathe convolute. Spadix staminate above, 
pistillate below. Anth.-cells 8 — 12, opening at top, adnate to a thickened 
peltate connectile. Berries l-oo- seeded. H Leaves sagittate, the long 
petioles sheathing the scape. May, June. 

1 P. Virginica Raf. Leaves sagittate-hastate, the base lobes long and turned out- 

ward ; spathe green, 4 — 6' long; berries green, 1-3-seeded. Marshes. 9 — IS'. 

2 P. -glauca Feay. Leaves sagittate- cordate, lobes rounded; spathe white and open 

at the top, 3' ; berries GO-seeded, red. Coastward, S. (Xanthosoma, Sch.) 

4. CALLA, L. Spathe ovate, spreading, white. Spadix covered with 
the naked fls. Perianth 0. Fil. 6, slender, with 2-celled anthers. Berry 
red, depressed, 3-6-seeded. if^^ Rhizome creeping. Leaves cordate. 

C. pal ustris L.— Shallow waters, Pa., and N. Scape 4 — 6'. Leaves 2 — 3'. July. 

5. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. Skunk Cabbage. Spathe shell-form, 
thick, close to the ground in early Spring, preceding the leaves, incurved 
at base and apex, Spadix oval, covered with the dull purple, perfect fls. 
Perianth 4-parted. Berries 1-seeded. 11!:^^ Leaves all radical, very large. 
S, fcetidus Salisb.— Swamps, meadows: common. Leaves cordate-oval, 12—20'. 

6. ORONTIUM, L. Gol])en Club. Spathe 0. Spadix cylindrical, 
yellow, crowning the naked scape. Perianth 4^6-sepalled. Sta. 4 — 6. Fr. 
a dry utricle, 1-seeded. 2^^ Leaves lanceolate, all radical. 

O. aquaticnm L.— Pools and brooks. If. Very smooth. Scape thickened upward, 
green at base, white above, the summit (flowers) golden yellow. June. 

7. ACORUS, L. Sweet Flag. Spathe 0. Spadix cjdindric, sessile, 
issuing from the side of a leaf-like scape. Perianth 6-sepalled. Sta. 6. Ova 
and fruit 3-celled, capsular, oo-seeded. If Rhizome thick, aromatic. Lvs 
ail radical, linear-ensiform like the scape. 



Order 132.— TYPHACE^. 319 

*., Calamns L. Scape ensiform, continued long and leaf-like above the green, dense- 
flowered spadix. In wet soils. 2— 3f. Koot tastes warmly pungent. June, July. 

8. OOLOOASIA ANTiQUORUM, from E^ypt,&c., has large (2 — 3f) ovate- 
sagittate, peltate, repand leaves, on petioles longer than the scape. Spathe erect, ranch 
longer than the spadix. Cultivated for food, and for ornament. 

9. PHYLLODENDRON GRANDiFdLiUM. Stems rooting, running or 
climbing. Leaves very large (2 — 4f), opaque, strongly veined, cordate-sagittate, acute, 
entire. Petioles terete, red-spotted. Spathe yellowish. S. America. 

10. RIOHARDIA Africana (Kuntli, Calla ^thiopica L.). Known 
everywhere as the .Egyptian Calla, but native of the Cape of Good Hope : is a grand 
house-plant, 2 — 4f, with large hastate-cordate leaves, round scapes, a large milk-white 
spathe rolled in at base and back at apex, surrounding a yellow cylindric spadix. 

11. OALADIUM BicoLOR. Roots tuberous. Lvs. radical, peltate, has- 
tate-cordate, short-pointed, variegated with crimson or purple at the centre, or pellucid 
at base, or white-spotted. A splendid leaf-plant. Panama ! 

Order CXXXI. LEMNACE^. Duckmeats. 

Herbs minute, stemless, floating free upon the water, and consisting of a 
leaf-like frond, or a tuft of leaves, with one or more fibrous roots. Flmcers 
bursting from the substance of the frond, or axillary, enclosed in a spathe, 
the sterile consisting of 1 or 2 stamens, the fertile of a 1-ccllcd ovary. Fruit 
a utricle, with 1 or more seeds. Bmb. straight, in fleshy albumen. Fig. olG. 

1. IiEMNA, L. DucKMEAT. Fls. from a chink in the edge of the 
frond, 2 sterile, each a single recurved stamen, with 1 fertile, — an ovary 
with style and stigma. Ovules and seeds 1 — 7. (i) U Fronds 1 — 7" long 
Roots hair-like. Flowers rarely seen. 

§ Ovule solitary. Frond with a single root. (Lt^m's a proper) Xos. 1 — 3 

§ Ovules 2. Frond many-rooted. (Spirodela, Schlciden) No. 4 

1 li. trisiiica L. Fronds oblong, as long (2—3") as their stalks, proliforous from 

their sides, thin, obtuse. Pools of clear water, in patches. 

2 I*, porpusilla Torr. Fronds thin, 3-veined, ronnd-obovatc, 1—2", in groups of 

3—7; style slender; seed round-oblong, croct. Ponds, N. Y., W. and S. August. 

3 li. minor L. Fronds thick, voinloss, obovate or roundish, 1—2", single or in groups 

of 2 — I; stylo short; seed ovoid, lialf-oroct. Stagnant waters : common. 

4 li. polyrrliiza L. Fronds oval, 2— o", thickish, 5-7-vcinod. innplish bonojith. csch 

with a bundle of black roots beneath. Stagnant waters : rare. 

2. WOLFFIA, llorkcl. Fls. tVoin the ooiitiv o[' tlu> niiiuito tV.Mul, 2 
only; $ flower a stamen witli a 1-coIUhI anther. ^^ Ovary with a very slunl 
Style, ovule jvnd seed 1. (j) Fronds ^— A", rootk'ss, separate. 

fV, Coluiiiblaua Karsten. FroTul round-oval. Floating, with I.ennia. seeming mer« 
ppccks of green— the least of all lloweriiyg plants. Not rare. 

OunKK (^XXXU. 'rYlMl.\CM:.K. 'fYru\ns. 

Herbs growing in marshes and ditehiN. with rigid, ensit'orm, sessilo leavea 
Floioers mono'cious, arranged on a spadix (n- in heads, with no .'5pnth«"» 



320 Order 133.~NAIADACEJE. 

Perianth of a few scales, or a tuft of hairs, or 0. Stamens 1 — 4, with long, 
slender filaments. Ovary with 1 pendulous ovule. Seed albuminous, with 
an axial embryo. Fig. 211. 

1. TYPHA, L. Cat-tail. Reed-mace. Spadix long, cylindric, dense, 
fiterile above. $, Sta. 3 together, united into a common filament. ? Ova. 
pedicellate, surrounded at base by a hair-like pappus or calyx. If Fls. very 
numerous, packed solid in the large brown terminal spadix. 

1 T. latifolia L. Leaves linear, flat, exceeding the stem ; spadix cylindric, the 

sterile and fertile contiguous. Tall and smooth, 3— 5f, in swamps. 

2 T. angustifolia L. Leaves linear, channelled, exceeding the stem; spadix cylin 

dric, the sterile some remote from the fertile. Swamps. 2 — 4f. 

2. SPARGANIUM, L. Burr Reed. Spadices or globular heads 
many, the lower fertile, consisting of sessile pistils, each with 3 — 6 sepals, 
and forming 1-seeded nuts. Sterile heads a mass of stamens with scaler 
intermixed, li ^ August. 

* Stigmas mostly 2. Stems of the inflorescence branching, erect No, 1 

* Stigma always single. Stem subsimple, erect or floating Nos. 2, 3 

1 S. eurycarpum Eng. Stout, 1— 3f; 1 vs. very long, carinate beneath ; fruit heads 

1', nuts large, obpyramidal, trancate, sessile ; sterile heads numerous. Borders of 
rivers and ponds, N. Eng. to Pa., and W. (S. ramosum C-B.) 

2 S. simplex Huds. Erect, slender, 1 — 2f; leaves triangular at base, long and nar- 

row ; sepals spatulate, denticulate ; nuts beaked and stiped ; heads 6—8" broad, the 
S more than the $ . Ponds and bogs, N. and W. 
|3. natans. Leaves floating, flat ; stigma shorter than the stj'le ; heads few. 

3 S. .minim um Bauhin. Slender, weak, simple, erect or floating; leaves na-row, 

flat ; heads few, axillary, small (3—4") ; fruit scarcely beaked, sessile. Streams, N. 
Eng., and W. (S. angustifolium C-B.) 

Order CXXXIII. NAIADACE^. Naiads. 

Water plants with jointed stems, and sheathing stipules, or sheathing 
petioles. Flowers perfect or diclinous, naked or with a 2-4-parted peri- 
anth. Stamens definite. Ovaries free, sessile, 1-ovuled. Stigma simple, 
often sessile. Fruit indehiscent. Seed without albumen, with a straight 
or curved embryo. 

• Flowers axillary, sessile, the staminate reduced to a single stamen... (a) 

a Fertile flowers reduced to a single pistil, with 2 or 3 stigmas. Leaves opposite. . .Najas. 1 

a Fertile flowers with about 4 pistils in a cup, with as many stigmas ZANmCHELLiA. 2 

• Flowers spadaceous, or 2 — 20, sessile on a spadix or spike... 0) 

b Flowers monoecious, seated in 2 rows on the side of a linear, flat spadix Zosteea. 3 

h Flowers perfect, naked, 2 — 5, l-merous. Fruit raised on slender stipes Ruppia. 4 

6 Flowers perfect. Perianth 4-sepalled. Stamens 4. Pistils and achenia 4 Potamogkton. 5 

1. NAJAS, L. Water Nymph. 6 Fl. a solitary stamen, in a little 
hooded spathe. $ Fl. a naked pistil with 2 — 4 subulate stigmas. Fr. a 
little 1-seeded, drupe-like nutlet, .c Entirely submersed. Lvs. opposite, 
linear, broader at base, toothed. Flowers axillary. 

1 N. major All. Stem frail and slender, l—3f; leaves 1' and less, crowded above with 
conspicuous spinulous teeth ; nutlets ovoid, 1^" long. N. Y. (Clinton). 



OiiDER 183.— NAIADACE^. 321 

2 N. Indica Cham., p. fr^acilltma. Steins filiform, forking; leaves opposite and In 

3'8, very narrowly linear, remotely spinulons-serrate. N. Y. and Pa. (Porter). 

3 N. flexilis Rostk. Leaves narrowly linear, in 3's, 4's, and 6's, minutely serrulate, as 

well as their abruptly-widened sheathing base, 3— IS'''. Ponds : common. 

2. ZANNICHELLIA, Micheli. Horn Pondweed. Fls. a , both kinds 
together in the same axil. $ Sta. 1, with a slender fil. 2 Cal. of 1 sepal, 
cor. 0. Ova. 4 or more, each with a style and stig. Fr. 4 or more oblique 
achenia. ^ Submersed, with filiform branches, and linear, entire leaves. 

Z. paliistris L. Stems round, leafy, 1— 2f ; leaves opposite, grass-like, 2 — 3' ; anther 
4-celled ; achenia 4 — 6, toothed on the back. Pools and ditches : rare. 

3. ZOSTERA, L. Sea Wrack. Spadix linear, leaf-like, bearing the <? 
fls. in 2 rows on one side. Perianth 0. S Anther ovoid, sessile, opening 
lengthwise, with hair-like pollen. ? Ova. as long as the anther, style bifid. 
Utricle 1-seeded. if ^ Stipules united into a sheath. Leaves grass-like. 

Z. xuarina L. Rhizome creeping, sending up long simple stems ; Ivs. alternate, rib- 
bon-like, 1— 5f long ; spadix 2', in a spathe at base of a leaf. Grows in the sea, along 
shore, Me. to Ga., and is washed up by the waves. 

4. RUPPIA, L. Dttcii-grass. Fls. ? , 3 together on a spadix arising 
from the sheath of a leaf Perianth 0. Anthers 2, large, sessile, 2-celled. 
Ovaries 4, fruit 2 — 4 tlry drupes on pedicels. 2^.^^ A grass-like plant, all 
submersed but the flowers. Flower-stalk at length very long. 

R. maritima L. Stems filiform, branched, 2— 5f ; leaves linear-setaceous, 2—6', on 
inflated sheaths ; flowers arising to the surface. Seas, and lakes (Hankenson), E. 

5. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. Pond-weed. Fls. 2 on a spadix aris- 
inii: from a spathe. Cal. 4-sepalled. Anth. 4, alternate witli sepals. Ova. 4 
Ach. 4, sessile, flattened on one or two sides. Seeds curved or coiled. .^^ 
Mostly U , only the spadix with its 3—10 small green fls. arising to the sur- 
face of the water. Lvs. stipulate, the upper often opposite. Fr. July, Aug. 

§ Leaves of two kinds, the floating oval-elliptical, coriaceous, pctiolate; 
stipules free from the petiole, connate ; submersed loaves thin.. .(*) 

* Submersed leaves linear or reduced to mere petioles No?. 1 — i 

* Submersed leaves lanceolate, rarely lance-Unojtr. . . Nos. 5—8 

$ Leaves all similar, submersed, mostly thin and membranous., .{a) 

a Leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, potiolato or merely sessile Nos. 9, 10 

a Leaves oval or oblong, broad and clasping at base Nos. 11—13 

a Leaves linear or setaceous. —.« Stipules 0, or adnate to tlie leaf Nos. 14, 15 

—.i: Stipules free.- y Stems flat Nos. 16, 17 

— 1/ Stems rtliform Nos. IS— 20 

i p. nutaiiN L. Subslniple; floating lvs. '2—;?', lance-oblong, narrowly obtuse, on Men- 
der (2— (■)') petioles; stipules U)ng, linear; U>wer lvs. IVw. linear, '.I— U' ; spikes 1— y, 
on thick peduncles nuuh longer ; IVuit turgid, ;5-keeled. Ponds and ditches. 

2 1*. <"'lttyfoi»l Tuckm. Simple; floating leaves lance-obhuig, about 15-veined, 1— U', 

longer than their petioles, opposite ; lower lvs. linear, .'Iveinetl. :>— (i'\ 1", spikes .ind 
their peduncles near I' ; fruit orbicular, .'l-keeleil. Streams ami pi-nds : comuuni. 
j3. lifttrop/tiflliis. Petioles and peduncles longiT than I He leaves i.0— ;>>. Mass. 

3 P. liybrldiiB Mx. Stems branching, flliform ; flo.'itlng lvs. oval, 5-T-veiucd, 7— 10" 

their petioles shorter, subopposUe; spikes and their staiks 4 6" ; lower l\"V. Ihiccr 
setaceous, 1 — .T, inr.ny ; fruit minute. I'.enlate O'lmnvn. 



322 OiiDER 134— ALISMACE^. 

j5, diver si ftflitts. Leaves nearly all floating, oval, the lower few and short, 

4 P. Spirillns Tuckm. Very delicate, branched ; floating Ivs. oval to lanceolate, 5-9 
veined, 1 — 10'-', on short broad petioles ; lower leaves narrowly linear, obtuse, 1—2 , 
submersed ped. 1-2-flowered ; embryo a little spiral. Streams : rare. 

6 P. gramineus L. Stem much branched, terete ; floating Ivs. long-stalked, ovate 
to oblong, acutish. 13-veined : lower leaves lanceolate to lance-linear, pointed, stip 
obtuse ; fruit small, obtuse-angled. Common, and very variable. 

6 P. fluitans Roth. Lvs. long-stalked, the floating thinnish, opposite, elliptic-oblong, 
the submersed linear-oblong, all acute both ways, 11-21-veined ; fruit acutely 3-keeIed 
on the back. In ponds and rivers. (P. lonchitis Tuckm.) 

" P. pulclier Tuckm. Stem simple ; floating leaves ovate, subcordate, 2.5-35-veined, 
o— 5', alternate : upper submersed Ivs. lanceolate, long-acuminate, undulate, the lower 
oval-oblong ; fruit 3-keeled. Penn., N. J. (Prof. Porter), N. and W. Rare. 

8 P. amplifolius Tuckm. Stems simple; floating leaves oval to elliptical, 2^ — 4'. 

35-45-veined, on long, opposite stalks ; submersed Ivs. larger than the floating, 5 — 7', 
lanceolate, short-stalked, or sessile. Ponds. (P. fluitans C-B.) 

9 P. lucens L. Leaves large, often shining, iance-oval, 3 — 5'xl', pointed and mucro- 

nate, on short stalks ; spike 2' ; fruit roundish, slightly keeled. Rivers and lakes. 

10 P. ol)rutus Wood. Stem simple : leaves a7^ s?(&TOersec?. narrow-lanceolate, 3^ ob 
scurely 7-veined, subsessile, acute ; spike 1', the stalk 2' ; fruit inflated, acutely^ keeletl, 
conspicuously umbilicate both sides. Slow waters. No floating leaves. 

IIP, praelongus Wnlf. St. very long, branched ; Ivs, lance-ovate to lanceolate, ob- 
tuse, half-clasping, often large ; peduncle very long (3—5') ; fruit sharp-keeled. Rivers. 

I'i P. perfoliatus L. Stem branched ; Ivs. cordate-clasping, roundish to ovate, ob- 
tuse ; ped. short, few-flowered ; fruit not keeled. Ponds and slow waters : common. 

13 P. crisp us L. Branched below; leaves 3-veined, half-clasping, narrow-oblong 
obtuse, 1—2'. cri^p-wa%'7; fruit acuminate-beaked. Penn., and E. (Prof. Porter). 

14 P. pectinatus L. Stem flexuous, repeatedly forking; leaves linear-setaceous, 
^—3' ; spike interrupted, on a long filiform peduncle ; fruit large (2"), rough. E. and N. 

1 5 P. Robbinsii Oakes. Stem veiy branching ; leaves lance-linear, crowded, sheath- 
ing the stem with their bases ; spikes on short peduncles. N. and W. 

16 P. compressus L. St. branching, flattened ; Ivs. linear, GO-veined, 2—4' x 1—2''; 
stip. obtuse ; spike 12-15-flowered. much shorter than the peduncle. Ponds. 

1 7 P. obtusifolius Mert. and Ktch. St. branching, flattened ; Ivs. linear, 3-veined ; 
stip. obtuse ; spike 6-8-flowered, as long as the peduncle. Pa., and N-W. 

18 P. pauciflorus Ph. St. slightly flattened, much forked ; Ivs. linear, 1— ^"x^ — 1"; 
fi.owers few (3—12) In the spike ; fruit distinctly crested. Rivers, &c. 

19 P. pusillus L. Stem filiform, branched ; leaves linear, varying to capillary, 1-3- 
veined ; spikes 3-5-flowered, long-stalked ; fruit not keeled. Shallow waters. 

20 P. Tudtermani Robbins. Very slender and delicate, forked ; Ivs. capillary and 
confervoid ; spike 6-9-flowered, on a very long peduncle (5'). Ponds, Pa., and N, 

Cohort 6. FLOEIDiSJS. 

EiTDOGEi^ous PLAJ^TS witli tlie flowers usually perfect and 
complete, tlie perianth double, 3-parted, the outer often, and 
sometimes both, green. 

Order CXXXIV. ALISMACE^. Water Plantains. 

Marsh Iwrhs, with parallel-veined, petiolate leaves and branching pedun- 
cles. Fleecers perfect or monoecious, with a regular double perianth. 



Order 134.— ALISMACE^. 323 

Sepals 3, green. Petals 3, colored or green. Stamens hypogynous. Ovaries 
3 or more, separating into as many distinct fruits. 

§ BUTTOMEvE. Petals colored. Carpels 6—20, each with CO ovules HTr>R0C::.F,i3. 1 

§ ALISME^. Petals colored. Carpels many, ]-2-seeded...(x) 

8 JUNCAGINEyE. Petals preen. Carpels 3, each 1-3-seeded. ..(?/) 

X Flowers monoecious. Stamens many Sagittaria. 4 

X Flowers all perfect.— z Stamens 9 -24 Echinodorus. S 

— 2 Stamens 6. Flowers panicled Alisma. 2 

y Anthers oval. Carpels l-.seeded. Leaves radical TRiGLOcniN. 5 

y Anthers linear. Carpels 2-3-seeded. Leaves caul ine Schkuchzeria. 6 

1. HYDROCLEIS HuMBoiiDTii (or Limnocliaris), from Brazil, grows 
In pools, like Sagittaria. with long-stalked, oval, 7-veined leaves and large (2— .30 orange- 
yellow flowers. Sepals small. Stamens 18—24. Ovaries 6. 

2. ALISMA, L. Water Plantain. Sepals persistent. Petals invo- 
lute in tlie bud. Ovaries and styles arranged in a circle, forming many 
Hatlened aclienia. U^ Acaulescent. 

A. Plantago L. p. Jlmerfchnnm, Lvs. 5-7-veined, ovate or oval, snlicordste, pointed; 
scape many-flowered, fls. whorled, small, rose-white. Pools. 1— 2f. July, Aug. 

3. ECHINODORUS, Kich. Sepals persistent. Petals imbricate in bud. 
Sta. 6 — 00. Ovaries and styles Co, imbricated, forming many flattened, 
beaked aclienia. ^ Scape creeping or erect. Fls. small, white, whorled. 

1 E. radicaiLS Eng. Leaves large (5—12'), 7-veined, cordate, ovate, on long petioles ; 

scape prostrate, running and rooting ; flowers clustered at the nodes, white ; stam. 
18—24 ; ovaries very many. "U Swami)s, 111. to Ga. June, July. 

2 E. rostratiis Eng. Leaves 1—3', ovate, cordate, on long petioles ; scapes er^ct, 

sharply angled ; stamens 12 ; carpels 00, strongly ribbed and beaked. CO West. 

3 E. parvulus Eng. Leaves lance-elli|)tic, as long as the petioles tl') ; scapes 3-6 

flowered ; stamens 9 ; carpels about 20, beakless ; flowers about 3". <^ E. and W. 

4. SAGITTARIA, L. AimowiiEAU. Fls. s or s ? , in whorls of 3 
on the scape, the lower fertile. Petals white, larger than the sepals, imbri- 
cated in l)ud. Sta. oo. Ovaries very oo, crowded in a head. Achenia 
flattened, margined, and beaked, ^'iv'' Juice milky. Leaves on long radi- 
cal stalks, sagittate to linear. Summer. 

* Leaves mostly arrow-shaped. Filaments slender, elongated Nos. 1,1 

* Leaves lanceolate to linear, very rarely with tiarrow, liase lobes., .(a) 

a Filaments as long as tlie anthers. IVdieels all subequal Xo. 8 

a Filaments thiok, shorter than anthers.— .i Fertile peilioels very short No t 

— .!• IVdioels subequnl Nos. '). t 

1 S. variabilis Kng. Scape l-2r, 12 angleil ; t>terile j)edictis twice lon;:er than tljc 
fertile; lllaments much longer than tlie amluMs ; juhenia with a conspicuous n.er'.otl 
beak. Waters: common. Flowers a\n>ut 1' hrond. \'aries e.\cee<Ungly 
a. Leaves lanceolate, with lance-linear hibes of the same length 
^. ohtUsa, Leaves ample (,(i—10"t. broad-ovate, obtuse. Fls i <, . M., W.. rvnd S 
■y. laUf'oHa, Leaves ami)le. ovate, acute, their lobes o\ate. i>ointed. 
5. iiiactli^. Leaves and tlieir spreading lobes h>tig. linear, acute. 
,c putuscfitf, riant pubescent all over ; loaves and lobes ovate. 
3 S. calyt'ina Fug- Scape soon procinnbent ; pedicels all sulvqual ; bmcts r\n::\d- 
ish : calyx closed on the iVuit ; flhunents as long as the anthers. Wator»». L«»v»*s sw 
in No. 1. but siMuelime? all llne.-ir aiul floating. 



324 Order 135.— HYDROCHARIDACE^. 

3 S. lanceolata L. Leaves lance-oblong, rarely linear, tapering to the long petiole i 

scape branched; 2— 3f ; achenia obovate-falcate. Swamps, Va. to Fla. 

4 S. lieteropliylla Ph. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rarely some of them with 1 or 3 

base lobes ; scape simple, weak ; achenia narrow, long-beaked. Common S. and W. 

5 S. gramiiiea Mx. Scape erect, slender, 5— 2(y ; leaves lance-ovate to linear, rarely 

sagittate ; pedicels aU equally slender ; achenia beakless ; flowers 8—9''' diameter. 
/3. platyphylla. Leaves lance-ovate ; flowers larger, V broad. South. 

6 S. pusilla N. Scape shorter than the leaves (2 — ¥) ; leaves linear, shorter than the 

petioles ; flowers few, the fertile but one, deflexed ; stamens about 7. N. J., and S. 
T S. natans Mx. Scape mostly erect, 3—6' ; leaves oval-lanceolate, floating, obtuse, 
3-veined ; lower pedicels longest ; achenia angular, short-beaked. South. 

5. TRIGLOCHIN, L. Arrow-grass. Sepals and petals concave, 
deciduous (green). Sta. 6, very short, anth. large, extrorse. Ova. 1-ovuled, 
3 — 6, united and indehiscent in fruit. U Leaves all radical, grass-like 
Scape join tless, and bractless. Flowers small. July. 

1 T. maritimum. L. Fruit ovate-oblong, grooved, of 6 united carpels ; scapo 

longer (9—18') than the leaves. Salt marshes and Lake shores, northward. 

2 T. pal ustr e L. Fruit nearly linear, of 3 united carpels ; scape scarcely longer 

than the numerous and very narrow leaves. Marshes, N. Y., and N. 6—12'. 

6. SOHEUCHZBRIA, L. Sep. and pet. oblong, acute, persistent. Sta. 
6, with linear anthers. Ovaries 1-2-ovuled, becoming flattened inflated 
capsules. % Leaves cauline, sheathing at base, linear. 

S. palsistris L.— A rush-like plant, in swamps, Vt. to 111. (J. Wolf). Eoot-stock hori- 
zontal, fleshy. Stem If. Leaves semicylindric, 4 — 8'. Flowers yellowish green, Id a 
bracted raceme. Stamens large, exserted. July. 

Order CXXXV. HYDROCHARIDACE^. Frogbits. 

Aquatic herbs, with parallel- veined leams and diclinous flowers solitary oi 
spicate. Perianth regular, 3-6-parted, the inner segments petaloid. Sta- 
mens 3 — 13. Ovary adherent, 1-9-colled, with 3, 6, or 9 stigmas. Fruit 
dry or juicy, oo-seeded, indehiscent. 

* Leaves all radical, roundish, floatiug in stagnant waters. . Limnobium. 1 

* Leaves opposite or verticillate in 3's and 4's on the stems, submersed ...Anachakis. 2 

* Leaves all radical, grass-like, in water Vallisneria. 3 

1. LIMNdBIUM, Rich. Frog's-bit. Fls. 8 . Spathes subsessile, the 
$ 1-leaved, about 3-flwd., the ? 2-leaved, 1-flwd. Perianth showy, white. 

Sta. 6 — 12 (mere rudiments in $ ). Ov. 6-9-celled, becoming a (X)-seeded 
beriy. U ^ Stoloniferous. Lvs. on long stalks, subcordate. July, Aug. 
li. Spong'ia Eich.— Lake Ont. (rare), and S. Lvs. 1-1^', purplish and spongy \)&neaX\i 

2. ANACHARIS, Rich. Ditch Moss. Fls. <5 5 ? , solitary. Spathe 
axillary, bifid. Perianth 6-parted, colored, small, the fertile excessively 
produced above the adherent ovary into a capillary tube. Style capillary, 
with 3 large stigmas. Fruit few-seeded, y^^ Wholly submersed. Aug. 
A.. Canadensis Plane. Stems filiform, long, forking; veiy leafy; leaves linear-ob- 
long, serrulate, 5—10" ; tube of the din::ry- white fls. 2—10' long ! Streams and bogs. 



Order 137.— ORCHIDACE^. 325 

3. VALLISNERIA, Mich. Eel-grass. Fls. $ ? . Spatlie ovate, S- 
4-parted. $ Spadix or spike covered with minute naked fls. $ Fl. soli- 
tary, a slender perianth with linear segm. and 3 bifid stig. Fr. cylindrical, 

00 - seeded. U ^ Fertile flowers on long spiral scapes. July, Aug. 

V. spiralis L. Lvs. 1— 2f long, obtuse, i' wide, scapes of the sterile plants short, o' 
the fertile filiform, tortuous, 2— 4f, bearing the single white fl. at or near the surface 

Order CXXXVI. BUEMANNIACE^. 

Small annual Jierbs, with naked or scaly stems and scale-like tufted leaves. 
Flowers perfect. Perianth tubular, 6-toothed, adherent. Stamens 3 or 0. 
Capsule 1- or 3-celled. Seeds go, minute, in a loose testa. 

1. APTERIA, N. Perianth tube longer than the slender teeth, which 
are alternately narrower. Caps, globular, 1-celled. ® Apparently leafless. 

A. setacea N. Erect, very slender, 4— 6f, with remote subulate scales, and bearing 
above 1 or 2 racemes ; flowers 3—4'', purplish, distant. Woods, Fla., and W. 

2. BURMANNIA, L. Perianth tube scarcely produced above the 
ovary, often 3-winged below, limb with the 3 inner teeth much shorter. 
Capsule prismatic, often 3-winged, 3-celled. (i) Leafless. 

1 B. biflora L. Stems capillary, simple, 2—3', with scarcely perceptible bracts, and 

1 or 2 (rarely more) light-blue flowers, 2—3''' long at top. Swamps, Va., and S. Oct. 

2 B. capitata (L). Stem setaceous, 6—8', simple, bearing at top a dense cluster of 

white flowers, and a few subulate bracts. Uplands, S. : less common. Sept. 

Order CXXXVII. ORCHIDACE^E. Orchids. 

llerbs perennial with fleshy roots, simple, entire, parallel-veined leaves. 
Flowers very irregular, with an adherent, ringent perianth of G parts. Sepals 
3, usually colored. Petals 3, odd one (lowest by the twisting of the ovary), 
called the lip, diverse in form from the others, sometimes lobcd, often spur- 
red. Stamens 3, gynandrous (consolidated with the style), some of them 
abortive, /w^fc/i powdery or waxy. Ovary inferior, 1-cclled, capsule 3-v:ilved. 
Seeds innumerable. Figs. 71, 105, 240, 2-17, b. 203, 291, 435. 

S CYPRIPEDIKyE. Anthers, tho 2 Interul fovtilc, tho terminal petiiloid. . .(.0 

a Lip a large, inOated, spurless sac. I'etais and sepals spreading CvrKirKPirM. 1 

I OPHRYDl'LE, Ac. Anthers, only tho upper <);ir fertile, 2-eelled. . .(M 

h Lip a large inlliited sae, 2-sptirrod under tho apex. Leaf 1 Cvivrso. ' 

h IA\) produeed heliind li\ti> a spur, whieh is tree I'roni tho dvary. . .(c) 
b Lip spurU'ss, or the spur adlieres to the ovary (except in No. l.S1...(<J^ 

c Anther fixed ; pollen-nuisses 2, club-shapeil, in 2 separate eoUs Okchis. 3 

c Anther lid-like, on tho end of tho stiguui ; pollen-masses 4 TiruuiKii * 

d Plants brown and loalless, rarely with radical leaves. ..(«•) 
d Plants green and (except No. IfO furnished with leaves. . .("0 

Lip hooded, I. f'., its nnxrf.' ins involute. Perianth spreading Blktk. I 

• Lip concave, se.ssile, olten with an adnate spur Oiikalxokhiia 6 

t Lip concave, rtiised on a claw. Plant with 1 late leaf ApuKnRi'x. 1 

m Ijip flat. Klowers obscure, in raeentes, mvirly bract less. . .(fO 

m Ijip Hat, expanded and lobeil, tubercled at base. I'lowora showy t^Ni'imnn. fi 

•»» Lip channelled, reHexod. Flowers whitish, in bracted spiKos. . .(•)) 
m Lip bearded er 3-lobed. Staniou lid like. I'lowors showy. . .(x) 



326 Order 137.— ORCHIDACE^. 

n Lip enti re, dilated. Column minnte. (Leaf 1) Micbosttus » 

n Lip sagittate or cordate. Column elongated. Leaves 2 Lipparis. 10 

n Lip 2-lobed or cleft at apex. Leaves 2 cauline, opposite Listera. 11 

o Lip with 2 lateral callosities, not at all saccate Spiranthes. 12 

o Lip without callosities, saccate, or even spurred at base Goodykra. 13 

X Flowers greenish. Lip posterior, and beardless Pokthieva. 14 

X Flowers purple. Lip posterior, and bearded Calopogon. 15 

X Flowers purplish. Lip anterior (as in most Orcliids). ..(.v) 

y Column free from the lip. Calyx spreading Pogonia. 16 

y Column adnate to the lip below. Calj-x erect. Leaves Arethusa. 17 

y Column adherent to the lip. Calyx spreading. On trees, South. .. .....Epidendrdm. 18 

1. OYPRIPEDIUM, L. Lady's Slipper. The 2 lower sepals unitecJ 
into 1 leaf, or rarely distinct. Pel. spreading. Lip inflated, saccate, ob- 
tuse. Column terminated by a petaloid lobe (barren stamen), and bearing 
a 2-celled anther under each wing, if With large plaited leaves and large 
Bhowy flowers. May, June. Fig. 71. 

§ Sepals 3, the two lower entirely distinct. Stem leafy No. l 

§ Sepals 2, the lower composed of two united nearly to the tip. . .(a) 

a Stem a leafless scape, 2-Ieaved at base. Flower rose-colored No. 2 

a Stem leafy. — x Flowers solitary or several, white or rose-colored Nos. 3, 4 

—X Flowers 1—3, mostly 1, yellow. Plant pubescent Nos. 5, 6 

1 C. arietinum Ait. Ram's Head. Stems usually clustered, 8—12', each 1- or 2- 

flwd. ; leaves elliptical ; upper sep. ol)long-ovate, the lateral sep. and pet. lin. -lanceo- 
late, lip obconic, as loni^ as the pet. Damp woods, N. Eng. to Wis., and N. Curious. 

2 C acaule Ait. Scape 10—14', bearing a single large (2') flower ; Ivs. elliptic-oblong ; 

pet. lanceolate, shorter than the large boat-shaped lip. In damp woods. Beautiful. 

3 C. spectabile Sw. Stem leafy, 2f, hairy; Ivs. lance-ovate, acuminate ; sep. broad- 

ovate, obtuse, the lower (double) one smaller ; lip 2', white-purple. Swamps. Superb. 

4 C. candidum Willd. St. leafy. If; Ivs. oblong-lauceolate, acute; fl. 1; sep. sub- 

equal ; lip 1', compressed, white, shorter than the (2') pet. Woods and prairies. 

5 C. parviflorum Salisb. St. very leafy, 8—12' ; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate ; sepals 

ovate to lance-ovate ; lip depressed, shorter than the petals. Low woods and prairies. 

6 C. pubescens Sw. Large Yellow L. Stems usually clustered. If or more ; leaves 

broadly lanceolate, acuminate ; sepals lanceolate ; lip compressed laterally, moccasin- 
shaped, shorter than the linear, twisted petals. Woods, meadows, and pfairies. 

2. OALYPSO, Salisb. Sep. and pet. subeqnal, ascending. Lip large, 
inflated, with 2 spurs dependent beneatli near the apex. Column petaloid. 
Pollinia 4. if Scape 1-leafed at base, l-fl\vd. above, arising from a conn. 
C. borealis Salisb.— Old mossy woods, Vt., N. Y., W. to Oregon I Scape 6—8' ; leaf 

broad-ovate, 1—2'; flowers purple and yellow, \k' . Rare eastward. May. 

3. ORCHIS, L. Sepals and pet. similar, some of them ascending and 
arching over the column. Lip turned downward, produced at base into a 
spur which is free from the twisted ovaiy. Sta. 1, anth. 2-celled, a pollen- 
oiass in each cell. — Fls. racemed on the stem or scape. June — August 
(Includes Habenaria, Gymnadenia, and Platanthera.) 

* Leaves only 2,— a ovate, nearly as long as scape. Flowers rose-white No. 1 

— a roundish, the scape much longer. Flo-'yers greenish. . .Nos. £, 3 
♦Leaf only 1. Flowers greenish-white. Lip entire or 3-1g -^^d Nos. 4, 5 

♦ Leaves several, clothing the stem more or less. . .(&) 

h Lip undivided,— e entire, white or greenish Nos. 6, 7 



OKDER 137.— ORCHID ACE .E. 327 

-~c crenulate or wavy, white or yellow Nop. 8, 9 

— c 3-toothed. Flowers yellowish or greenish Nos. 10 — 12 

—c fringed. Flowers bright yellow or white Nos. 1.3 — 15 

6 Lip 3-parted,— cc segments fringed. Flowers white or greenish Nos. 10, 17 

—X segments fringed. Flowers purple Nos. IS, 10 

—X segments merely toothed. Flowers violet-purple No. 20 

—X segments entire, long, linear-setaceous Nos. 21, 22 

1 O. spectabilis L. Lvs. rarely more than 2, 3—6' ; scape 4— 6', bearing 1 or 2 lanceo- 

late bracts and 3—5 showy flowers above ; spur clavate. Rocky thickets. Pretty. 

2 O. orbiculata Ph. Lvs. 2, roundish, 3—6', fleshy; scape bracted, 1— 2f; upper 

sepals round, the lateral ovate, half as long as the lip (9—12"). Woods, E. and W. 

3 O. Hookeri Wood. Lvs. 2, round-oval, fleshy, 4—5'; scape naked, 8—12'; upper 

sepals ovate, erect, the lateral deflexed and meeting behind ; spur 1'. Woods, N. 

4 O. obtusata Ph. Leaf oblong-ovate, obtuse, 2-3', near the base of the stem ; lip 

linear, entire, with 2 tubercles at base, as long as the spur. In mud, N. 

5 O. rotundifolia Ph. Leaf round-ovate, radical ; scape few-flowered; lip 3-Iobcd, 

obcordate, side lobes falcate ; spur as long as the lip. Penn., and N. 

6 O. liyperborea Willd. Lvs. very erect, lanceolate; spike long: bracts longer than 

the greenisn flowers ; petals and lip linear, subequal. Shades, northward. 1— 4f. 

7 O. dilatata Ph. Slender, 8'— 2f; lvs. lance-linear and linear ; spike virgate ; bract? 

short ; flowers white ; lip linear, dilated-rhombic at base. Swamps, N. 

8 O. nivea Baldw. Very slender, 1— 2f ; lowest leaf linear, 6—8', the others subu- 

late, bract-like ; flowers white, in an obiong spike ; lips oblong. South. 

9 O. Integra N. Stem leafy, flexuous, 12—1.5'; lvs. narrow-lanceolate; spike dense, 

oval ; flowers orange-yellow ; lip ovate, longer than sepals. Swamps, N. J., and S. 

10 O. trideiitata Willd. St. slender, 12—18'; lowest leaf linear-oblong. ol)tuse, 0', 
the others few, small and bract-like ; fls. few, greenish ; lip 3-toothed at end. Woods*. 

no. bracteat,a Muhl. St. leafy; lvs. oblong, obtuse oracutish; bracts 2—3 times 
longer than the small green fls. ; lip 3-(or 2-)toothedat end, lin.-cuneate. Shailos. 6—9'. 

12 O. flava L. St. leafy; lvs. oblong to lanceolate ; bracts longer than the yellowish- 
brown flowers; lip oblong, obtuse, a tooth each side at base, and a tubercle in the 
palate; spur shorter than the ovary. Alluvial soils. (O. virescens Muhl.) 

1 3 O. cristata Mx. Slender, \\ — 2f ; leaves lance-linear to linear ; flowers numerous, 
small, yellow; sep. and pet. roundish, 1—2''; spur \ as long as ovary. N. J., and S. 

14 O. filiaris L. Yello^v Fringed Orchis. Stem2f; leaves lanceolate ; flowers large, 
numerous, orange-colored : lip 4" long, twice longer than the linear, notched petals , 
spur 1'. Swamps. Delicately beautiful. 

15 O. Bleplnariglottls Willd. White Fringed Orchis. Stem 1— 2f ; leaves lancoo 
late; flowers jiure white ; lip fringed in the middle, 2" long, lanceolate; siuir nuu'h 
longer (1'). Swamps, N. Y. to Car., and westward. 

16 O. laoora Mx. Jiagged 0. St. smooth, slender. 1— 2f; leaves oblong to linear, 
bracts longer than the flowers; sepals retuse ; petals emarginato ; flowers OC ; lip 
segments capillaceous-multifld ; spur as long as the ovary. Meadows. 

17 O. leiK'opliu'a N. White Prairie 0. Lvs. lanceolate, tapering \o a narrow ob- 
tuse point ; bracts shorter than the ovaries; fls. abont 12; spur Yellowish, curved, 
twice longer than (he ovary; i>etals white. Wet prairies. 

IS O. I»sy<'o«los L. Parpte Fringed (). Leaves huu-eolate ; lip segments cuneiform, 
scarcely longer than the ovate, crenulate, slightly fringed petals ; spur longer than 
the ovary. ^Meadows. U— 2K. Flowers light purple. 

19 O. {»rmi«lUlora r>w. Large Fringed O. Tall. 2— ,3f; lvs. oval, oblong. .Hud lin- 
ear, obtuse ; lip segments dei)endent. fan-shaped, twice longer than the Mnged i>«'t 
nls. Wet meadow?, Penn.. and N. Superb. (O. tlmbriata."* 

20 O, poraiiiu'iia (,<.^r."» Tall, leatV ; leaves lanceolate to lar.ce-linear ; sepals n.>und 
ovate; petals denticulate; lip middle segment 2-lobod, all merely toothed: ^pa 
;on;;er than the ovary. Fa. to Ind., and S. Flower? 20—50, large. 



328 Order 137.— ORCHIDACEJa. 

21 O. JTIicliaiixii (N.) Very leafy ; leaves elliptic-oval, the upper reduced ; flowers 
few, white ; petals 2-parted, the lower divisions linear-setaceous, like those of the 
lip ; spur t^vice as long as the ovary ; flowers white. South. 

22 O. repens (N.) Stem very leafy from a creeping rhizome ; leaves all lance-linear, 
long ; flowers greenish-yeUow, dense in the spike, much smaller than in No. 21, but 
otherwise similar. Pine-barrens, S. August, September. 

4. TIPULARIA, ]Sr. Sepals spatulate, spreading. Petals lance-linear. 
Lip sessile, 3-lobed, middle lobe linear. Spur filiform, very long. Column 
free. Antli. opening by a lid, with 4 pollen-masses, if Corms seyeral, 
connected by a thick fibre. Leaf 1. Flowers bractless. 

T. discolor N.— Pine woods, Yt. to Ga. Leaf ovate, petiolate, 2—3', Scape 10—15' ; 
raceme with many small, greenish, nodding flowers. July. 

5. BiETIA, R. & P. Pet. and sep. subequal, distinct. Lip hooded 
at end (spurless in our species). Column free. Pollinia 8, in pairs, waxy, 
each pair pedicellate. U Flowers racemed, showy. 

1 B. aphylla N. Leafless ; scape 15 — -30', with few bracts ; racemes long and loose ; 

flowers purplish and yellowish-brown ; lip 3-lobed. Swamps, S. August. 

2 B. "rerec imda H. K. Leaves all radical, broad-lanceolate; scape 2— 3f; flowers 

purple, large and showy ; lip broad and crisp at the end. Ga., Fla. July. 

6. CORALLORHIZA, Br. Coral-root. Sepals and petals subequal, 
conyerging. Lip produced behind into a spur, which is adnate to the 
ovar}^ or obsolete. Pollinia 4. U Plants leafless, brown, arising from 
coralline roots, sheathed with bracts. Flowers racemed. Fig. 240. 

* Spur conspicuously prominent, but adnate. Lip 3-lobed No. 1 

* Spur wholly obliterated. — x Lip crenulate, wavy, not at all lobed No. S 

— X Lip entire, slightly toothed near the base. Nos. 3, 4 

1 C. multiflora N. Scape 10— 15^ all brownish-purple, bearing 15—20 fls. in a long 

rac. ; lip 3-lobed, white, spotted, 3 — 4" ; caps, elliptical, pendulous. Woods, M., N. JJ. 

2 C. odontorliiza N. Scape 9— 14', all brownish-purple, bearing 10 — 20 fls. in a long 

spike ; lip undivided, oval, obtuse, spotted ? caps, roundish, reflexed. Old woods. Jl. 

3 €. iiinata Br. Scape 5-10-flwd. ; lip oblong, angularly 2-toothed toward the baso, 

spotless, white ; caps, elliptic-obovoid. reflexed. Damp woods, N. : rare. 5 — 8'. Jn. 

4 C. Macraei Gr. Scape 15-20-flwd., fls. large; lip oval, obtuse, obscurely auriculate 

at base ; caps, oval, 6", reflexed ; sepals and petals 6". N. H., N. and W. 10—16'. 

7. APIiEOTRUM, K Adam-axd-Eye. Puttt-root. Sepals and 
petals distinct, subequal, conyerging. Lip unguiculate, 3-lobed, middle lobe 
crenulate. Spur 0. Column free, anth. a little below the apex, polluiia 4, 
lens-shaped. 2]: Root a giobous corm. Leaf 1, large, biennial. Scape after 
the leaf, bracted, racemed, and brown, as in Corallorhiza. Fig. 263. 

A. hyemale N.— Woods: rare. Corm near 1' diam., a new one each year. Leaf ellip- 
tic-ovate, 3—5', green all Winter. Scape 12— 18^, with a dozen brownish flowers. 

8. ONOIDIUM, Sw. Lip expanded, lobed, tubercled at base. Perianth 
expanding. Sepals sometimes but 2. Column winged. Pollen masses 3, 
each 2-iobed. U Splendid flowers, tropical, of easy culture in the green- 
house. Flowers large, in open racemes, oliye, yellow, &c. 



Order 137.— ORCHID ACE^. 329 

1 O. FLEXudsuM. Scape panicled, arising from the base of a bulb ; leaves lanceolate ; 

lip 2-lobed, spotted, much lonp^er than the other petals. Brazil. 

2 O. LURiDUM. Scape erect, branched; leaves elliptical ; lip reniform, not longer than 

the wavy, retuse petals ; flowers large, olive-colored. From S. America. 2f. 

3 O. Papilio, has one spotted ovate leaf and large yellow- red butterfly-shaped flowers. 

9. MICRO ST YLIS, N. Sepals sru'eading, petals filiform or linear, lip 
concave, sessile. Column mmiite, with 2 teeth or lobes at tip. Pollinia 4. 
U Root tuberous, with 1 or 2 leaves and small racemed flowers. 

1 Iff. opliioglossoides N. St. 5—9', with a single ovate (2') leaf near the middle , 

rac. short (!'), pt^d. much longer than the minute whitish flowers. Woods, N. June. 

2 M. monopli^llus Lindl. St. 2— 6^ 3-angled, witn a single ovate leaf; rac. elonga- 

ted, 20-40-flowered ; pedicels about as long as the flowers (2")- Woods, N. : rare. Jl. 

10. LIPPARIS, Rich. Tway-blade. Sep. and pet. very narrow. Lip 
spreadhig, flat. Column M'inged. Pollinia 4, parallel with each oilier, with- 
out pedicels or glands. U Root tuberous, with 2 Ivs. and a rac. of greenish fis. 

1 li. lilifolia Rich. Scape about 6'; leaves 2. radical, lance-ovate, 3—4'; petals fili- 

form, reflexed ; lip purple, 6", abruptly cuspidate ; pedicels 1'. Damp woods. June. 

2 li. lioeselii Rich. Scape 3—5', about 6-flowered ; pedicels 2" ; lip 2", oblong, ma 

cronate, incurved, wavy; sepals and petals linear. Fields, Can. to Penn. June. 

11. LISTERA, Br. Tway-blade. Sep. and pet. subequal, lip pendu- 
lous, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Colimm wingless, anth. dorsal, pollen powdery. 
If Root fibrous. Stem (4 — 9') with 2 opposite leaves above the middle. 
Flowers small, racemed. May — July, in damp woods. 

1 li. cordata Br. Lvs. roundish, eubcordate, acute; fis. 10— 1."5, in a short raceme; 

pedicels length of the ovary ; lip-segrrient linear, length of the sepals. Penn.. and N. 

2 Jj. australls JAiuW. Lvs. ovate ; fis. in a loose raceme ; ped. 3—4 times longer tlian 

the ovary ; lip-segment linear-setaceous, twice the length of tlic sepals. N. J., and S. 

3 Ij. convallarioides Ilook. Lvs. round-oval ; fis. few, loose, on slender pedicels ; 

lip twice the length of the sepals (4"), 2-lobed at the dilated apex. Ga., and N. 

12. SPIRANTHES, Rich. Ladies' Tresses. Spike spiral. Periantli 
ringent, the 3 upper pieces ascending and connivent, lip oblong, recurved, 
channelled, the base embracing the column, and with 2 callous processes. 
Stigma ovate, beaked, 2-toothcd at tip. Anthers doi-sal, pollinia 2, each 
2-lobed, powdery. If Stem nearl}" naked, bearing many white llowei^s, 
bent to a horizontal position. 

* Spike dcTise, with the flowers on all sides. Lvs. present with the fl»nvers..Xos. 1—3 

* Spike slender, flowers all in 1 straight i>r spiral row. — a* Lvs. pormaiieiU Nos. 4--(> 

—X Lvs. evanescent N\is. T. fl 

1 S. ceruiia Rich. Leaves lance-linear, the upper bract-like ; spike oblong to cylln 

(Iric, 2 — 1' ; lip very obtuse, crenulate-wavy, conduplieato and recurved ; sei^Us and 
petals not connivent, I .")''. Wet. 0—20'. Aug.— Oct 

2 S. Koiiiuuy:ovl:i.ii}i (.'ham. Lvs. lance-oblong to linear; spike den^ie. 1— ,S'; lip 

nuu'li recurved, ovale-olilong, cu imlate-wavy ; sepals and lelals all connivent alnne 
intt) a galea. H(>gi», Me. (,Miss Towle") to Lake Superior {Vvol\ PorterV July, .\ug. 
^ S. latlt'oliai Torr. Leaves nearly radical. 3-r)-vi>ined, lance-ibloug; scape hnictivl, 
4— S' ; llowers small (_2—.H') ; plant glabrous. Meadows, Penn.. and N. tUu\e. .lul>-. 

4 S. odorata N. St. stout, 1— 2f; lvs. lauce-oWong; fls. yellowish. tVagrant. 6". In & 

epiral row, witli U-alV bracts ; lip 2-toi>theil at base. Mni!(ly sin>ams. S. October. 



330 Order 137.— ORCHID ACE^. 

6 S. graminea Lindl. Lvs. below lance-linear to linear, the cauline mere sheaths; 

spike dense, much twisted ; flowers white, 3— 5^^ pubescent, scarcely rin2;ent ; lip 

oblong-ovate, crisped, obtuse. Wet meadows. June — Aug. (S. tortilis C-B.) 
6 S. 'brevifolia Chapm. Lowest leaves elliptical, evanescent, cauline bract-like ; 

floweps — 15, in a nearly straight row, ringent, 3 — i" ; lip entire. S. 
T S. gracilis Bigel. Lvs. all radical, ovate to oblong, fugacious; scape very slender, 

8—18', with a few bracts ; flowers 3 — ¥\ in a nearly straight row, pure white ; root 

fasciculate ; plant glabrous. Woods : common. July, Aug. 
8 S. simplex Gr. Lvs. all radical, fugacious ; scape 5—9', flowers very small (1 — 2") 

m a tnm i-muc^ Pi/In.c ; np obovate-oblong. Dry, N. J. (Porter), and S. 

13. GOODYERA, Br. Rattlesnake Plantain. Spike and perianth 
as in Spiranlbes. Lip sessile, concave or sack-like or even spur-like at 
base, contracted at the end to a reflexed, channelled point. U Root-stock 
creeping, branching. Leaves ovate, on sheathing petioles. 

* Leaves radical, generally netted with white veins. Lip not spurred Nos. 1, 2 

* Leaves cauline, uniformly green. Lip spurred at the base behind No. 3 

1 G. Menziesii Lindl. Lip concave at ba^e, gradually narrowed and folded at apex ; 

leaves elliptic-ovate ; scape 9 — 12' ; spike loose-flcwered ; flowers pubescent (as are 
Nos. 2 and 3), mberect. Woods. N. Y. to Mieh. (Dr. Leidy) and Oreg. 1 July, Aug. 

2 G. repens Br. Lip saccate-inflated at base ; leaves ovate, beautifully netted ; scap^i 

6 — 12'; flowers ovoid, noddiRg, in 1 row. which is more or less spiral : perianth green- 
ish, about 2" long and nearly as wide. Woods. June, July. (G. pubescens Br.) 

3 U. quercicola Lindl. Rooting on the bark of Oaks, &c. ; stem leafy; lvs. lance- 

ovate, thin ; spike glabrous, dense, 6 — iO" ; sheaths and bracts membranous ; lip 
ovate at apex, the spur pouch-like, half as long as the ovary. F.a. to La. 6 — 12'. 

14. PONTHIEVA, Br. Lip on the upper or inner side, ovate, spread- 
ing, and with the "other petals inserted into the middle of the column. 
Anthers with 4 poUinia. Otherwise like Spiranthes. 

P. glaiidnlosa Br. Lvs. radical, oblong-oval; root fasciculate; scape If, bracted, 
with a spike of many greenish pubescent fls. Woods, S. Sept., Oct. (Cranichis N.) 

15. CALOFOGON, Br. Grass Pink. Sepals and petals similar, dis- 
tinct. Lip on the upper (inner) side (the ovaiy not twisted), unguiculate, 
bearded. Column free, winged at the summit. U Corm bearing a grass- 
like leaf, and a scape with several showy flowers. 

C, pulcliellus Br. Leaf linear, 8 — 12' by 6", veined ; fls. 3 — S, large, purple; lip spat 
ulate, crested with colored hairs, erect over the column. Wet meadows. June, July. 

16. POGONIA, Juss. Perianth irregular, its pieces distinct. Lip ses- 
sile or unguiculate, hooded, bearded inside. Column wingless, free. Anth. 
terminal, lid-form, with 2 pollinia. U 

% Sepals about equal, and similar to the petals, light purple. Lip scarcely lobed. Nos. 1, 2 
§ Sepals much longer than, and unlike the petals, dark brown. Lip 3-lobed . .Nos. 3, 4 

1 E*. opliioglossoides N. Root fibrous; stem fl— 16', with an oval-lanceolate leaf 

near the middle, and a leaf-like bract near the single large pale-purple flower ; lip 
crested and fringed, as long as the sepals and petals. Swamps. June. July. 

2 I*, pendul i Lindl. Three-birds. Root tuberous ; stem 4— S', with 4— 8 small sca^ 

tered leaves and 3 (1 — 4) drooping bird-like flowers 1' long. Woods: rare. August. 

3 I*, d-ivaricata Br. Stem 1 — 2f, erect, with 2 linear-oblong lvs. and 1 terminal large 

flower; sepals linear, recurved at apex, H' long; petals lanceolate, pink-colortd, 
facnn.iuate, 1', lip a little longer. Swamps, Del. to Fla April, May. 



Oiii^EB 138.— SCI riJVIINEvE. 331 

4 P. verticillata N. Stem 8—12', bracted at base, bearing 4 or 5 oval Ivs. in a whorl 
at the top, with a curious flower ; sepals linear, 2 or 3 times longer than the lanceolate, 
obtuse petals, which are about 9'-' long. Swamps. June, July. 

17. ARETHUSA, Gron. Fl. ringent. Sep. and pet. similar, coheriog 
at base and connivent above. Lip adnate to the column at base, recurved 
and dilated at apex, xintliers termmal, 2-celled, with 4 pollinia. U Stem 
low, with sheathing bracts. Flowers puri)le, beautiful. 

A. bnlbosa L. Flower single, 1—2', erect, with 2 small bracts at its base ; lip crenu- 
late-wavy, bearded along the middle. Root a corm. Bogs. 6—12'. June. 

18. EPIDENDRUM, Swtz. Tree ORcnis. Sep. and pet. spreading. 
Lip united with the column forming a tube which is sometimes decurrent 
01^ the ovary. Anth. terminal, opercular, 4-celled. Pollinia 4. U Grows 
on the rough bark of trees. Stems many-flowered. 

E, conopseuiu H. K, Stems clustered, 5—8', each with a pair of opposite, lance- 
linear, •coriaceous leaves below, and 3—7 purplish fls. 6" broad. Low lands, S. Aug. 

Order CXXXVIII. SCITAMINEiE. Gingerworts. 

Tropical Jierbs. Leaves parallel-veined, with the veins diverging fi'om 
the midvein. Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical, with perianth 3-6- 
parted and adherent to the 3-celled evai'y. Stamens 3 — 6, some of them 
abortive. Styles united. Fruit dry or fleshy. Seeds albuminous. Here 
belong the Cinnamons, Gingers, Bananas, and Arrow-roots. 

§ MUSACEiE. Anther.s ,5, each 2-celled. Fruit many-seeded. Filaments 6. . .(a:) 

§ ZINGIBEREiE. Anther 1, 2-celled. Filaments ;i, not petaloid. Fruit 00 -seeded. . .(i^) 

§ MARANTE^. Anther 1, with 1 cell. Filaments 3. petaloid. Capsules l-3-seeded...(j) 

X Perianth of 2 unequal leaves or lips, the lower S-toothed. Berry oblong Musa. 1 

X Perianth of 6 very unequal leaves, with larg;e spathes. Fruit capsular Strklitzia. 2 

y Perianth tube slender, lower petal lip-like. Stamens and style long-exserted.IlKUYcuiuit. S 

y Perianth .^hort, in spikes, with large bracts. Stamens and style included Alpima. 4 

z Pistil petaloid, stijjma 3-sided. Flowers inconspicuous. Leaves colored Marasta. 5 

« Pistil petaloid, stiKma flat, linear. Flowers red, showy, (^aps. 3-soeded Can.na. 6 

K Pistil short, twisted, with a large gaping stigma. Fls. small. Caps. 1-seeded Tiialia. 7 

1. MUSA SAPiENTUM. Banana. Scape 7 — 20f, sheathed bohnv hy the 
btalks of the majestic leaves, the summit a nodding spike of pink-iolorod lUnvoi-s, by- 
coming a huge cluster of delicious fruits in which the seeds are abortive. 

2. STRELITZIA reoin.k. Scape 5— 8f, with sheathing bracts, upper 
bract spatlio-like, liori/ontal, with a clustor of splendid llowers. Sepals laneeolate. .S — 4'. 
yellow. IVtals luistalc, lii^ht blue, enclosing the star.iens and style. S. .Vfriea. 

3. HEDYCHIUM AN(UTSTiFoi,ir>r. Stem nf, very lealy. Leaves liu- 
car-lanceolale. Sei)als and pet. linear, the ..p ,»bl(ii..; ^11 scarlet, in a dense eln>ter. II. 
C4KN'KUM lias similar leaves, with pink-colored tlowers* in a loose elnsier. K. India. 

4. ALPINIA maonIfuw, tVoin Mauritiiw, lOf liiuh. h:is the tUnviM-s it) a 
hciul with many large rose-colored bracts, wliieh are h^inl^-red \vitl\ a \vl>ite line. \, nu- 
tans, still taller, •.'-v)ni K. India, has a droopini,' raceme of pink colored bracts ami llowere, 
witli curled and curved petals. Very spleiuUil. 

5. MARANTA lu'coi.ou, lVon\ Ura/il, is cultivalrd for the larce ovate 
leo'os, which are beaiitifnlly feather marked with H^'ht-irreen aliove anil purple UiieHlli 



332 Orde^ 139.— amaryllidace^. 

6. CANNA, L. Indian? Shot. Sepals 3, persistent on the tubercled 
fruit. Petals 6, the innermost 2- or 3-lobed at the end. Stamen petaloid, 
with a half anther on one edge. Stigma petaloid, flat, obtuse. U Hand- 
some evergreen herbs, with tall stems and large smooth leaves. 

§ CoKTTHiUM. Corolla tube manifest. Petals dilated. Anthenvholly adnatc.No. 1 
§ Canna j9?'opfr. Cor. tube short or 0. Petals narrow. Anther free above.. Nos. 2 — 4 

1 C, fljiccida Rose. Stem 3— 4f; Ivs. lanceolate, 2f, pointed both ways; eep. erect, 

not i the length of the tube of the fannel-form corolla ; petals and filaments obovate, 
Uiin, flaccid, wavy, j-ellow. spirally arranged ; stig. spatulate. Ponds, South. 

2 C Indica. Stem 3— 6f, leafy ; Ivs. ovate, pointed, 1— 2f, abrupt at base ; sep. green, 

6''' ; 3 outer pet. erect, green-tipped, the 3 inner recurved or reflexed, the ."^th double 
(2-lobed at end), the stamens and style similar (2'), all scarlet. W. Indies. 

3 C DISCOLOR. Stem 6 — lOf; Ivs. very large, green and purple; fls. in pairs, crimson. 

4 C IRIDIFL^RA. From Peru. Downy ; sheaths colored at edge ; fls. drooping, 3', red. 

7. THALIA, L. Flowers in a 2-leaved spathe. Cal. 3-sepalled, small. 
Cor. 6-parted, 3 inner pet. very unequal. Sta. 2-parted, the inner segment 
Blender, bearing the ^ anther. Caps. thin, if ^ Scape sheathed at base 
hj the petioles, tall, paniculate above. Flowers small, purple. 

1 T. dealbata Rose. Plant 4f, covered with a white powder ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, on 

longr petioles ; panicles dense, erect, the branches as short as the lanceolate bracts. S. 

2 T. divarieata Chapm. Plant not powdery, 7f ; Ivs. lance-ovate, rounded at base ; 

panicle open, divaricate, branches zigzag, much longer than the linear bracts. Fla. 

Order CXXXIX. AMARYLLIDACE^. Amaryllids. 

Herbs perennial, chiefly bulbous, with linear leaves not scurfy nor woolly. 
Flowers showy, mostly regular and on scapes, with an adherent, 6-parted 
perianth. Stamens 6, anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with st?/les united 
into 1. Fruit a 3-celled capsule or berry. Seeds 1 to GO, with fleshy albu- 
men. Figs. 58, 80, 486, 495. 

§ Perianth crowned with a firm cup containing the stamens (§§ 78, 79) Narcissus. 1 

§ Perianth cro-vvned with a thin menj-brane connecting the stamens Pai-jceatium. 2 

§ Perianth not crowned. — a Segments united into a tube above the ovary. ..(b) * 

— a Segments distinct down to the ovary. ..{x, 
b Flowers in umbels or solitary on the naked scape. ..(d) 
6 Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. Scape bracted. ..(e) 

d Tube long and slender, segments narrow, abruptly spreading , Crinust. 3 

d Tube short or long, gradually expanding. Perianth subirregular Amaryllis. 4 

e Tube of the perianth straight. Stamens exserted Agave. 5 

e Tube of the perianth curved. Stamens included Poltanthes 6 

X Perianth irregular. Stems leafy, flowers umbelled ALSTR(EMERi.a J 

X Perianth irregular. Scape naked, with 1 large flower ... Sprekelia. 8 

X Perianth regular.— 2/ Sepals all white, larger than the petals Galakthus. 9 

—y Sepals green-tipped, as large as the petals LettcOJUM. 10 

— y Sepals and petals equal, yellow Hypoxis. U 

1, NARCISSUS, L. Perianth regular, 6-parted, bearing a bell- or 

cup-form crown on the throat. Sta. 6, inserted in the tube, and concealed 

within the crown. U Stems bulbous, scapes bearing a long deciduous 

ppathe with 1 or more yellow or white fragrant flowers. Leaves linear. 

§ Crown longer than the tube of the perianth. Scape l-flowered Nos. 1, 2 



Ordek 139.— AMARYLLIDACEiE. 333 

{ Crown ehorter than the tube,— a? its border crenated. Flowers 1—5 Nos. 3—5 

—X its border 6-lobed. Flowers 1—3 No. fi 

— X its border entire. Flowers .5—20 Nos. 7, 8 

1 N. Pskudo-Narcissus. Daffodil. Scape 2-edged, If; Ivs. linear, If; fl. large, ylw. ; 

crown bell-form, serrate-crenate, as long as the pet. Often double : com. Apr., May. 

2 N. BuLBOCODiuM. Hoop-petticoat. Fl. ylw. ; cr. much larger than perianth. Apr., May. 

3 N. JoNQUiLLA. Jonquils. Fls. 2 — 5, yellow, frag., small ; crown saucer- shaped, much 

shorter than the petals ; scape terete ; Ivs. half round, If. From Spain. May, June. 

4 N, BiFLORUS. Primrose-peerless. Fls. generally 2, cream-wh., crown cup-shaped, ylw. 
6 N, POETicus. PoeVs N. Fl. 1, white, crown flattiph, very small, pale-yellow, edged 

with crimson, throat yellow. Fl. often double. Scape If. Lvs. flat. June. S. Eur. 

6 N. OBOKtJS. Great Jonquil. Fl. mostly solitary, yellow, powerfully fragrant, crown 

bell-form, 6'^ the lobes entire ; limb 1' long, tube slender, 9". S. Europe. If. May. 

7 N. Tazetta. Crown yellow, bell-form, half as long as the white or yellow petals, the 

border truncate ; leaves glaucous, flat. Spain. May, June. Numerous varieties. 

8 N. POLYANTHUS. Crown white, thrice shorter than the ovate white petals, border 

nearly entire ; leaves green, flat. Spain. Beautiful, but too tender north. 

2. PANCRATIUM, L. Perianth tube produced above the (sessile) 
ovary, long and slender, the 6 segm. long and naiTow. Stam. 6, adnate to 
the crown, exserted ; anth. versatile. If Sulb coated, scape solid, 2-edged, 
bearing a bracted umbel of large (white) flowers. (Leaves linear.) 

§ Crown adnate below to the dilated throat and segment of the perianth Nos. 1, 3 

§ Crown free, funnel-form, throat of perianth not dilated. Tube straight Nos. 3, 4 

1 P. maritimum L. Plant glaucous ; lvs. longer than scape ; tube -3 — 1', longer than 

the lin. -lanceolate segm. ; crown half-adherent, 12-toothed. Marshes, S. July— Sept. 

2 P. nutans Gawl. Plant green ; lvs. very long (2f ) ; fls. nodding, with a green curved 

tube 2', seg. nearly 3' ; sta. incurved ; crown slightly adherent. S. Car. {Herbert.) 

3 P. rotatum Gawl. Plant glaucous, 1— 2f; lvs. long, strap-shaped, obtuse; tube 3', 

green, shorter than the linear segments ; crown irregularly toothed. S. April, May. 

4 P. coronarium Leconte, Plant green, 2f; lvs. lance-linear, obtuse; tube 3 — t', 

seg. as long ; crown funnel-form, \W jagged at edge ; sta. 2i'. Wet or dry. South. 

3. ORINUM, L. Flowers nearly as in Pancratium, but destitute of a 
crown. U Bulb coated. Leaves in many rows. Scape solid. 

1 C. xlmerlcannm L. Lvs. lin.-oblong; ova. sessile, 3 — t in the umbel ; tubogreru 

and lance-lin., white segm. about equal (40 ; caps. l-r)-seeded. Swamps. Fla., and W. 

2 C AMABiLE. Bulb stem-like ; lvs. broad-linear ; scape flattened, 3 — If. bearing :m um- 

bel of 20—30 purple fragrant flowers 9' long ; pot. ligulate. roourvcxl. E. India. 

3 C OUNATUM. Bulb globular; lvs. undulate; scnpo lU". 10-50-rtowercd ; fls. white to 

roseate, very large ; segments lancc-oblong. E. India. ^Many varieties. 

4. AMARYLLIS, L. Perianth tube long or short, oxj^anding upward ; 
limb regular or nearly so. Sta. five, anth. vorsatilo. Style long, docliiuito. 
:!( Bulb coated. Leaves narrow. Scape 1-few-lloworoil. . 

A A. Ataniasoo L. Atamasco LUy. Scape l-flwd. ; perianth boll-form, erect, .'^', pink- 
white ; tube slender bolow, 1'; filaments included. Au attniolivo flower, in wet cl.ty 
Boils,Va. to Fla. Scape terete, (>—l\2'. Lvs. linear. If. Mar.-May. (Zophyranthus Hoth.) 

2 A. viTTATA. Per. 3- -r, nodding, while, red striped inside, margins crispe^L S.Am. 

3 A. uKoiN.K. Per. nodding, scarlet with a groon star, throat tVingixl ; fls. '2—1. S.Am. 
'I A. spKcios.v Fls. 2 — 1, blood-rod, erect, 3' long, funnel-form. S. Afr. ^,V.1Uota, lib.) 

5. AGAVE, L. AiiKiiiCAN Alok. Perianth funnel-form, G-partcil Sta. 



334 Order 139.— AMARYLLIDACE^. 

6, exserted, anth. soon versatile. Caps, obtusely 3-angled, oo-seeded. U 
Monocaipic herbs (§ 42). Crown-root with thick fibres, a dense clump of 
thick, rigid, often spiny Ivs. Scape bracted, with numerous fiowers. July 

1 A. Vlrginica L. Lvs. lin.-lanceolate, spine-pointed, denticulate ; scape simple, 

4-€f, loosely spicate above ; fis. greenish-yellow, .1', sessile, fragrant. Rocks, Va., and S, 

2 A. Americana. Century Plant. Lvs. glaucous, striped with cream-color in some va- 

rieties, lanceolate, spine-pointed and toothed, very thick and stout, 3— 8f ; scape pro- 
duced but once, after 50—100 years, tree-like, with innumerable flowers. Mexico, 

6. POLYANTHES (or Polianthes), L. Tube-rose. Perianth funnel- 
form, with a curved tube. Fil. inserted into the throat, included. Ovary 
at the bottom of the tube, its summit free, u Root an upright rhizome. 
P, TUBEEosA. stem simple, slender, leafy-bracted, 3f, with a spike of rose-white flow- 
ers, H', subregular, of exquisite fragrance. From Ceylon. Aug., Sept. 

7. ALSTRCEMERIA, L. Perianth funnel-form, some irregular, of 6 
leaves distinct to the ovaiy. Sta. diclinate. Stig. 3-cleft. U Root a rhi- 
zome, bearing tubers. Stems leafy, umbellate at top. 

1 A. PSiTTACiNA. Erect, 1 — 2f, with remote, lanceolate, sessile leaves ; fls. 6—8, in a leafy 

cluster, pedicellate, If ; segments spatulate, red, spotted with green. Brazil. 

2 A. Pelegkina. Lvs. sessile, lance-linear, twisted ; fls. 2 — 6, pink- white, purp. -spotted. 

3 A. VEKsicoLOR. Perianth nearly regular, yellow, with purple spots. Chili. 

8. SPREKELIA, Endl. Jacob^a Lily. Perianth bilabiate, segments 
distinct to the ovary, the upper 3 spreading. Sta. epigynous, unequal, and 
with the style declinate, the ends incurved, li Bulbous. Scape hollow, 
1-flowered. Leaves linear, erect. 

S. roRMOsissiMA. — A splendid flower from S. America. Scape If. Flower dark red. 

9. GALANTHUS, L. Snow-drop. Petals shorter than the sepals, 
notched or lobed. Sta. epigynous, erect, included, shorter than the straight 
style. U Bulb coated, acrid. Scape 2-edged, solid, Flow^ers white, pen- 
dulous. Pods maturing under ground. 

G. NrvAMS. Scape 6', 2-leaved ; flower 1, as white as snow, in early Spring. Europe. 

10. LEUCOJUM, L. Snow-flake, Sep. and pet. subequal, often thick- 
ened at apex, Sta. epigynous, included, and style erect. Stig. entire, ob- 
tuse. U Bulb coated. Scape 2-edged, hollow. Flowers drooping, 

1 li. VEBNUM, Lvs, linear; scape 1-2-flwd. ; sep. white, tipped with green or yellow, 

with divergent veins ; spathe 1 -leaved; seeds straw-color. March, April. 

2 Ij. ^stivum. Lvs. linear ; scape 4-8-flwd., umbellate, 6 — 10' ; sepals 6 — 8", pure white 

with green tips ; spathe 1-leaved ; seeds black. May, June. Europe. 

11. HYPOXIS, L. Star-grass. Spathe 2-leaved. Perianth regular, 
rotate. Seeds oo, black. U Small, bulbous, grass-like, with yellow flow- 
ers on filiform scapes. Meadows and copses, 

1 H. erecta L. Hairy; scape about 4-flowered, shorter than the linear leaves, which 

are 3— S-" wide ; flowers greenish without, yellow within. June, 

2 H. filifolia Ell. Smoothish ; scape 2-flowered, shorter than the filiform leaves. 

which are not i'^ wide. Dry soils, S. Flowers rather larger (9—11")- 



Order 141.— H^MODORACE^. 335 

Order CXL. BROMELIACE^. Bromeliads. 

Herbs hard, dry, rigid, and often scurfy, with regular double periantTis^ 
nearly or quite free from the ovaiy. Stamens 6, antJwrs introrse. Ovary 
3-celled. Seeds numerous, with mealy albumen. All tropical, and capable 
Df living in air alone. 

1, TILLANDSIA, L. Sepals 3, membranous, convolute. Pet. 3, peta- 
loid, imbricate, spreading above. Sta. hypogynous. Ovary free. Caps. 
with 3 double cartilaginous valves. Seeds slender, on comous stipes, if 
Scurfy air plants, with perennial 2-ranked narrow leaves. 

* Stems rigidly erect. Lvs. linear-filiform. Fl8. in bracted spikes, blue Nos. 2 — 4 

*1 T, usneoides L. Long Moss. Stems filiform, pendulous, branched; lvs. linear- 
filiform, curled, 1—2' ; fls. solitary, green or gray. Low lands, Va.. and S. Hangs in 
gray festoons from the branches of every tr ^e. Used in upholstery. 

2 T. Bartramii Ell. Stems slender. If: lvs. shorter, smooth ; spike branched, 3—4', 

loose-flowered ; pet. spreading at apex, as long as the bracts. Ga., Fla. 

3 T. csespitosa Leconte. Stems in dense clusters, 3 — 6' ; leaves scurfy, much longer, 

erect ; spike 3- or 4-flowered, 1—2' ; pet. recurved, longer than the bracts. E. Fla. 

4 T. recurvata, Willd. Scapes filiform, 2-flowered, 6' ; lvs. scurfy, recurved. E. Fla. 

2. ANANASSA sativa. Pineapple. Raised in hothouses for its 
well-known fruit, which consists of a consolidated abortive flower-spike. From S. Am 

Order CXLI. HJj^MODORACE^. Bloodworts. 

Herbs perennial, with fibrous roots, eqliitant or rosulate leaves, and perfect 
flowers. Perianth regular, 6-parted, scurfy or woolly outside, more or less 
adherent. Stamens 6 or 3, and opposite the petals, antliers introrse. Omry 
3-celled, 1-styled. Capsule covered with the withered perianth. Seed* 
with cartilaginous albumen. 

5 Ovary wholly adherent. Stamens 3, exserted. Perianth woolly outside Lao.vantuks. 1 

g Ovary half free. Stamens 6, included. — x Corynibed perianths woolly all over Lormoi.v. - 

—X Rrtcemed perianths rugous-Sfurfy Alktkis. 3 

1. LAONANTHES, Ell. Red-root. Fls. woolly outside, oblong. Sop. 
linear. Sta. 3, and style filiform, exserted. Caps, oo-soeded. li Roots 
fibrous, red. Lvs. cnsiform, equitant. Fls. in a dense corymb. July — Sept 
Ij. tliiotoria Ell.— Swampe, R, L to Fla. Stem strictly oroct, U— Of ; loaves mostly 

radical, 3 — -1" wide by 9', or more ; llowors l — 5", glabrous .nud yellow insido. 

2. IiOPHIOLA, Ker. Crkst-klowkr, Fls. woolly outside and in 
side, oval. Sepals oblong. Sta. G, glabrous, not exserted. Stylos sepa- 
rable, conical with the 1 stigma. Seeds white. l( Root croopiug. Stem 
llexuous, corymbous above, densely clothed with soft white wool. ,11., Aug. 
Ij, niirca Kcr.— Sandy swamps, N. J. to Fla. Stom 1— OK; loavos mostly radical 

Bhortor than the stem ; flowers yellowish under the white wool, *2". ^Conostyljs. Th ) 

3. ALETRIS, L. Siwu-tni.vss. Coi.ic-uooT. roriauths rugous, as if 
Bcurfy or mealy, tubular, G elofl. avraugod in a slotulor raoomo. SivU^ 



336 Order 142. -IRIDACE^. 

scarcely united. Ovary adherent at base only, opening at top, oo-seeded. 
U Smooth, intensely bitter. Leaves all radical, lin. -lanceolate. Jl., Aug. 

1 A. farinosa L. Lvs. rosulate, very acute, many-veined, 3—6' ; scape 2 — 3f, simple ; 

rac. about y; Jls. white, 4—5", on very stiort ped., oblong bell-form. Low grounds. 

2 A. aikrea Walt. Fls. yelloio. Otherwise scarcely diff. Both plants dry, yellowish. 

Order CXLII. IRIDACE^. Irids. 

Herbs with corms, bulbs, or rhizomes, equitant, 3-ranked leaves and spatha- 
ceous bracts. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary. Segments in 3 sets, 
often unequal and convolute in bud. Stamens 3, alternate with the petals, 
anthers extrorse. Style 1, stigmas 3, often petaloid. Capsule 3-valved, 3- 
celled, loculicidal. Seeds many, with hard, fleshy albumen. Figs. 85, 169, 
170, 367-8, 383, 351. 

§ Flowers irregular, somewhat bilabiate, nodding Gladiolus. a 

S Flowers regular and equilateral, mostly erect. . .(*) 

• Sepals similar to the petals in form, size, and position... (a) 

a Stamens monadelphous. Flowers small, blue. Plant grass-like Sistrtnchitjm. 7 

rt Stamens distinct. — x Flowers radical, with a very long tube Croctts. 6 

— X Flowers cauline. Style 3-parted at top Pardanthtts. 5 

—X Flowers cauline. Style deeply 3-parted Schizostylis. 4 

• Sepals larger than the petals, and otherwise dissimilar. . .(6) 

b Stamens monadelphous. Petals spreading, panduriform.... ....Tigsidia. 3 

h Stamens distinct,— z stigmas slender, on a slender style Nemastylis. 2 

— z stigmas petaloid, on a very short style Iris. 1 

1. IRIS, L. Flower-de-luce. Sepals 3, reflexed, larger than the 3 
erect petals. Sta. distinct. Style short or 0. Stig. petaloid, covering the 
Stamens, if Mostly from tuberous, horizontal rhizomes, with ensiform 
leaves and large, showy flowers. 

* Species growing wild, all (except Nos. 6, 7) in wet meadows or swamps. Apr.— Jn. (§) 

(i Stems leafy, tall (I— 3f ). Tube short ; sepals beardless and crestless. . .(a) 

a Leaves linear, grass-like. Ovary and pod 2-grooved on the sides No. 1 

a Leaves sword-shaped. Fls. blue. Sepals much larger than the petals... Is os. 2 — 4 
a Leaves sword-shaped. Fls. tawny or copper-colored. Petals reflexed. ..No. 5 

§ Stems or scapes low (2 — 6'), nearly leafless. Tube long and slender. ..(6) 

b Sepals beardless and crestless. In hilly woods, southward No. 6 

b Sepals beardless, but crested with 3 longitudinal folds. Nos. 7, 8 

* Species cultivated for ornament, mostly from Europe. . . {x) 

X Sepals densely bearded.— 2/ Stems very short, 1-flowerod No. 9 

—y Stems tall, leafy, 1-5-flowered. , Nos. 10—13 

X Sepals beardless.— 2! Root a rhizome.. .Nos. 14, 15.— z Root bulbous Nos. 16—18 

1 I. Virginlca L. Boston Iris. Stem slender, 1— 2f, branching ; leaves 2—3" wide ; 

fls. 2 — 6, on slender ped. ; sep. narrow, yellow, edged with purple. Mass. to N. J. Jn. 

2 I. versicolor L. Blue Flag. Stem flexuous, 2— 3f; pet. as long as the stigmas; 

ovary triangular, with concave sides and rounded angles. Common. June. 

3 I. liexagona Walt. Lvs. longer than the flexuous stem ; tube longer than the 6- 

sided ovary; sepals larger than the petals, blue-purple, cresttd. S., coastward. 

4 I. tripetala Walt. Lvs. shorter than the slender stem ; tube shorter than the 3- 

sided ovary ; sepals many times larger than the petals. S. : rare. Purple. 

5 I. cuprea Ph. Tall and flexuous, 2 — 3f ; petals twice longer than the linear stij?- 

mas ; capsules sharply 6-angled, shorter than the tube. S. and W. April— July 



Order 142.— IRIDACE^. 337 

6 1. verna L. Scape 1-flowered, 3— 5^ shorter than the rigid leaves ; tube, eep., and 

pet. Bubequai (2') ; stigmas deeply 2-cleft ; fls. blue, with some yellow. Mar., Apr. 

7 I. cristata Ait. Scape compressed, and, with the Ivs., 3 — 5' ; tube longer than the 

sepals (-20, which are distinctly crested along the middle. Barrens, Va. to Ga. April, 

8 I. lacitstris N. Like No. 7, but the sep. are longer than the tube, &c. L. Huron. 

9 I. ruMiLA. Dwarf I. Fls. large, blue-purple ; pet. larger than sepals. In Spring. 3 . 

10 1. Germanica. Flowers many, deep blue, the spathe also colored. Common. 

11 I. SAMBUCINA. Fleur-de-lis. Flowers oo, blue-white; segmen.,? notched. Common. 

12 1. SuziANA. Flower 1, very large, purple and spotted ; petals reflexed. 

1 3 I. Florentina. Orris-root. With broad leaves and large white flowers. 

14 I. GRAMiNEA. Linear leaves much longer than the If, 2-flowered Bcape. Blue. 

15 1. PBEUD-AcoRUS. Flowers yellow ; petals smaller than the stigmas, 3f. June. 

16 1. XipHiuM. Spanish I. Lvs. subulate ; 2 fls. ; pet. narrow as stig. All colors. l-2f 

17 I. xiPHioiDES. English I. Leaves subulate ; fls. 2; petals broader than the stigmas. 

18 1. Peksica. Persian I. Lvs. linear ; scape very short ; petals smaller than the blue 
sepals. — All the above are hardy, except this, which is a house-plant. 

2. NEMASTYLIS, N. No tube above the ovaiy. Sepals spreading, 
farger tnan the ascending, cucullate petals. Filam. shorter than the anth. 
Style enlarged above, and parted into 6 radiating, subulate stigmas. U 
Bulb ovoid. Lvs. lance-linear. St. very slender, with 1 or 2 bright-blue fls. 

N. coelestina N. Leaves very veiny, If; ptem 15 — 20', few-leaved ; spathe 2-leaved 
sepals obovate. 1', i larger than the hooded petals. Swarapg, Fla. to La. 

3. TIGRIDIA, L. Tiger-flower. Spathe 2-leaved. Perianth regu- 
lar, the 3 sepals larger than the 3 petals. Stamens monadelphous, fila- 
ments united into a long tube, if Bulbous. 

T. PAvoNiA. St. simple, flexuous ; leaves ensiform, veined ; fls. inodorous, 5— S' broad, 
ephemeral, several in succession, yellow, with crimson spots. Mexico. 

4. SOHIZOSTYLIS coccinea. Stem 3f. Leaves channelled, lance- 
linear. Flowers concave, regular, 2' broad, in long spikes, crimson to scarlet, the styles 
slender and nearly distinct. Lately introduced from S. Africa. 

5. PARDANTHUS, Ker. Blackberry Lily. Sepals and pet. sub- 
equal, oblanceolate, spreading. Fil. slender. Style clavate, 3-parted, with 
3 stigmas. Caps, oblong. Seeds black, attached to the column, and re- 
sembling a blackberry after the valves have fallen. If Koot a rhizome. 
Stem branching, leafy. July, August. (Ixia, L.) 

P. <'1iIneiiMls Ker. — Leaves ensiform, as in Iris ; flowers H' bread, many, oran^^e- 
yt'llow, crimson-spotted. Stems 8— 4f. Escaped from cultivation. 

6. CROCUS, L. Lvs. radical. Fls. nearly sessile on the bulb. Tube 
very long and slender, bearing the finnu>l-lbnn perianth above the ground. 
Stigmas 3-clcft. 

1 C. VEUNU9. Spring C. Stigmas short, wodijo-shapod ; loavos linear. The boautlful 

flowers arc white, blue, and variogatoil,— the wirllost in tho ganliMi. 

2 C. SuziANUS, is golden yellow, with tho 3 sepals revoluto. Turkey. 

3 C. SATivus. S(\tTtvn. Fail C. Stigmas slender, reflexed ; segments purple. Eun>ixv 

7. SISYRINCHIUM, L. IU.uk-kykd Cuvss. Spathe 0-leavod. Seg- 
monts of the perianth thit, equal. Sta. nnuuuielphou:- Stig. 3-clefl. IX 



338 Order 144.— SMILACE^. 

Grass-like plants, with compressed, ^vinged or ancipital scapes, from 
fibrous roots. June, July. 

S. Sermndiana L. In tufts ; Its. linear, erect, about as long as the scapes ; spathc 
2-5-flowered. valves unequal ; flowers small, blue ; segments obovate, notched and 
mucronate : pedicels slender : pods globular. 8 — 12'. 

a. ancepg. Scapes vringeu. so as to resemble the leaves. 

^. niucronatum. Scapes barely 2-edged, filiform ; spa tne pointed. 

8. GLADIOLUS, L. Corx-flag. Spathe S-leaved. Perianth in-ega- 
lar, 3-parted, somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens 3, distinct, ascending. Stig. 3, 
broader above. Seeds winged. U A large genus of bulbous plants, chiefly 
from S. Africa. Fls. large and splendid. The species are badly confused 

1 G. psiTTAcrsTTS. Spike 8-10-flowered ; flowers scarlet and yellow, spotted, the tube 

as long as the segments. From this is derived many hybrids, as 
^. Gaxdavexsis, variegated with orange, scarlet, and yellow. Common. 

2 G. CAKDixALis. Spikes few-flowered, the flowers crimson, with a white stripe in the 

lower 3 segments ; stem branched above, 2f. Not hardy. 
i G. FLORTBiTJrDus. Flowers very large, nearly erect, upper segments broader, pink 
varying to white ; spike long and crowded. Very delicate. 

Order CXLIII. DIOSCOREACE^. Yam-roots. 

Plants shrubby, twining, arising from tuberous rhizomes, with broad, 
net-yeined leaves. Flowers dioecious, regular, hexandrous, tube adherent, 
limb 6-parted. Ozary 3-celled, 3-6-OYuled, 3-styled. ^ Stamens 6, perigy- 
nous. Fruit a capsule, 3- or (by abortion) 1-celled, or a berry. Seeds com- 
pressed, albuminous. 

DIOSCOREA, L. Yam-root. Flowers 5 ? . Styles of the fertile 3. 
Cells of the caps. 2-seeded. Sds. membranaceously margined. *> Slender, 
twining with the sun. Lys. simple, palmately- veined or divided. Flow- 
ers green, inconspicuous, in axillary spikes or panicles. 

1 I>. "rillosa L. Wild Yam. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, acuminate, 9-11-veined, 

the lower opposite or in i's, upper alternate, petioles long, under surface downy, 
(never viU<r>j.s) ; stem slender, climbing 5— lof, over bushes, &c. June. July. 

2 I>. SATivA. Yani.. Leaves round-ovate, long-cuspidate, sinuate, cordate, all alter- 

nate, smooth ; stems sometimes prickly. Root large and sweet. S. 

Order CXLIY. SMILACE^. Sarsaparillas. 

Herbs or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves reticulate-veined. Flowers dioD- 
cious. Perianth free from the ovary, 6-parted, regular. Stxmens 6, in- 
serted into the base of the segments. Anthers 1-celled (2-lamellate). Ovary 
a- celled, cells 1- or 2-ovuled. Style 1 or none. Stigmas 3, Beri^y round- 
ish. Seeds orthotropous, albuminous. Fig. 396. 

SMILAZ, L. GREE^--BRrER. Sarsaparilla. Character nearly as 
above. "^ ^ L-s-s. palmately- veined, entire, petiolate, with a pair of stipu- 
lar (§ 325, Fig. 396) tendrils. Flowers green or yellowish, small, in stalked, 
axillaiT umbels. 



Order 145.— ROXBURGniACE^. 339 

5 Herbs spineless. Lvs. and foetid umbels long-stalked. Berries bluish. .No3. 1%—U 
g Shrabby vines. Leaves short-stalked. Berries l-.S-seeded. . . (a) 

a Pubescent, prostrate, spineless. Leaves cordate, evergreen. South No. 11 

a Glabrous, climbing, and more or less prickly (except Nop. 5, 6). . .(6) 

b Lvs. acute at the base, 3-5-veined. Ped. shorter than the pet Nos. 8 — 10 

b Leaves abrupt or cordate at base, 5-9-veined. . .(c) 

c Leaves panduriform, or some hastate. Peduncles elongated No. 7 

c Lvs. ovate or oblong, deciduous.— a; Plants spineless Nos. 5, 6 

—X Prickly.— 2 Leaves glaucous No. 4 

—2 Leaves green Nos. 1 — 3 

1 S. rotundifolia L. Common G, Vine green, strong, and thorny, some 4-angled ; 

leaves round-ovate, 5-7-veined, cusp. -pointed ; ped. a little longer (6 — 7'") than th\! 
petioles ; berries glaucous-black. Common in thickets. 10— SOf. June, July. 

2 S. hispida Muhl. Vine terete, hispid below, with weak, slender prickles, nearly 

unarmed above ; leaves thin, deciduous, ovate, cuspidate ; ped. twice as long (1') as 
the petioles ; berries black. Thickets, N. J., and N. 8— 12f. June. 

3 S. Walter! Ph. Vine unarmed, or prickly at base ; lvs. cordate-ovate, 3-5-veined : 

ped. as long as the petioles ; berries red, 1-3-seeded. N. J., and S. April— June. 

4 S. glauca Walt. Vine more or less prickly above, angular ; lvs. broad-ovate, glau- 

cous at least beneath ; ped. twice longer than the petiole ; berries black, with a 
bloom ; flowers yellowish white. Thickets, L. Isl. to Ga., W. to Ky. March — June. 

5 S, Pseudo-CIiiua L. Root-stock tuberous ; vine terete ; leaves cordate-ovate to 

oblong, 5-veined ; ped. flat, nearly as long as the lvs. ; fr. black. N. J. to Ky., and S. Jn. 

6 S. sarsaparilla, L. Root-stock creeping, long ; branchlets 4-angled ; leaves thin, 

oblong-ovate ; ped. flat, a little longer than the petioles ; fruit red, 1-seeded. S-W, 

7 S, taninoides L. Vine terete ; branches 4-angular, aculeate ; leaves ovate-cordate 

to fiddle-form, and hastate, cusp. -pointed, rough-edged. N. J., W. and S. 

8 S. auriculata Walt. Vine prickly ; branchlets angular, unarmed ; leaves lance- 

auriculate-hastate, thick, small, smooth-edged, evergreen ; berries finally black ; 
flowers sweet-scented. S., near the coast. June. (S. maritima C-B.) 

O S. laurllolia L. Vine prickly ; branchlets unarmed, zigzag ; leaves thick, ever- 
green, lance-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, 3-veined ; fr. black, 1-seeded. N. J., and S. 

1 S. lanceolata L. Like No. 9, but the lvs. arc thin, and berr. 3-seeded. Va., and S. 

lis. puiuila Walt. Lvs. shining above, soft-downy beneath ; ped. as long as the 
petiole (60 : berries red, 1-3-sceded. Shady, rich soils, S. 1 — 3f October. 

12 S. lierbacea L. Cairion-flower. Stem erect or reclined, terete ; leaves pubescent 
beneath, or nearly glaucous, ovate-oblong, 7-veined, with or without tendrils; ped. 
longer than the long petioles (3 — 4'), 8-20-flo\vered. Low grounds. 2— Sf. June. 

j3. peduHciilaris, Ped. very stout and long ((i— SO, 30-50-rtowerod. 

13 S. lasioiieuroii Hook. Vine climbing, glabrous ; lv8. all with tendrils, cordate, 
ovate-oblong; ped. little longer than the petioKs (."{ — t'). Thickets, W. lOf. June. 

I'l S. taitiiillolia Mx. Erector climbing, glabrous ; lvs. R-veined, cordato-liastate, 
tapering to the obtuse apex ; ped. longer than petioles ; ir. blue-black. N. J., ai\d S. 

Order CXLV. ROXBURGHIACEJS. 



ers. 



Herbs or shrubby vines, with inaiiy-voinod netted leaiw^ and perfect ^)ff- 
». Perianth 4-p:irted, petaloid, persistent. Stamens 4, hypoirynous. 

Ovary free, 1-cclled. Capftule 2-valved. Seeds several, on hairy stalks, 

albnitinons. 

CR06mIA, Torr. Fls. very small and few. axillary, rerianth seiT. in 
pairs (2 sepals and 2 petals), oval. Ovules 4 — G, suspended. Seeds 1 -^J- 
U Rhizome creeping. Leaves lance-ovate, cordate. 



340 Ordek 146.— TRILLIACE^. 

C. panciflora Torr.— Woods, Ga., Fla., Ala. Stem simple, If. Leaves about 6, thin, 
glabrous, pedately arranged, 7-9-veiiied. Pad. K Flowers 2" wide when open, April. 

Okder CXLYl. TRILLIACE^. Trilliads. 

Herhs with simple stems, tuberous roots, and verticillate, net-veined leaves. 
Flowers terminal, 1 or few, perfect, mostly 3-parted. Calyx herbaceous, 
corolla more or less colored. Stamens 6 — 10. Ovary free, 3-5-celled, bear- 
ing in fruit a juicy, oo-seeded pod. Figs. 115, 359, 294. 

5 Leayes in one whorl. Sepals green, petals colored Trillittm. 1 

§ Leaves in two whorls. Sepals and petals aUke greenish Medeola. 2 

1. TRILLIUM, L. Wake-robin. Perianth deeply 6-parted, in 2 dis- 
tinct series, outer of 3 sepals, inner of 3 colored pet. Sta. 6, anth. longer 
than the filaments. Stig. sessile. Berry purple, 3-celled, oo-seeded. u 
St. simple. Leaves 3, whorled at the top of the stem, palmi-net- veined. 
Flowers solitaiy, terminal. In Spring. 

§ Flowers sessile. Petals dark purple, erect Nos. 1, 3 

§ Flowers on a peduncle raised above the leaves. . . (*) 

* Leaves petiolate, ovate, rounded at the base. Petals thin, delicate Nos. 3, 4 

* Leaves sessile, rhomboidal, nearly as broad as long. Petals thickish, .Nos. 5, 6 
§ Flowers on a peduncle deflexed beneath the leaves , Nos. 7, 8 

1 T. sessile L. Leaves sessile, roundish-ovate to rhomb-ovate, acute, mottled with 

dark purple ; petals sessile, some spreading, dull purple. Pa., W. and S. 6—12'. 

2 T, recurvatum Beck. Lvs. ovate to obovate, narrowed to a petiole ; sepals re 

flexed, green ; pet. erect, narrowed at base to a claw, purple, V. Woods, W. 8— KK. 

3 T. nivale Rid. Stem 2—4' ; lvs. oval to ovate, distinctly petiolate ; fl. erect, 7—8" 

long ; petals ovate-spatulate, white, half longer than the sepals. Penn. to Wis. 

4 T. erythrocarpum Mx. Smiling W. Lvs, ovate, rounded at base, acuminate ; 

petals lance-ovate, recurved, twice longer than the sepals, wavy, white, beautifully 
pencilled at base with purple. Woods, Can. to Ga. 8—12'. 

5 T. grandiflorum Salisb. Lvs. rhomb-obovate, sessile, conspicuously acuminates 

petals spatulate-obovate, much longer (1^-2') than the sepals, white, varying to 
rose-color. Damp, rocky woods, M., S., and W. 8—12'. 

6 T. erectuni L. Bath Flower. Leaves roundish-rhombio, short-pointed, almost 

petiolate, about as broad as long ; ped. scarcely erect ; flower nodding ; petals oval- 
ovate, much broader than the sepals, dark purple, ill-scented. Woods, 
]8, album. Petals white or greenish ; ped, inclined. N, Y. (Hankenson), and W, 

7 T. cernuum L. Leaves nearly as in No. 6 ; ped. more than half the length of the 

leaves, twice that of the flower ; petals flat, not reflexed, white, little larger than 
the sepals ; stigmas as long as the anthers. Woods, M., S., and W. 1 — IJf. 

8 T. stylosnm N, Leaves petiolate, ovate, oval, or elliptic ; ped, not longer than 

the flower, decurved ; petals recurved, much larger than the sepals, white ; styles 
united, as long as the stigmas, shorter than the recurved anthers. South. 10—20'. 

2. MSDSOLA, Gronov. Indl^it Cucumber-root. Perianth deeply 
parted into 6 petaloid, revolute segments. Sta. 6, with slender filaments. 
Stigmas 3, divaricate, united at base. Berry 3-celled, cells 3-6-seeded. if 
Stem simple, arising from a white, tuberous rhizome (which is thought to 
resemble the cucumber in flavor) bearing 2 whorls of lvs. and 1 — 3 term. fls. 
HI. Virginica L.— Damp woods. Slender, erect, 1— 2f, with cottony wool. Lowei 

whorl of 6 — 8, upper of 8 leaves. Flowers pendulous, yellowish. July, (Fig. 294.) 



Order 147.— LILIACE^. 341 

Order CXLVII. LILIACE^. Lilywokts. 

Eerhs with bulbous or tuberous stems, parallel-veined, sessile leaves, and 
perfect, regvlox flowers, with the periantk uniformly colored and free from 
the ovary. Stamens 6 (4 in Majanthemum), perigynous. Anthers introrse 
(except in Uvularia). Styles wholly or partly united. Fruit a capsule or 
beriy. Seeds albuminous. 

g LILIACE^ proper. Style entire. Fruit a dry capsule. Plants with a scaly or coated bulb. . .(») 
§ ASPH0DELE.iE. Style entire (or 0). Fr. a dry capsule. With a caudex, root-crown, or rhiz. . .(*•) 
g CONVALLARINE^. Style entire. Fr. a colored berry. Plants with a rhiz. or fibrous roots. . .(♦*•) 
S UVULAKIE^. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted. Fruit a dry capsule. Plants with a rhiz»me. . .(**^") 

• Stem leafy above as well as at the base. Bulbs scaly. . .(6) 

• Stem (scape) sheathed at base, leafless, many-flowered... (c) 

• Stem (scape) sheathed at base,— a bearing a single nodding flower Erythronium. 1 

— a bearing a solitary, erect flower Tulipa. 2 

6 Petals equalling the sepals, with a honey-groove at base Lilium. 3 

b Petals equalling the sepals, with a roundish nectary at base Fritillauia. 4 

b Petals much larger than sepals, nectary in the midst, or Calochortus- 6 

c Perianth segments united, forming a tubular flower... (e) 
c Perianth segments distinct, not forming a tube. . .(d) 

i Flowers small, in a panicle of racemes, white Nolina. 6 

d Flowers in a simple raceme, mostly blue Scilla. 7 

d Flowers in a corymb, white, with bracts Ornithogalum. 8 

d Flowers in an umbel, white or roseate, with 2 — i bracts Allium. 9 

c Limb of the perianth revolute, as long as the tube Hyacinthus. 10 

e Limb of the perianth spreading, much shorter than tube Muscari. 11 

•♦ Perianth segments united more or less into a tube. . .(»i) 

•• Perianth segments distinct. — n Flowers racemed, small, yellow Schcexohkio.v. 13 

— n Flowers panicled, white Yucca. 13 

m Stamens straight, longer than the tubular, flame-colored perianth Tkitoma. 1-4 

m Stamens all curved upward.— o Flowers in an umbel Agapanthus. 15 

— o Flowers cyanic, racemed FUxSKi a. 16 

—o Flowers xanthic, terminal Hkmkrocallis. 17 

••• Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube. . .(«) 

*♦» Perianth segments united.— I) Flowers greenish, axillary Poltgonatum. 18 

— V Flowers pure white, on a scape Contall.\ria. 19 

9 Scape leafless, bearing an umbel. Berry blue, 2-celled Clintoxi a. 30 

« Stem leafy, bearing the flowers solitary or in pairs. Berries Tod...(j/) (See p. 447.) 

« Stem leafy, bearing a white cluster.— X Flowers 6-parted .Smilacina. 21 

—X Flowers 4-partod Maj.^.ntiikmuh. 22 

y Stems much branched, with filiform branchlets for learos AarAit.vGUS. 23 

y Stem forking, with oval leaves. — z Fls. axillary. Berry OO-secdml Sthkitoits. 24 

— 3 Fls. terminal. Borry 3-<>-seeded Prosahtks. 35 

•*** Stem leafy. Flowers solitary, lonft yellowish, drooping Uvulakia. 26 

1. ERYTHRONIUM, L. Pcriantli canipaniilato. Sog. locurvod. tlio 
3 inner ones (petals) usually with a callous tooth attached to each side at 
base, and a groove in the middle. Style long. Caps, somewhat stipitato, 
seeds ovate, if Lvs. 2, subradical. Scape 1- oo-tlwd.«*l''lowers nodding, 

1 K, Aiiicrlcniiiiiii Sin. Yellow K. Bulb deop In tlio gnxind, sondiuj: up h ncape 

which boars 2 uuoqual, hmcoolato, mottlod loaves at tlio !»urftioo of tho •^nnuul, hud 
a hnndsomo droopinjx yollow llowor at top. Woodi*. 3— r>'. April, May. 
/3. In-aetehtunt. l.oavos very uuoiiunl ; ^»cap« with a bract near tho lU>\vor. Vt, 

2 K. alblduiii N. )J7ii/«' />.'. Soapo nakoil, boariuira whito dn^opiiij^jlttwor ; potalb 

without tooth, narrowod to tho baso. Wot meadows, N. Y. to Wis. May, Juno. 

2. TULIP A, Ton in. Tui.ir. iViianUi campanulate. Suv short, subu* 



342 Obdek 147.— LILIACE^. 

late, anth. broad-linear, deeply emarginate at base. Style very sbort, stig. 
thick. Caps, oblong, triangular. If Herbs acaulescent, with coated bulbs, 
sessile leaves, and a simple scape bearing a solitary, erect flower. 
T. GEftNERiANA. Plant smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, near the ground ; eegmenta 
very obtuse, endlessly variegated with red, yellow, and vehite. Persia. May, June. 

3. LILIUM, L. Lily. Perianth bell-form, colored. Sep. 6, gradually 
spreading or recurved, each with a longitudinal honey-groove within from 
middle to base. Sta. shorter than the style, anth. versatile. Style clavate, 
stig. 3-lobed. Caps, subtriangular. Seeds 2-rowed in each cell, if Bulbs 
scaly. Stems leafy. Flowers large, showy. June — August. 

* Native wild Lilies, with yellow, orange, or red, spotted,— a; nodding fls. .Nos. 1—3 

— a; erect fls Nos. 4, 5 

* Exotic Lilies, cultivated, mostly hardy. Fls. nodding (except Nos. 6, 14) . . . (a) 

a Stems bearing bulblets in the axils. Flowers orange-colored Nos. 6, 7 

a Stems never bulbiferous.— y Fls. white. Lvs. lanceolate, scattered. . .Nos. 8 — 10 

—y Fls. wh., varieg. and spotted, sweet Nos. 11—13 

— y Fls. yellow or straw-colored Nos. 14—16 

— y Fls. red or purple Nos. 17 — 19 

1 li. Canadeuse L. Yellow L. Leaves mostly in whorls, lanceolate, the veins be- 

neath hairy; ped. terminal, mostly in 3's ; sepals gradually spreading, yellow to 
orange, with purple spots inside. Meadows, mostly N. 2— 5f. 

2 li. superl>um L. TurK's-cap. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower 

whorled, upper scattered ; flowers often numerous, orange to red, spotted, the se- 
pals revolute. Wet soils. 4 — 6f. Flowers 3—30. Plant splendid. 

3 li. Carolinianutn Mx. Lvs. 1-veined, oblanceolate, acuminate, tapering to the 

base, the upper whorled, the lower scattered ; sepals lance-linear, recurved (not revo- 
lute), deep yellow spotted with purple. Swamps, S. 1\ — 3f. Flowers 1 — 3. 

4 li. Philadelpfcicum L. Lvs. lance-linear, the upper whorled, lov/er scattered ; 

fls. 1—3 ; sepals erect-spreading, lance-ovate, obtuse or barely acute, clawed, orange- 
red, spotted at base, 21' long. Dry pastures and copses. 15—20^. 

6 Ij, Catesbaei Walt. Lvs. all scattered, lance-oblong to linear ; flower solitary; se- 
pals lanceolate, wavy, 3—4', the long claws yellow, lamina and long, thickened acu 
mination scarlet, spotted with purple. Damp barrens, Md., and S. 2 — 3f. 

6 li. BULBEFERUM. Fls. crcct, rough iusidc, 2}' ; Sep. sessUe ; Ivs. 3 veiued. 4f. Italy. 

t li. TiGRiNUM. Fls. nodding, spotted ; sep. sessile, 3^', rev. ; lvs. 5-veined. 6f. China 

8 li. CANDiDUM. Fls. campanulate, several, smooth inside. From Persia. 3— 4f. 

9 li. Japonicum. F1. solitary, campanulate ; sep. revolute at apex. Japan. 2— 3f. 

10 li. LONGiFLOKUM. Fls. Solitary, tubular-bell-form ; Sep. 5 — 6'. From Japan. If 

1 1 li. GiGANTEtiM. Tall (8f ) ; fls. spicate, trumpet-form, white, with carmine lines 

12 li. sPECiosuM. Stem 2— 3f ; leaves lance-ovate, scattered; fls. 1—3, fragrant ; sepals 
S', revolute, white to roseate, with purple warty spots inside. Japan. Splendid. 

13 li. AUBATUM. Steml— 2f; leaves lanceolate, scattered; fls. 1—3, fragrant; sepals 
G — 7', spreading, white, with a yellow band and purple spots. Japan. "• Glorious." 

1 4 li. CRocEUM. Lvs. some in S'Silin.-falcate ; fls. erect, often umbellate, rough inside. 
l.'^ li. TESTACEUM. Lvs. whorled ? lanceolate, many; fls. several, large, straw-col. fif. 
16 li. CoLCHicuM. Lvs. crowded, lance-lin. ; fls. sev., funnel-form ; sep. recurved. 2f. 
1 Y li. PoMPONiuM. Lvs. lin. to subulate, crowded ; fls, small, scarlet ; sep. rough, revol. 

18 li. Martagon. Lvs. lance-oblong, whorled; fls. panicled, purple to roseate, revo- 
lute, spotted. From Europe. 5f. [not spotted ; sepals reflexed. Palestine. 3f 

19 li. Chalcedonicum. Lvs. lance-linear, crowded, erect, rough-edged ; fls. bright red, 

4. FRITILIiARIA, Tourn. Chequered Lily. Perianth campanu- 



Order 147.— LILIACE^ 343 

late, Willi a broad base and nectariferous cavity above tbe claw of each 
BCgmeiit. Stamens as long as the petals. Stig. trifid. Caps, coriaceous, 3- 
celled, septifragal. U With coated bulbs, simple, leafy stems, bearing 1 
or more nodding flowers in Spring. 

1 F. iMPERiALis. Crown Imj)erial. Stem 3f, at base invested with long, narrow Ivp., 

the middle naked, the summit bearing a raceme of large drooping red flowers beneath 
a crown of bracts. Var. FLAVAhas yellow flowers. Persia. 

2 F. MEI.EAGKIS. Chequered L. Stem 1-flowered, with alternate, linear, channelled 

letves ; flower large, nodding, chequered with purple and yellow. Europe. If. 

3 F. Persica. Fls. brownish-purple, in a pyramidal, naked raceme. Persia. 3f. 

5. OALOCHORTUS, Ph. Perianth twisted in aestivation. Sepals 3, 
smaller than the 3 petals, which are bearded within except a central gla- 
brous spot. Style very short, anth. recurved. Seeds 1-rowed in each cell 
of the capsule. U Californian, bulbous. Leaves narrow. Stem erect. 

C SPLENDENS. Stem with 3—5 large, open, lilac flowers ; pet. each with a brown-yellow 
eye in the middle. 1— 2f. June.— A splendid flower, yet rare in cultivation. 

C PULCHELLUS and C. albus, with the petals connivent into pendent globes, the one 
golden yellow, the otlier satin white, are very beautiful. 

6. NOLINA, Rich. Perianth small, of 6 equal ovate spreading parts, 
longer than the 6 stamens. Stigmas 3, recurved, with a very short style. 
Caps. 3-wingcd, 3-(or l-3-)seeded. U Bulb coated. Scape widely branched. 
Flowers racemed, white, nearly bractless. 

N. Georffiaina Mx.— Sand hills, S. Car. to Fla. Scape 2— 3f, from a large bulb. Leave 
long, narrow, all radical, recurvad and channelled, rough-edged. 

7. SCILLA, L. Squill. Sepals and petals similar, spreading (blue or 
purple). Filaments 6, slender, style thread-club-shapod. Caps. 3-angled, 
3-celled, cells with 1 or several black seeds. % Bulb coated, bearing sev 
eral linear leaves and a scape with a raceme. 

1 S. esciilcnta Ker. Quarnash. Lvs. keeled, flaccid, shorter than the scape ; bracts 

subulate, longer than the pedicels; filaments filiform; stigmas 3-toothod ; sepald 
widely spreading, pale blue. Bottoms, W. 1— 2f. May. (Oamassia, Lindl.) 

2 S. Peruviana. Leaves ciliate on the edges, longer than the scape ; flowers etellatc. 

in a dense conical corymb, violct-bluo, rarely white. Spain. 

8. ORNITHOGAIiUM, L. Star of Bethlehem. Stem a coated 
bulb. Sep. and pet. similar, white, spreading, 3-7- veined. Fil. (5, subulate. 
Style slender, stigma 3-angled. Cajis. roundish, 3-angled. Sds. few, black. 
% Scape with a corymb of braeted llowers, and linear leaves. 

O. iiinbcllatuni L. Loaves channoUed, as long a.** the soapoOf^; fiowors fow. on 
long poilicH'ls, the white sopuls each with a greon band outi^ido. Juno. § l!iiropo. 

9. ALLIUM, Ti. Gaumc. Onu>n. FIowim's in a dense un\bel, with ;t 
membranous 2-(l— l-)leaved spathe. Perianth deei^ly l)-parted. Seg. mostly 
spreading, ovate, the 3 inner somewhat smaller. Ovary angular, stigma 
acute. Caps. 3-iobed. Seeds few, black. Strtuig-seentiNJ. bulbous planLs 
Leaves mostly radical. 



344 Order 147.— LILIACEJE. 

§ Leaves (none at flowering- time) flat, lanceolate. Ovary only 3-ovuled No. I 

§ Leaves present, flat.— a Ovary 6-ovuled, often with a 6-toothed crest... (y) 

— a Ovary 00-ovuled, not crested. Leaves linear No. 5 

§ Leaves terete and hollow.— a; Scape or stem slender, not inflated Nos. 8, 9 

—X Scape inflated in the midst. Cultivated. . ..Nos. 10, 11 

y Wild native species. Leaves linear and very narrow Nos. 2 — 4 

y Exotics cultivated. Leaves lance-linear or broadly linear Nob. 6, 7 

•l A . tricoccum Ait. Lvs, 5—8', fugacious, mostly gone in June, when the scape, with 
its rounded umbel of 10—12 white fls., appears. Woods, N. Eng. to N. C, and W. If. 

2 .% . cernuum Eoth. Lvs. very long ; umbel cemuaus, with 12—20 bright roseate fls. ; 

sepals oblong-obovate, acute ; filam. filiform, exserted. N. Y., W. and S. l^—it. Jl. 
^. stellatum. Umbel mostly erect ; stam. not exserted. Dry, HI., and W. f— .Hf. 

3 A. Canadense Kalm. Scape terete; leaves shorter than the scape ; umbel erect, 

capitate, consisting of both (whitish) fls. and bulblets mixed. Shades. If. June. 

4 A. Jimtabile Mx. Lvs. lin. -filiform, thin, shorter than the terete scape; gmb. 20- 

40-flwd., erect; spattie 3-leaved, purplish ; sep. ovate-lanceolate, longer tlaan the sta., 
white or roseate ; capsule 3-lobed, 3-seeded. Woods, S. 1— l^-f. March— May. 

5 A. striatum Jacq. Lvs. linear, nearly equalling the teretish scape ; spathe 2-lvd. ; 

fls. 3—7, sep. lance-ovate, green-striped outside ; not garlic-scented. W. and 0. 8 — 12'. 

6 A. SATIVUM. Common Garlic. Bulb consisting of many small ones in a common 

sheath; stem leafy to the middle ; umbel bulb-bearing ; flowers white. SJcily. July. 

7 A. PORKUM. Leek. St. compressed, sheathed at base by the channelled leaves ; lunb. 

globous, white ; stamens a little longer than the rough-keeled sepals. Europe. July. 

8 A. vinejlle L. Croio Garlic. Stem and few flstulous lvs. very slender ; amb. bulb- 

bearing; stamens alternately 3-cuspidate. Fields, June. It spoils the cov^a' milk. 

9 A, sciiaenoprasum L. Gives. Scape equalling the terete, filiform, fistulous lvs. ; 

umb. capitate ; sep. longer than the simple stamens, rose-purple. Lako shores, N. t 

10 A. FiSTULosuM. Welsh Onion. Scape inflated in the midst, not taller than the fis- 
tulous leaves ; umbel dense, globular ; stamens exserted. Asia. 18'. t 

1 1 A. Cepa. Common 0. Scape inflated near the base, much taller than the fistulous 
leaves. @ Universally cultivated, and of many varieties. 

^. PROLiFERUM. Top 0. Umbel pioduclng bulblcts instead of flowfrs, 

10. HYAOINTHUS, L. Hyacinth. Perianth tiibular-beJ-form, seg- 
ment spreading-recurved. Stam. straight, perigynous. Ovary free. Seeds 
few. If Bulb coated. Scape racemous. 

H, oRiENTALis. Lvs. thick, lance-linear, half as long as the scape ; flowe.'s many, hall 
6-cleft, tumid at the base, blue, varying to purple, red, white, &c. ; stimens deeply 
included. Levant. March, April. Fine for the bulb-glass. 

11. MUSCARI, Tourn. Grape Hyacinth. Perianth- tube ventricous, 
ovoid, globular or urceolate, limb of 6 very short blunt teeth. Otherwise 
as in Hyacinthus. 

1 TH, botryoideis L. Fls. scentless, globular, nodding, blue (&c,), 2''; lvs. broad-lin., 

obtuse, longer than the scapes (10'). Gardens and fields. May. § Europe. 

2 M. MOSCHATUM. Fls. musk-sceuted, oval, nodding, 3", greenish-blue, or livid, with a 

little 6-toothed crown in the throat ; leaves lance-linear, erect. Europe. April. 

3 M, RACEMosuM. Flowcrs fragrant, nodding, dense, ovoid-cylindric, blue with a white 

limb ; leaves linear, flaccid, channelled, recurved. Eare in gardens. 

4 M. coMosuM occurs in gardens as a monstrosity, with the tall (If) raceme changed to 

a sterile, diffuse, feathery panicle of blue filaments. Showy. 

12. SOHCENOLiRION, Torr. Stem a tuberous rhizome. Perianth 



Order 147.— LILIACEiE. 345 

yellow, &c. Caps, obovoid, obscurely 3-lobed. Flowers racemed. u 
Otherwise as in Ornitbogalum, and too near it. April, May. 
S. cr^ceum (Mx.) Lvs. narrowly linear, longer than the scape, which is very slender, 
15—20' ; flowers email, about 15 in the racem.e, yellow ; sepals ovate, 2". Damp. S. 

13. YUCCA, L. Bear's-grass. Spanish Daggers. Perianth per- 
sistent and withering, of 6 sepals, the 6 stamens shorter. Stigmas 3, ses- 
sile. Caps, oblong, 6-sided, the 3 cells partly divided each into 2 by a 
false partition. Seeds go. if Stem subterranean, or arising into a caudex 
(§ 227), with linear or sword-shaped perennial leaves and a tenninal pan- 
icle of white, handsome flowers. 

1 Y. filamentosa L. Bear's-thread. Acaulescent or nearly so ; leaves lance-linear, 

rigid, sharp-pointed, the margin filamentous^ i. e., bearing thread-like fibres ; scape 
5 — 8f; flowers numerous, cnp-form, ly. Sands, S. June, t 

2 Y. gloriosa L. Caulescent; caudex some 3f; leaves clustered at top, lanceolate, 

stiff, margins very entire ; flowers cup-form, very 00. S. June, July. 

3 Y. aloefolla Walt. Spanish Daggers. Caudex some lOf, often branched, naked 

and scarred ; leaves clustered at top, stout and sharp, serrulate ; flowers white, with 
violet spots ; sepals oblong. Thickets near the coast, S. June— Aug. 

14. TRITOMA, Ker. Perianth tubular, regular, 6-toothed. Stamens 
straight, hypogynous, alternately longer, and with the style exserted. Caps. 
GO - seeded. % Leaves linear, keeled. Scape racemed. 

T. UvARiA. Lvs. in a dense radical crown ; scape 3— 5f, with a long raceme of innumer- 
able soon-pendent, red, orange, and flame-colored flowers. S. Mrica. Aug.— Oct. 

15. AGAPANTHUS, L'Her. Perianth tubular at base, funnel-form, 
free from the ovary, regular. Stam. and filiform style upcurvcd at the 
end. Caps. 3-angled. Seeds oo. U Root tuberous. Leaves flat, linciir. 
Scape bearing a 2-leaved umbel. Blue. July. 

A. UMBELLATUS. Scape 2f, with the thick radical leaves as long ; flowers many, large, 
the pedicels equalling the perianth. S. Africa. A fine parlor plant. 

16. FUNKTA, Spreng. Perianth funnel-form, deciduous. Stam. G, hy- 
pogynous, and with the style decliuate-curvcd. Caps, elongated, 3-angled. 
Seeds oo, winged at end. U Root fasciculate. Leaves all radical, ovate 
or oblong, veined, ])etiolate. Scape racemed. Japan. 

1 F. suncoKDATA. Wlilte Day Lily. Lvs. largo, ovate, enbcordate. voins strongly im- 
pressed ; fls. white, frngrnnt, horizontal, r/ long, tube longor than the limb. 2K- Aug. 

% F. OVATA Spr. Blue Day Lily. Lvs. broad-ovate, acuminate; rac. many-tloweired ; 
fls. funnel-form, 2', blue or violet, noddinir, tube shorter than the limb. Ohio, §. t 
8 AI.B0-MAU0INATA. ITas its Icavos irregularly margined with white. 

17. HEMEROCALLIS, L. D.vy Lily. Poriauth funnel-shaped, reg- 
ular, ephemeral, limb spreading. Stam. (5, inserted in the tliroat, curved 
upward. Style slender, curved like the stamens and longer. Cai>s. with 3 
few-seeded cells. 11 Root fasciculate. 8e:\pes branched. liCaves linear. 
Flowers large, xanthic, solitary, or racenicil. ,luly. 

1 H. PUi-VA. Lvs. channelled ; pet. obtuse, wavy ; veins of sep. bnuichod. An old frar- 

«Jen plant, with large tawny llo\vei-$>, lasting but a day. of. § Levant. 
8 H. FLAVA. Lvs. clianneHed ; 8ep. aeute, bright yellow, veins uniUviiUM. Siberia. If. 



346 Order 14'/..-LILIACE^ 

18. POLYGONATUM, Tourn. True Solomon's Seal. Perianth tu- 
bular, limb short, 6-lobed, erect. Stamens 6, inserted near and above the 
middle of the tube, and with the slender style included. Berry globular, 
black or blue, 8-6-seeded. U Rhizome horizontal, thick. St. leafy above. 
(Lvs. alternate.) Fls. axillary, pendent, greenish- white. Fig. 258. 

P. biflorum Ell. Stem recurved, smooth ; lvs. lanceolate to elliptic, sessile, obscurely 
many-veined, glaucous-pale and more or less pubescent beneath ; filaments roughened, 
inserted near the middle of the tube. Woods. 1 — 3f. April— June. 

/3. g-ig-dnteum. Plant all smooth, tall ; lvs. clasping ; ped. 3-6-flwd. 3— Tf. 

y. latifoUum, Plant pubescent above ; leaves ovate, some stalked. 

19. C ON V ALL ARIA, L. Lily of the Valley. Perianth campanu- 
late, of 6 united segments, lobes of the limb recurved. Stam. 6, included, 
perigynous. Ovary 3-celled, 1-styled, cells 4-6-ovuled. Beriy (red) few- 
seeded. % Rhizome creeping, slender. Lvs. radical, and scape very smooth, 
low, bearing a raceme of white, drooping, sweet-scented flowers. 

C. majalls L.— Mountain woods, Va. to Ga. Common in gardens. 6 — 10'. Lvs. ovato 
elliptic, 2 or 3 with each scape. Flowers in an open raceme, 3 — 4". May, June. 

20. OLINTONIA, Raf. Perianth campanulate, of 6 equal, distinct seg 
ments. Stam. 6, hypogynous, anth. linear-oblong. Ovary oblong, 2-(rarely 
3-)celled. Style elongated. Berry (blue) 2-celled, cells 2-10-seeded. U Rhi- 
zome creeping. Lvs. few, broad. Scape naked, bearing an umbel. 

1 C. borea.lis Raf. Lvs. broad-oval-lanceolate ; flowers 2—5 in the bractless umbel, 

cernuous ; berry-cells many-seeded. Mountainous or hilly woods. June. 8 — 13'. A 
smooth and elegant plant. (See Fig. No. 715 in the Class-Book.) 

2 C. umbellata Torr. Lvs. lance-oblong; umbel many-(12-30-)flwd., bracted ; fls. 

white, speckled, 4— 5''^ ; berry-cells 2-seeded. Woods, W. N-Y., and S. along the mts. 

21. SMILACINA, Desf False Solomon's Seal. Perianth of 6 equal, 
spreading segm., united at base. Stam. 6, slender, perigynous, anth. short. 
Ova. globous, 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Sty. short, thick. Berry 
globous, pulpy, 1-3-seeded. U Rhizome creeping, thick or slender. Stem 
leafy, bearing a terminal cluster of white flowers in April — June. 

§ Raceme compound. Stamens longer than the perianth. Ovules collateral No. 1 

§ Raceme simple. Stam. shorter than perianth. Ovules one above the other. .Nos. 2, 3 

1 S. racemosa Desf. Stem recurved ; leaves oval, strongly veined, acuminate, sub- 

eessile ; raceme compound. Copses : common. Berries red-dotted. 2f. 

2 S. stellata Desf. St. erect ; lvs. many, lanceolate, acute, amplexicaul ; fls. few, in 

a simple raceme ; berries dark red. Along rivers, N. and W. 10—20'. 

3 S. trifoliata Desf. Erect ; lvs. 3 or 4, oval-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, am- 

plexicaul ; rac. terminal, simple ; berries red. Mountain swamps, N. and W. 3—6'. 

22. MAJANTHBMUM, Mcench. Two-leaved Solomon's Seal. 
Perianth of 4 ovate, obtuse, spreading segments, united at base. Stam. 4. 
Ovary 2-celled. Otherwise a& n Smilacina. 

HJ. bifoliuni DC— Common in open woods. Stem with 2 (rarely 3) ovate, subcordate 
leaves and a simple raceme of small white flowers, 3—6'. May.— In Oregon, the same 
plant becomes stout, 2f high, with petiolate, strongly cordate leaves 1 



Order 148.— MELANTHACE^. 347 

23. ASPARAGUS, L. Periantli 6-parted, segm. erect, slight-spreading 
abow. Sta. 6, peiigynous. Sty. veiy short, stig. 3. Berry 3-celled, cells 
2 -seeded, if Rts. fibrous, matted. Stems with filiform branchlets for leaves 
in the axils of scales. 

A. ofBcinsiIis L. Stem herbaceous, very branching, erect; Ivs. fasciculate; flowers 
axillary ; berries red. Long cultivated, and § in rocky shores. 

24. STREPTOPUS, Mx. Twist-foot. Perianth bell-form, of 6 dis- 
tinct, recuiTed sepals. Anth. longer than the filaments. Style elongated, 
stigmas 3-lobed. Beny globose, red, oo-seeded. U Stem fork-branched. 
FlDwers axillaiy, solitary, on a geniculate or cuiTed pedicel. June. 

1 S. rosens Mx. Lvs. oblong-ovate, clasping, margin finely ciliate ; pedicels oftener 

merely recurved ; anth. short, 2-homed at apex ; stigma trifld. Damp woods, north- 
ward. If— 15'. Flowers reddish, spotted, under the leaves. 

2 S. amplexifolius DC. Leaves oblong-ovate, strongly clasping, margin smooth 

and entire ; pedicels abruptly bent in the middle ; anthers and stigmas entire at the 
apex ; sepals long-pointed, reflexed. Woods, Penn., and N. 2f. 

25. PROSARTES, Don. Perianth as in Uvularia. Fil. 6, perigynous, 
included, much longer than the linear-oblong anth. Style elongated, trifid. 
Beriy red, ovoid or oblong, 3-6-seeded. U Stem erect, branched. Flow- 
ers few, greenish, terminal, drooping. May, 

P. lanuginosa Don. Lvs. ovate-oblong, pointed, clasping, downy beneath ; pedicels 
in pairs ; flowers spreading-bell-form ; sep. 5 — 6" long. Mountains, N. Y, to Car. 

26. UVULARIA, L. Bellwort. Perianth of 6 linear-oblong, conni- 
vent sepals, each nectariferous at base. Fila. much shorter than the long, 
linear, included anth. Style trifid. Caps. 3-celled, few-seeded, if Stem 
forking. Leaves alternate. Flowers yellowish, drooping. 

§ Leaves perfoliate near the base. Capsule obovoid-triangular, truncate Nos. 1 —3 

§ Leaves sessile or half-clasping. Capsule ovoid or oval-triangular Nos. 4—6 

1 U. grandiflora Sm. Sepals acuminate, smooth within and without, greeuish yel- 

low, H' long; anthers obtuse (f)- Woods, 1— 2f. May. 

2 U. perfoliata L. Mealy B. Sepals acute, U', twisted, covered inside with shining 

grains, pale yellow ; anthers cuspidate. Woods. 10—14'. May. 

3 U. flava Sm. Lvs. obtuse ; sepals smooth both sides, yellow. 1'. N. J. to Va. 

4 U. sessilirolia L. Wild Oats. Lvs. lancc-oval, glaucous beneath ; capsulo stipod ; 

style 3-olert, nearly as long as the (9") sepals. Glades: common. 6— 10'. May. 

5 U. Florldiiiia Ohniim. Leaves oblong, glaucous bonoath ; style 3-clert, half as 

louf! as the ncnuiinato (S") sepals. Woods, Fla. 4—6'. ^larch. 
G U. pub<jrula Mx. Leaves puberulont, oval, green both sides ; C4ipsnlo sessile (no 
stipe) ; style 3-parted to near the base, not exceeding the arthers. Mountains, S 

Order CXLVIII. IMELANTHACE.E. Mkl.vnths. 

llorhs perennial, somelimes l)uUHms, often poison(>us, with panillol-veincd 
leaves. Perianth double, regular, persistent, of oiuisimilar, groou or col- 
ored seqments. Stamens 0, with extroi"se anthers, ;> distinct styles or sessile 
Htigina'S, and a free, 3-eelled orari/. Capsule 3-celled, 3-partiMo or septicid;\l, 
and seeds few or many, with a thin seed-eoat. — Very near the Lilyworli5, 
but tlie divided pistils alVord a practical distinction. 



348 Order 148.— MELANTHACE^. 

§ Perianth 6-parted, tube very long, radical, like the Crocus CoLCHicxni. 1 

g Perianth 6-sepalled, wheel- form, on a scape or stem, with leaves. ..(*) 

• Anthers 1-celled, extrorse, cordate, becoming peltate by opening. . .(a) 

• Anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Capsule locnlicidaL Flowers racemous ... (c) 

• Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Capsule septicidaL Flowers racemous. ..(d) 

a Inflorescence racemous, with wWte flowers. Sta. scarce longer than sep. ..AjriANTHiuu. S 
a Inflorescence spicate, with green flowers. Sta. twice longer than sepals... ScafflNCCAULON. 3 
a Inflorescence paniculate, or a raceme somewhat branched at base... (6) 

6 Sepals glandular at base inside, clawed. Stamens perigynous MELAXTniUM. 4 

b Sepals glandular at base inside, clawed. Stamens hypogynous ZiGADENua. 5 

b Sepals not gland-bearing. Stamens perigynous Terathum. 6 

« Flowers perfect. Filaments dilated at base. Ovary cells 2-ovuled ZEROPHYLnni. 7 

c Flowers perfect. Filaments filiform. Ovary cells 00-ovuled Helonias. 8 

c Flowers dioecious, white. Stem leafy Cham^lieitjm. 9 

d Stamens 6. Flowers greenish or yellowish, 9 — iO Tofieldia. IC 

d Stamens 9—12. Flowers deep yellow, 6—9, mostly 6 Plkea. 11 

/ 

1. COLOHICUM AUTUMNALE. A plant of curious habit, from Europe. 

The 1—3 Iong-(5-8'-)tTibed, lilac-colored, 6-parted flower arises directly from the new tuber 
in the Autumn, followed in the succeeding Spring by a stem bearing the leaves and frait. 

2. AMI'ANTHIUM, Gray. Fly-poison. Fls. ^ . Sep. sessile, spread- 
ing, glandless, shorter than the stamens. Anth. reniform. Caps. 3-horned, 
S-partible into 1-4-seeded folhcles, if St. bulbous at base, scape-iike. Lvs. 
grass-like. Fls. on slender pedicels, turning green with age. May — July. 

1 A. muscEetoxicum Gr. Bulb conspicuous ; lvs. broad-linear, obtuse, many ; rac. 

dense ; sep. oblong ; seeds ovate, red and fleshy. Shades, N. J., W. and S. 1— 2f. 

2 A. angustifolium Gr. Tall, slender, scarcely bulbous ; lvs. linear, acute ; sepala 

oval, changing to brown ; rac. very dense ; seeds linear, diy. Damp woods, S. 2 — 3f. 

3. SOH^NOCAULON, Gray. Fls. 5 . Sep. green, Imear-oblong, half 
as long as the hypogynous stam. Ova. 6-8-ovuled, carpels slightly cohering. 
U Scape bulbous, rush-like. Lvs. sedge-like. Spike slender. Apr., May. 
S. gracile Gr.— Sandy soils, Ga., Fla. Scape 2— 3f, lvs. half as long. Fruit unknown. 

4. MELANTHIUM, Gronov. Fls. 5 5?- Sep. spreading, unguicu- 
late, with 2 glands at base, the claws bearing the short stamens. Ova. often 
abortive. Caps. 3-lobed, 3-pointed with the persistent styles. 2C St. thick- 
ened at base. Racemes panicled. Flowers yellowish. July, Aug. 

i?I, Virsinicum L. — Wet meadows, N. Y., "W. and S. Stem 3 — 4f, leafy. Lvs. lanceo- 
late to linear, 6"— 2' wide, subclasping. Flowers 8", in a large panicle. 

5. ZIGADENUS, Mx, Zigadene. Segm. colored, spreading, at base 
united, contracted and 2-glanded. Sta. hypogynous, nearly as long as the 
segm. Ovaiy adherent at base or free. Seeds oo, scarcely winged, if 
Smooth and glaucous. Leaves linear. Flowers greenish, panicled. 

1 Z. glaberrimusMx. Ehizome creeping ; lvs. channelled, recurved ; panicle coni- 

cal ; fls. 1' broad ; sepals lance-ovate, with 2 round glands. Swamps, S. 2f. June. 

2 Z. glaucns N. Stem bulbous, nearly naked ; lvs. flat, much shorter than the stem ; 

sepals obtuse, 3'^ each with 1 obcordate gland. Sandy shores, N. Y. to Dakota, l^f 

3 Z. leiinantlioides Gr. Root fibrous; lvs. flat ; panicle slender; segm. obovate, 

the glandular spot obscure. Swamps, N. J., and S. 2 — 4f. Flowers white. 

6. VERATRUM, Tourn. False Hellebore. Fls. 5 ^ ? . Sep. spread- 
ing, sessile and without glands. Sta. shorter than the perianth and inserted 



Order 148.— MELANTHACE^. 349 

on its base. Ovary 3, united at base, often abortive. Capsule 3-partible. 

Seeds few, flat, broadly winged. U Flowers in panicles. July. 

§ Stbnanthium. Sepals at base united and adherent to base of ovary No. 1 

§ Veratrum proper. Sepals distinct to base and free from the ovary Nos. 2 — i 

1 V. angustifolium Ph. Lvs. long-linear ; stem slender, 2— 4f; panicle li^f, narrow; 

segm. green-white, subulate, 2" ; ilowers sessile, the upper fertile. Pa., W. and S. 

2 V. viride Ait. Stem stout and very leafy, 2 — 4f ; leaves lance-oval, ample, strongly 

plaited ; flowers innumerable, green ; sepals lanceolate, 6". Wet meadows. 

3 V. parvifloruiu Mx, Leaves nearly all radical, oval-elliptic, petiolate, slightly 

plaited ; stem slender, scape-like, long-paniculate ; sepals spatulate-unguiculate, 2 — 3", 
half as long as the pedicels, dingy green. S. 2— 5f. 

4 V, Woodii Bobbins. Leaves lance-elliptic to lance-linear, the lower long-petioled, 

plicate ; stem rather stout, 4— 6f ; panicle long and narrow ; sepals oblanceolate to 
obovate, 4'^ almost dlack, as long as the pedicels. Lid., and W. 

7. XEROPHYLLUM, Mx. Fls. ^ . Sep. oval, spreading, sessile, and 
without glands. Fila. dilated and contiguous at base. Styles linear, revo- 
lute. Caps. 3-lobed, cells 2-seeded. U Lvs. numerous, diy, setaceous, the 
lower longer, rosulately reclined. Rac. simple, with, white, showy flowers. 
X. asphodeloides N.— Sandy plains, N. J. to N. C. 3— 5f. Per. 5'^ wide. Ped. 1". Jn. 

8. HELONIAS, L. Fls. ? . Sep. sessile, spreading, glandless, shorter 
than the filiform stamens. Anth. blue. Caps. 3-horned, 3-styled. Seeds oo, 
linear. U Scape thickish, hollow, with many radical, narrow-oblanceolate 
leaves, and a short, dense raceme of purple flowers. 

H. bullata L.— N. J. to Va. Rare. 10—18'. Lvs. nearly as long as the scape. May. 

9. CHAM.ffILiRIUM, Walt. Fls. $ $ . Sepals linear-spatulatc, per- 
sistent, white, shorter than the filiform stamens. Anthers yellow. Styles 
club-form. Caps, ovoid, entire. Seeds oo, winged at each end. if Root 
premorse. Stem strict. Racemes slender, dense, nodding at top. 

€. luteum (L.) Blazing Star.— Dam-p groxmds. Apr.— Jn. 12—30'. Root lvs. lanco- 
obovate, stem lvs. lanceolate, more on the taller 9 plant. Racemes 3—12'. Spring. 

10. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. Fls. 5 , 3-bracteolate at base. Sep. spread- 
ing, sessile, oblong. Caps. 3-lobed, 3-partible. Seeds oo, oblong, u Lvs. 
cquitant, grass-like, from fibrous roots. Scapes clustered, beaiing spikes 
or narrow, close, greenish racemes. June — August. 

* (Glabrous. Pedicels separate, very short. Ri\c. simple, short, s^picUo Nos. 1, 'i 

* Glandular. Pedicels in 3'8 (I's — I's), short. Brnctoolos united Nos. 8, 4 

1 T. K'liit^liio^n. N. Lvs. glabrous, linoar-iMisit\)nn, J as long as the nm'^\\-(jluti>iotts 

stem ; rac. short (I— l^'), spicnto ; sop. oblanc, 2'', pod l". Woods, O. to Wis. 15'. 

2 T. puheiiM Dryand. Loaves nearly i the length of tho glaiulular-puborulont «item ; 

rac. of nltiTualo, roniotish fascliles, sleudor. — S' K>nir, W-tlVllowoivd ; pod soarvoly 
longer thiin the piM-i.inth. Parrous, Del. to Fla. Slomlor. 9— ;if. 

3 T. pal IS sir Is lluds. livs. ;5-r)-veuu'd, acute; scapo tUiform ; spike ovv>id, lonijth* 

cnod in IVuit ; bractlofs only at the Iviso of tlic potliocls. Shores of T,. Sup., tuxd N. 

4 T. f»l«*»»'« N. Loaves radical, a few on tho stoni ; rac. 2~r>' long, dense. A) ,'XVnuw- 

orcd ; bractlots united near tho llowcr. as iu Nos. 1 and "J. r»:urcus, S. 1 -2f. 

11. PliEBA, L. C. Rich. Sep. wide-spread, laiu'eolate, sos.'^ile, loiii:^^! 



I 



350 ., Order 150.— JUNCACE^. 

than the 9 — 13 stamens. Styles subulate. Capsules 3-lobed. Seeds oo 
bristle-pointed. U Rush-like stem and leaves dry and rigid. 
P. tcnuifolia Eich.— Bogs, S. 1— 2f. Sept., Oct. Leaves perennial, erect, very nar- 
row, If, and bracts sheathing. Eac. loose, of few light-yellow, star-like flowers (1'). 

Order CXLIX. PONTEDERIACE^. Pontedertads. 

Plants aquatic, with the leaves parallel-veined, mostly dilated at base. 
Flowers spathaceous. Perianth tubular, colored, 6-parted, often uTegular. 
Stamens 3 or 6, unequal, perigynous. Ovary free, 3-celled. Style 1. Stigma 
simple. Capsule 3-(sometimes l-)celled, 3-valved, with loculiciJal dehis- 
cence. Seeds numerous (sometimes solitaiy), attached to a central axis. 
Albumen mealy, 

• Flowers irregular, blue. Stamens 6. Utricle 1-seeded, (2 cells abortive) Pontederia. 1 

* Flowers regular, — a; cyanic. Anthers 3, of 2 forms. Leaves reniform , Heterakthera. 2 

— X yellow. Anthers 3, of 1 form. Leaves linear Schollera. 3 

1. PONTEDERIA, L. Pickerel Weed. Perianth bilabiate, under 
side of the tube split with 3 longitudinal clefts (the 2 lower sepals free), 
circinate after flowering and persistent. Sta. unequally inserted, 3 near 
the base and 3 at the summit of the tube. Utricle 1-seeded. IC ^ Leaves 
radical, long-petioled. Stem 1-leaved, bearing a spike of blue flowers. Jl. 

1 P. cordata L. Lvs. ovate to oblong-deltoid, cordate, with rounded lobes ; petiole 

shorter than the peduncle ; spike cylindrical, pubescent, 2' long. In slow waters : 
com. A fine, showy plant, its blue spikes and smooth leaves 1 — 2f above the water. 

2 P. lancifolia Muhl. Lvs. lance-oblong to lance-lin. ; fls, as above. S. Apr., May. 

2. HBTERANTHERA, R, & P. Tube of the perianth long and slen- 
der, limb 6-parted, equal. Stamens 3, lower anther oblong-sagittate, on 
a longer filament. Capsule 3-celled, oo-seeded. if ^ Leaves mostly reni- 
form, long-petioled. July, August. 

1 H. reniformis E. &. P. St. prostrate or floating ; lvs. roundish, reniform or auric- 

nlate at base ; spathe acuminate, 3-5-flowered ; flowers white. N. Y., Pa., and W. 

2 H. limosa Vahl. Leaves ovate-oblong, both ends obtuse ; spathe 1-fiowered, long- 

mucronate ; flowers blue. S. and W. (Carruth), Lvs. 1— li', the stalks thrice longer. 

3. SCHOLLERA, Schreber, Tube of the perianth very long and slen- 
der, limb 6-parted, equal, Sta. 3, with similar anthers. Caps. 1-celled, 
GO - seeded. U >^ Leaves sheathing at base, grass-like, submersed. Stem 
floating, rooting at the lower joints. 

S. graminea Willd.— A grass-like aquatic, in flowing water, N. 1— Sflong. Leavee 
1—2" wide. Flower solitary, 2}^ long, spathe half as long. July, August. 

Order CL. JUNCACE^. Rushes. 

Grass-like or rush-like 7ie7%s, with small, diy, greenish flowers. Perianth 
liliaceous in form, more or less glume-like, regular, Cleaved, in 2 series, 
persistent. Stamens 6, rarely 3, hypogynous. AntMrs 2-celled, introrse. 
Style 1. Capsule 3- or 1-celled, 3-valved. Albumen fleshy. Figs. 144, 467, 



Order 150.— JUNCACE^. 351 

• Perianth yellow (greenish outside). Stigma 1. Capsule GO -seeded Narthecicm. 1 

• Perianth green or brownish. Stigmas 3.— x Capsule 3-seeded Luzula. 3 

— X Capsule CO -seeded JuNCUS. 3 

1. NARTHECIUM, Moehr. Sepals spreading, yellowish inside. Fil, 
liairy. Caps, prismatic, 3-celled, tipped with the single style and stigma. 
Seeds Qo, bristle-tipped at each end. if Eoot creeping. Lvs. linear, equi- 
tant. Scape bracted, simple, racemous. July, August. 

N". ossifragum Huds.— Pine-barrene, N. J. Scape terete, 8 — 12', the leaves much 
shorter. Sepals lance-linear, 2". Pedicels 3—5", bracteolate. Capsule yellowish, 
4". (N. Americanum Ker.) 

2. LUZULA, DC. Wood Rush. Perianth persistent, with 2 l^raci- 
lets at base. Stamens 6. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded. if Stem jointed, 
\ eafy. Lvs. grass-like, on entire sheaths. Fls. terminal, green or brownish. 

* Flowers separate, pedicellate, in umbels or paniculate cymes Noa. 1, 2 

* Flowers aggregate, — x in pedunculate heads forming an umbel or cjrme. . Nos. 3, 4 

—X in sessile heads forming a nodding black spike No. 5 

1 li. pllosa Willd. Lvs. lance-linear, fringed with long white hairs ; umbel simple, 
12-20-flwd. ; ped. 5— 10", soon deflexed ; fls. l'-*, brownish. Groves, Pa., and N. May. 

a li. parviflora, Desv. Taller ; lvs. lance-linear, glabrous ; umb. decompound ; flt«. 
nodding, small ; sep. J" ; caps, dark brown, a little longer. Mts., N. 12—18'. Jn., Jl. 

3 ii. campestris DC. Field Rush. Lvs. linear, flat, with cotton-like hairs ; fls. in 

roundish heads, which are umbelled with very unequal peduncles ; sep. rust-colored, 
longer than the obtuse caps. ; seeds appendaged at base. Meadows. 3 — 12'. May. 
/3. bulb'osa. Bulbous at base, 3—9' ; sep. shorter than the globuhir caps. Apr. 

4 IL. arcuata E. Mayer. Lvs. linear, channelled, glabrous ; hds. 3-5-flwd., on filiform, 

often recurved, unequal ped. ; bracts ciliate ; seeds not appendaged. White Mts. 

5 Ii» spicata DC. Lvs. linear, hairy at base, very short ; spike oblong, S — 12" ; sep. 

bristle-pointed, equalling the roundish, black capsule (i"). White Mts. 9 — 12'. Jl. 

3. JUNCUS, L. Rush. Stamens G or 3. Capsule 3-celled, or (by the 
dissepiments not reaching the centre) 1-celled. Seeds numerous. ZC 
Mostly glabrous. Stems simple, ieatiess, or with terete or grassy leaves, 
entire sheaths, and small, 3-bracteolate, green or brown fls. June — Aug. 

i§ Clusters growing apparently from the side of the simple scape . .(*) 
§ Clusters terminal on the stem or scape. Leaves never knotted.. .(**) 
§ Clusters terminal. Flowers in heads. Leaves internally knotted.. .(**♦) 

* Leaves few, radical , knotloss, terete like t ho sc{»4)e Noe. 1 , % 

* Leaves none. Flowers separate, not in heails.— d Staujens 3 No. S 

— (I Siamons (5 Nos. -t-d 

♦* Flowers separate, not in heads. Siamons (5. . .(c) 

♦* Flowers capitate, few or many in each head.— 6 Stamens (> Nos. 7. S 

—f> Stamens 3 Nos. U, 10 

c Stems branched. Pod nuieh shorter than the unequal sepals No. 11 

c Stems simple.— </ Pod globular, not exserted. Flowers groou Ni>s. lii, IS 

—d Pod obli)ng or ovoid, exserted, bniwu Ni*. 14—16 

♦♦♦ Seeds tailed. Panicle rather erect, lotiger than its bract No^. 17-19 

•♦♦ Seeds acute, not tailed.— .r Stamens 0. ..(.//^ 

— .r Stamens 3, bracts shorter than panicle.. ,(,:^ 
J/ Heads 2 v^-flwd. (or l-flwd. in No. 20). Ilraots shorter than panicle. . .Nos. *.1. 41 
y Heads S-TO-flowcred. Lesif or bract ovortoppiuj: the iviuiclo Nos. 22, 48 



352 Order 150.— JUNCACE^. 

z Heads 5-15-flowered, and numerous, in April — June Nos. 5i4, 25 

z Heads 20-80-flowered, few and large .Nos. 26, 27 

1 J. setaceus Eostk. Scape weak, slender, (not setaceous)^ 1— 2f ; Ivs. shorter; panicle 

small, 20-30-flwd., flowers separate ; sepals very acute, pod globous. Sea-coast, S. 

2 J, Roemermnus Scheele. Scape stout, rigid, 2 — 4f, and leaves pungent ; panicle 

compound ; flowers capitate ; sep. sharp-pointed ; pod turgid, a little shorter ; heads 
5-8-flowered, dark brown. Marshes, Va. to Fla. (J. maritimus C-B.) 

3 J. effusus L. Soft B. Scapes straight, not rigid ; panicle decompound, often dif- 

fuse ; flowers green, sep. as long as the obovoid, obtuse pod. Wet : common. 2 — 31. 

4 J. filiformis L. Scapes very slender, weak, the subsimple panicle near the mid- 

dle ; sepals longer than the obtuse, mucronate pod. Me. to Mich. l~2f. 

5 J. Smithii Engelm. Scapes slender, rather rigid, 2— 3f; cyme few-flwd. ; flowera 

brown, 1" ; pod round-ovoid, mucronate, exserted. Broad Mountain, Pa. (Porter). 

6 J. Balticus Dethard. Scapes in dense rows on the rhizome, rigid, pungent ; pan. 

near the top, brown ; sep. erect, very acute, equalling the elliptical, mucronate pod 
(li'O. Sandy shores. Me. to Penn. and Wis. 1— 3f. 

7 J. trifidus L. Stems tufted, 5 — 8', wiry, sheathed at base, 3-leaved at top, and with 

a sessile head of 3 blackish flowers ; capsule globular. Mountains, N. H., N. Y. 

8 J. Styg-ius L. Stems few-leaved at base, leafless at top, 7—12' ; heads 1—3, about 3- 

flowered ; sepals shorter than the elliptic pod ; seeds large, tailed. Me., N. Y. 

9 J. repens Mx. Stems low, tufted, 2 — 6' ; leaves linear, opposite, fascicled ; sepals 

subulate, awn-pointed, 3 — 4'-', the slender pod 2". (i) Md. to Fla. May. 

10 J. marginatus Eostk. Stem compressed; leaves linear, flat; cyme compound , 
heads many, 2-9-flowered, chestnut-brown ; pod globular. 1 — 3f. 

|3. bMbrus, Heads very numerous, 2— 3-flowered, nearly black. S. 

1 1 J. bufonius L. Toad R. Slender, 3—8', tufted : leaves 1—2'; branches 2, flowei 
bearing the whole length ; flowers remote, green ; the 3 outer sep. longer. Common. 

12 J. tenuis WiUd. Stems wiry, 8—24' ; leaves flat-filiform, 3—8' ; bracts longer than 
the loose panicle ; sepals green, longer than the roundish pod. Common. 

^. secundus. Flowers 1-rowed on the branchlets ; bracts shorter than the panicle, 

1 3 J. dlcbotomns Ell. Stem wiry, 1— 2f ; Ivs. terete-filiform, channelled, on long 
sheaths ; panicle forked or dense ; pod roundish, long as sepals. S. Too near No. 12. 

14 J. Gerardl Loisel. Black Grass. Sts. wiry, leafy, 1— 2f ; Ivs. thread-ensiform, 3— 8': 
pan. longer than the bracts ; style conspicuous ; pod blackish, long as sepals. Marshes. 

1 5 J. Greenii Oakes & Tuckm. Wiry scapes and fihform Ivs. rigid ; bract filiform, 
twice longer (4') than the small panicle ; flowers secund, straw-brown ; sepals ovate, 
shorter than the ovoid pod. Coasts of N. Eng. and Mich. 1— 2f. 

1 6 J. Vaseyl Engelm. Sepals lanceolate, as long as the oval pod ; bract scarcely 
longer than the panicle. Otherwise like No. 15. Mich. (Prof. Porter). 

1 7 J. asper Engelm. Sts. rigid, 2— 3f ; Ivs. rigid and lough., 3 — 10' ; hds. scattered, 3-5 
flwd., sep. 2i", strongly veined, subequal I shorter than the pointed brown pod. N. J 

18 J. caudatus Chapm. Sts. rigid, 2 — 3f; Ivs. 3, rigid, erect; panicle large, erect, 
hds. 2-4-flwd. ; sep. 2", unequal ; pod 3", finally black ; sds. with long white tails. S. 

19 J. Canadensis Gay. Sts. terete, with 2 or 3 erect, smooth Ivs. ; fie. in Aug. and 
Sept., 3—50 in a head, paniculate, brownish ; sepals lanceolate, 3 outer shorter, none 
longer than the oblong- triangular pod ; stamens 3. Common and Very variable. 

a, coarctatus. Heads 2-5-flwd., in a contracted panicle ; pod brown, exserted. 
/3. brachyciphalus, Hds. 3-5-flwd., in a spreading panicle ; pod brown, exserted. 
y. subcaudatus. Slender; heads 8-20-flwd., remote ; seeds with short white taUs. 
S. long-icauddtus. Stouter ; hds. 8-50-flwd., approximate ; sds. slender, long-tailed. 

20 J. pelocarpus Meyr. Sts. slender, 2-3-lvd., 10—20'; panicle much branched ; fls, 
in pairs or solitary, scattered, reddish ; pod oblong, pointed with the slender style, 
longer than the oblong sepals. Wis. to Me. and Fla. (J. Conradi Tuckm.) 

SI J. articulatus L. Stems If, with 1 — 2 leaves ; heads 3-8-flowered, crowded ill n 
spreading panicle ; sepals browiush, oblong ; pod deep brown, oblong, exserted N. 



Order 151.— COMMELYNACE^. 353 

p. oblusata. Heads 5-flowered ; sepals and pod green, obtuse, mucronate. Phiia 
y. insig-nis. Panicle erect, few-flowered ; outer sepals cuspidate, inner obtuse. 

22 J. militaris Bw, Bayonet R. Stem stout, 2— 3f, '^earing a single terete leaf neai 
the middle, which overtops the panicle ; heads 5-15-flowered ; sepals brownish, acute, 
as long as the acuminate capsule. Bogs, coastward, N. Eng. to Del. 

23 J. nodosus L. Stem slender, 2- or 3-lvd. ; Ivs. slender, the upper (bracts) overtop 
ping the cluster ; heads few (1—9), approximate, 5-50-flowered ; sepals brown, lance- 
eubulate, shorter than the beaked capsule. Wet sands. Can. to Car. 

/3. meg'acSphalus, Stout, 3f, upper leaf and bract exceeding the simple cluster; 
heads 50-80-flowered, green ; outer sepals subulate-awned, as long as the pod. 

24 J. acuminatus Mx. Stems 2- or 3-leaved ; hds. 3-15-flowered, in a loose spread- 
ing panicle exceeding the bract ; sepals lance-subulate, nearly equalling the short- 
pointed brown pod ; seeds minute, acute at both ends. May, June. 

/3. ti^hilift. Slender or stout ; hds. 3-7-flwd. ; pod exserted. N. J., Ky., andS. 9'-3f. 
y. leg-itimufi. Heads 8-15-flowered ; pods scarcely exserted. (J. Pondii C-B.) 

25 J. EUiottii Chapm. Stem, leaves, and panicle very erect, 1— 2f ; hds. 5-8-flwd.. fis. 
1" ; sepals lanceolate, as long a? the turgid-ovoid, blackish pod ; seeds acute. April. 

26 J. "bracliycarpus Eng. Strict, rigid, li — 2K; leaves 2—3 ; bract short ; hds. round, 
dense, 50-flwd., pale, few (2 — 10) ; 3 outer sepals awned, much longer than pod. W. 

/3. ? WolM, Pan. spreading ; pod ovoid, blunt, little shorter than the sep. 111. (Wolf). 

27 J. scirpoid.es Lam. Rigid, 2f; heads and bract as in the last; style usually ex- 
eerted; sepals pungent-awned, equalling the taper-pointed pod. N. Y. to Ga. 

/3. polyc^phalus, Stout, 3f ; heads 60-90-flwd., brownish, distant ; Ivs. flattened. 

Order CLI. COMMELYNACE^. Spiderworts. 

Herbs with flat, narrow leaves, sheathing at base. Sepals 3, green, petaU 
3, colored. Stamens 6, some of them usually deformed or abortive. Styles 
and stigmas united into one. Capsule 2- or 3-valved. Seeds 3 or more. 

§ Flowers irregular, clustered in a spathe-like, cordate, floral leaf Commeltna. 1 

^ Flowers regular, clustered. Floi-al leaves like the rest. Stamens 6 Tradksc.vntia. 2 

§ Flowers regular, solitary, axillary. StameusS. Moss-like herbs Mayaca. 3 

1. COMMELYNA, Dill. Fls. irregular, 3 of the stamens sterile, Avith 
glands for anthers. Caps. 3-celled, one of the cells abortive or 1-seeded. — 
Leaves contracted to the sheathing base. Floral leaf or spathe erect in 
flower, recurved before and after. Petals blue, oi)en but a few houi-s. 

1 C. communis L. Procumbent and much branched ; Ivs. lauoe-ovato, rounded at 

base ; spathe lateral, 2-6-llowercd ; odd petal reniform. Wot soils, S. June — Nov. 

2 C. Cayciincusis Rich. Procuuibont, glabrous, with small i,U— *H'^ ovate-oblonir, 
• obtuse leaves; sjjatho lateral, .3-Mlowerod ; odd petal round-ovate. Itjinks, 111. to \a. 
i C VIrjr>i»I<'a li- Stem weak, ascending; Ivs. lanceolate to linear; sivitho bn^nd- 

cordate when open ; odd petal very small, raised on a claw. Dry. M., S.. \V. .11.. An?» 

it C. oreeta L. Erect, pubescent, sheaths hairy ; leaves lanceo'.ato; spatho hawk-bill 

shaped, its base-lobes united ; petals nearly equal. Wootls, 1^»., W. and S. .11., Au.^ 

2. TRADESCANTIA, Tj. Simdkuwout. Fls. regular. Sop. pei>iistent, 
, et. large, roumliisli, spreading. Fil clothed with jointed hairs, anth. rtnii- 
\ n\\. Ca[)s. 3-eelied. 71 Fls. in tcnulniil, close umbels. Juice viscid. 

'k F. Vlrtt"«ul<*a L. Utnbels sessiU\ tormn>!il aiul axillary, with leafy bracts ; pod. s».xin 
rellexed ; floweru ephemeral, of a rich deep blue ; leaves linear, chanuoUiHi ; stciu 
miek, jointed, «—3f. Damp. M., S., W Cultivated. 



354 Order 153.— XYRIDACEtE. 

2 T. pilosa Lehm. Umbels sessile, terminal and axillary; leaves lanceolate, liairy 

both sides ; flowers small, bluish purple. Banks, 111. to O., and S. 2f. 

3 T. rosea Mx. Umbels terminal, ped jtr-culate, with subulate bracts ; leaves linear ; 

petals rose-colored, twice longer than the smooth calyx. May. If. 

4 T. CRASsiroLiA. From Mexico, a trailing leaf-plant, in vases and baskets, with thick 

ovate leaves, variegated with purple, green, and white. Flowers roseate. 

3. MAYAOA, Aubl. Stamens 3, opposite the sepals. Caps. 1-celled. 
Seeds several, attached to the middle of the valves. ^ Moss-like, creep- 
ing, branching, beset with naiTow, linear leaves. Peduncles sohtary, axil- 
laiy, 1-flowered. Resembles a Sphagnum. 

HI. Micbauxii Schott. & Endl. Fed. longer than the Ivs. (which are 2— 3'0, reflexed 
in fruit ; pod 9-12-seeded ; petals white. Shallow waters, Va. to Fla. July. 

Order CLII. XYRIDACE^. Xyrids. 

Herbs sedge-like, with equitant leaves and a scape bearing a head ol 
regular triandrous flowers. Penanth of 3 glumaceous sepals and 3 colored 
petals. Fertile stamens on the claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 
3-valved, oo-seeded. 

ZYRIS, L. Yellow-eted Grass. Head of flowers ovoid-cylindrical, 
invested with an armor of cartilaginous scales. One sepal membranous, 
involving the yellow corolla in bud, the 2 lateral strongly keeled, persistent. 
Pet. crenulate, on claws, caducous. 3 sterile sta. alternately with the 3 fer- 
tile. U Lvs. radical, linear, sheathing the base of the slender scape. Jn.-Aug. 

* Scape 2-edged above (except No. 6). Lts. long, linear, flat, often twisted. . .(x) 

* Scape teretish, its lvs. shorter than its sheath (No. 9) or longer, and filiform. . .No. 8 

X Sepals exceeding the bract, and fringed on the winged keel Nos. 6, 7 

X Sepals (the 2 lateral) included,— y winged and ciliate on the keel Nob. 3—5 

— y wingless or very nearly so Nos. 1, 2 

1 JL, flexuosa Muhl. Common X. Scape 6 — 18', often bulbous at base : lvs. narrowly 

linear, 3—9', often twisted ; head round-ovoid, 3 — 4" ; sepals minutely bearded at the 
tip, lance-oblong, quite wingless on the keel. N. Eng. to 111. and Ga. 

2 X. ambigua Beyr. Scape 2— 3f ; lvs. broad-linear, rough-edged, 6 — 12'; hd. lance- 

oblong, 9 — 15" ; sepals lanceolate, slightly winged ; petals large (6"). Barrens, S. 

3 X. Caroliniana "Walt. Scape 1— 2if, the broad-linear lvs. more than half as long; 

hd. yellowish-brown, 6 — 9" ; sep. obscurely fringed ; pet. 4 — 5". Swamps, Mass. to Fla. 

4 X. Elliottii Chapm. Scape 2-edged throughout, 1— l^f; ivs. narrow-lin., i as long; 

hd. obovoid, 4—5" ; sep. cut-fringed on the wing; pet. 3". Wet barrens, S. Car. to Fla. 

5 X, platylepis Chapm. Scape 2~3f, twisted, as well as the broad-linear lvs. ; hd. 9— 

18''', pale ; sepals fringed at the apex, wing narrow ; petals 2--3". Sands, S. Car. to Fla. 

6 X. torta Sm. Bulbous ; te^-ete scape and rigid lvs. twisted ; hd. oval to oblong, 5—9''' ; 

sepal fringe exserted ; petals large, roundish, 8". Sand, N. J. to Fla. (X.. bulbosa K.) 

7 X. fiiubriata Ell. Scape rough, 2— 3f, the broad-linear lvs. nearly as long ; hd. large, 

ovoid, 9—12'' ; sepals much fringed and exserted ; petals small (3 — 4"). N. J. to F1&. 

8 X. Bald.TViiiia.na R. & S. Scape 6—18', twice longer than the filiform bristle-point- 

ed leaves ; head oval, 2 — 4" ; sep. falcate, keel winged, ciliolate. Fla. (X. filifolia Ch.) 

9 X. brevifolia Mx. Scape 4— 12'; lvs. linear to subulate, \ — 2', spreading two -ways; 

head oval, 2—3" ; sep. wingless ; pet. 2". Wet places, S. (X. flabelliformis Chapm.) 



Ordek 154.— ERIOCAULONACE^. 355 

Order CLIII. ERIOCAULONACE^. Pipeworts. 

Herbs perennial, aquatic, with linear, cellular, spongy leaves sheathing the 
base of the slender scapes, which bear a dense head of minute imperfect 
flowers at top. Perianth 2~6-parted or 0. Stamens 6, some of them gener- 
ally abortive. Ovary 2- or 3-celled, cells 1-seeded. 

» stamens (4 or 6) twice as many as the petals. (Scape 7-12-ribbed) Eriocaulox. i 

» stamens 3, as many as the petals. (Scape .5-ribbed, puberulent) P^palanthcs. 2 

• Stamens 3, and no petals. Scape 5-ribbed, short, hairy Lachxocaulon. 3 

1. ERIOOAULON, L. Pipewort. Fls. <9 , in a compact head, with 
an involucre, the marginal fertile. Sepals 3. 5 Petals 2 or 3, black-tipped, 
united, sta. 4 or 6. ? Pet 2 or 3, distinct, sta. 0. Style 1, stigmas 2 or 3. 
2f Lvs. grass-like. Scape fluted. Chaif and fls. white-woolly at tip. Jn.-Aug. 

1 E. decangulare L. Scape tall (2— 3f), 10-12-ribbed ; leaves Unear-ensiform, sub- 

erect, near \ as long as the scapes ; head .3—5" ; chaff pointed. Swamps, Va. to Fla. 

2 E. gnaplia,l6des Mx. Scape tall (1— 2if), 10-ribbed ; leaves ensiform-subnlate, 

2 — 4' : bracts and chaff obtuse, densely white-fringed. Swamps, N. J. to Fla. 

3 E. septangula.re Wth, Scape very slender, 7-ribbed, 3 — 6', or in water several feet 

according to its depth ; leaves linear-setaceous, 1—3' ; heads globular. N. J. to Mich. 

2. P.aGPALANTHUS, Mart. Flowers 3-parted. Stamens in the sterile 
flowers 3. Stigmas in the fertile flowers 3. Capsule 3-seeded. Otherwise 
nearly as in Eriocaulon. 

P. fliiTidus Kunth. In tufts ; scapes 5-ribbcd, minutely downy, 6-9'; leave? linear 
setaceous, 1—2' ; head finally globular, bracts obtuse, straw-colored. Va. to Fla. 

3. LACHNOCAULON, Kunth. 6 Calyx 3-sepalled. Cor. 0. Sta. 3, 
anth. 1-cellcd, filaments united below. $ Cal. 3-sepalled. Cor. reduced to 
a tuft of hairs surrounding the 3-seeded caps. Otherwise as in Eriot.uilon 

L. nfficliauxll K, Scapes 1—5', clustered, 5-ribbed, villous, 2— S' (If, Chapmn,*) ; lv« 
ensiform subulate 1—2' ; head g obular, 1—2", brownish. Sands. Va. to Flh 



366 Oedeb 154.— CYPEKACE^. 



Class IY. GLUMIFER^, 

Or Glumaceous Ei^dogeks. Plants having liieir flowers in- 
vested with one or more alternate imbricated glumes (chaff or 
husk) instead of petals and sepals, and collected into spikelets, 
spikes, or heads. The Class is equivalent to 

(JoHORT 7. GRAMINOIDE^, the Gkami^-oids or grasy- 
like plants. 

Order CLIV. CYPEEACE^. The Sedges. 

These are grass-like or rush-like Tierhs^ with fibrous roots and solid culms. 
Leahies generally 3-ranked, linear, channelled, based on entire or tubular 
sheatTis. Flowers spiked, perfect or imperfect, one in the axil of each 
glume. Perianth none, or represented by a few hypogynous bristles called 
set(B, or a cup-shaped or bottle-shaped perigynium. Stamens definite, gen- 
erally 3 (1 — 12). AntTiers fixed by their base, 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, 
l-ovuled. Style 2- or 3-cleft and the achenium 2-sided or 3-sided, 

The Sedges abound in marshes, meadows, and swamps. 

§ CYPEREjE. Glumes distychous (2-rowe(i). Flowers all perfect. . .(*) 

§ SCIRPE^. Glumes imbricated all around, each (except sometimes the lowest) with a perfect flower 
Spikes all terminal or all lateral. . .(**) 

§ RHYNGHOSPORE^. Glumes imbricated all around or irregularly, the lowest empty. Spikelet» 
both terminal and axillary (except Dichromena and Chaetospora). . .(***) 

§ CARICEJE. Glumes imbricated all around, or irregularly. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Ache- 
nium enclosed in a bottle-shaped per?^(/nru»i. . .(****) 

* Inflorescence axillary. Perigynium or perianth of 6 — 10 setae Dxtlichium. I 

* Inflorescence terminal. Perigynium none.— a Spikes 2 - 00 - flowered Cyperus. 2 

— a Spikes 1-flowered, capitate , . ..Ktllingia. 3 

♦* Perianth of 3 ovate clawed petals and (often) of 3 setee. Glumes awned Fcirena. 4 

** Perianth of 2 oblong sessile scales (pales) and no setae. Spikes 00 Lipocarpha. 5 

** Perianth of 1 minute double scale and no setae. Spikes 2, lateral Hemicarpha, 6 

** I'erianth of setae only, 3 — GO. No scales or petals... (&) 
•* Perianth none at all. ..{d) 

b Achenium crowned with a tubercle. Spike solitary, terminal Eleoch4Ris. 7 

h Achenium not tubercled.— c Setse 3 — 6, short, or else tawny. (Chaetospora, 18) Scmpus 8 

— c Setae CO (—6), long, cottony, white or reddish... .Eriophorum 9 

d Style 2-cleft. Spikes 5 — 10, terminal (capitate in Gen. 13) FiMBRiSTrLis. 10 

i Style 3-cleft. Achenium 3-angled TRiCHELOSirLis. II 

•** 4 chenia crowned with the persistent style or its bulbous base (a tubercle) . . . (s) 

••* Achenia not tuberculate,— x brown like the scales. Setae none Cladium 16 

— X white or whitish, crustaceous. Setae none Scleria. 17 

g Perianth none (no setae). — y Spikes diffusely cymous Psilocarya. 12 

—y Spikes capitate. Bracts colored., Dichromena. 13 

B Perianth of setae.— 2 Achenium tuberculate with the base of the style.. Rhtnchospora. 14 

— z Achenium horned with the entire long style Ceratoschcenus. 15 

**** Spikes either with ^ and 9 flowers, or each wholly $ or wholly ? ......Carex. 19 

1. DULfOHIUM, Rich. Spikes linear-lanceolate, flattened. Glumes 
Bheathing, closely imbricated in two rows. Style long, bifid, the persist- 



Order 154.— CYPERACE^. 



357 




ent base crcjwning the flattened achenium. Perianth of 6 — 9 barbed setae, 
U Cuhii leafy. Racemes of spikes 2-rowed, axillary. August. 

D. spathaceum Pers.— A sedge of peculiar and striking aspect, in ;narshe3 and by 
Btrearas : common. Culm erect, 1— 2f, leafy to the top, the leaves linear, in 3 ranks. 
Spikes 1', alternately arranged on the axillary leafless branchlets. 

2. OYPERUS, L. Galingale. 
Sedge. Spikes flattened, distinct, 
many-flowered. Glumes imbricated 
in 2 opposite rows, nearly all florifer- 
ous. Setae 0. Stamens 8 — 2. Style 
3-(rarely 2-)cleft, deciduous. U (^ 
Culms simple, leafy at base, triangu- 
lar, bearing an involucrate simple or 
compound head or umbel at top. 
June to Sept, 

§ Ptcreus. Style 2-cleft, nut flattened 
Spikes flattened, 10-30-flowered.. .(*) 

§ Cypeuus. Style 3-cleft, nut 3-augled. Spk 
5-50-flo\vered...(**) 

§ Mariscus. Style 3-cleft, nut 3-anglb»*. 
Spikes 1-5-flovvered, deflexed (/<) 

* Stamens 2 (or partly 3 in No 1) Nos. l-** 

* Stamens always 3 Nos. 4. ; 

** Culm with many joints, teretish, with leafless sheaths at bafe. .No. 6 
** Culm jointless, triquetrous, leafy below, .(a) (Invol. of -iOlvs. No. :^) 

a A pair of free persistent scales within each glume. Fls. dense. .7 
a Scales adnate to the rachis or wanting., .(d) 

b Spikes capitate at the top of the peduncle, flattened., .(c) 

b Spikes racemed or clustered, terete or flattened. Stam. 3. . u») 

c Glumes with recurved points. Stamen 1 only. .Nos. 8, 9 

c Glumes with erect points or pointless. Sta. 1.. .Nos. 10, 11 

c Glumes with erect points. Stamens 3. ..((/) 

d Umbel compound. Spikes ilattoned. 3-5 in the clusters. .Nos. 12—14 

d Umbel simple.—:*; Spikes flat, 12-30-flowered Nos. 15, Iti 

—X Spikes flat, 5-7-llowerod. Head solitary.. .No. 17 
—X Spikes flattisli, G-12-flwd. lids. 1—7.. .Nos. IS— 8t» 

m Spikes flat, 12-24-flowored, 2 rowed in the clusters Nos. 21—23 

m Spikes flat, 5-12-flwd., many-rowed in the clusters No*. 24, 25, 85 

m Spikes terete,—// few, arranged in 2 rows in the clusters No. 2t5 

—y many, arranged in many rows Nos. 27 — 89 

n Spikes 3-5-tlowered, with 4-7 glumes Nos. SO— ^i 

n Spikes only 1-llowered, with 3 or 4 glumes Nos. 33, 34 

1 V, dl&ndrus Torr. (Fig. 1.) Slender. 4—11/ ; nmbel ofU— 5 very 

short unequal rays; spikes (Fig. 2> flat, oblong, obtnslsh, 4—^', 
fascicled ; glumes (Fig. \X) 12- 21, brown, with a green keel ; stamoiia 
(Fig. 4) mostly 2; nut dull, (^fi -Vugust. IVMty. 
.3. casthnfuit. Glumes numerous, and of a dark oliestnut-brown. 
y. paiirttlortiM, C^lumes only 5—9, edged with yellow, 2— ;l", crvnvded. 
t i . NiittallU Torr. Culm erect. 4—12'; rays few and short ; spike lanei^llnear, very 
acute, oc-flwd., crowded; glumes acute 
p. miniiHtm, Very slender, 3—4', hd?< 



yellowish-brown : 
few or sevrsl, 2^^ 



tamens 9; ach. dull, ^i") 
Iwd. ; stH 1. N. .1., 1^ 



358 Order 154.— CYPERACE^. 

3 C. microdoutns Torr. Culm and Ivs. slender; spk. numerous, cro\\ded, lineat 

acute ; glumes acute, close ; stamens 2 ; achenia oblong, grey, dotted, (i) South. 
/3. Gatesii, Culm and leaves filiform ; spikes fewer, loose in the umbel. S-W. 

4 C. flavesceus L. Culm and leaves 4—10' ; rays 2—4, short, the linear obtuse 

spikes clustered at the end ; glumes obtuse, straw-yellow ; achenia shining, (i) E. 

5 C. flavicomus Mx. Culm 1— 3f; involucre 3-5-leaved, very long; umbel some 

compound; spikes numerous, linear, 12-30-flowered, i^preading; glumes very obtuse, 
brownish-yellow, 3-veined. white-edged ; achenia obovate, blackish. Va., and South. 

6 C. articiila,tus L. Culm 2— 6f, the joints internal, leaves or mere sheaths; 

umbel compound, involucre short ; spk. subulate ; gls. 14 — -20, scarious. Swamps, S. 

7 C. erytlirorliizos Muhl. Culm 2 — .3f; umbel compound, each ray with several 

sessile clusters ; spikes very many, 6'', teretish; glumes 15— .30, yellow-brown ; inner 
scales very narrow ; achenia 3-angled, light colored, minute, (i) Pa., S. and W. 

8 C. inflexus Muhl. Culms clustered, 1—3', leaves setaceous; hds, 1— 3; spk. veiy 

short (1 — 2-"), crowded ; gls. 8 — 10, with a recurved bristle-point. (D Shores. Com. 

9 C. acnminatus Torr. Culm filiform or slender. 3 — 12': hds. 1—7, each of Gc flat 

obl.-ovate obtuse spikes 2—3" long ; glumes whitish, recurved at tip. (T) 111. to La. 
IOC. virens Mx. Culm sharply rongh-angled, 1 — if; leaves keeled, 1 — 3f ; heads oo, 
of CO ovate 15-flwd. spikes ; gls. greenish, merely acute ; ach. linear, u Va., and S. 
^. vegetu?, has smooth cuLms and spikes very densely packed. S. 

11 C. Drunimondli Torr. Culm very rough, 6 — 15', obtuse-angled; hds. CO, dense, 
spike oblong-linear, 40-50-flowered, yellowish ; glumes ovate, acute. Swamps. Fla. 

12 r. Haspan L. jS. leptos. Culm 1— 2f, leaves shorter, involucre 2-leaved, shorter 
than the compound umbel ; spikes linear, acute, 6'', -3-5 in a cluster ; glumes minute, 
20 — 10, macronate. tawny-brown ; achenia very minute, white, tumid. Swamps. S. 

13 C. dentatus Torr. Much like C. Haspan, but the involucre is 3- or i-leaved, and 
longer than the umbel ; glumes fewer (7—20), larger, the upper often long-pointed. 

14 C. liCContii Torr. Culm and leaves 1 — 2f : umbel much compounded, with about 
3 oblong, obtuse, flat silvery spikes on each peduncle; glumes 20 — 40, obtuse, very 
closely imbricated. 2i Sandy coasts, Fla. A handsome sedge. 

1 5 C. fuscus L. Culms 3 — 6', leaves flat ; spk. lance-linear, 1 — 3", dark-red or bro^vn, 
densely fascicled in many heads ; glumes round-ovate, closely imbricate. Phila. § 

16 C, compressus L. Culm tumid at base, 4 — 10', ivs. shorter; spikes lance-linear, 
in loose hds ; gls. 12—40, o v. -acuminate, acutely keeled and close-pressed. Pa., and S. 

17 C, divergens Kunth. Tufts 2 — 3', leaves longer; spikes lance-ovate, flat, acute, 
1", 6-flowered, white, all in a single somewhat compound head, Fla, 

18 C, filiculmis Vahl. Culm tuberous, very slender, 6—12'; leaves very narrow, 
keeled ; spk. lance-lin., in 1 — 4 de?}se lids. ; gls. loose, :i — 8, ovate ; ach. gray. % Dry. 

19 C. Grayii Torr. Difi'ers from No. 18 only in the looser heads of 6 — 8 linear spikes, 
the glumes less scarious and less veiny. 71 Mass. to N. J. 

20 C, Scliweiaitzii Terr. Culm rough-3-angled, 1— 2f; leaves shorter ; umbel sim- 
ple, rays 4 — 6, erect ; fls. large, in little spikes arranged close into cylindric-oblong 
compound spikes, with setaceous bractlets. u Shores, N. Y. to Ark. 

21 C. rotuiidus L. ^. Hydra. Nut Grass. Culm 6'— 2f, the leaves shorter ; umbel 
simple, rays 3 or 4, nearly equaling the invol. ; spikes in two rows on the rachis ; 
gls. 14—2-1, veinless, purple-brown. % Va., and S. A rank and troublesome weed. 

22 C Esci'LENTUs. Root producing ovoid tubers as large as chestnuts, eatable when 
roasted (those of No. 23 very small) ; glumes veiny, yellow-brown, u Eur. Cilt. 

23 C phymatodes Muhl. Culm 1— 2f, Avith long Ivs. and invol. ; uml/el simple or 
compound ; spk. linear, obtuse ; gls. veiny, 12 — 20, yellowish- if Koot creepinj;. 

^4 C, strig'osns L. Culm 1 — 3f; leaves broad-linear ; umbel dense, large, some com- 
poitnd ; rays 1—5'; spikes crowded, flattened, acute; glumes 8 — 18, tawny, ovate, 
acute, veined, much longer than the achenia. U Damp. Common. 

j^5 C. .st^nolepis Torr. Culm Ij — 3f, smooth; leaves stiff, rough; rays 3—8 ; spikes 
ejpwjied, 6^7" ; glumes 5—8, lance-linear, spreading; seed slender, duU. U S. 



Order 154 — C YPERACE^. 359 

26 €. dissitiflorus Tor. Culm slender, 1— 2f, longer than the narrow leaves ; iuvol. 
.3-leaved ; rays 3—5 ; spike very slender and pointed, 6— 9-", separate on the rachis ; 
glumes 5—7, lance-oblong, acute ; achenia brown, 3-angled. U Tenn, to La. 

27 C. JTIicliauxianus Schlt. Culm sharply 3-angled, 6—20'; umbel G-10-rayed, 
simple or compound; spikes crowded in oblong clusters, 3", tawny; glumes 5 — 10, 
oblong, overlapping, appressed ; achenia ovoid, 3-angled. u Swamps, M. and S. 

iS C. Engelmannt Steud. Spikes very slender, with the 5—12 glumes remote, and 
the achenia oblong-linear. Otherwise like No. 27. u Sandy swamps, W. and S. 

189 C, tetragonus Ell. Culm acutely rough-3-angled. leaves rough-edged; spike 
4-angled, oblong, 2 — 3" ; glumes 5 — 7, ovate, veiny ; rays 6—12, slender, u Dry. S. 

JO C. ecliinatus (Ell.) Culm 10'— 2f, the leaves still longer, involucre 5-6-leaved, 
very long; umbel simple, rays 8—12, each with a globular cluster; spikes 3", about 
3-flowered, subulate, radiant; glumes veiny, oblong, acute; ach. obovoid. u Dry. S. 

31 C. ovularis (Vahl.) Culm 6— 1G^ leaves shorter ; umbel simple ; rays 3"— 3', each 
with a dense oval head ; spikes \\", 1-3-flowered, very many, u Bogs. M., W., S. 

32 C liancastrlensis Porter. Culm 1— S^f; leaves linear, long: heads 5— 9, oval, 
on as many slender rays ; spikes subulate. 4— 6'^ soon deflexed , glumes about 5, 
veiny, obtuse, tawny, very acute, with about 3 linear achenia. n Lancaster Co., Pa. 

33 C retrofractus (Vahl.) Culm 2— 3f, leaves shorter, broad ; rays 1—6^, each willi 
1 obovate, dense head ; spikes '6'\ subulate, 1- flowered, soon deflexed. H N. J., and S. 

34 C. uniflorus Torr. & Hook. Has hds. oblong, IMong, spks. closely deflexed. La. 

35 C. ALTEUNiFOLius. Grcenhouse spccies from Madagascar. Culm, and leaves, and 
many-leaved involucre striped with white and green, like Ribbon Grass. 

3. KYLLINGIA, L. Spikes compressed. Scales about 4, the two lowest 
short and empty, the third only usually with a fertile flower. Sta. 1 — 3. 
Style long, 2-cleft. Achenia lenticular. Culms triangular, leafy at base. 
Heads sessile, solitary or aggregated, involucrate, odorous. Aug. 

1 K. ptTiitiila Mx. In tufts, 2— 12' high, very slender; heads solitary, rarely triple, 

sessile, oval to oblong; invol. 3-lvd., 1—2' ; spk. very 00, 1-flwd., green. (J) W. and S. 

2 K. scsquiUora Torr. Root creeping; culms G— 12' ; heads mostly triple, oval to 

oblong, the lateral quite small; spk. densely packed, ?t'Ai<<?/ invol. deflexed. U Fla. 

4. FUIRENA, Rotboll. Clot-grass. Glumes imbricated on all sides 
into a spike, awned below the apex. Petaloid scales 3, corda'e, awned, 
unguiculate, investing the stqyiiate achenium. U Stems angular, leafy. 
Spikes solitary or in heads, pedunculate, (brown). 

1 F. 8qnari*osa Mx. Culm l—2f, with several joints and sheathing flat Ivs. ; spk*. 

ovoid, squarrous witii the long recurved awns, 4—7 together in each lioail. 1h>^». 
^. hisplita. Taller, with sheaths and leaves, hispid with white spreading hairs. 

2 F. si'irpoidea Alx. Culm slender, l—2f, leafless but with sovoral shi-aths ; spike* 

1 — 3, ovoid, 3 — 5", not squarrous, the short awns erect. Wet, Ga., Fhv. 

5. EliEOCHARIS, K. \\\\ SriKi:i> lUsii Spikes terete, lilumos 
.mbricated all around. Bristles of (he perianth (settv) mostly (o to I'J). 
rigid, persistent. Style '^-;)-elefl, articulated to the i>vary. Achenium 
crowned with a tubercle which is the persistent bulbous base o( the stylo. 
Mostly U, »U*. Stems leafless. Si>ike solitary, terminal. 

§ Spike terete, cylindrical, not thicker than the tall ('2 — ID culm., .((i^ 

% Spike terete (glumes spirally Imbricated), thlckei than the culm.. .^6) 

I Spikes flat, glumes few, in 2 or 3 rowi*, often proliferous. OuUu capillary (•" 



360 Order 154— CYPERACE^. 

a Glnmes many, rounded, coriaceous. Culm stout. Spike 1—2' ...Nos. 1—3 

a Glumes few, oblong, thin. Culm slender. Spikei— y Nos. 4, 5 

h Spike white or greenish- white, ovoid, 2—3". Ach. blackish. S. .Nos. 6, 7 
b Spike brown or the glumes with tawny sides, white-edged., .(c) 

c Tubercle nearly as large as the ribbed and dotted achenium No. 8 

c Tubercle much smaller than the achenium.. .(d) 
d Achenium 3-angled or tumid, style always 3-cleft. . . (e) 

d Achenium flattened, smooth, style 2- {—x Spike lance-shaped Nos. 9, 10 

cleft (3-2-cleft in No. 11.) ) —x Spike globous or ovate. Nos, 11— 13 
e Setffi 4—6, retrorsely barbed, longer than—?/ dotted achenium.. .Nos. 14, 21 

— y smooth achenium. . Nos. 1.5, 16 

e Setse 0—2—6, smoothish, shorter than the achenium Nos. 17- 20 

z Culms often proliferous (i. e., bearing young culms at top).. . .Nos. 21, 22 
z Culms never proliferous, only 2-6^ high Nos. 23, 24 

1 E. equisetoid.es Torr. Culm terete, many jointed, 2— 3f, as thick as the spike ; 

sheath at base obtuse; spike 1', acute, glumes very obtuse; setse 6: style 3-cleft; 
ach. smooth, brown. Bogs, R. I., W, and S. 

2 E. quadranguJata Br. Culm 2 — 4f, jointless, acutely 4-angled with the sidetj 

unequal ; spike 1—2' ; glumes obtuse ; ach. dull white, obovoid, tipped with the 
distinct tubercle ; setae 6. Bogs, N. Y., W. and S. Rare. 

3 E. cellulosa Torr. Culm 2f, obtusely 3-angled below, jointless ; spike 1', glumes 

round ; setae 6 ; ach. broad-obovate, deeply pitted. Marshes, Fla. to La. 

4 E. Rob"binsii Oakes. Culms slender, 9'— 2f, sharply 3-angled, many of them abor- 

tive and splitting into hair-like fibres in the water : spikes 6 — 9'', spindle-form, 5-8- 
flowered ; ach. 1", half as long as the 6 setse. Ponds. Rare. 

5 E. elongata Chapm. Culms floating, very long and slender, with many hair-like 

abortive ones ; spike 12-20-flowered ; ach. and setse as in No. 4. Ponds, S. 

6 E. capitata Br. Culms tufted, 3— 6^ striate ; spike ovate, 1—2" ; glumes 10—15, 

whitish-scarious, oblong, deciduous ; ach. black, shining ; setse 8. Ga., Fla. 

7 E. albida Torr. Culm and whitish spike much like E. capitata, but the glumes be 

come 10—20, the style S-cleft and achenium tumid, brown. Ga., Fla.. La. 

8 E. tuberculosa Br. Culms angular, wiry, 10 — 15'; spike 3 — 5", lance-ovate ; gls. 

00, very obtr.ee ; ach. scarcely larger than its arrow-shaped tubercle. Swamps. 

9 E. paleistris Br. Rhizome creeping; culms 9'— 2f, with a long sheath; spike lance- 

oblong, 3 — 6—9' ; glumes reddish-brown, very numerous, oblong-ovate ; with a broad 
scarious margin ; ach. obovate, yellowish ; set« 4. Common. 
/3. calva. Bristles wanting ; culms filifonn. Watertown, N. Y. 

10 E. compressa Sull. Culms tufted, very erect, narrow-linear, 1— Hf; spike 
oblong-ovoid, 3—5" ; gls. 10 — 30, ov.-lanceolate. brown ; ach. yellow; setse 0. M., W. 

HE. obtiisa Schultes. Culm 6 — 16' ; spike ovoid, very obtuse, 2 — 4" ; gls. ovate, 
very many and close, red-brown, white-edged ; setse 6 ; style often 3-cleft. Common. 

12 E. olivacea Torr. Culms 2 — 4', densely tufted, spreading, flattened and stri- 
ated ; spike ovate, acutish, 2—3" ; glumes 2;)— 30, green-brown ; ach, olive. Sands. 

13 E. ovata Br. Culms tufted, 6—10', finely striate; spike exactly ovoid, 2 — 3"; 
glumes 20 — 30, rounded, tawny, with 2 white strise ; ach. ivory-white, pyriform-com- 
pressed, capped with a brown tubercle ; setse 7, long. E. Penn. {R. Jackson.) 

11 E. simplex Torr. Culm acute-angled, filiform, 12— IS'; spk 2— 3", ovoid ; glumes 
ovate, white-edged, few ; ach. olive-green, much larger than its tubercle. Md.,andS, 

1 5 E. rostellata Torr, Culm 12— 20^, sulcate, rigid, very slender ; spike lance-ovate, 
acute, 3 — 4" ; glumes 12—20 ; ach. olive-brown, tubercle a mere beak. E. and N. 

16 E. intermedia Schultes. Wiry setaceous culms 3— 8', spreading, in dense tufts; 
spk. oblong-ovate, acute, 1—3" ; gls. oblong, obtuse, 12—25, with 2 brown lines ; ach. 
smooth, obovoid, light-brown, with a distinct conical brown tubercle. In wet banks. 

17 E. melanocarpa Torr. Culm flat, striate, wiry, erect, 12—18'; spike lance- 



Order 154— CYPERACE^. 361 

oblong, 4— 6"; glumes 20—40, ovate; ach, blackish when ripe, covered by a broad 
tubercle which is abruptly-pointed ; setae 3, purple. Sandy bogs, E. and S. 

18 E. tenuis Schultes. Culms filiform or wiry, 4-angled, tufted, 8 — 18'; ppk. ellipti- 
cal or oval 2 — 3" ; gls. dark-purple, obtuse, 20 +; ach. roughish, the tubercle broad- 
deprepsed, setae 2 or 3, very short. A variety has the culms capillary. Wet places : com. 

1J» Ej tricostata Torr. Culm flattened, slender, 1— 2f; spike oblong-cylindiical, 
6—9'; glumes obtuse, rusty-brown, crowded; setoe 0; ach. sharply 3-angled, roughish, 
tubercle conical. N. J., and S. A variety has smaller spikes. {Dr. Feay.) 

20 E. arenicola Torr. Culms flattish, erect, 6—12', wiry; spk. ovate, obtuse; gls. 
dark-brown, with broad white margins ; ach. yellowish, tubercle distinct. Sands, S. 

21 E. Baldwinii Torr. Culms 4— 14', capillary, 4-angled, densely tufted; spike 1", 
ovate, flat, often proliferous ; gls. 5 — 10, in 2 rows ; ach. strongly 3-angled. Ga., Fla. 

22 E. prolifera Torr. Culms filiform, flattened, erect or diffuse, 10—20'; spike 3", 
lance-ov., acute, often proliferous ; gls. 10—15, pale ; ach. ribbed, tubercle distinct. S. 

23 E. acicularis Br. Culms hair-like, 2—6' ; spike elliptic-ovate, 1", acute ; glumes 
4—8 ; ach. ovoid-triangular, longitudinally striate. Muddy places. 

24 E. pusillus (Vahl.) Culms bristleform, 1—5', compressed ; spk. ovate ; gls. 3 — 6, 
mostly empty ; ach. acutely triangular, smooth. Coasts. (E. pigmaea.) 

6. SOIRPUS, L. Club-kush. Bullrush. Glumes imbricated on all 
sides. Perianth of 3 — 6 setse, persistent. Sty. 2-3-cleft, not tuberculate at 
base, deciduous. Achenium biconvex or triangular, u Stems mostly tri- 
quetrous, simple, rarely leafless. Spikes solitary, conglomerated, or corj-m- 
bous, usually rust-colored. 

§ Trioophokum. Setae 6, not barbed, tawny, tortuous, much longer than the acne- 

nium and exserted. Culm leafy. Cyme decompound Nos. 19, 30 

§ SciRPUS. Setaj downwardly barbellate, about equalling the achenium (*) 

* Spike single, terminal.— a Involucral bract in No. 1, long (1') in No. 5 

— a Involucral bract as short as the spike Nos. 2—4 

* Spikes several or many, clustered— i> laterally on the culm {c) 

—b terminally, mostly in cymes {x) 

c Culms terete, jointlcss, leafless or with a few short Ivs at base.. .Nos. G— 8 

c Culms triangular, jointlcss.— c? Spikes in a single cluster Nos. 9—11 

—d Spikes in a cyme, bracted No. 12 

X Spikes large (6—15"), oblong, with cleft gls. Culm jointed, leafy. Nos. 13.14 
X Spikes small (1"), mostly in globular heads. Culm jointed, leafy. Nos. 15 — 17 
X Spikes small (2— 3"), all separate and pendulous. South No. 18 

1 S. panclflorus Lightfoot. Culm filiform or capillary, erect, S — 8', leafless ; involucre 

0; spk. oval. 1—2" ; gls. brown, 5—'.) ; ach. 3-anglcd, netted, beaked but not (udenied. 
Otherwise an Kleoclinris. Western N. Y. (Jlankrnson) to 111. (/Vr/fTl. 

2 S. caespltosus L. Culm round, wiry, 3—10', shi\'Uhed bolow with ruilimcnts of 

leaves; spike ovate, 2—3", with an involucral bract >anu> length; seta' 6, longiT 
than the acluMiiuni. High Mountaiuf", N. and S. In tufts. Loaves 3—6". 
8 S. Cliiitoiiii Gr. Culm acutely y-an^leii, If, very sliMuler, b.nso shojithcd. with 
short bristle-shaped leaves ; bract subulate, shorter than the ovate chosimit-bnnvti 
spike ^3— 5"); glumes pointless. N. Y. (Clinton. J\)rUT.^ 

4 S. plauU'oIiiiN Muhl. Culms If, 8-angled, throadform, with sovorul Mnoar tl.il 

leaves ; bract as long as the oblong (,2") spikes; gls, pointed. N. Kng., N. Y. to Del. 

5 S. MiibtoriiiliiallN Torr. Culm 1 ~ 3f. tlliforni, with several long o;»pi']ary tbvitinjj 

leaves: bract 1 - 2', exceeding the oblong {IV) spike, continuous with tlie culm. N. 

6 S. 4lt)l>iIlM rii. Culm roundish, furrowed, in lulls, i) -16'. with a few subulate Its. 

at base or ; spk. 1—7, ovoid, crowded. 3". tawny, the cuhn-leaf above them 2 — 4' 
at length reflexed ; bristles 4—6. iiwoi'sely barbed ; ach. smooth. Muildy ehs.Oi.to Car. 



I 



362 Order 154— CYPERACE^. 

7 S. Smitliii Gr. Calm slender, 3—12' ; sheath often with a short blade ; spk. 1- 3. 

ovoid, greenish, 2—3", sessile about halfway up ; setae — 1 ; ach. smooth, lenticu- 
lar ; culm-leaf always erect Shores, Penn. {Porter) Sodus Bay {Hanlcensm.) 

8 S. validus Vahl. Culm cylindric, smooth, 5-8f, its sheath with or without a short 

blade ; panicle cymous, overtopping the short pungent culm-leaf; spk. ovoid, brown. 
2''', numerous ; gls. mucronate, ciliate ; setse 3 or 6. Our stoutest Bullrush. Shores 

9 S. pnngens Vahl. Culm 1— 4f, 3-angled, 1-3-leaved ; Ivs. 3—12', also 3-angled i 

spk. 1—6, crowded, sessile, ovate, obtuse, 3 — ?/ below the summit ; gls. notched and 
mucronate ; anth. ciliolate at apex ; style 2-cleft ; setae 2 — 6. Ponds and marshes. 

10 S. Torreyi Olney. Culm 2— 3f, 3-angled ; Ivs. 1— 3 at base, 1— l^f, 3-angled; %pfe 
1 — 4, oblong, sessUe, 2 — 4' below the summit ; gls. ovate ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. triq 
obovate, pointed, shorter than the setae. Borders of ponds, N, E. to N. J., and W. 

lis. Olneyi Gr. Culms triquetrous-winged, 2— 7f, leafless, of with 1 very short leaf 
at base ; spk. 6 — 12, in a sessile head an inch or so below the summit ; gls. round- 
ovate, mucronate ; setae 6 ; style 2-cleft. Salt marshes, E. and S. 

12 S. leptolepis Chapm. Culms 3-angled, 2— 5f ; leaves 1 — 3, slender, channelled, 
sheathing at base ; spikes loosely umbelled, single, oblong, 4 — 6", OO-flowered; 
invol. of several small bracts besides the long culm-leaf; gls. lance-ovate, acute; 
style 3-cleft; setae 6, equalling the 3-sided ach. Md. {Pc/rter), and S. CS. Canbyi Gi.) 

13 S. mar^timus L. Culm acutely 3-angled, leafy, 1— 3f; Ivs. broad-linear, chan 
nelled, 1 — 3if ; spk. 3 — 12", oblong, 6 — 10 in each cluster; clusters 1 — 9, sessile and on 
short rays ; invol. of 2 or 3 very long leaves ; setae 1 — 4, deciduous, short ; achenium 
plano-convex. Salt marshes. 

14 S. fluviatilis Gr. Culm triquetrous-winged, leafy, 2 — 4f; Ivs. as in No. 13 ; spk 
6 — 10", oblong, 1—5 in a cluster ; clusters sessile and on rays ; setae 6 ; ach. 3-angled 
Shores, Eastern, Middle, and "Western States. 

15 S. atrovireus Muhl. Culm obtusely 3-an?led, leafy, 2f; invol. ol 3 long leaves , 
spk. ovate, ly, 10—20 in the round dense heads ; hds. A" in a compoind cjTne ; dark 
olive-green ; setae 4, as long as the smooth white ach. Com. in swales. X., M., & W. 

16 S. sylvaticus L. Culm 3f, leafy; invol. of 3 leaves, hardly equalling the thrico 
compounded cyme ; spk. 1", olive-gren, 1 — 3 — 9 in the small heads ; hds. on slendei 
pedicels ; gls. acnte ; setse 6, straight, as long as the pale 3-angled ach. Mts. N. H., & N 

i 7 S. polyphyllus Yahl. Culm 2 — 3f, leafy ; invol. of 3 leaves ; cyme decompound 
spk. yellow-ferruginous, 1", 3—6 in the clusters ; gls. obtuse ; ach. yellowish-whit& 
3-angled, twice shorter than the 4—5 tortuous setae. Margins of waters. Eare. North 

18 S. divaricatiis Ell. Culm3— 4f, very leafy; cyme large, loose, decompound 
spk. all separate, 2 — 3", oblong, pendulous, ferruginous; setae tortuous. "Wet barrens. S. 

19 S. £ri6p]ioruiu Mx. Culm teretish, 3 — 5f, Ivs. 2f ; invol. 4-5-lvd., longer than 
the large loose decompound cyme ; spk. very numerous, 1 — 3", pedicellate ; setae 6, 
hair-like, curled, conspicuous, 5 or 6 times longer than the white ach. Swamps. Com. 

20 S« linearis Mx. Culm 3-angled, 2— 3f, very leafy; cymes term, and axUlaiy, de 
compound, at length nodding ; invol. 1-3-bracted, much shorter than the cyme ; setai 
as long as the glumes, hardly at maturity exserted. Swamps. Common. S. 

7. ERIOPHORUM, L. Cotton Grass. Glumes imbricated alJ 
around into a spike. Acli. invested with many (rarely but 6) very long, 
woolly or cottony haii's. If Culms with or without leaves. Spikes showy 
after the long setae have grown. June — August. 

§ Setae 6, crisped, woolly. Spike sirgle. Culms scape-like, naked. No. 1 

§ Setae numerous, straight, cottony. Culm jointed, 1-3-leaved (a) 

a Spike single. Culm bearing 2 sheaths instead of leaves No 9 

a Spikes several, collected into a subsessile, capitate cluster No. 3 

a Spikes >everal, separate, in umbel-like cymes . . . . Nee. 4, £ 



Order 154— CYPERAGE^. 3G3 

1 E. alpiiinm L. Culms jointleP8, slender, 8— 16', form a creeping rhizome; Iv8. 

radical, phort, subulate ; ppk. 2'^ the white hairs at length 7—9" long. Bogs, N., M. 

2 E, vaginatum L. Rigid, tufted, 1— Sf, culm with 1 or 2 inflated sheathe; leaven 

radical, filiform ; spk. 6— 8", blackish, hairs 1', white, glossy, 30 — 40 in each flower, 
N. Eng. to Mich., and N. PoconoMt. in Penn. {Prof. P&rter.) 

3 E- Vlrganicum L. Culm strict, firm, slender, 2— 3f, Ivs. shorter, narrowly lin- 

ear ; invol. 2-4-lvd. ; spk. ovrtd, 3", many, glomerate with very short ped, forming a 

capitate cluster ; seta? 70— 200, pale-cinnamon, 6— 8" long. Bogs, 
/3. conferHssimum. Setae white, in a large and compact tuft. N. H., N. Y., &Can 
\ E. polystachyon L. Culms l—2f, with 2 or 3 cauline broad linear Ivs. ; invol. 

2-leaved ; spk. about 10, on long drooping peduncles ; setae 30—40 to each flower, 

6 — 8", white. Very conspicuous in meadows and swamps. 
6 E. gracile Koch. Culm li--2f; Ivs. triquetrous, channelled above, scarce 1" wide; 

spk. 3—8, on ronghish ped. which are 1" — 1'— 4' long; setae white, 8- 10".. 

8. HEMICARPHA, Nees. Spike many-flowered. Glumes imbri- 
cated all around. Interior scale 1, embracing the flower and fruit; setae 0. 
Sta. 1. Style 2-cleft, not bulbous at base, deciduous. Ach. compressed, 
oblong, subterete. @ Low, tufted, with setaceous culms and leaves. 

H. snbsquarrosa Nees. Culms 2—3', curved, the Ivs. shorter; spk. 2 or 3, nearly 
2", ovoid, sessile together; invol. 2-lvd., 1 continuing the stem; g\s. svbsquarrous. 
Sandy shores.- ^. Mtrummdndti, Sts. 1—2', spk. only 1. Fulton Co. 111. {J. Wolf.'' 

9. lilPOCARPHA, Brown. Spikes many-flowered ; glumes spatu- 
late, imbricated all around ; interior scales 2, thin, subequal, involving the 
flower and coating the fruit. Perianth none. Sta, 1. Style 2- or 3-fid; 
achenium coated with the scales, (i) Culms leafy at base. Spikes numer- 
ous, collected into an involucrate, terminal head, 

JL. maciilata Torr. Culm 3— 8', the linear-filiform Ivs. shorter; invol. of 2 long Ivp. 
and 1 short ; spk. 3—4, ovoid ; glumes very CC, scarious, marked with rod dolo 
and a green midvein ; ach. oblong. Wet grounds, Phila. (Leidi/), and S. 

10. FIMBRfSTYIilS, Vahl. Glumes imbricated on all sides ; bristles 
3. Style compressed, 2-clcft, bulbous at base, deciduous, ciliaie-J ringed (as 
the name indicates.) — With the habit of Scirpus. Lvs. mostly radical. 

1 F. (!>padicea Vahl. Culms 1— 3t, hard and rigid ; lvs. somiterote, rigid, ch:iii- 

nellod; rays fcAV, exceeding the 2 or 3 invol. bracts; spk. ovate-oblong, 3—6'' by 2", 
rnst-colorcd to brown ; sta. 2—3; ach. whitish, minutely nottod. 2; Salt m;irshos. 

2 F. laxa Vahl. Culm 3— 12', lax, flattened, striate ; lvs. flat, liiioar. glaucous, rough- 

edged ; rays lew, shorter than 1 of the invol. bracts; spk. ovoid, 3", brown; sta. 1 ; 
ach. vvhitisii, with (> — 8 prominent ribs, ij) Clay soils, Pa. to HI., and S. 

3 I*". ar«:4'iif.oa Vahl. Glaucous, tuflod ; culms 2— 6', setaceous, flattish, like the 

U aves ; spk. straw-colored, (>- 9 in a dense head ; invol. lvs. J, lougi^r than th^ culm; 
gls. lance-ovate, pointed ; stn. 1. (^Ci Philad. (A. If. Smit/0, juid S. (V. congesta Toit.> 

11. TRICHELOSTYLIS, T.rslih. (Jhimos in 4 to S ranks, cnrinalo; 
bristles none; alyle o clofl, tl(>eidin>us brlow tlie bulb (if any) at the base; 
achenium triangular. It- Sts. loaly at the base, (iifii>d. Spikes iu n 
terminal head, or umbel,. or solitary. 

^ Sjiikos rusty-brown, in a cymous un\bel, the glumes f>— 1.\ in 4 rnws No!>. 1— .1 

(i Si)iktf gre.-nisli .(' both capitate and umbellate, with limar lvs. and bracts, .No. 4 
- .r all capitate in a single head ; bracts dilated at l»«so. ,.Noi«. 5. 6 
— U' one only on each cubn. or ran^ly 2 or H, brartPtl N«>*. 7. ? 



364 



Order 154.— CYPERACE^. 




1 T. autumnalis (L.) (Fig. 5.) Calm flattened, 2-edged, very elender, 3 — 10'; Ivs. 

D arrow-linear, flat, mucli shorter ; epikes (Fig. 6) lance-oblong, very acute, 4-rowed, 

2", 1—3 together, many in the cyme ; glumes sharp- 
pointed, brown ; stamens 2 ; achenium (Fig. 7) white 

smooth. ® Wet banks, &c. 
ft T. ciliatifolia (Ell.) Culm setaceous, angular, 

3—12' ; leaves setaceous, with long brown hairs on the 

sheaths : cyme 5-9-rayed, often overtopped by 1 bract ; 

spike 1 — 2'^ mostly single ; glumes acute, 4-rowed, 

6 — 12 ; stamens 2 ; achenium white, (i) Dry, S. 
^. coarctata. Cyme contracted ; spks 2 — 3", often 

2 — 3 clustered together. 

3 T. capillaris (L.) Culm capillary, angular, 3— S' ; 

leaves setaceous, much shorter, entirely smooth ; spk. 
2 — 4 in the simple cyme ; gls. 8—12, strongly keeled, 
4-rowed ; stamens 2 ; ach. white, equally 3-sided. (T) 
Sandy fields. (Fig. 8, a flower.) 

4 T. "borealis Wood. Culm filiform, angular, 2-^'; 

Ivs. linear, flat, \ — 2'; bracts similar, as long as the 
leaves ; spikes capitate and in cymes, 1—5 together, 
ovoid, green, I"; glumes pointed; sta. 1 ; ach. white, 
3-angled ; sty. bulbous at base. @ 111. Banks of the 
Miss. R., HI. {J. Wolf.) Shores of Lake Sup., Mich. 
{Mr. Perkins.) 

5 T. stenopliylla (Ell.) Culm setaceous, grooved, 

2 — 4'; leaves setaceous, 2—3''; bracts many, 3 — 4 times 
longer than the dense head ; ach. (Fig. 9) blackish. S. 

6 T. "Warei (Torr.) Culm filiform, If, 3-angled ; Ivs. 

and bracts setaceous, silky-fringed at base, the latter twice longer than the head oi 
&— 12 ovate spikes. Fla. 

7 T. carinata (Hook, and Arn.) Culm flattened-setaceous, 3—6^, with 1 short seta- 

ceous leaf at base ; spk. ovoid, near the top ; gls. 5—8, broad-ovate, acuminate. S-W. 

8 T. LEPTALEA (Schultcs ?) Culms filiform, bright green, flaccid, 6—12^', sheathed at 

base, with a short setaceous leaf or ; spk. ovate, whitish, as long as its bract (3") ; 
sta. 3 ; ach. 3-angled, shining. Cult, in conservatories. From S. Eur. 

12. PSILOOARYA, Torr. Fls. 5 . Gls. od, imbricated all around, all 
fertile. Setae 0. Stam. 2, long, persistent. Stjde 2-cleft, dilated or tuber- 
cmlale at base. Ach. biconvex, crowned with the persistent style. @ 
Culms leafy. Spikes lateral and terminal, cymous, brown. 

1 P. scirpoides Torr. Culm 3-sided, slender, 5— 9^ ; Ivs. linear, 3—5', about 2 on the 

culm, a cyme in each axil ; spike ovoid, 2 — 3" ; ach. 20 — 30, smoothish (slightly 
rugous), tippid with the long 2-cleft style. Ponds, R. I., and N. 

2 I*, niteiifs (Vahl.) Culm 1^ — 2f, flattened, with several long linear leaves ; cymes 

loose, spike lance-ovoid, 2", all pedicellate ; ach. 8 — 10, conspicuously rugous, tipped 
with the entire-part of the style, blackish when ripe. S. 

13. DIOHROMENA, Rich. Spikes flattened, in a terminal head 
Gls. imbricated all around, many empty. Perianth 0. Sta. 3. Sty. 2-cleft. 
Ach. lens-shaped, crowned with the broad tubercular base of the style. 
Culms leafy. Bracts discolored. 

1 I>, lencocepbala Mx. Culm 3-angled, l—2f; leaves narrow-linear; invol. of 6 — ^ 
narrow leaves, which are whitened at base as well as the spikes ; ach. rugulous, tnin- 
C-^.^Pi. the tubercle not decurrent. Barrens, N. J., and S. 



Order 154.— OYPERACE^. 



365 



2 D. latifolla lialdw. Culm teretish, 2— 3f; leaves long, linear; bracts 8—10, lanc» 
linear, reddish white, long-pointed; ach. roundish, roughened, dull, the tubercle 
decurrent on its 2 edges. PondB, S. 

14. RHYNOHOSPORA, Vahl. Fls. $ or 5 $ 9 , few 
in each spike. Glumes flattlsli, loosely imbricated, the 
lowest small and empty. Perianth of 6 — 12 setae. Sta. 
8 to 13. Style bifid. Achenium lens-shaped or globular, 
crowned with a tubercle — the distinct, bulbous base of 
the style. U Stems leafy, 3-sided. Inflor. ter- 
minal and axillary, mostly tawny to brown. 

% Setae densely plumous. Achenium roundish-ovoid 
(not flattened) Nos. 1—3 

§ Setae naked, denticulate or hispid. Achenium more 
or less flattened... (*) 

* Ach. transversely wrinkled. Setae upwardly bearded, (a) 

* Achenium smooth and even. . .(c) 

a Setae shorter than the achenium Nos. 4 — 7 

a Setae equalling or exceeding the ach. . . (b) 

b Spikes in drooping panicles. Ach. oblong or obovate. Nos. 8,9 

b Spikes in erect or spreading panicles. Ach. roundish . . 10 — 12 

b Spikes corymbed or fascicled.— cc Ach. round-obovate . . 13, 14 

—X Achenium oval. Nos. 15, 16 

c Setfle retrorsely hispid, or barbed (under a magnifier) . (d) 

c Setae upwardly hispid (or almost none in No. 29). . .(e) 

c Setae none. Culm and leaves setacious or filiform. 

South Nos. 17, 18 

d Culm and leaves very slender, setacious or filiform Nos. 19— 21 

d Culm wiry and firm, leaves linear. Spikes dark-brown. .Nos. 22, 23 

e Culms stout, 2— 3f. Setae and stamens 6—12 Nos. 24, 25 

e Culms wiry and firm, 1— 2f. Stamens 3. Setne 6, 3, or Nos. HV-^ 

e Culm and leaves very slender, setaceous or filiform Nos. 30, 31 

1 R. pluniostii Ell. Culm and leaves filiform-wiry, erect, 10— IS' ; spikelets 

1-flwd., 1", in small fascicles forming a loose spik^ at top, often another below 
it shorter than the bracts ; selie 6, as long as the tumid, rugous ach. Dry, N. J. to Fl». 
/3. minor. Every way smaller, 5— 10': fascicles 2 or 3 ; setje feathery below. S. 

2 K. seniipliiniosa Gr. Culm and leaves rigid, wiry, erect; spike 1 — 2", in a 

capitate corymb at top, often a smaller one below ; ach. solitary, tumid, rugous with 
a broad tubercle ; setie (>, featliery below. Barrens, S. 1 — 2f. 

3 II. olisantlia Gr. Culm and leaves filifonn-capillary, erect, 8—11'; spikes 1—3 

only, fusiform, 3", with 1 long bract ; ach. obovold ; setii^ 6. densely feathery. S. 

4 R. cyiuosa N. Culm acutely 3-nngled. 1— 3f; leaves linear; spike fascicled, in 

several crowded cymes; ach. broad-obovate, twice longer than the 6 seta\ 1 times 

longer than the depressed-conical tubercle. N. J., Pa., and S. 
a R. Torrcyttiia (Jr. Culm teretish, IJ — 2f; leaves setaeeims ; oymos smi;U1, sever.il, 

the lateral on capillary pedinules; ach. oblong-obovalo, twice longer than the set.'*, 

thrice longer than the broad tubercle. N. .T.. and S. 
6 R. rarlllora Kll. Culms tutted, 6— 16', lUiform, the set;u\i>us lea\es muih sliortor; 

spikes 2''. scattered in very loose paniculate cymes; ach. rounil-i>bov,>ite. strvuigly 

rugous, tubercle very short, lijirrens, S. 
8 R. Iiiexpaiisa Vahl. Cuhn slender, erect li l\(; leaves nnrrv>w-Une»r. flat; 

spikes lanceolate, 2-l-flowereil, ;>'', in several rather large roeurved-<iriM'>pWig|Mu»icJo«; 

«»ch. obhnig. iialf as long as the setrt' ; tubercle shi^rt. Wet Iwirrvns, S. 




366 Okder 154.— CYPERACE^. 

9 R. clecikrrens Chapm. Culm, leaves, and cymes as iu the last; ai-ike 1"; acii, 

obovate, as long as the sets, the tubercle decurrent on its 2 edges. Marshes, Fla. 

1 R. miliacea (Lam.) Culm slender, 3-angled, 2— 4f ; leaves linear, flat, 6— S' bi 
3 — 4" : spikes obovate, all pedicellate, in diffusely spreading cymous panicles ; ach 
round-obovate, little shorter than the setae. Wet barrens, S. 

11 R. caduca Ell. Culm acutely 3-angled, 1— 3f; leaves linear, 2—3" broad; spikes 
ovate, large, 4r— 5", sessile or stalked, in several rather close erect cymous panicles ; 
glumes caducous ; ach. roundish, i as long as the setae, v^et, S. 

12 K, scboenoides (Ell.) Culm 3-angled, 2— 3f ; leaves linear, 2" wide ; spikes (2") 
small and numerous, subsessile, clustered, in several paniculate cymes ; setae twice as 
long as the obovate flat achenium and small tubercle. Bogs, S. 

13 R. patula Gr. Culm 3-angled, thick and stout at base, 2 — 3f; leaves linear, 
short ; spikes ovate, 2", in several spreading loose panicles ; ach. strongly rugous, . 
with a large tubercle, some shorter than the setae. Ga., Fla. 

14 R. £Jli6ttii Gr. Culm solitary, 2— 3f; leaves shining, rigid ; corymbs 3 or 4- 
few-flowered, subsimple ; spikes large ; ach. minutely rugous, with a very short 
tubercle, little shorter than the setae. Pine barrens, S. (R. distans Ell.) 

15 R. punctata Ell. Culm 3-angled, 1— 2f; leaves lance-linear; corymbs of fasci- 
cles ; ach. rugous-netted, with rows of impressed dots. Marshes, Ga., Fla. 

16 R. microcarpa Baldw. Culm 2f, teretish ; leaves narrowly-linear, setaceous at 
end ; spike turgid-ovate, 1—2" ; ach. ovate, flat, minute. Wet, S. 

1 7 R. pusilla Chapm. Corymbs 2 — 3, distant, of minute, scattered ovate, 3-flowered 
spikes ; ach. lens-shaped, oblong-ovate, white. Woods, S. Car. to Fla. If. 

18 R. Cliapmanii Curtis. Corymb capitate, terminal, dense ; spikes with 5 scalea 
and 1 llower; ach. oval, polished ; stamens 1 or 2. S. Car. to Fla. IK- 

19 R. alba Vahl. (Fig. 10.) Culm 10—20', very slender; leaves linear-setaceous; 
spikes (Fig. 11) whitish, lanceolate, in stalked, corymbous fascicles ; setae 9—12, as 
long as the ach. (.Fig. V2) and tubercle. Common in wet shady grounds. July— Sep. 

20 R, Knieslteriiii Carey. In tufts 6—16', filiform; spikes 1", brown, in 3—5 
dense, sessile, remote fascicles ; setae 6, as long as the ach. Iron soils, N. J. : rare. 

21 R. capillacea Torr. In tufts, 6—10', setaceous, 3-angled; clusters of brown 
spikes mostly 2, few-flowered ; setae 6, much longer than the ach. Swamps, M., W. 

22 R. glomerata Vahl. Culms If, leaves linear; fascicles brown, remote, in sev 
eral pairs ; spikes lanceolate, %" ; ach. obovate, as long as its tubercle, which equals 
the 6 setae. In bogs. Can. to Fla. July, Aug. 

23 R. cephalantha Torr. Culms 2— 3f, stout; leaves linear; heads globular, 
dense, remote, sessile, solitary in the axil or terminal, dark-brown ; ach. round- 
ovoid, obtuse, half as long as the 6 setae. Barrens, N. J. 

24 R. Bald\vinii Gray. Culms slender, 2— 3f; leaves linear ; spikes ovate, in a 
dense terminal corymb of fascicles ; setae 12; stamens 6. Pine barrens, Ga. 

25 R. dodecandra Baldw. Culms rigid, stout, 1— 3f; leaves rigid, linear, erect; 
spikes 4", ovate, in 4 or .5 loose, stalked cymes ; stamens 12 ; setffi 6—12, long as the 
large (H"), roundish, smooth achenium. Bogs, S. (R. megalocarpa.) 

26 R. fascicularis Nutt. Culm teretish, wiry, 1— 2f; leaves short, narrowly 
linear; spikes small (li") in several dense fascicles mostly terminal; setse 4—6, 
shorter or longer than the obovoid brown ach. Wet, S. 

27 R. distans N. Like No. 26, but every way smaller; spikes V long, in a dense 
terminal and often a distant lateral fascicle ; setse about equalling the ach. S. 

2S R. ciliata Vahl. Glaucous, 8'— 2f; leaves short, linear, obtxiie ^ ciliate on the 
edges ; spikes aU in a dense terminal fascicle ; setae 6, half the length of the ach. S. 

29 R. pallida M. A. Curtis. Culm firmly erect, 1— 2f, 3-angled ; spikes pale-tawny, 
(like R. alba) in a dense terminel head with often a lateral head on a long peduncle; 
ach. roundish, tubercle minute, setae 0—3, minute. Bogs, N. J. to N. C. 

30 R. fusca R. & S. Culm (6 — 12') and leaves setaceous; spikes ovato-oblong, 8" 



Order 154.— CYPERACE^. 367 

dark-brown, in 1 or 2 small fascicles ; ach. half the length of the setae which equal 
the pointed serrulate tubercle. Maine to N. J., and W. llarc. Europe. 
21 It. gracilenta Gr. Tufts 1— 2f; culm and leaves threadform, curved ; spikes 
1", brown, in 2—3 fascicles ; ach. oval, as long as its awl-shaped, serrulate tubercle, 
shorter than the 6 setae. Low grounds, N. Y. to Fla. (R. filifolia Torr.) 

15. CERATOSCHOEINUS, Nees. Spikelets 2-5-flwd., one flower 5 ' 
the rest $ . Glumes loosely imbricated, somewhat in 2 rows, lower ones 
empty. Perianth of 5 or 6 rigid, hispid, or scabrous setae. Stamen? 3. 
Style simple, very long, persistent as a beak on the smooth, compressed 
achenium. U Stems leafy, 3-angled, 2 — 4f. Cymes compound, brown. 

i C longirostris (Ell.) 3— 5f; leaves flat, 4—6"; spikes in loose fascicles, 9"; 
ach. 2", beak 7", setsp. 5" ; cymes diffuse, terminal and axillary. Penn., W. and S. 

2 C. macrostacliyus Torr- Leaves 2 — 4" wide; spikes 1", in dense fascicles; ach. 

and beak 8", setse 2—3'', culm 2— 3f. Hardly distinct. Mass., and South. 

3 C. capita,tns Chapm. Spikes densely clustered in a few heads; beak only 2'', 

ach. 1", setae 2", culm teretish, 2— 3f, leaves 2—4/^ wide. W. Fla. 

16. CLADIUM, Browne. Flowers $ ^ 2 . Glumes imbi-icated some- 
what in 'S rows, lower ones empty. Setae 0. Stamens 2. Style 2-3-cleft, 
deciduous. Achenium subglobous, the pericarp hard, thickened and corkv 
above. U Stem leafy. Cymes terminal and axillary, brown. 

1 C. marlscoides (Muhl.) Bog Rush. Culm terete, rigid, 20— 30' ; leaves narrowly 

linear, much shorter than culm ; spikes 3", in pedunculate or sessile heads, forming 
small cymes ; ach. ovoid, scarcely beaked. Bogs, N. Eng., and West. 

2 C. eflfusuni (Swtz.) Saw Grass. Culm obtusely 3-angled, G— lOf, leaves 3— lOfl 

sharply serrate-barbed on the edges ; cymes diffuse, decompound, forming a largo 
panicle. A coarse, rank Sedge in ponds, N. Car. to I^a. 

17. SCIiERIA, L. Nut Sedge. Flowers 8 , staminale spikes inter- 
mixed, fertile spikelets 1-flowered, glumes f\isciculaic. Perianth cup-shaped 
or 0. Achenium globous, ovoid or triangular, with a thick, bony pericarp. 
Style 3-cleft, deciduous. U Culms 3-angled, leafy. Spikes in fascicles. 
Nuts white. In bogs. Summer. 

§ ScLKiiiA. Achenium ovoid or globous, base invested with a short porigynhim. . .(•) 

* Achenium smooth, ovoid. Perianth annular, subontiro. Stamens 3..No9. 1, i 

* Achenium rugous-warty, globular. Perianth (5- or 3-lobed Nos. 3, 4 

* Achenium reticulated or hispid-rugous, globular. Perianth 3-lobod Nos. 5, 6 

§ llTPorouuM. Achenium ovoid-triangular, base tinted, rorigyniuni nono...v(i) 

a Fascicles 4 to 7, interruptedly spiked. Aoheniuni snu)oth or rngvnis. .Nos. 7, 8 
a Fascicles single, terminal. Achenium ribbed or smooth Nos. 9, 10 

1 S. trl^Ioiiicruta Mx. W/iii) 6Vw<.<. Culm erect, rough, 3 -If; loaves bnvid- 

linear, rougli edged ; lascicles lew, composed of triple clusters of greon brown \.y) 
spikes; ach. white antl polished, more than I" in dianuMor. Conimon. 

2 S. lo|>lo<'ikliiil« W. Culm very slender, 2f, nearly naked ; Ivs. smooth, narrowly 

linear ; conipound ^^pikes loose, flie lateral on a long tUilorm peduncle ; spikes ;i— I"; 
ach. pol shell, ovoid, minutely corrugated. S. (S. oHganllia Kll. y^ 

3 S. <'illata Mx. Cnlni scabrous above, 2f; leaves '.\ pubescent, bniots ciliato- 

fringeil ; ach. beset willi unequal warts, disk ;Mobed. Pine barrens. S. 

4 S, |>aii<*iflur» Mnlil. Snn)othish or hairy ; leaves and bracts exceediu;: the culm; 



368 



Order 154.— CYPERACE^. 



fascicles few-flowered, the lateral, if any, pedunculate ; ach. small, rough, the diBt 
6-lobed. Rare northward, common South. 10 — 16'. 

p. g-labra, Smoothish, slender. If; lateral fascicles 1-flowered, or 0. Ms. to Ohio. 

y. CaroUniana, Scabrous-hirsute, slender ; leaves much exceeding the culm. 8. 

S. JSllidttii, Stout, 2— 3f, denticulate-ciliate ; lateral spikes pedunculate. S. 
6 S. reticularis Mx. Slender, If, leaves shorter than culm ; fascicles 2—5, distant, 
subsessile ; ach. dead-white, ^\ conspicuously netted and pitted, R. I. to Fla. 

6 S. laxa Torr. Slender, weak, diffuse, 1 — 2f ; Ivs. flat, %" wide ; fascicles very remote, 

spks. distant, in pairs ; ach. 1", with transverse ridges and brown pits. N. J. to Fla. 

7 S. vertielllata Muhl. Glabrous, 6 — 12', slender; fascicles 4 — 6, smooth, purple, 

sessile, 8"— 1' apart ; ach. globular, about f ', rugous. N. Y . to Ohio, and South. 

8 S. interritpta Mx. Sparingly hirsute, 12—30'; leaves 2" wide; fascicles 5—7, 

rusty-brown, sessile, ciliate, 4—9" apart ; ach. smooth, \" diameter. South. 

9 S. gracilis Ell. Filiform, smooth, 1— 2f ; spikes few (1—5 pairs), 3", in a terminal 

fascicle ; bract erect ; ach. ovid-triangular, ribbed lengthwise. South. 

10 S. Baldwinii (Torr.) Culm scape-like, 2— 3f, leaves all radical, long; spikes 5" 
long, 3—5 pairs in a terminal fascicle, brown-purple, with 3 bracts, middle bract erect ; 
ach. duU-white, 2" long, even. In Georgia and Florida. 

18. OHAETOSPORA, R. Br. Spikes 1-5-flowered, fls. $ , glumes in two 
ro^s, the lower empty. Sette 3 — 6. Stam. 3. 

Style 3-fid, deciduous. Achenium triangular. 
If Culm leafy only at base. Fls. capitate, 
chestnut-brown. 

C, nigricans K. Culm If, erect, teretish, longer 
rhan the narrow erect leaves ; spikes 4" long, in 
one fascicle, bract erect, 1—3' ; achenium i" 
diameter, white. Fla., Eur. 

19, OAREX, L. Flowers diclinous. Spks. 
1 or more, either with both staminate and 
pistillate flowers {androgynous), or with the 
two kinds in separate spikes on the same plant 
{monoecious), or rarely on separate plants {dice- 
cious). Glumes single, imbricated, each 1-flwd. 

$ Stamens 3, ? Stigmas 2 or 3. Nut {ache- 
rdum) 2-edged or 3-angled, enclosed in a sac 
{perigynium) composed of 2 united glumes. 
% Culms triangular, in tufts, with grass-like 
leaves and usually with axillary as well as 
terminal spikes. 

The following enumeration of our Cariccs 
is reduced from the excellent monograph by 
the lamented Prof. C. Dewey, contained in the 
Class-book of Botany, and revised with the 
assistance of friends before mentioned, and 
whose names appear below. 

Fig. 13, C. flava. 14, One of its perigynia 
(magnified) : 15, a glume. Fig. 16, C. rosea. 
17, A perigynium : 18, a glume. 




Order 154.— CYPERACE^. 369 

S I. Spike solitary, one (rarely more) borne on each calm.. .(§) 
§ II. Spikes two or more. Stigmas 2. Achenium lens-shaped. . .(§§; 
§ III. Spikes two or more. Stigmas 3. Achenium triangular... (§§§) 
§ Stigmas 2. Achenium lens-shaped or flattened., .(a) 
§ Stigmas 3. Achenium triquetrous or .3-angled.. .(6) 

a Spike androgynous, staminate at the summit No. 1 

a Spike dioecious, or the ? spike staminate at the base Nos. 2, 3 

b Leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm. Glumes colored. . .Nos. 4 — 6 

b Leaves linear, longer than the culms?. —Glumes colored No. 7 

—Glumes green Nos. 8 — 10 

b Leaves very broad, flat, with no midvein. Glumes scarious No. 11 

§S staminate and pistillate flowers in the same (androgynous) spike. . .(c) 

§§ Staminate and pistillate flowers in difi'erent spikes— on the same culm. . .(i) 

—on different culms No. 12 

c i Flowers variously situated in the approximate spikes. . ..Nos. (12 and) 13 — 15 
c i Flowers at the summit of the spikes. ..{d) 
c i Flowers at the base of the spikes . . . (/) 

d Spilies oo, paniculate, brown ; perigynia corky, not rostrate.... Nos. 16, 17 
d Spikes (or spikelets) 8 — Co, approximate in a compound spike. . .(e) 

e Perigynium rostrate, scarcely longer than the glume Nos. 18 — 21 

e Perigynium long-rostrate, 2 or 3 times longer than the gl Nos. 22, 23 

d Spikes 3— fi, approximate into one— ovoid spike Nos. 24—26 

— cylindric spike a little loose. .No8. 27, 28 

d Spikes 3—8, remote. Perigynia erect in No. 32, radiating in Nos. 2!) — 31 

/ Perigynia radiating in the 3—6 separated spikes. Glumes green Nos. 33, 34 

/ Perig. suberect, few (2—20) in each spikelet. Glumes hj'aline white. . .{g) 
/ Perig. suberect, winged, 30—00 in each oblong to obovoid spikelet. . . (h) 

g Spkl. separate or remote, 2-3-flowered in No. 35, 5-20-flwd. in Nos. 36—39 

g Spikelets closely contiguous, 2-12-flowered Nos. 40, 41 

h Perigynia lance-linear, long-beaked, -3 — i". Spikelets close. Nos. 42 — 44 
h Perigynia lanceolate, short-beaked. Spikelets S— "20, club-ovoid. No. 45 
h Perigynia ovate, spreading. Spikolots round ovoid, close.. Nos. 46, 47 
h Perigynia round-obovate, short-beaked, broadly-winged. Five 

nominal species closely related and inteimixed Nos. 4S — 52 

• Staminate spike single. Pistillate spikes sessile Nos. 5-3 — 5(i 

i Staminate spike single. Pistillate spikes pedunculate Nos. 57, 'S 

i Staminate spikes 1 or more, and the ? spikes often $ at the apex... (A) 

k Glumes obtuse, not exceeding the perigjnia. Spikes sessile Nos. 59, 60 

k Gl. acute, little longer or shorter than porig. Lower spikes stalked. .61— »i-t 
k Gl. long-awned, much exceeding the perig. Spikes all stalked.. Nos. 65 — 67 

S§§ Spikes ac'Jrogynous, both kinds of (Is. in each,— $ at the apex Nos. (>i?, 6;> 

— $ at the base No. 7t) 

§§§ Spikes— the terminal ? at top, the ro?t all pistillate. . .^/) 

$§§ Spikes- the terminal one wholly $ , the rest all pistillate. . .(*) 

J§S Staminate spikes habitually more than one. . .(♦*) 

I Spikes erect or nearly so, green, hairy in Nos. 71, 75, glabrous in Nos. 79—74 

I Spikes erect, pedunculate, tawny in maturity, glabrous Nos. 75, W 

I Spikes erect (some nodding in No. 7".)) with black-purple glumes Nos». 77—79 

/ Spikes drooping on tllilonn stalks, green or some rusty Nos. 80 — SI 

• I'i'U'.ialfi spikes sessile, or siilitary on radical peduncles. IVrig. with 

a short abrupt beak, not intlated, pubescent, t'uhn slender. . .^f;»^ 

• Pistillate spikes with enclosed or nearly enclosed peduncles. Perl|f. 

intlated, beaked, glabrous, bicuspidate at apex. Spikes turgid, 
oHen quite large, their leafy bracts longer. . .(n> 

• M^tillate spikes on exserted peduncles (exserted from the sheaths of 

■J 4 



370 Order 154.— CYPERACE^. 

the bracts). Perigynia 3-angled, scarce inflated, not much beaked, 
and (as well as the glumes) more or less colored. . . (p) 
* Pistillate spikes with peduncles (long or short) scarcely sheathed at 

all, or only the lowest bract on a short sheath. . .(x) 
m ilstillate spikes oblong, brown or hairy, ihe lowest scarcely sessile. Nos. 84—^ 
m Pistillate spikes ovoid,— all or mostly solitary on radical peduncles. Nos. 88, 89 

—all sessile and crowded on the culm Nos. 90, 91 

—all sessile and remote on the culm Nos. 92, 93 

n 9 Spikes small (3— 6'0, yellowish ; perig. with a short recurved beak. .94, 95 
n ? Spikes large : perigynia much inflated, with a long straight beak. . .(o) 

o Spikes very short.— Perigynia 3—4" long Nos. 96 — ^98 

—Perigynia 6—8" long Nos. 99-10-* 

Spikes oblong-cyllndric— Perigynia ascending Nos. 103, 104 

— Perigynia spreading Nos. 105, 106 

p Leaves radical, very broad (6 — 10''),— triple-veined, i Spikes clavate. .107—109 

—one-veined. $ Spikes linear, .No. 110, p. y. 
p Leaves linear or setaceous, 1—2", rarely 3 — i" wide. . . (r) 
r Perigynia smooth and not rostrate. . .(s) 
r Perigynia smooth (scabrous in No. 130) and rostrate... (i;) 

r Perigynia hairy, veined, conical-beaked. South Nos. 137—139 

s Bracts leaf-like, exceeding the spikes or culm. ..(£) 
s Bracts shorter than the spikes or culm. ..(u) 

t Perigynia triangular, oblique at the point Nos. 110—112 

t Perigynia subterete, straight.— i Spikes pedunculate ,. Nos. 113, 114 

— 5 Spike sessile ... Nos. 115 — 118 

V Fertile spikes white in No. 119, tawny In No. 120 

M Fertile spikes green, the sterile pedunculate Nos. 121—123 

V Bracts leaf-like, exceeding the spikes or culm Nos. 125—127 

V Bracts not exceeding the spikes or culm. ..{w) 

to Spikes linear, slender, very loose-flowered Nos. 128, 129 

w Spikes cylindric, suberect, rather dense Nos. 130, 131 

to Spikes oblong,— about 6-flowered, aense Nos. 13-2, 133 

— many-flowered, rather dense Nos. 134—136 

X Perigynia beakless or nearly so.— Spikes suberect, short-ped Nos. 140—142 

—Spikes drooping on slender ped.Nos. 143—145 

X Perigynia evidently beaked,— diverging in the spike Nos. 146—148 

— deflexed in the spike .Nos. 149, 150 

** Perigynium clothed with wool, hairs, or mealiness. . .(y) 

** Perigynium glabrous, short-beaked, or evidently longer than its beak. ..(z) 

** Perigynium glabrous, long-beaked, or not longer than its beak. ..(zz) 

y Perigynia long-beaked, hispid-pubescent, green , No. 151 

y Perigynia shori-beaked,— mealy-glaucous, chocolate color No. 152 

— densely woolly, greenish Nos, 153, 154 

— hispid-pubescent, brown Nos. 155, 156 

z Spikes, or at least the glumes, dark-purple or brown Nos. 157—159 

z Spikes green or straw-colored.— Bracts shorter than the culm No, 160 

—Bracts exceeding the culm. . .{yy) 

yy ? Spikes long, densely very many(150-i-)-flowered No. 161 

yy s Spikes not dense. Perigynia much inflated,— 30 to 50.. Nos., 162— 164 

—3 to 12 No. 165 

ZZ Perigynia 3-nerved or nerveless, in drooping spikes No. 166 

zz Perigynia many-nerved, — ascending. Peduncles very short. . Nos. 167 — 170 

— horizontal or deflexed Nos. 171, 172 

1 C capitata. L. Spike capitate or nearly globous ; perigynium roundish-ovate, con- 
vex-concave, glabrous, pointed, longer than the ovate obtuse glume. 6 — 10'. Wht.Mts. 



Order 154.— CYPERACE^. 373 

^ C. gynocrates Wormepk. ? Spike oblong, rather loose-flowered; perigyniuiD 
oblong, short-beaked, longer than the ovate, acute, colored ghime. N. Y., Mich. 

3 €. exilis Dew. Spk. cylindrical, 1', dense, $ below, or wholly ^ or $ ; perig. eer 

rulate on the margin, some longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume. Culm and leave? 
filiform, stiffly erect, 12—20'. Ms. to N. Y. and N. J. 
/3. androg-f/na. One or more small ? spikea below the terminal. N. Y. 

4 C. sclrpo'idea Mx. Spk. oblong-cylindric (9— 12'0 ; perig. oval, pubescent, longei 

than the ovate dark-purple glume. Leaves flat. 4—10'. N. H. to Mich. 

5 C polytriclioides Muhl. Spk. oblong, small (3"); perig. 3—8, erect, smooth 

twice longer than the ovate obtuse glume. Setaceous, 4—20'. Ms. to Wis. 

6 C. paaciflora Ltf. Spk. with about 4 slender reflexed $ fls. and 1 or 2 i above 

twice longer than the lanceolate glume. Erect, 3—8'. N. England, New York. 

7 C Boottiana Benth. Culm 6 — 12' ; spk. oblong-cylindric, dioecious ; perig, hairy, 

obovate, smaller than the dark-purple glume. Ala. to La. 

8 C. "Willdenovii Schk. Peduncles radical, filiform, 2—6' ; spk. small, igls. above, 

4—8, $ perig. 5—9, scabrous, pointed, the glumes oftener long and bract-like. Leaves 
1 — 2f, grassy. Dry grounds : common. 

9 C. Steudelii K. Peduncle radical, 1—8' ; spk. with 10—15 $ glumes above and 2 

or 3 inflated pointed perigynia with long leafy glumes. N. Y., Pa., and W. 

10 C. Backil Boott. Ped. radical, i—3f, stiff ; $ fls. about 3, above, $ perig. 2—4, 
glabrous, round-ovate, enclosed in the long leafy glumes. N. Y., O., and N. 

11 C. Fraseri Sims. Culm 4— 10^ Ivs. 6—12' by 1', flat and thick; spk. oblong, 
00 -flowered, perig. ovoid, longer than the hyaline, obtuse glume. Wytheville, Va. 

(Shriver) and Mts. of N. C. A curioua and peculiar Caren. Leaves very large. 



12 C stcrllis Willd. Culm (and Ivs.) slender, erect, 1— 2f; oftener dioecious; spks. 
3—6, i-oundish, approximate, $ spikes oblong ; perig. radiating, ovate, subrostraie, 
2-toothed, about equaling the ovate acutish glume. Common in wet places. 

13 C bromoides Schk. Slender, weak, 1— 2f; spikes 4—6, distinct, lanceolate; 
perig. lanceolate, erect, acuminate, longer than 1 he lanceolate gls. Bogs : common. 

14 C. sicca-ta Dew. Erect, 1— 2f ; spks. 3—7, oval to oblong, $ above, or the middle 
all i ; perig. lance-ovate, beaked, as long as the brownish gls. Sands, N. Eng. to 111. 

15 C. disticlia Iluds. (C. Sartwellii Dew.) Erect, 2— 3f; spks. 12—20, the lower 
some remote, all ovoid and compact, stara. mostly above ; perig. ovate, lanceolate, 
pointed, equaling the ovate pointed glume. Seneca Co., N. Y. (SardcelO, and W. 

16 C. decomposita Muhl. Culm erect, 18 — 36'; spikes very many, in a large 
crowded panicle ; perig. round-obovate with a very short beak, biconvex, about 
equaling the ovate glume. N. Y. to Mich., and S. 

17 C, prairea Dew. Culm2— 3f; spikos many, in a dense short (:] — {') panicle; 
perig. erect, lance-ovate, smaller than the glume. N. Eng., and W. 

18 C. teretliiscula Good. Spikelets roundish, dense, in a cylindrical compound 
spike 1—2' ; perig. brown, corky, ovate, biconvex, shoit-be;\kfd, diverging ; culm 
Ij — 3f ; leaves narrowly linear. Common in wet places, northwani. 

10 O. vulpiiioideu Mx. Spikelets very many, dense, ovoid, in a large ('2—3') com- 
pounal spike ; perig yellowish, very small (f), ovate, acuminate, diverging, soarooly 
as long as the pointed glume ; culms stout, 3— ;}f. Common. 

p. selarea. Perig. n.-irrower, erect, in a nvore slemU-r ci>mpound spike. 

y. Hitibriof (Sari well). Spikes distinct or reuiote, ghune stuniirly seiTul."ilo. 

20 C ooiijaiictn Boott. Spikelets in a long \y,') subsiiuplo spike; perig. i..ate, 
subeonlate and corky at base, short-beaked ; style bulbous at Iwise ; nut ^Tbicular; 
culm weak, 1-21'. flattened. Dhio, and westward. (,C. vulpina C-B.) 

21 V. alopccoidcu 'I'uekm. Spikelets 8 - 12, in an oblong 1— •.» spike ; perijr. ovale. 
nerveless, brown, 1", subrostrate; culm 3-angled, 2— >'if. N. Y., Pa., and W. 

22 C Mipiktn Muhl. Spike often ilecompound, 'i-iV, spikelets x. oblong: peri^ 



372 Order 154— CYPERACE^. 

lance-ovate, If", twice longer than the glume ; culm acutely 3-angled with concave 
sides, leaves nearly as long (2— 3f ). Marshes ; common. 

23 C. Crus-Corvi Shuttl. Spike decompound or sub-panicled, 3—6': perig. short- 
ovate, very long-beaked (3"), spreading; glume 1" ; culm 2 — 3f ; Ivs. linear, flat, many 
and long. River swamps, Wis, to O., and Fla. 

24 C. ceplialopliora Willd. Head 6—12" long, dense ; perig. broad-ovate, short- 
beaked, scarcely longer than the ovate-acuminate glume ; style very short, bulbous at 
the base ; Ivs. copious, equaling the slender culm (If). (C. Leavenworthii Dew.) 

25 C. OTuhlenbergii Schk. Head ovoid-oblong, 1'; perig. broad-ovate, short- 
beaked, strongly nerved, twice larger (H") than in No. 24; nut orbicular, stylB short, 
bulbous ; culm 1 — 2f, Ivs. shorter, bracts setaceous. In fields, not abundant. 

26 C. chordorhiza Ehrh. Head ovoid, 9—15", perig. ovate, nerved, turgid, at 
length brown, few and large (2"), beakless but minutely pointed; rhizome creeping; 
leaves short and narrow, culms 9—15'. Marshes, N. Y. to Wis., and N. 

2'? C cephaloidea Dew. Spikelets very short, spike 1— H'; perig. brown (at ma 
turity), acuminate, nerveless, ovate, shorter than theibSxi. cuspidate glmne. Culm 2 — 4f. 
Leaves elongated. Fields, hedges, N. Y. (Penn Yan, SartwelT), and W. 

28 C luuricata L. Spikelets ovoid, often a little remote ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, 
nerveless, wingless, some longer than the ovate-lanceolate gl. Ms. to N. J., and W. § 

29 C sparganioides Muhl. Spikelets 7—10, ovate ; perig. ovate-acuminate, nearly 
twice longer than the glumes, all green. C ulm and leaves 2f. Infields: common. 

jS. ramea^ is a luxuriant form, with the spike large (3 — 4'), panicled. 
•y. minor^ is a small and delicate form, with the spike 1—2' long. 

30 C. rosea Schk. (Fig.l6)Spkl.5— 8, remote, 8-10-flwd.; perig. (Fig. 17) lance-oblong, 
diverging or reflexed, twice as long as the ovate obtuse glume (Fig. IS). 8 — 16'. Com. 

jS. minor, Spkl. 4:— 6, quite remote ; perig. fewer and snberect. 

y. radidta, Spkl. about 3-liwd., perig. oblong, acute. Stem and leaves setaceons. 

31 C. retroflexa, Muhl. Spkl. 3—5, bracteate, stellate at maturity; perig. 3—6, 
ovate, acutish, spreading or reflexed, about equaling the acute glume. Woods. If. 

32 C. tenella Schk. Spkl. 3 or 4, near, erect; perig. 1—3, mostly 2, ovate-obtuse, 
minutely pointed, brown, smooth, little exceeding the hyaline, ovate, acute gl. In 
tufts, very slender and flexile, 5-12'. Woods, N.Kng. to Pa., and W. (C.dispermaDew.) 

33 C stellulsita. L. Culm stifily erect, 8—24'; spikelets 4 — 6, ovate, sessile, the 
spike nearly 2', turning brown ; perig. broad-ovate, short-beaked, a little longer than 
the ovate, obtuse glume. Wet places, N. 

34 C. scirpoides Schk. Culm very slender, 6—12'; spkl. 3 — 4, contiguous, spk. 1', 
light green; perig. ovate-lanceolate, near twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate, 
acute glume. Wet. Common. Stam. mostly below the upper spikelet. 

35 C trisperma Dew. Very slender. If; spikelets 1—3, with long setaceous bracts, 
about 3-flwd. ; perig. oblong, pointed, little longer than the glume. Pa., N. and W. 

36 C. Deweyi Schk. Slender, leafy, 1— 2f; spikelets 3— 5, 3-9-flwd., the upper ap- 
proximate ; perig. oblong-lanceolate, rostrate, 2-toothed, mostly longer than the 
ovate-lanceolate awned hyaline glume. Woods, N. Eng. to Wis., and Canada. 

37 C. canefscens L. Erect, 2f, glaucous; spkl. 5 — 7, ovate-oblong, remote below, 
12-20-flwd.; perig. round-ovate, toothless, eq. the glume. Wet. Com. (C. curta Good.) 

38 C. vitilis Fries. Slender, flexuous, l—3f; spkl. 3— 5, separate, short-ovoid, 5-10' 
flwd. ; perig. lance-ovate, pointed, longer than the glume. N. Eng., W. and N. 

39 C Noriregica Schk. Yellowish, 6—12', erect; spkl. about 3, 5-12-flwd., the up- 
per often all $ ; perig. oval, biconvex, veiny, brown, eq. the obtuse glume. Me. {Blake.) 

40 C. liiddoni Boott. Spike 1 — 2', of 5 — 7 oblong spikelets ; perig. and gl. lance- 
ovate, brownish, equal, the latter white-edged ; culm strict, l~2f. Mich. {Cooley), & N. 

41 C. tenuiflora Wahl. Spike capitate, f , of 2 or 3 roundish, about 5-flwd. spkls ; 
perig. oblong-ovate, plano-convex, acute, equaling the oblong glume. Swamps, N. 

42 C syciinocepliala Carey. SpkL ovoid, in a dense head with long leaiy bractf; 
perig. 2i", lance-linear, gradually long-beaked, the gl. nearly as long. N. Y. : rare. 



Order 154.— CYPERACE^. 373 

43 C. a.rid.a Schw. and Torr. Spkl. oblong-oval, large, close and dense, dry and 
chaff-like in aspect ; perig. lance-linear, 4", clearly bidentate, gl. i as long. "W. com. 

44 C. scoparia Schk. Spkl. 5—8, ovate, approximate, or often crowded in a head 
perig. 3", lanceolate, longer than the lanceolate glume ; culm 18—24' high, leafy be 
low. A very common sedge, in meadows everywhere. 

45 C. lagopodioides Schk. Spkl. 8—20, ovoid-clavate or globular with a club- 
shaped base, approximate or crowded ; perig. lanceolate, nearly twice as long as the 
ovate-lanceolate glume. Plant 2f, light green. Common. 

46 C. cristata Schw. Spkl. 6—12, ovoid-globular, crowded into an oblong head ; 
perig. spreading, lance-ovate, pointed both ways, twice longer than the small lanceo- 
late glume. Culm 2— 3f, stout. Fields and meadows : common. 

47 C. mirabilis Dew. Spkl. as in C. cristata; perig. broadly ovate, rounded at base, 
acuminate at top, a little longer and broader than the gl. Rigid, 2f. Borders of fields. 
(C. festucacea ^. Carey. C. straminea /3. Tiickm. C. cristata Boott.) 

4 8 C straminea Schk. Spkl. about 6 (3 — 12), ovoid to oval or clavate-ovate, re- 
mote or contiguous ; perig. oval or round-ovate, very fiat, broadly winged, abruptly 
beaked, equaling or exceeding the much narrower glume. Common and variable. 

^. tppica, Spkl. 3—6, roundish ; perig. spreading, brownish ; gl. much smaller 

/3, tinera. Slender, with 3—6 ovate brownish remote spikes attenuate below. 

7. ap^rta, Spkl. 4—8, tawny, drooping; perig. long-beaked, thrice longer tban gl. 

S. festucacea, Spkl. 5—8, club-obovate, longer beaked, prominent, brownij^h. 

s. hyalina, Spkl. about 6, large, pale ; perig. twice longer than the glume. W. 

C. moniliformis. Slender ; spkl. about 4, remote, whitiifh. acute at both ends. E. 

49 C. silicea Olney. Spkl. 2—10, pale or silvery-yellow, distant, ovate; perig. or- 
bicular, broadly winged all around, short-beaked, usually longer and broader than the 
lanceolate glume, Lvs. involute. 8—20'. Sea shore, Maine to Delaware (Ca«6y). 

50 C. adiiLSta Boott. Spkl. globular with an acute base, large, silvery-green, closu 
or remote ; perig. ovate to oval, veined, narrowly winged, acuminate, equaling the 
glume in length and breadth. N. J., Penn. and N. (C. argyiantha, more delicate.) 

51 C. foeua Wilkl. Spkl. 4 —8, pale, oval-oblong, acute, approximate; perig. oval to 
obovate, appressed, broadly-winged, short-bcakod, a little longer than the ovate- 
lanceolate glnme. Plant glaucous, 2— 3f. Marshes, It. I. to Pa. 

52 C alata Torr. Spkl. 4— 8, ovate, large, close; perig. roundish or obovate, close, 
abruptly short-beaked, 3-veined on the back, broad winged, some longer than the 
lanceolate white glume. Pale green, 3— 4f. N. Y. toFla. 

53 C. Wasliiuj;toiiia Dew. Culm 6-18'; lvs. tlat : ? spk. 1— 4, oblong-cylindric, 
6" — 1', the lowest stalked ; gls. black, oval, covering ihe ovalapioulate nerved perig.; 
l«wer bract often elongated.- White Mts., and N. (C. rigida /3. ? Bigelovii Gr.) 

64 C. rotuiidata Wahl. Culm If, slender; lvs. channeled; { spk. 1—2. oval or 
roundish ; ])erig. ovate, acuminate, equaling the lanceolate brownish gl.; bracts sur 
passing the culm ; s spk. very slender, 1'. Moosehead L., Me. (Snii(h). 

55 C, Florldaiia Schw. Culms 2— 10', slender, lvs. often longer; i spk. short, 
sessile, ? spk. ovoid, 1— ;l, crowded; glumes oval, acute, eiigcd with brvtcn, covorinj; 
the obovate, short-beaked perig. Often with solitary 9 epikos on nuroal pod. 8. 

66 C, Iciitlrularls Mx. tMilm 8— IS'; lvs. Hat; ,5 spk. 1', S spk. 2— 5. i-l'. with 
k ng bracts; perig. ovate-oval, .yellowish, nerved, longer tliun the obtuse gUnuo. 
Spikes cylindric. (Uravelly shores, Me.. N. II., N. Y.. and norlhw:ud. 

67 C. aiirou Nutt. i Spk. short (,(>"), ? spk. 3 or 4, J— 1'. loose-Iloweroil. spiv.sdir.g ; 
perig. oval, obtuse, yelU)w-brown. separate, exceeding the hyaline gl. Cuhn sleuuor, 
8—16' ; leaves fiat, bracts o.xserted, leaty. Wot. N. Kug., .'uul W. 

58 C llII<c"li4>Hlaiin Curtis, i Spk. oHon 9 in tlio middle ; » spk. 8— 3, cylindric, 
slenilcr, loose; perig. ovate, acute, short-beaked, eq. the gl. 15—31)'. Wot. X. C.ir. 

5i) C toria Uoott. Spikes cylindric, slender, 2—5'; splkolots 2 or ;], loose below, rt^ 
curved; perig. lanceolate, the beak recurved or <\m(ort<fii, equaling the black 'HudciJ 
obtuse lanceolate glume. Very smooth, 2— 3f. Wet places. 



374 Order 154.— C YPERACE^. 

60 C. vulgaris F/ies. i Spikes cjlindric, 1—2', $ cylind.-oblong, 1', i at top ; ^Ib 

black, ovate, obtuse, shorter than the oval, obtase perig. ; culm slender. 6—14' ; Ivs, 
flat, bract equaling the cuim. Wet, N. Eng., W. and N. (C. csespitosa C-B.) 

61 C stricta Lam. Spk. cylindric, 1^ — 2', erect; glumes lanceolate, acutish, striped, 
some longer than the ovate-acute perigynia. 2f. Bogs ; common. 

/3. strictior. Glumes, especially the upper, a little shorter than the perigynia. 
65} C. xerocarpa S. H. Wrigbt. Diifers from C. stricta in its extremely e.ender 
habit : Ivs. rolled and rush-like ; $ spk. almost filiform ; gl. shorter than perig. N. Y. 

63 C aperta Boott. Spk. cylindric, erect, 12—15" ; perig. brown, round-ovate, 
shorter than the lance-acuminate glume ; culm 1 — 2f, rough-edged above ; Ivg. chan- 
neled, bracts leafy. Wet meadows, N. Eng., W. and N. 

64 C. aquatilis Wahl. Spk. 2—3', dense, erect, acute, subclavate, the i 2 or 3, 
? 3—5, with bracts exceeding the culm ; gl. lanceolate, usually longer than the 

roundish, nerveless, reddish, apiculate perigynia. 2 — 3f. Shores, N. 

65 C crinita Lam. Spk. pedunculate, long (2 — 40, nodding, i mostly but 1, s about 
4 ; perig. round-ovate, apiculate, glume with its long serrulate awn thrice longer— all 
light brown. Wet meadows : common. 2 — 3f. Leafy. 

/3. g-yndndra, Spk. shorter (1 — 2'), ? about 3. perig. inflated, awns spreading, &c!. 

66 C maritinia Yahl. Spk. 1—2' long, pendulous or spreading, on peduncles, the 
9 3—5; perig. orbicular, much shorter than the long-awned green glume; culm 
10 — 20'. erect, with broad, flat, smooth leaves. Salt marshes, Mass., andN. 

67 C salina Wahl. Spk. cylindric, erect on included stalks, the ? 2 — 4; bracts 
long; perig. elliptical, apiculate, little shorter than the durk-brown, short-awned 
glume; culm 8 — 16', rough above. Salt marshes, Mass., and N. 

68 C. pedunculata Muhl. Spk. 3—7, remote, on filiform stalks ; perig. obovate, 

triquetrous, recurved at tip. few, equaling the brown, oblong, obovate glume. Culm 
4—12'. leaves longer, glabrous. Woods. Flowers in early spring. 

69 C. Baltzellii Chapm. Spk. cylindric, 1—2'. ? 1-4, i at top, on long cauline or 
subradical peduncles; perig. and gl. oblong-obovate. snbequal, the perig. veiny and 
puberulent. Culm 6—10', leaves flat, thrice longer. Florida. 

70 C. sq.uarrosa L. Spk. 2—4, cylindric-oblong, thick (1' by 6'0i straw-color, 
stalked, squarrous with the long beaks of the globous perig. which conceal the short 
glumes. Wet places : common. Large and fine, spike showy. 

71 C. vlrescens Muhl. Spk. 2—4, erect, 6—12"; perig. ovate, pubescent, ribbed, 
longer than the ovate pointed glume or about equal to it. Culm slender, 1— 2f, bracts 
exceeding the culm. Whole plant pubescent and light ereen. Copj-es. 

72 C. hirsuta Willd. Spk. oval-oblong. 4—9", erect, near, dense; perig, ovoid-trl- 
quetrons. downy, at length only scabrous, longer than the glumes. Culm 1— 2f, 
bracts exceedxjig it, all pubescent ur scabrous. Upland Meadows. (C. Triceps Mx.) 

73 C. Siuitliii Borter. Spikelets 3, oval and oblong, near; perig. globular; achenia 
broadly obovate with reflexed stjdes ; culm slender; whole plant glabrous, bright 
green, 2f. Del. Co.. Penn. {A. H. Smith.) Also in N. J. (See Olney's Carices Am,) 

74 C. aistivalis Curtis. Spk. 3—5, slender. 1—2', loose, suberect on short eta-kfi ; 
perig. elliptic, pointed both ways, longer than the glume. Tufts 16 — ^24' high, -witt! 
flat downy leave?, and bracts exceeding the culm. Mts., Mass. to N. Car. 

75 C, Sliortiana Dew. Spk. 4 or 5. cylindric, dense. 1'. erect on naked gtalke, 
tawny in maturity; perig. round-obovate, scarce I'onger than the ovate glume. Erect, 
12—30'. leafy, smooth, handsome. Wet grounds, Penn. to 111., and S. 

70 C. oxylepis Torr. Spk. 3— 6, cylindric, 1—2', erect on naked ped. ; perig. oblong, 
pointed both ways, little longer than the cuspidate white-edged glume. Fla, to La. 

•3 7 C. Buxbauiiiii Wahl. Spk. 4. ovojd, sessile, near; lower bract equaling the 
culm ; perig. elliptic, nerveless, rounded on the back, shorter than the pointed black- 
banded glume. Culm 10 — 18'. Common in wet places. 



Order 154.— CYPERACE^. 375 

78 C. alpina Swtz. Spk. 3 or 4, small, oval, close; bract longer than the culm; 

perig. round-ohovate, longer than the black glume. Leaves radical. L. Superior. 
"yS C. atrata L. Spk. 3—6, oblong-ovate, nodding, the lower stalked; perig. 

round-ovate, shorter than the dark oval glume. Bract long. White Mountains. 

80 C. g-ra<ealliin.a Schw. Spk. 3 — 4, slender, 12 — 20'', rather loose, drooping on long 
filiform remote stalk?; bract short; perig. oblong, longer than the oblong short- 
awned glume. 2f. Meadows. 

81 C. formosa Dew. Spk. 3— 4, oblong, 8— 12", on long, distant recurved pedun- 
cles; i*erig. oblong, inflated, twice longer than the ovate acute g-»ume. Culm 2— 3f, 
bract shoi-ter than the culm. Wet meadows. 

82 C. glabra Boott. ? Spk. short-cylindric (10, spreading on capillary peduncles; 
perig. elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends, nerved, twice longer (2") than the ovate 
bro^\^l-edged glume. Very slender, erect, 18'. N. J., N. Y., Penn. 

83 €. Davisli Torr. Spk. 4, 10—15" long, rather loose, long-stalked, drooping when 
ripe ; bracts much longer ; perig. oblong-ovate, nerved, acute, scarce equaling the 
awncd glume. Mass. to Wi:?., and S. 

84 <J. prwcox Jacq. $ Spk. clavate, erect; 9 spk. about 2, ovate-oblong, 6—9"; 
perig. 6—12, round-ovate, downy, nearly equal to the ovate colored glume (which is 
brown, edged with white). Culm 3—6', leafy at base. Eocky hill?, E. Mass. 

85 C Rlcltardsonii K. Br. $ Spk. clavate-oblong, erect : ? about 2, oblong, near, 
subsessile ; glumes wholly brown ; perig. ovoid-triquetrous, obtuse, nearly beak- 
less, shorter than the green-midveined glume. 4 — 10'. Woods, N. Y. to 111., and N. 

*t6 C vestita Willd. Spk, all sessile, 9", $ cylindric, ? 2, ovoid-oblong; perig. 
ovate, short-beaked, hairy, exceeding the rusty acutish glume. Culm 12—30', sharp- 
angled, leafy below. Common in we: places. 

87 C. pubcscens Muhl. Spk. oblong, 8—12", rather loose, the lowest on a short 
stalk,- perig. lance-ovate, beaked, hairy, exceeding the carinate, raucronate glume. 
Culm 10—20'; leaves downy, flat, 5—10'. Meadows. 

88 €. ixL^ro-inarginata Schw. is probably a mere variety of No. 55, having the 
glume? more extensively colored and the stigmas oftener 3. Hills, Pa., and S. 

89 C. umbellata Schk. Dwarf; S spk. erect, 2— 3", ? ovoid, 2— 4, each on a sab- 
radical peduncle, green; perig. 5—8, round-ovate, beaked, nearly equaling the lance- 
acuminate glume. TiCaves 3—5', far longer than the spike. North. 

90 €. Emmoiii^ii Dew. Spikes all sessile, green, i 4—5", 5 2— 3, ovoid ; perig. 
about 5, globous, beaked, equal to the pointed glumes. Culm filiform, 6—12', with 
very narrow leaves. Fields and hills : common. 

91 C Pennsylvaiiica Lam. Spikes tawny-red, $ 1' long, pedunculate, the s 
small, round, sessile, crowded, about2; perig. round-ovoid, 5—7, downy, short- 
beaked, equaling the acuminate glume. Culm 4—12', erect, leaves long. Copses. 

92 €. Novaj-Aiigllre Schw. Spk. purplish, sessile, i 3 — 4", ? 2—4. small, near, 
(( xcepl, the lowest), with bracts exceeding the culm; perig. 3—7, pyrilbrm. short 
beaked, larger than the ovate glume. Slender, 4 -Vi'. Open woods. 

93 C. varia Muhl. Spikes rnsty-green, sessile, oval, 1—3, separated, the i slender, 
(IC") and stalked, bracts very short; perig. about 7, nun d-oval, nhruptly boakotl, 
about equaling the pointed rusty-edged glume. Erect. v^-lS, leafy at base. Dry 
woods. 

94 C. ilixti L. ? Spk. oval, approximate, 2—4; perig. crowded, ovate. rihUoil. rt>- 
flexed with a long curved beak, longer than the lance-ovate glume. V\auI UV- ClV, 
yellowish green. Cold, wot soils: common. 

95 C, O'Merl Ehrh. 9 Spk. 3—5, oblong, small ^3— 5'0. close, nearly sessile ; pedc- 
globous, diverging with a short abrupt beak ; plant yellowish, 8 - ItV. leaves «nd 
bracts erect. Shores, N. Fng., and West. (,C viridula Mx.'> 

96 r. follloiilatta L. ? Spk. '^--t, capitate, detise, dl>tant, the lower p«Hhniok' 
exserted; perigynia I", 1ancet>late, nerved, tapering into a long beak, diverging, 
twice longer than the long-awned jjlumes ; leaves Ian-"'* linear. Wet. 



376 Order 154— C YPERACE^ 

97 €, rostrata Mx. ? Spikes 1—3, capitate, naar; perigynia 3", snberect, lan(» 
olate, long-rostrate, twice longer than the acutish glume ; leaves few, rolled, subu- 
late ; culm If. Mountain bogs, N. Y., N. H., and North, 

98 C. Elli&ttil Schw. $ Spike slender, 1'; $ 2 or 3, globous to oval, distant; 
perigynia lO— 20, ovoid, veined, rostrate, 3" ; glume ovate, !■" ; culm slender, rigid, 
1— 2f, the narrow leaves longer. N. Car. to Fla. 

99 C, subulata Mx. $ Spike short, subsessile; $ spikes 3—5, capitate, distant, 
3-7-flowered ; perigynia subulate, 6", long-rostrate, divaricate and with 2 divaricate 
teeth. Slender, smooth, light-green, 1— 2f. Can. to N. J. 

100 C turgescens Torr. $ Spike slender, 1 J'; ? spikes 2 to 3, capitate to oval, 
loose, the lowest pedunculate, exserted; perigynia 9 — 12, inflated, striate, conic- 
rostrate, 6-"; glume ovate, acute, 3". Culm 2— 3f, slender ; leaves long. Swamps, S, 

101 C» intumescens Rudge. $ Spike long-stalked, slender; ? 1—3, on very 
short stalks, capitate ; perigynia 5—8, very large (6 — 7'0, acuminate-beaked ; glume 
ovate-cuspidate, 2''; culm If; bracts very long. Wet. 

102 C. Grayii Carey. ? Spikes 1 or 2, large, capitate, dense; perigynia 15—30, 
radiating, very large (7— 8'0, with a long, slender, smooth beak ; glume inconspicuous. 
River bottoms, N. Y,, and West. 

103 C lupulina Muhl. s Spikes 2 — 4, large, 1—2' by 9—12'', the lower on exserted 
stalks; perigynia ascending, 6i — 7", ovoid and long-beaked, bicuspidate; glume 3", 
lance-acuminate. Plant stout, leafy, 2 — 3f. Wet grounds. 

/3. petfunculata. Spikes all on long peduncles. 5 Glumes linear-awned as in a 
y. androg-f/na. ? Spikes staminate at apex. Approaching No. 172. 

104 C. lupuliformls Sartwell. ? Spikes 4—5, very large (2—3'); perigynia 
ascending, 7— S", the long beak roughish, bicuspidate ; glumes long-awned, ovate, 
3" ; nut as broad as long, the angles knobbed. Swamps : common, 

105 C, teiitacula.ta Muhl. ? Spikes 2 or 3, dense, IJ^— 2' by 7 or 8", near, on short 
peduncles ; perigynia 4", ovate, long-beaked, diverging, orifice obliquely 2-toothed ; 
glumes linear-awned, 2". Stout, leafy, 1— 2f. Bogs : common. 

/3. alitor. ? Spikes 3— 4, larger (10" thick), beak subequally toothed, 2f. 

106 C, stenolepis Torr, $ Spike small (1') rarely 0; ? 1—5, very dense, i— If*, 
often t at base ; perigynia globous, abruptly beaked, recurved, shorter than the long 
slender-awned glumes. Related to C. squarrosa, Penn. to 111., and South. 

107 C. plantaginea Lam. $ Spike clavate, glumes acute; 9 spikes 3— 5, erect, 
remote, loose ; perigynium 5 — 10, the point recurved, twice longer than the glume ; 
bracts purple, shorter than the spikes ; leaves 6—10" broad. Woods. Marcb~May. 

108 €. Careyana Torr. i Spike oblong, erect; glumes obtuse; s spikes 2—3, 
remote, loose ; perigynium 3—7, large (2^^'), the point oblique, twice longer than 
the glume ; bracts green, much longer than the spikelets ; leaves 6—12" wide. 
Woods, N. Y., Pa., and W. 

109 C platypliylla Carey, i Spike clavate, glume acute ; $ spikes 2— 3, very re- 
mote, small; perigynia 3—6, small (1^^") ; glume cuspidate, 1"; bracts as in C. Carey 
ana ; leaves 6—10" wide, mostly shorter than the culms. Shades, N. States. 

HOC laxiflora Lam. i Spike linear, glumes lance-oblong, acute ; ? spikes 3, 

slender, 1', loose, remote; perigynia 10 — 15, elliptic-triq., 2", the point oblique; gl. 

oblong, mucronate, 1^" ; leaves 1-veined, 2—4" wide, bracts long. Shades : common. 

i3. patulifolia. Root leaves 6—12" wide, bracts also wide. Otherwise as in a. 

y. lati folia. Leaves and bracts very broad ; perigynia broad, point conspicuous. 

6. blanda. Bracts very long, $ spike small ; $ spikes dense ; perigynia obovold. 

£. intermedia. Leaves narrow, $ spike on a slender stalk ; perigynia as in a. 

^. styloll^xa. Slender, 1— 2f, spike small, on long filiform peduncles, 4-6-flower<jd. 

inc. retrociirva Dew. Spikes small (5 — 8"), all on long capillary peduncles, 

the ? 3, loose; perigynia broad-ovate-triquetrous, scarcely oblique-pcinted; glnimee 

awned ; culms weak. If, leaves radical, wide (4"), flat, glaucous. Open woods : rare. 

112 €. dls:itd.Iis Willd. a Spike slender, 1', stalked; ? spikes 3, loose, 6—12", rp 



Obder 154.— CYPERACE^. 377 

mote, recurved ; perigynia 4—10, ovoid-triquetrou!', obtuse, longer than the lance- 
ovate glume ; leaves and bracts 1—2" wide, exceeding the 4—12' culm. Open woods. 

113 C. xantliosperma Dew. $ Spike emaU, sessile ; $ spikes 4, distant, cyltn- 
dric, 1', dense, on long slender peduncles; perigynia oval-oblong, obtuse, 2", 
striate, yellowish when ripe ; glumes V^, pointed. Yellowish, If. N. J., and South. 

114 C. conoidea Schk. Spikes all short-peduncled, ? 2 or .3, oblong, dense, erect, 
6— 10"; perigynia oblong-conic, obtusish; glumes ovate, awned. If. Uplands: com. 

115 C, grisea Wahl. $ Spike sessile; $ spikes 4, oblong, remote, (V^; perigynia 
oblong, some longer than the ovate, awned glumes m", glumes 2") ; leaves light- 
green, 2—3" broad. Culm Ij^f. Woods and meadows. 

116 C. g'laucodea 'J'uckm. Spikes short-stalked, 6—12", $ clavate, $ 3—4, cylin- 
dric, dense ; perigynia 10—20, ovoid, obtuse, twice longer than the cuspidate glumes. 
Plant glaucous, 6—10'; leaves 2 — 4" wide. Mass. to Pa. 

117 C. granularis Muhl. $ Spike linear, sessile, 1'; $ 2—4, cylindric, \ — 1^', the 
lower peduncle long; perigynia close, round-ovate, the point oblique, much longer 
than the ovate-acuminate glumes. Glaucous, 8— 20'. Moist soils: common. 

/3. recta^ has the perigynia ovoid, and with a straight point. 111. to La. 

118 O. jtiiicea Willd. Spikes sU-ndcr, on filiform stalks, glumes obtuse; i short; 
? spikes 2—3, loose ; perigynia lanceolate, longer than the glumes ; culm 1— Uf, 
slender, longer than the slender rush-like leaves. Roan Mt., N. C. 

119 C. eburuea Boott. Delicate, erect, 4—10', the setaceous leaves much shorter; 
spikes 2—3, very small (2—3"), with white, leafless sheaths, the 9 higher than the i ; 
perigynia 3—6, obovoid, beaked, nerveless, ^" . Rocks, Vt., and West. 

120 C. paiiicea L. Spikes 2—4, 1', obloug-cylindric, stalked, tawny; perigj-nia 
turgid-ovoid, the very short point oblique, longer than the obtuse glume. Light 
green, If; bracts short. Mass. (Oakes). Wis. (Lapham). Pa. (Porte/'). 

121 C. livida Willd. Spikes 2—4, oblong-cylindric, pale, 8 — 10", the i and lower 8 
stalked; bracts short; perigynia oval, straight at the obtuse end, longer than the 
obtuse glumes. Glaucous, 6—16'. Swamps, N. Y., N. J., and North. 

122 C tetiiiiica Schk. Spikes 2 — 4, oblong-cylindric, loose, 1', ttie $ and lower 9 
long-pedunculate ; perigynia ovoid to obovoid, apex oblique, longer than the sub- 
macronate glumes. Light green, 8— 16'; bracts rather short. Wet uplands: rare. 

p. lVi>o<'.ii^ ? spikes about 2, very loose ; glumes with broad scarious margins. 

123 €. Meadil Dew. 3 Si)ike slender, 1', ? oblong-cylindric. loose, S— 10", all 
pednuculate ; perigynia oval, scarce equaling the tawny-edged, ovate-acuminate 
glumes. Pale, erect, 8—16', the leaves and bracts short. Wet, O. to 111., and North. 

124 €. Cravvel Dew. Spikes dense, 8—10", erect, J stalked, compound at base, ? 
3— .5, remote, the lowest often long-stalked; perigynia ovoitl, acute, twice longer than 
the ovate gUiuK^s. Erect, 6— 15'. Spikes dusky green. N. Y., and West. Rare. 

125 C, oligofurpa Schk. i Spike erect, 9", linear, stalked ; 9 3. remote, short- 
stalked, 3- or 4-llowered ; perigynium obovoid, shoft-btahd, brown, equaling the awn 
(if the pale gUune. Pale, 6 — 12', bracts long. Open woods and hedges : rari*. 

126 C HItclK'Ot'kiiiiia Dew. t Spike erect, linear, stalked; v 3, remote, short- 
stalked, h- 10 llowered ; perigynia oval, brown, acute behnv, the tkok lknt thick. schu'C 
equaling the awii of the whitish glume. Subpubescent. 1— "Jf. N. Kng.. and West. 

127 C, cxteiiNa Good. S Spike subsessile, ()— 9" ; v .'I, oval to oblong, very dense, 
the lower remotr, stalked ; perigynia spreading, the sluu't straight beak 2-toothPu, 
gl. much sliorlcr. Kush-like, 1— 2f, leaves and bracts rv>lled. SjuuIs, L. I., St.uten I. 

128 C dobiliM Mx. Spikes about 2', very slender; v 8—5, nodiUng; porigyni.t 
12-20, lance-linear, acuminate-beaked, twice longer than the oblong silvery i.hune8» 
Bright green, l--2f; bracts equal the culm. Moist woods and nu>adow«i : common. 

/3.V pUhrra. Perig. pubescent, strongly veined, slightly bent. !*!». (./Vr^fr^. and S. 

129 C arc'luia Boott. Like <.\ dt?bilis, but with shorter bracts, lunger swUs, the 
perigyjiium oviiid, taper-beaked. \ longer than the ovate-pointed glume. Comniou. 

130 C. SulllTuutli Boott. Spikes cylindric, 9-ir>''. erect, 4 appivximat'\ or a Mh, 



378 Order 154.— CYPERACE^. 

if any, remote; perigjmium elliptic, rongh-hairy, scarcely longer than the ovate- cnspt- 
date glume. Borders of woods, Columbus, Ohio. 2f. 

131 C. Kneiskernii Dew. Spikes rather loose, l—lj', with recurved peduncles* 
perigjmia ovate-oblong, glabrous, nerved. Otherwise as in C. Suilivantii. Woods, 
Oritkany and Rome, N. Y., and Cleveland, O. 

13a C. vaginata Tausch. $ Spike nodding in flower, stalked; 9 2 or 3, remote, 
loese ; bracts short with long sheaths ; perig. 5—10, brown-black, glob'jlar-ovate, the 
beak terete, short, bent, exceeding the obtuse gl. Weak, 1— 2f. N. Y. (rare), L. Sup. 

133 C. capillaris L. Spikes minute, 3 — 4, oblong, tawny, peduncle capillary, 
perigynia 4—6, oval, nerveless, the short beak exceeding the obtuse rusty glume 
Pale, delicate, 4—7', leaves long, bracts short. White Mis., N. H. 

134: C. flexilis Rudge. Spikes 3—5, $ clavate, $ oblong, on Jiexile nodding pe- 
duncles; bracts bristle- or scale-form; perigynia ovoid-lanceolate, 2-toothed, scarce 
longer than the obtusish rusty glumes. Sofl-hairy. 1— Iff. Ct., N. Y. : rare. 

135 C laevigata Sm. Like C. flesilis, but with peiigynia nerved, bicuspidate, the 
glumes awn-pointed, and the whole plant smooth. Near Boston. § 

136 C. fulva Good. Culm If, rough; spikes 3 — 4, all erect. 9 ovoid-oblong; perig. 
ovoid, twice longer than the dark-brown acutish glumes. Near Boston. § 

137 C. venusta Dew. Spikes 3 or 4, i linear, 1'— 16", rusty, stalked; 9 loose, 
6 — 16", brown-green ; perigynia lance-oblong, 2i", conic-beaked, nerved, rough- 
hairy, twice longer than the glumes ; leaves If, culm 2— 3f. S. Car. to Fla. 

138 C tenax Chapm. Spikes 2 — 4, 3 slender, 1', 9 oblong, i — 1', dense, subsessile; 
bracts longer; perigynia oval, short-beaked, finely-veined, pube.-cent, twice longer 
than the ovate glumes ; culm If; leaves rolled. Ga., Fla. 

139 C. dasycarpa Muhl. Spikes 3 — 4, subsessile, 6—10", 3 liaear, 9 oblong, 
hoary, bracts exserted; perig}'nia oblong-ovate, tomentous, short-beaked, longer than 
the ovate-acuminate glumes. If. Dry fields, South. 

I 40 C« Torreyi Tuckm. Spikes subsessUe, erect, the 3 oblong, the 9 ovoid, 2 or 3; 
perigynia obovoid, very obtuse, scarcely beaked, strongly nerved, longer than the 
ovate glumes ; culm, leaves, and short bracts downy. Peun., and North. Rare, 

141 C. Barrattil Schw. & Torr, Spikes cylindric. 6 — 12", dark-purple, short-pe- 
dunculate, the 9 2 or 3 ; perigynium ovoid, little exceeding the ovate glume ; culm 1— 2f, 
sharp-angled, leaves much shorter, bracts short. Marshes, N. J. to Car. 

142 C. pallescenfs L. Spikes approximate, 3 or 4, short-stalked, pale, i oblong, 6"; 
9 ovoid, 4 — 5", bract a little exserted; perigynia ovoid, nerveless, scarce longer 
than the glumes. Plant pale, 6—15', leaves as long. Dry meadows. 

j3. undulata. Lower bracts ?fary-rugous at base ; leaves longer, 

143 C, Iliuosa L. Spikes pedunculate, with dark-purple glumes, j linear, erect; 9 
1 — 2, oblong, drooping ; bracts shorter than the culm ; perigjmia ovate, Scarce equal- 
ing the broad, mucronate glumes. Glaucous, 8— 16'. Marshes : common. 

144 C. rariflora Sm. Like C. limosa, but smaller (4 — 10'), 9 spikes 1—2. linear, 
loosely 5-10-flwd. ; perig. involved in the glume. Mountains, N. H., Ms., and N. 

145 C. irrigua Sm. 9 Spk. 2 — 4, ovoid-oblong ; bract exceeding the culm; perig. 
oval, much shorter than the long-pointed dark-purple glume, 8—20'. Leaves linear, 
flat. Spikes drooping as in C. limosa. Bogs, Pa. to Wis., and N. 

146 C, miliscea Muhl. Spikes cylindric, slender, li — 2', 3 erect, 9 nodding, loos-e 
below; perig. ovoid-triquetrous, short-beaked, as long as the white-edged awned 
glume. Culm 1— 2f, leaves rather broad. Wet meadows : common. 

147 C. scabrata Schw. Spikes 3—6, cylindric, li — 2', suberect, dense, the lower on. 
long peduncles; bracts long; perig. ovoid-triquetrous, rough, the slender beak equal- 
ing the acuminate glume. Culm 1— 2f, leaves broad. Swamps, Can. to Car. 

148 C. liystricina WUld. i Spk. linear, stalked, 1', 9 3, oblong-cylindric, dense, 
12—18", near, nodding; perig. ovoid, inflated, nerved, diverging, the long slender 
beak bifid, longer than the awned glume. 1— 2f, very leafy. Swales : common. 

p. Cooleyi. Slender; 9 spikes ovoid, the lowest long-pedunculate. 



Order 154.— CYPERACE^. 379 

149 C. pseudo-cyperus L. s Spk. linear, 1|', ? 3—5, cylindric, thick, 1—2', pe- 
dunculate, recurved ; perig. horizontal or deflexed, lanceolate, with 2 suberect teeth, 
equaling the lance-aristate glume. Ponds and ditches, Can. to Pa. 

150 C. coMiosa Boott. $ Spike lin.-cylindric, 2—3'; 9 3, long (2— 3'), cylindnc, 
thick, dense-curved, on recurved ped. ; perig. lance-linear, deflexed, the elender beak 
with 2 long spreading cusps. Stout, 2— 3f. Wet. 

151 C. tricliocarpa Muhl. Spikes erect, $ about 3, clustered, $ 3, oblong-cylindric, 
thick but rather loose, Ij — 2'; perig. conic-ovoid, 4", ascending, veined, the beak 
Blender, forked, exceeding the hyaline gl. Puberulent, 15—30'. Marshes : common. 

/3. turbindta, Spk. ? ovoid-oblong, dense ; perig. more diverging. 

152 C. verrucosa Ell. i Spk. 2, often 1, erect, ? 3—7, remote, all cylindric, dense, 
heavy, 2—3', bracts long, on long sheaths; perig. ovate-triquetroas, shorter than the 
awn of the oblong glume. Culm and leaves 2 — 3f. Wet grounds, S. 

/3. g-lauc^scens, $ Single, ? sterile at apex ; perig. broader or obovoid. South. 

153 C. lanuginosa Mx. i Spk. 1—3, linear, 1—2', the upper stalked, 9 mostly 2, 
nearly sessile, oblong-cylindric, 9—15" ; leaves and bracts flat ; perig. ovoid, with 2 
sharp teeth, equaling the lanceolate awned glume. 1— 2f. Wet places: common. 

154 C. filiformis L. Much like the last, but the leaves and bracts are convolute and 
rush-like, and the ? glumes ovate, acute. Pale. Marshes : common. 

155 C. striata Mx. 5 Spk. 1 — 4, erect, the lower sessile; ? 1—2. remote, cylindric, 
erect, dense; perigynia ovoid, acuminate, 2-toothed, twice longer than the ovate 
acute glumes. Stiffly erect, 1— Hf. leaves and bracts roiled at the ends. Pa., and S. 

156 C. Houglitonii Torr. i Spikes 1—3. ? 2—3, cylindric, thick (12— 15" x 4"), 
near, subsessile, erect; perigynia ovoid-inflated, bifurcate, much longer than the 
ovate cuspidate glume. Stout, 2— 3f, leaves and bracts flat. Me. to Wis. 

157 C. polyniorplia Muhl. Spikes oblong, erect ; glume obtuse; 5 1—2, 1', the 
lower remote, exeert-pedunoilate ; bracts and leaves short; perigynia oval-ovate, 
beak short, purple, exceeding the ovate purplish gl. Erect, 5 — 20'. Sands, Pa., and N. 

158 C. paludosa Good. Spikes erect, cylindric, 15 — ^20", dense, near; glntne cus- 
pidate ; ? spikes about 3 ; bracts long, sheathless ; perigynia ovate, short-beaked, 
equaling the narrow glumes. Erect, 11 — 2f ; leaves channeled. Marshes, Mass. 

159 C. riparia Curtis. Spikes erect, cylindric, 2—3', i 2—5, 5 2—3, nearly ses- 
sile; bracts and leaves long; perigynia conic-lanceolate, with 2 slender teeth, uome 
longer than the nanow-awned glumes. Stout, 2 — If. Shores. (C. lacustris.) 

160 C, Clierokcensls Schw. ^ Spikes lance-linear, G— 12", 9 cylindric, 1— 1|', 
2—7, the lower nodding, on exserted i>eduncles ; perigynia lance-ovate, much longer 
than the ovate glume. Slender, 2f, light green. Qa., Fla., and West. 

161 C ampul lacoxi Good, i Spikes often bracted, linear; 9 3—4, cylindric. 
thick, 2—3' by i', very dense, near, suberect ; perigynia ovoid, more or loss abruptly 
beaked, bifurcate, larger than the i)ointed glumes. Stout, 2— 3f, the flat leaves longer. 
Swamps, N. Eug. to Pa., and West. (C utrieuh"ita, 1U.'> # 

162 C. iiioiiilc Tuekm. i Spikes slender, 2—4; 9 2. rarely 1 or 3, cyl., 1—2', rather 
loose, suberect, sliort-ped. ; perig. ovoitl. polished, 2— ;i", the short slender beak bifur- 
cate, twice longer than the lance-oblong gliune. Bright green, 2f. N. Kug. to III. 
(C.Vaseyi Dew. is the same plant, as shown by specimens from />r. .?». //. B'nV/A/.) 

16:J C TuokcrniAiil Boott. ? Spikes very remote, short-stalked, cylindricobloug, 
thick, (» -1.')" by (>— 7"; perigynia very large ^5" by 2i"), globous-ovoid, sUininj;; 
beiik short, slender ; glumes much shorter, if. Wet: common.^ 

Aft4 <■. Olucyl Boott. i Spikes 2 8. like those of C. bullata; 9* spk. ofttter but 1. 
I'-IS" by T)''; ped. short; perig. 50-80, 2^— ."i" long, llVvoined, turgiil-ovoid. the 
short bt'ak audi ci/sps ?-oiiffh-t!<rrula(t'; aeh. likw 0. ainpulhioeju Culm 1 — IJf; !>•». 
taller, 1" wiile. Wet gnninils, H. I. 

165 «'. oll«,0!sp4jriiia Mx. i Spikes 1 --2, slender; 9 1—3. Ohibular or obUwfj, 
Hubsesslle; perigynia 4— 12, turgid-ovoid, 21", beak short, 2-lobod, scarce excoc«Unji 
the ovate glumes. Slend'ir, 2f ; leav.>s and Inact.s rolled. Pa., and North. 



880 Order 154.— CYPERxlCE^. 

160 C. longirostris Torr. $ Spikes mostly 3; « mostly 3, cylindric, 1', loote, 
stalks filiform, recurved ; perigynia roundish, the very slender beak % toothed, 
longer than the scarious glumes. 2f. Rocky vpoods, North. 

167 C. aristata R.Br, i Spikes 2, very slender, remote ; ? 2— 4, cylindric, 1—2', 
erect; perigynia lanceolate, conspicuously nerved, glabrous, 2-awned ; plumes 
awncd, much shorter. 2f. Shores, N. Y., West and North. Akin to No. 151. 

1 68 C. Schiveiiiitzii Dew. $ Spikes 2 — 4, near, ascending, cylindric, 1 — 2', more oi 
less dense, straw-yellow ; perigynia 50—150, ovoid, the long beak 2- toothed, much 
exceeding the subulate glumes. Very leafy, If. N. J., N. Y., and N. Eng. 

1 69 C. bullata Schk. $ Spikes 1—3, linear, with lance-oblong, close glumes ; 9 
spikes 1—2, oblong, 1' by 8", short-stalked ; perigynia turgid-ovoid, 5", beak 2-cus- 
pidate, thrice longer than the obtusish glumes. 1— 2f. Swamps, N. E., and S. : com. 

170 €• pliysema Dew.? Resembles the last, but has very long leafy bracts, i spk. 
3 with loose glumes, and the single large oblong ? spike loose-flowered ; perigynia 
radiating, brownish. A variety ? Newark, N. Y. {Hanke?ison). 

171 C. gigaiitea Rudge. $ Spikes 1—3, glumes pointed; ? 2 — 4, 18 — 30", loose, 
pedunculate, suberect, brownish ; perigynium ovoid-acuminate, many(18)-nerved, the 
very long beak forked, two or three times longer than the laiiceolate-awned glume. 
Stout, 2— 3f ; leaves 6" broad. Del. to Ky., and South. Allied to No. 103. 

1 72 C retrorsa Schw. i Spikes 1—3, often partly fertile ; ? 4 — 6, cylindric, thick, 
near, 1—2' by 7", spreading; perigynium ovoid, inflated, few(lO) -nerved, the long 
beak forked, deflexed, far exceeding the glume. Bright green, 2f. Pools : common. 

fi. Hartii, $ Spikes loose, distant, the lower long-stalked. N. Y. {S. H. Wright), 
y. ? lupulus, $ Spikes 2 ; $ very large, short-stalked, straw-yellow ; perigynia 

horizontal, much inflated, 10-nerved ; glumes pointed. A fine Carex ; 2 — 3f ; 

allied both to Nos. 103, 171, and 172. N. Y. {E. L. HanJcensm, H. B. Ix>rd). 

Order CLV. GRAMINE^. The Grasses. 

Herbs (the Canes and Bamboos are woody and tree-like) with culmis 
mostly hollow and jointed. The leaves are alternate, 2-ranked, on tubular 
sheaths split down to the base, and bearing a membranous ligule (of the 
nature of stipules) where the sheath and blade meet. Flowers in little 
spikelets of 1 or several, with the glumes in 2 rows, collected into spikes, 
racemes, or panicles. Glumes (the lower pair of scales in the spikelet) al- 
ternate, enclosing the flowers. Pales (or palae, the outer pair of scales of 
each particular flower) alternate and unequal. Perianth or represented 
bv 2 minute hypogynous scales. Sfamens 1 — 6, commonly 8, anthers versa- 
tile, 2-celled, bifid at both ends. Ovary simple, 1-ovuled, 1-styled, with 2 
leathery stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis, with mealy albumen. 

A vast and important Order, contributing largely to the sustenance of man and beast. 
Both herbage and seed are rich in sweet and nutritious matter. In temperate regions, 
the Grasses form a turf, soft, green, and compact, clothing the hills and plains, pastures 
and meadows. But in tropical regions this beautiful turf-carpet is unknown, the Grasses 
becoming larger, even trees (as the stately Bamboo), and siand more isolated, with 
broader leaves and larger panicles. To this Order belong the Cereal Grains, as the Indian- 
Cwn, }]7ieo,t, Bye, Oats, Barley, Bice, &c., as well as the B.a,j-gTa,sse8— Timothy, Bed top. 
Blu^-grass, Spear-grass, &c. Also the Sugar-Cane, and various kinds of Sorghum. 
§ Spikelet 1-flowered with no apparent rudiment of a second flower... (2) 
§ Spikelet 2-flowered, one of the flowers sterile or rudimentary... (7) 

% Spikelet 3-flowered, the two lower (lateral) flowers sterile or rudimentary... (i) Tribe fl 

8 Spikelet 2 - "o - flowered, two or more of the flowera perfect, or all imperfoct ( j j ). . .f9) 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 381 

i Inflorescence paniculate. ..(3) 

2 Inflorescence strictlj' spicate, spikes equilateral... (6) 

2 inflorescence strictly spicate, spikes unilateral... (6) 

3 Glumes none (or minute and the stamens 6)... (a) Tribo 1 

3 Glumes present, at least 1 conspicuous... (4) 

4 Pales of the flower thin and soft, often awned...(6) Tribe 2 

4 Pales of the flower coriaceous, — * tipped with awns... (/) Tribe 4 

— * awnless...(,9) Tribe 5 

i Spikes cylindric, the spikelets condensed all around. ..(e) Tribe .3 

i Spikes nrismatic, spikelets sessile in rows...(«) Tribe 9 

6 Spikelets rounded on the back, appressed to the rachis,..(9) Tribe 5 

6 Spikelets acutely keeled ou the back, imbricated on each other... (x) ) Tribe 10 

7 Upper fas. of the spikelet abortive. — * Fls. in unilateral spikes... (x) ' 

— » Flowers paniculate... (A;) Tribe 7 

7 Lower flower of the spikelet abortive ... (8) 

8 Pales coriaceous, firmer in texture than the glumes. Paniculate. ..(5) Tribe i 

8 Pales membranous, thinner than the glumes. Spicate... (66) Tril)e 11 

9 Flowers in 2- or 4-rowed,— * equilateral spikes. ..(f) Tribe 9 

— * unilateral spikes... (x) Tribe 10 

9 Flowers in panicles more or less diffuse. . .(10) 

10 Pale awned at the tip or awnless...(?i) Tribe 8 

10 Pale awned on the back or below the tip...(7i;) Tribe 7 

1. ORYZEiE. (Spikelets l-jloicered, panided. Glumes obsolete. Slurnens 1 — 6.) 

a Flowers perfect, flattened laterally, awnless.— Glumes 0. Stam. 2 or 3. Cut Grass Lekrsia. 1 

— Glumes minute. Stamens 6. liice Okyza. 2 

a Flowers monojcious, both kinds in the same panicle. Stamens 6. Indian liice. Zizania. 3 

a Flowers monoecious, each kind in separate panicles. Stamens 5—12. S Ldziola. 4 

2. AGROSTIDEyE. {Spikelets l-flowered, panided. Ghiines and pales thin. Grain free.) 

b Flowers surrounded at base with a tuft of long, silky hairs Calaji/TGROSTIS. 10 

6 Flowers naked or thinly bearded at base. . .(c) 

c Glumes both long-awned and longer than the awned pales Polypogon. 9 

c Glumes both awn-pointed (or minute and the pale awned) Muhlknbrrgia. 8 

Glumes awnless, conspicuous. ..((i) 

d Pale stalked in the glumes, awned on the back, monandrou*. Street lited Cixs.v. 7 

d Pulo sess. in the glumes, 3-androus,— acute, awnless. Ghimcs shorter SrouoBOi.us. C 

—obtuse, often awned on back. Bent ij. .Agrostis. 5 

5. PHLEOIDE/E.— e Glumes united at base, awnless. Pale 1, awned Alopkcuku3. 11 

—e Glumes distinct, mucronate. Pales 2, awnless. Timothy Piilecm. 13 

—e Glumes distinct, pointless. Pales 2, awnless Crypsis. 13 

4. STIPACEyE.— / Awn of the flower simple, straight, deciduous Ory/.opsis. 16 

— / Awn of the flower simple, twisted, very long Stipa. 15 

— / Awn of the flower triple or 3-parted. Potrrti/ Grass Aristipa. U 

6. PANlCEiE. (Spilxlets 2-Jlwd., lower flower abortive. Glumes very unequal. 9 Pale co/iinrout.) 

g Spikelet apparently l-flowered, the lower glume wanting and the single abortive piilo 

8upi)lying its place.— Flowers spicate, unilateral Paspalum. 17 

—Flowers diflusoly panided, all alike. Jlillrt Gra.ss MiUTTM. 18 

—Flowers panicuhito, 2 sorts, one under gro\nul AMPinCARPtM. I'J 

g Spikelet evidently 2-flowerod, both glumes pioscnt, abortive flower neutral or^ ...(h) 

h Flowers paniculate,— willunit awns or spines. I'ule cartilaginous. Pinir G Panumv. "Jil 

—without awns or spines. Pales liorbaocous Pkmcili.akia. 21 

— with the glumes and palo ooar.sely uwned. i\>ck'Sj»ir. . Oplismkm's. 2:2 

A Flowers spiko-panicled,— each with an invt>l. (.f awnod podiools. f\>jc-t<til Sktakia 2S 

—each with a havdonod, burr-like iuvol. Uurr tfnJM. . .fKNiiiius 24 

I J'UALAlvlDE.E.— I Sterile flowers 2 minute rudiments. Panicle spiouto Phalakis 2A 

— »■ Stovilo flowers 2 uwuL'd piiles. rimido spiciitc.^ ^ w wA-vmoxANTin'M 26 

—I Sterile flowers both 2-vrtlvod, f . Panicle open 11 ikkochloa. 27 

/. AVKNE.E. (SpUiXlels 2- OO- Jioirered, ixinirlrd. Glume* larift^ I'aU nicnerl Mote the tip.) 

k Spikelet with 1 porfoet flower and I nwnod stnniiunto flower— «bov«. Sojl Orxum, HoLirs. 2? 

— below § Akriiknathkkvm. M 

k SpikeVt with deflnitoly 2 perfect flowers. P«»Ie subontir^, own domal .<ika. 2t 

I, Spikelet with 2 or more lu'iloct llowors. Palo 2 lo.nhed at aiiex...cw) 



382 Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 

m Awn between the two teeth, twisted ; glumes very large Danthonia. SO 

m Awn dorsal below the middle (except in the cultivated Oat). Oat Avkna. 31 

m Awn dorsal above the middle.— Flowers 2 — ^5. Teeth cuspidate ....Teisetusi. 33 

— FlowM-s 5 — 00 . Teeth acutish. Brome Bromus. 33 

& FESTUCACE^. (Spil-elets 2 - CD -floicered, panided, aunless, or the lower pale tipped 
Kith a straight bristle or awn. Glumes 2.) 
n Glumes definitely 2, all the lower flowers of the spikelet perfect. . .(o) 
n Glumes several, indefinite, the lower flowers abortive and glume-like. . .(p) 
o Flowers fringe-bearded at the base. Pales 3-cuspidate or entire. . .(?) 
o Flowers beardless. Lower pale mucronate or awn-pointed (except in one Festuca). . .(r) 
o Flowers beardless. Lower pale obtuse or acute, not at all a«Tied...(s) 

f liOwer pale 2- or 3-cuspidate and 1-2-awned. Upper pale entire Tricuspis. 34 

q Lower pale 2-cuspidate and 1-awned. Upper pale entire. 8 — 12f. Aeundo. 35 

q Lower and upper pale both entire and pointless at apex Graphephokum. 36 

q Lower pale long-pointed, ichite as well as the glumes and hair. Pampas Grass Gtnerium. 37 

r Glumes and pales keeled,— herbaceous, 5-veined. Flowers glomerate Dacttlis. 38 

— membi-anous, 3-veined. Panicle spicate Kceleria, 39 

r Glumes and pales rounded on the back,— both coriaceous. Grain free Diarrhena. 40 

— ^pale papery, grain adherent. Fescue FestuCA. 41 

a Spikelets 2-3-flowered, with some abortive terminal flowers. Pale papery, not keeled. . .(0 

t Upper glume broad-obovate, shorter than the flower Eatojtia. 42 

t Upper glume oblong, 7-9- veined, longer than the flowers. Melic Melica. 43 

8 Spikelets 2-50-flowered, all perfect. Pales usually thin. ..(w) 

u Lower pale keeled, 3-veined, membranous like the glumes Eragrostis. 44 

u Lower pale keeled, o-veined, usually cobwebbed at base. Spear Grass Poa. 45 

u Lower pale convex-keeled, obscurely 9-veined. Panicle spiked Brizoptrum. 46 

M Lower pale convex, 7-(— 5)-veined, never webbed at base. Manna Glyceria. -47 

u Lower pale convex- ventricous, cordate, obscurely veined. Quake Briza. 48 

^ Herbaceous.— Flowers glabrous, awnless, falcate-pointed Unioia. 49 

—Flowers silky-villous at base. Tall, stout. Eeed Phragmites. 60 

p Woody, tall (the flowering branches low). Flowers short-awned Arujidinaria. 51 

9. HOBDEACE.E. iSpikelels 1-W-jioaered, sessile, alternate in a spike. Rachis joiivted,) 

Spikes several. Spikelet solitary at each joint, 1-flowered Lepturus. 52 

w Spike single. — Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint. Barley Hoedeum. 53 

—Spikelets 2- OO- flowered,— several at each joint. Hedgehog .....Eltmus. 54 

—1 at each joint. . .(7c) 

w Glume 1, in front of the si)ikelet which is eUgswiae to thu rachis. Darnel Lolicm. 55 

w Glumes 2, opposite.— Spikelet 3 - CO - flowered. Witch G. Wheat Teiticum. 56 

—Spikelet 2-flowered:. Fiije Secale. 57 

10. CHLOSIDE^. {Spikelets in l-svledjointless spikes, 1- CTj flowered. Uppei floicer abortive.) 
X Spikes very slender, many, in an equilateral raceme. ..(?/) 

y Spikes raceme-like. Spikelets with several perfect flowers Leptochloa. 58 

y Spikes with sessile, 2-flowered spikelets, one flower a rudiment Gyiixopogon. 59 

X Spikes slender, several, digitately arranged above, or, in No. 60, axillary... (3) 

z Spikelets with 1 perfect flower,— awnless, globular, no rudiment ..Manisurus. 60 

—awnless, oblong, with a rudiment Ctnodon. 61 

— awned, glume 3-lobed Eustachts. 63 

— awned, glume acute Chlorls. 63 

z Spikelets with several perfect flowers.— Flowers awnless ,. ..Eleusixe. 64 

— Flowers awned DACxyLOCTENiUM. 65 

X Spikes thick and dense, 1 — 00. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower... (aa) 

aa Spikes several or many. Flower with no rudiment Spartina. 66 

CM Spikes 1, few, or many. Flower with a terminal rudiment Bouteloua. 67 

aa Spike solitary, recurved, Awns terminal and dorsal , , Ctenium. 68 

LI fiACGHARIE.(E. (Spikelets in pairs or 3'.s, 2-fioicered. the lower flower abo five. Fertile pales 
thinner than the glumes, except in No. T2.) 
it Flowers (the fertile) imbedded in the cavities of glabrous, jointed spikes... (cc) 

cc Spikes monoecious, i abortive, ? below, both naked. Sesame Teipsacum. 69 

<c Spikes monoecious i above panicled, $ below enveloped in husks. Maize Zea. 7C 

oc Spikes uniform,— terete. The pedunculate spikelet abortive Eottbcellia 71 

—compressed. Both spikelets fertile Stenotaphrum 73 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 



383 




tb Flowers not imbedded, spicate or panicled, mostly long-bearded. ..(dd) 

dd Both spikelets of each pair fertile.— Lower flower awned. Plume G rJRiANThJS. 73 

—Flowers awnless. Sugar-cane ■ .SACCHARua. 74 

dd Only one spikelet of each pair fertile.— Fls. and rachis hairy. Beard G Andropogon. 75 

—Flowers and rachis smoothish SoRcnuM. 7G 

dd The lower spikelet on each spike fertile, in a bony shell. JoVs-tears Coix. 77 

1. LEERSIA, Sol. Cut Grass. False Rice. 
Spikelets 1-flwd., flat, fls. 5 • Glumes 0. Pales 
boat-form, nearly equal, awnlo.ss, ciliate, enclos- 
ing the free flat grain (caryopsis). if Swampy 
grasses. Lvs. very rough backward. Fl. in 
Fecund panicled racemes. June, Aug. 

♦ Panicle compound, large, diffuse. Spike- 

lets nearly Z" long •. Nos. 1, 2 

* Panicle simple or nearly so. Spikelets 

scarce more than 1" Nos. 3, 4 

1 li. oryzoidcs Swtz. (a) Spikelets narrowly ellip- 

tic, spreading, white, close {b) ; stamens 3 ; culm 
3 — 5f, retrorsely rough, lvs. broad. By streams. Aug. 

2 li. leiiticularis Mx. Catck-Jiy Grass. SpkJ. round- 

oval (c) when closed, closely imbricated ; stam. 2 {d) ; ovary ovate (e) ; plant smooth 
isL. Ponds and low grounds, 111. to Va., and S : rare. Fls. said to close on flies. 

3 li. Virj»;inica WlUd. Spkl. small, closely appressed to the branchlet; stam. 2, 

pales white, with green veins, slightly ciliate. Wet shades. Aug. 

4 Li. liexandra Swtz. Panicle erect, narrow, exserted, 2— 4' ; spkl. loosely imbri- 

cated, lance-oblong ; stam. G. Culms branched, 1—51". Water. B^la. 

2. ORYZA, L. Rice. Spikelets 1-flwd., 5 Glumes minute or obsolete, 
pales compressed-boat-shaped, the lower larger and usually awned. SUi- 
mens 6. Grain oblong, smooth, free in the pales. ® Fls. paniculate. 

O. SATivA. Culm 2-4f, lvs. oroadly linear, the ligule 1' long. A most important cereal, 
cultivated South in meadows and inundated grounds. 

3. ZIZANIA, Gron. Indian Rice. Stout 
water-grasses, with large monoecious panicles. 
Glumes 0. Pales 3, thin, narrow, the lower oiu 
with a straight awn in the ? . Slam. in the 3, ( ). 

1 Z. nquatica L. Panicle ample, 1— 'Jf, the lower 

branches spreading, sterile («), upiuT lertile ; awns 
{d) long (U'); grain slender, (5— 8", very caducous, l.i- 
rinaceous. Marslies, .\ng. Culm5— 8t'. Lvs. broad. 

2 Z. iiiiliat'oa iMx. Sterile and fertile tls. intermixed 

in the ample panicle ; pales with short (1— ^"J") awns. 
Cuhnti— lor. Leaves narrow. (Miio, ami S. 

4. IjUZIOLA, ,liiss. Si)ikelets ami tls. as in / 
Zizania, but the i<; and $ in si>parau> panieU>son 
the same root. Sta. 5 — ll,anlh. vorv Umg. Gniiu ovoid. 
long narrow h>aves. 

li. Alabaiiti'iisls Ohapm. Culms 4— (>', 1-lvd., the loari—2f long, its purple i»!u>ath 
onclosing tiio bract and peduncle; panlclo fow-lloworcd; sp.kflet lanco-ovato, ou 

erect jointed pt>dioels. .Mabama: rare. 




384 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 




5. AGROSTIS, L. Bent Grass. Spikelets 
1-flwd. Glumes 3, subequal, awnless, usually 
longer than the flower. Pales 2, thin, pointless, 
naked, the lower 3-5-veined, sometimes awned 
on the back , the upper often minute or wanting. 
Grain free. Mostly U, caespitous, with slender 
culms anci open panicles. 

§ AaRosTis. Upper pale conspicuous. Panicle 

rather dense Nob. 1, 2 

§ Teichodium. Upper pale minute or wanting. 

Panicle thin, capillary. . . (*) 

* Lower palea with a long exserted awn on the back Nos. 3, 4 

* Lower palea awnless, or bearing a very short awn Nos. 5, 6 

1 A. vulgaris With. Fed-top (a). Culm erect, 1— 2f; pan. purple, oblong, with 

short branches ; ligules very short ; lower pale (5) 3-veined, twice longer than the 
upper, nearly awnless. A valuable grass : common. 

2 A. alba L. Florin G. Culm decumbent and rooting at the lower joints, then as 

cending 1— 3f, stoloniferous ; ligules long (3 — 4") ; pan. greenish-white, or purplish, 
contracted ; pale 5-veined. awned or not. Common. 

3 A. canina L. Dog's or Broum B. Decumbent and rooting at base, 1 — 2f; leaves 

bctaceous-rolled ; pan. brownish ; lower pale and awn exserted. Wet meadows. E. § 
^. aipina. Culms low, in tufts, with wide panicles, and twisted awns. Mts. 

4 A. ararhnotdes Ell. Erect, 5—8'. pan. i itsleugth; Ivs. linear-setaceous; lower 

pait, t", itf ^wn as hue as a gossamer, twisted, 3 — 4" long. S. C, Ga., and W. Apr. 

5 A. scabra Willd. Hough Hear G. Erect from a decumbent base, l—2f, very slen- 

der, alUfcadroziS-Att'J/'zc? ; pan. large, capillary, spkl. purplish, (c, glumes, cZ, flower). 
The thin, airy panicles are at length driven before the wind. Fields and pastures. 
June — Aug. 

/3. perennang. Panicle pale-green, the branches shorter. In damp shades. 

y. oredphila. Pan. less difi'use; lower pale with a short twisted awn. Mts. 

6 A. cla.ta Tiin. Culms stoutish, simple, erect, 2 — 3f ; Ivs. broadly liui'ar ; pan. pur 

pie, with long suberect whorled branches dense-flowered half their length ; gls. H" 
long, lower pale 5-veined, 1". Swamps, N. J. to Ky., and S. Sept., Oct. 

6. SPOROBOLUS, Br. Drop-seed Grass. Spikelets 
1-flwd. Gls. 2, the lower smaller. Fls. sessile. Pales 2, 
awnless, usually longer than the glumes. Sta. 2 or 3. Grain 
deciduous, free. U Tough, wiry, with rolled rigid leaves 
and contracted panicles often half-enclosed in the sheath. 

§ YiLPA. Grain (caryopsis) linear. Glumes and pales all 

sub-equal. Panicle contracted Ncs 1—3 

§ Sporobolus. Grain oval or globous, its pericarp often 

loose on the seed... (a) ^ ^ « 

a Glumes very unequal, one of them as long as the purplish pales No3. 4— S 

a Glumes equal or unequal, both shorter than the pales. Shi'aths beardless., .(w) 

b Panicle contracted, spikeform, sheathed or exserted. Lvs. involute. . .Nos. 7, 8 

b Panicle capillary, open. Often a 2d flower or rudiment. Lvs. fiat. . .Nos. 9, 10 

1 S. vaginceflorus Torr. (a.) Culms in tufts, simple, ascending, 6—12' ; lvs %-4' ; 

panicles lateral and terminal, mostly concealed in the tumid sheaths ; grain f saorter 

than the 2" pales. ® Dry gravel. More common W. and S- 




Order 155.— GK AMINES. 385 

2 S. Virginicus (L.) Like No. 1, but the root is n, the culms brancLed, often de- 

cumbent, and the spikelets very small (1") and many. Coast, S. Sept., Oct. 

3 S. cuspidata (Torr.) Glumes very acute, the lower pale cuspidate ; pan. terminal, 

i-lender, few-flowered ; spikelet nearly 2". u Maine, and Canada. 

4 .^. cryptandrus (Torr.) Culm 2 — 3f; sheaths strongly bearded at the throat; 

terminal panicle pyramidal, exserted, the lateral concealed ; pales equaling the upper 
glume (1"), twice longer than the lower. 2f Sandy coasts and shores. Aug. 

5 S. jiisiceus (Mx.) Glaucous, erect, 1— 2f; leaves erect, 2—6' by 1"; pan. open, 

stalked, narrow, loose ; glumes ovate, obtuse, the upper 1^", lower i", anth. and 
stig. white, u Common in dry barrens, Penn., W., and S. No lateral pan. Aug.-Oct. 

S. lieterolepis (Gr.) Lowest Ivs. as long as the culm, 1— 2f; upper gl. 3", subu- 

late, longer, lower cuspidate, shorter than the pales ; panicle very thin, stalked, 
open ; grain globular, 1". Dry places, Conn, to Wis. Aug. 

1 S. asper Kunth. (c) Lowest Ivs. very long (l—3f), involute-filiform ; culms l—2f; 

panicle contracted, partly or wholly enclosed ; glumes unequal, white, much shorter 
than the oblong obtuse pales (3") ; grain oval. Sands. Sept. 

8 S. Indicus Br. Erect, 2— 3f ; pan. long (If), very narrow, its short branches ap- 

pressed ; glumes uneqtial ; grain oval. Dry grounds, S.: common. Maj' — Sept. 

9 S. compressus Kunth. Culm erect, 1 — 2f, leafy, much compressed, branched at 

base ; pan. thin, 6—10' ; gl. acute, f"; pales 1", obtuse. Sandy bogs, N. J. Sept. 

10 S. serotinus (Torr.) Culm filiform, compressed, 10—18', few-lvd. ; pan. capil- 
lary, diffuse ; glumes i", ovate, obtuse ; pales i". Wet sands, Maine to N. J. Sept. 

7. CINNA, L. Sweet Reed-grass. Spkl. 1-flvvd., flat. 
Gl. 2, siibeqtial, awiiless, the upper a little longer than 
the subcqual pales, which are short-stiped. Lower pale 
with a short awu on the back. Sta. 1. Grain oblong, 
free. Ti Erect, tall and simple, with a large panicle* 
green or slightly purplish. July, xiug. 

1 C. penditla Trin. (a) Culm 3— 5f ; Ivs. broad-linear, with conspicuous ligules ; 

pan. pale-green, If, nodding, with its drooping branches in whorls of 4'9 or 5's ; awn 
exserted. A fine grass in damp woods, much sought by cattle. 

2 C. aruiidiiixLcea Willd. Bright green, 3— 6f; pan. erect, green-purple, 10' ; lower 

pale obtuse, its awn not exceeding its obtuse point. Handsomer than No. 1, lis 
spikelets twice larger (.'i"). Sliady woods. 

8. MUHLENBERGIA, Schr. Dkoi'-sked 
Grass. Spkl. 1-flwd. Glumes persistent, bristle- 
l)ointed or acute, rarely obtuse. Pales sessile, 
usually hairy at base, deciduous with the en- 
closed grain, green, the lower awned or nuuM'o- 
nate at apex.. Sta. 2— o. Culms oi'ten branched. 
July — Sept. 

§ Bu.\cuYi:i.Y'riu'M. Glumes minute, (ho U>wer 

obsolete, ranicle narrow Nos. 1, '2 

S Tiucii6oiiM).\. Glumes snuill. Lower p;ile 

3-veined. I'aiiiclo capillary Nos. 3, -4 * g t ir 

i ML'ni,KMu':i!oi.\. Gl. mnnifost. P;>K< 3-veitUMl. Tan. terminal Jind axillary., .^i^ 

a C!luini>s awned and twiee longer tlian thenwnless pale No. 5 

a (Jinnies pointed, not longer than -the n\neron:»te pale Nos. r», 7 

- the long-nwned pale Nos. S. 9 

1 I?I. arlNtata 1\m-s. Kieet, simple, 1 "if; Ivs. Inoad linear : pan. terminal, simple. 





386 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 



3-4' ; ?pkl. large, few ; lower pale 6" (12—18" with its awn), 5-veined ; upper pale, 
with an abortive pedicel in the groove of its back ; sta. 2. 7i Rocky hills. 

2 M. diffwsa Schr. (_d) Decumbent, diffuse, branching, 8—18', Ivs. 2—3' ; panicles 

very slender, terminal and lateral ; spikelets 2" (4" with its awn), white with green 
spots : glumes (g) extremely minute, white. Shady places : frequent. 

3 ITI. capillaris Kunth. Hair G. Erect, very Flender, 1^ — 3f, simple ; pan. purple, 

large, diffuse, branches 1—4', as fine as hairs ; pales long-awned. Dry soils. 

4 M. trlcliopodes (EU.) Panicle erect, oblong, not diffuse, green ; lower pale tip- 

ped with a short awn. Culms 3f, leaves flat. Pine barrens, S. (Agrostis, Ell.) 

5 M. glonierAta, Trin. Glaucous, erect, subsimple, li— 3f, Ivs. 3 — 5' ; pan. spikeliks, 

dense, interrupted, 2 — 3' ; glumes 2", pales 1". Bogs, northward. 

6 M. MexicAna Trin. (a) Culms much branched, ascending 2—3— 5f; leaves lance 

linear; pan. many, the lateral half-sheathed, dense, and narrow; glumes and pales 
subequal (1") or one glume longer. Damp shades : common. 
iS. purpurea. Culms wiry, branched only at base ; panicle purple. Til. J. Wolf. 

7 ITI. sobolifera (Muhl.) (b) Like the last, but the panicles are more slender, or fili- 

form, and the glumes shorter than the pales. Hardly distinct. Woods. 

8 M, sylvatiea T. & G. (s) Culms ascending, branched, diffuse, 2— 3f ; pan. slen- 

der, rather dense ; glumes subequal, scarce shorter than 

the lower pale (1"), whose awn is 2—4". Eocky shades, 

N. England to N. J., and W. (Agrostis, Muhl.) 
j3. ? lulpina. Yery glaucous ; pan. very dense, raceme- 
like ; glumes abruptly short-awned ; pale about as 
long as its awn. N. Y. H. B. Lord. 

9 KI. Willdenovii Trin. {w) Culm and leaves as in 

the last ; pan. very slender, loose-flowered ; glume 
bristle-pointed, \ shorter than the pale, whose awn is 
3 — 4 times as long as the spikelet. Eocky woods : com. 

9. POLYPOGON, Desf. Polypog G. Spkl. 
1-flwd., densely panicled. Glumes suhequal, sim- ^ ^ ' * 
ilarly awned, much longer than the flower (c). Lower pale usually awned 
near the tip. Stam. 3. Grain free. 

P. Monspelieiisiis Desf. (a) Culm simple. If or more; Ivs. lance-linear, 2—5'; pau 

spike-like, 2—3', pale ; gl. (6) 1", their awns 2". N. England, and S. 

10. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. Spkl. 1- 
flwd. Glumes subequal, acute or pointed. Pales 
bearded at the base, lower one mucronate, mostly 
awned below the tip, upper often with an abor- 
tive rudiment of a second flower. if Culms 
simple, tall, paniculate, from creeping rhizomes. 

§ CALAMAGROSTIS. No rudiment. Panicle ex- 
panding, loose. Pales awnless Nos. 1, 2 

§ Deteuxia. Eudiment a hairy pedicel. Lower 

pale awned. Spikelet 2—3" ... (a) 
§ Ajjmophila. Eudiment plumous. Panicle 

spike-form. Spikelet 6" No. 10 

a Beard nearly equaling the pales. Panicle rather open Nos. 3, 4 

a Beard nearly equaling the pales. Pan. contracted Nos. 5—7 

a Beard much shorter than the pales. Awn from near the base Nos. 8, 9 

1 C. Ijrevipilis (Torr.) Slender, 3— 4f; leaves broad-linear, fiat; pan. purple, with 





Order 155.— aRAMINEJS. 



387 



capillary branches ; gl. unequal, shorter than the pales; beard very short, not half 
the leiift-th of the pales, u Sandy swamps, N. J. : rare. Sept. 

2 C. longifolia Hook. Stout, 3— 4f; Ivs. rigid, involute, long-filiform-pointed; upper 

glume as long as the pale? ; ha'rs half as long. Shores of the great lakes. Acg. 

3 C. Canadensis Beauv. (c) Blue-joint. Rigidly erect, 3— 5f; leaves flat; panicle 

oblong, its branches in 4's and 5's ; gl. longer (H'O than the pales, purplish; awn from 
the middle of the pale, as fine as the long beard. A good grass : common N. July. 

4 C. Ijaii<^sd6rfii Trin. Spikelets 2i" long ; awn stouter than the soft beard. Other- 

wise like No. .3. White Mts., N. H., Isle Royal, L. Sup. (Porter). August. 

5 C. confinis Nntt. (a) Lvs. flat, panicle narrow, dense, reddish; gl. ovate, 2'', 

equaling the flower (b) ; beard i shorter than the pales ; awn from below the middle, 
not exserted. Culm 2— 5f. Penn. {Jackson), Penn Yan, N. Y. (Sartwell). July. 

6 0. stricta Trin. Differs from No. .5 only in its rigid leaves rolled at the point, its 

awn from below the middle, its beard as long as the pales. Lakes, N. Aug. 

7 C Nuttallia.na Steud. Lvs. flat; pan. dense; plumes 3", long-pointed, i longer 

than the pales ; awn from near the tip of the pale ; beard some shorter than the pale. 
Swamps, Mass. to N. Car. (C. coarctata Torr.; Aug. 

8 €. purpurascens Pr. Culm 1— lif; pan. spike-like, 3— 7', purplish; gls. rather 

obtuse, less than S" ; beard scanty, short, i as long as the rudiment, i as long as the 
pales ; awn short, straight. White Mountains, N. II., Mt. Marcy, N. Y. (Peck.) 

9 C. Pc-rteri Gr. Slender, 2— 4f; lvs. flat; pan. very narrow, 4— G' ; glumes fully 2", 

exceeding tlie pales ; hairs few, short, almost none at the base of the lower pale ; awn 
contorted. Huntingdon Co., Penn. (Porter). July, 
IOC. arenaria Roth. Sanxl Reed. Rhizomes creeping extensively, culms stout, 
erect, 2— 4f; lvs. rolled and rush-like ; pan. spike-form, withered appressed branches 
6—10'; si)kl. very flat. Sandy beaches, northward. August. 

11. ALOPECURUS, L. Fox-tatl G. Spike- ""^^ -'^ 
lets l-fivv(l. Gl. llal-keeled, connttte at base, sub- 
equal. Upper pale 0, IcAver flat-keeled, awued 
on the back below the middle. Sta. 3. Panick 
contracted into a cylindric dense spike. 

1 A. ai'imtiilatUM Mx. Wild F. Ascending from a bent Ivise, l—vM", glaiu'oiis ; spike 

sU'uder, 1—2' by 2^", grayish; glumes (a) and pale obUise, equal ; awn (6) scarcely 
exserted (c. ovary and stigmas). In wet places. Jiino — August. 

2 A. i>-ciiicul<itUK L. Bent F. Ascending from a bent base, 1— 2f; spiko 2— 2J' : 

upper loaf scarce longer than its sheath ; glumes pubescent, obtuse ; awn gonioulata 
far surpassing the cuhn. Wet meadows, liast. § 

3 A. pratoiiso L. Meadow F. Erect, stout, H— 2Jf; spike about 2'; upper lo.-if 

sh(U'ter than its sheath ; gl. ciliate ; awn twisted, nearly tluico longer than its pale 
Fields and pastures, Nortliern States. A good grass. § 

12. PHLEUM, L. Cat-tail G. Gliunes equal, 
llat-kcclcd, nuu'i-Dnale or r()strat(\ U)n.iivr than the 
truncate awnh'ss |)alcs. C'oiupoiuul spike cylindilc 
ftud veiT tlensi>. ,luiu\.hily. 

1 I*, praloiixc L. Ttmothtj. If,rd's G. (.(ft Kreet, rigid. 

2 — U'; lvs. br(>ad-linear, flat ; glumes alike ouspiilate. in a 
long dense terete green spike. A grass of tlie highest value 
for hay in the North, but will not lh>urish South. 

2 I*, alpimiiii L. Erect, If ; lvs. shorter than the sheaths; spike oMonff-ovold, 4— 5' 

long ; ;>wns ;is long as their glumes. White Mouniains, and .Xr^'tic Am. 

13. CRYPSIS, Ait. Contpouiul spk. oMon^-, ntany-bractod and shealhixl 






388 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 




at base. Glumes and pales awnless, subequal, of similar 

textm'e. Grain glabrous, free. Turfy grasses, none native. 

€. sclienoides Lam. Tufted, glaucous, 3—12' ; Ivs. 2—3', long- 

pntd. ; spk. oblong. (T) Waste ground, E.Penn., Del., etc. § Eur. 

14. ORYZOPSIS, Mx. Mountain Rice. Spkl. l-flwd. 
in a slender spicate panicle. Gl. membranous at edge, 
subequal, about equaling the oblong, terete, short-stiped 
flower. Lower pale coriaceous, involute, enclosing the 
grain, and tipped with a simple, jointed awn. If 

1 O, melanocarpa Muhl. Culm leafy to the top, 1— IJf ; leaves 

lance-linear; rachis flexnous: few-flwd. ; gl. 5 — 6"; awn thrice 
longer (K) than its blackish pale, u Rocky woods and hills. Mid- 
dle States, and northward. Aug. 

2 O. asperef olia Mx. (a) Culm 10—20', its sheaths leafless ; Ivs. 1 or 2, subradical, 

erect, rigid, pungent. If; the simple pan. 2—4' long; gl. (b) whitish, 3"; awn crooked, 
6" long, its pale and grain whitish, u Woods, N. States and Canada. May. 

3 O. Canadensis (Poir.) Culm slender, 9—18', naked 

above; lower sheaths bearing rigid, involute-filiform 
leaves ; pan. 1—2' ; awn short or 0. Rocks, N. May. 

15. STIPA, L. Feather G. The flower de- 
ciduous from the glumes with its sharp and 
bearded stipe. Pales coriaceous, short, the lower 
embracing the upper and the slender grain, and 
bearing a long twisted or bent awn. U Leaves 
narrow. Pan. loose. (See Addenda.) 
\ S, avenacea L. Black Oat-G. (c) Culm naked above, 

2— 3f; Ivs. mostly radical, setaceous; pan. 4—6' long, 
the capillary branches at length diffuse ; gl. (a) equal- 
ing the blackish fruit ; awn (&) 2—3' long, twisted be- 
low, bent : common. July. 

5J S. jiincea Pursh. Weather G. Culm 2 — 3f; leaves rolled-threadform, long; glume 
slender-pointed, twice longer than the fruit; awn contorted, bent, 4— 6' long. The 
pungent stipe adheres like tick-seed. Prairies, 111., Mo., and N. May— July. 

3 S, PENNATA. Feather G. From Europe. Culm 2f; Ivs. rolled threadform at apex ; 
gl. awn-pointed, 1' ; awn 8—16' long, twisted below, softly plumous above, and 
" worn (says Gerard) by sundry ladies instead of feathers." Cultivated. 

16. ARISTIDA, L. Beard G. Poverty G. 
Panicle contracted and racemous. The flower 
stiped in the unequal glumes. Lower pale with 
3 awns at the tip variously contorted. — Culms 
branching. Leaves narrow, often rolled. In 
sterile soils. Aug. — Oct. 

§ Awns tw'sted and united below, jointed to 

the pale, very long No. 1 

S Awns distinct to the base and not jointed to 
the pale ... (a) 
a Awns very unequal, the 2 lateral 4 times 

short er (2") and erect Nos. 2, 

a Awns unequal, the 2 lateral twice shorter 

(&") and siibcrect . No. 4 





Order 155.— GRAMINEiE. 



389 



a Awns about eq lal, spreading.— Lower gl. longer than the upper No?. 5—7 

— Glumes equal, or the lower shorter. ...Nos. 8, 9 

1 A, tuberculosa N. Culm rigid, 8—20', with tubercles in the axils of the numerous 

branches; pan. large and loose; glume linear, awned, 1'; triple awn (d) 2', united 
half-way up, thence involved and spreading. (T) Mountains, N. J., and W. 

2 A. dicliotoma Mx. (a) Culm 8—12', dichotomously branched ; gl. 3 — i" ; lateral 

awns erect, minute, the middle awn {b) as long as the pale (3"), twice bent to the 
form of a bayonet, (x) Dry sandy fields : common. 

3 A. raiuosissiiua Engelm. Culms diffusely branched; gl. 9 — 10", awn-pointcd; 

lateral awns 2^ , middle awn 1', spreading, (i) Sands, 111., Ky. 

4 A, gracilis Ell. Very slender, i — Iff; pan. virgate, 4 — 8' ; glume and flower equal, 

(2i — W)', middle awn 9—10", horizontal, the lateral erect. (J) Sandy places. 
fi. vtrf-ata. Taller (2— 3f), pan. If ; gl, and fl. shorter (2"). S. {Chapman). 

5 A, lanata Poir. Culms 2 — 4f, stout, branched from base; Ivs. flat, with woolly 

sheaths; pan.l— 2f, woolly in its axils; upper glume, lower (purplish) pale and lat- 
eral awns each 4—5", middle awn some longer, li Sandy soils, S. 

6 A, spiciffi)rmis Ell. Culms l—3f, rigid, simple; Ivs. rolled, rigid, smooth; pan. 

ftjnlce-form^ dense ; flower V long, awns as long, gl. much shorter, ii Wet sands, S. 

7 A., purpurascens Poir. (c) Culms slender, 2— 3f; Ivs. scarcely rolled ; pan. If 

long, loosely spicate ; glume and fl. 4 — 5", purplisli ; awns 1', spreading, n Sandy. 
; A. stricta Mx. Culms 2— 3f, strictly erect, with long rigid rolled Ivs.; pan. loosely 

racemous. If; gl. 6—7", fl. 6", lateral awns 7—9", central 9—15". % Va., and S. 
) A. ollgantha Mx. Culms 1— Hf, in tufts; raceme few-flowered; glume and fl. 9". 

very slender, awns capillary, divaricate, 18—30" long. Prairies, "W. and S. 

17. PASPALUM, L. Spikelets planocon- 
vex, in one-sided spikes. Glumes (apparently) 
2, membranous, equal, ovate or orbicular, closely 
applied to the fertile flower. Grain coated with 
the smooth coriaceous pales. (But theoretically, 
the lower glume is obsolete, and its place sup- 
plied by the empty pale of an abortive flower. 
In Nos. 15 — 17 the lower glume appears, under a 
lens, as a mere rudiment.) — Spikes linear, the 
(lowers in 2 — 4 rows. 

§ Paspalum. Spikelets round or round-oval, obtuse. 

Spikes alternate. . . (*) 
§ DroiTAKiA. Spikelets ovate to lanceolate, acute. 

Spikes often digitate. . .(**> 
* Terminal spike mostly solitary, rarely 2, 1" wide, 




lorn 



stalked No. 1 

* Terminal spikes mostly 3 or I, 2" wide. Spikelets in 2 rows Nos. 2, .'i 

* Terminal spikes mostly lor T).— Spikelets close, in 3 or 4 rows Nos. -1— fi 

— Spikelets in remote pairs No. 7 

*♦ I?achis lent'-llke, broader than the spikelets. Spikes alternate Nos. S, 9 

** TJachis narrower than the spikelets. Spikes digitate. . .(d) 

a Ohnnes (gl. and palel i\\w\\i equal, as long as tl»o tlower. . .(.ft"* 
a Ols. (both conspicuous) one or boili very short. Spks. t— U. 
b Spikes spreading, always two in Nos. 10, 11 ; two -*ix In. 

b Spikes erect.— K'aehis ll.it, spikelets by I's or2's. close 

— Ru'liis llliforni. spikelets by 3\<, loose 

F. solAccMiii Mx. Culm ulender, ascending, 1— 2f, naked above; Ivs 
i- 3" wide, st>lt, hairy ; spikes very slender, 2—4'. I or a on the lon^; ptMuuclo, often 



..Nos. If.. 17 

No. H 

.Nos. l;l, U 

No. 13 

linrar, ll.it. 



390 Order 155/ GRAMINE^. 

a sheatned axillary one below ; spikelets small, f", in pairs, but seeming 2-rowea, 
very smooth U Prv or wet, Mass. to Bl., and S. Aug. 

2 P. laeve Mx. (p) Cuim erect, li— 3f ; Ivs. broad-linear, hairy at base or smooth; 

spikes 3—5 ; spikelets (a, o) single, contiguous, in 2 rows on the narrow straightish 
rachis, round and smooth, If", u Grassy banks, Ct. to Ind., and S. Aug. 
^. altissimum. Strict, tall ; sheaths flattened close on the spikes. 

3 P. ang'ustifolium Le Cont. Cuitt. wiry, 2— 3f ; Ivs. linear-filiform, compressed- 

carinate ; spikes 2 or 3, 1—2" ; rachis narrow, flexuous ; spikelets round-oval, brown, 

1", in 2 rows, Whole plant glabrous, u "Wet places. Ga., Fla., La. [and S. 

/3. teniie. Spikes 4 or 5, very slender, 3-rowed; Ivs. and sheaths ciliate. N, J., 

4 P. praecox Walt. Culm erect, 3 — 4f; Ivs. long, narrow, smooth; sheaths purple, 

smooth or hairy ; spikes 3—6, bearded at base, dense ; rachis straight and flat; spkl. 
orbicular, in 3 rows, often brown. 7i Swamps, S. May, June. 

5 P. dasypliylliim Ell. Culm rigid, erect, 2— 3f ; Ivs. linear, and with the sheaths 

hairy all over ; spikes 2—5, large, 2 — 4' ; spkl. orbicular-oval, near 2", in 2 or 3 rows 
under the very flexuous rachis. U Dry fields, S. July— Oct. 
fi. ^lortdanum, Lvs. long and narrow ; spikelets in 3 rows. Damp, S. 
ti P. virgatiim L. Culm H— 3f: lvs. broad-linear, ciliate near the base; spikes 
3—1-2. 2^' ; rachis broad, but narrower than the 3—4 rows of small (1") roundish 
spikelets ; glume 3-veined. (i) Moist soils, S. July— Oct. 
'i3. undtdattimt Upper glume (pale) undulate-rugous at edge. 
y. latifolium, Lvs. very broad (6—9") ; spikelets larger (H"). 

7 P. vaceimilosum N. Culm erect, firm, 2— 3f; lvs. long, linear, soft-hairy; spikes 

3—4, raceme-like, 2—6' ; spkl. oval, in remote pairs, H", the glume 5-veined, tawny. 
ii Dry soils, S. (P. interruptum C-B.) Aug., Sept. 

8 P. fluitans K. Culms floating or ascending, 12—20' ; lvs. lance-linear, on open 

sheaths ; spikes 20—50, 1— 2i^', rachis 1" wide, flat, pointed, out-running the minute 
white spikelets beneath them, (i) Eiver swamps. 111. to Va., and S. Oct. 

9 P. 'Walteriaiiuiii Schlt. Culm and lvs. as in P. fluitans. Spikes 3—5, 2—3', 

partly sheathed; rachis not out-running the white (1") spkl. Wet, N. J., and S. Jl. -f- 

10 P. ©igitaria Poir. Assurgent, 1— 2J^f; lvs. broad-linear, flat, on long sheaths; 
spikes slender, 3—5', a pair at top of the long ped. and some axillary sheathed be- 
low ; spkl. lanceolate, rachis flattened vertically, n Woods, Va., and S. Jl.— Sept. 

IIP, coMJugatum Berg. Erect, 1— 2f; lvs. short (2 — 4'); spikes a pair at top, 
(rarely axillary), very slender, 3' ; spikelets minute, while, ovate, (i) N. Orl. § 

12 P. glabriim (Gaud.) Culms decumbent, spreading, 8—15'; lvs. short; spikes 
2—4, spreading, 1 — 2', slender; spkl. ovate, purple, |", 2-rowed ; upper gl. equaling 
the fl., lower minute. (T) Sandy fields, N. J., and S. § (P. ambiguum, DC.) Aug. -t- 
3 P. disticlium L. Culms assurgent, 12 — 18'; lvs. broad-linear; spikes 2 or 3, 
erect, ne.qr the top, 1|~ 2^-' ; rachis linear, narrower than the 2 or 3 rows of whitish 
ovate li" spikelets. if Wet grounds, S. States. Plant smoothish. July, Aug. 

14 P. tristiclium Le C. Culm ascending, l—2f; peduncles frogi the upper joint, 
1—3, filiform, each bearing 3 filiform suberect spikes ; spkl. whitish, lance-ovate, mi- 
nute ; rachis flexuous. Wet places, n Ga., Fla., to La. Aug. 

1 5 P. filiforme Swtz. Culm filiform, erect, 1— IK; lvs. short; spikes 2—6, filiform, 
erect ; rachis filiform ; spkl. oblong, i", in 3's ; lower glume obsolete, upper as long 
as the flower. Dry soils, ® Ms. to Ky., and S. 

16 P. serotinum Flgg. Decumbent, rooting, hairy-villous ; lvs. short (1—2)', 
lance-linear; branches each with 3 — 5 filiform digitate spikes; rachis stral^n'j-, spkl. 
lance-ovate, striate, minute. 7i Sandy fields, S. C. to La. Sept., Oct. 

17 P. sanguinale Lam. C7'ab or Finger G. {d) Erect, 1— 2f, lvs. ijid sheaths 
oftener hairy ; spikes 5—9, digitate, spreading, 4—6' ; rachis flexuous ; tpkl. (c) 
oblong-lanceolate, \\" , upper gl. (cj \ as long as the flower, (e) lower one minato. (i 
Waste grounds Aug. — Oct. § 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 



391 




18. MILLIUM, L. Millet G. Spikelets awn- 
less, consisting- of 2 coriaceous pales enclosed in 
apparently 2 glumes, which are longer. (But the- 
oretically the glumes are as in Paspalum.) Sta. 3. 
Grain coated by the pales. Panicle open. 

M, effusum L. {a) Culm erect, 3— 8f; Ivs. flat, smooth; 
pan. diffuse, 6—9' long ; spkl. oblong, (c) scattered, acute, 
V, Woods, Can. to 111. and Pa. Summer. 



19. AMPHIOARPUM, Kunth. Spikelets appai'- 
ently 1-flwd., and perfect as in Millium, but of two kinds ; 
the terminal deciduous and sterile, the radical under 
ground, and fertile. Gl. and pales sub-equal, lanceolate, 
acute. Panicle strict, erect. Radical fls. larger, solitar3^ 

A. Pursliii K. (/) Culm. If, erect; Ivs. erect, hairy; sheaths 
hairy, the upper leafless ; pan. on a long exserted ped. ; i spike- 
lets H" long, the ? radical, 2^", the grain terete, same length. 
Barrens, N. J., and S. Aug. 

20. PANICUM, L. Panic G. Glumes 2, unequal, 
awnless, the lower much smaller. Fls. 2, dissimihir, the 
lower of 1 or 2 pales, neutral or S ; the upper 5 of 2 
equal cartilaginous polished, concave, awnless pales coating 
Sta. 3. Stig. 2, plumous, purple. Spikelets in 
simple or compound panicles. 

§ Spikelets acute, or acuminate, very numerous, raccmod 

in large panicles. . . (*) 
§ Spikelets obtuse, or barely acute, solitary, pcdicillato, 

not numerous.. .(**) 

* Abortive fl. neutral, consisting of one palo.. .((0 

* Abortive flower neutral, of 2 pales... (ft) 

* Abortive flower 5 . of 2 pales. Culms erect, 

terete, with one panicle Nos. 10, 11 

a Panicle ample, capillary, spikelets single 

on capillary pedicels Nos. 1,2 f.j 

a Panicle not capillary, dense-flowered No. 3 

b Lower ghiine as long as (lie upper, 2", ln)th 

3- veined No. 4 

b Lower gl. very short, the upper ;j-5-veined, 1" or less Nos. 5. 6 

b Lower gl, very short,— upper 7-0-veined, not tumid Nos. 7, 8 

- ui)per ll-veim-d, tumid at base. 2" No. 9 

♦• Aborlive flower urulral, eoiisisliiig of a single pal.> Nof. 12, l.S 

*• Abortive flower of 2 pales, the uppiT small and searious.. .^i-l 
c Leaves narrow (1- 5" witle), »)bseurely veined. ..((/^ 
C I^eaves broad, 5 — "JO" wide, conspieuously veined., .^^.r") 

(/ Spikelets silky fringed. Lower glume obsolete. Vl. oolonnl No. II 

d Spikelets glabrous, or juerely \)ubeseent. Lower glumo sm.nll.. .{A 

« Spikwlots less than 1" long, round-oval. (.Jlumo 5-voinod No?. 15. IH 

« Spikelets 1-14" huig. oval. Olunio U-volueU No». 17. IS 




392 Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 

X Abortive fl. usually staminate. Spikelets obovate, ly Nos. 19, 1C 

X Abortive flower neutral, never with Ptamens. ..(y) 

y Plant stout, soft-downy, except the smooth noder No. 21 

y Plant smoothii<h, or rough-hairy, branched or simple Nos. 22, 23 

Exotic, cultivated No. 24 

I P. oapillare L. Culm? thick at ba?e, l—2f; Ivs. broad-linear, and with the sheaths 
bristly-hairy; panicle ample, pyramidal, capillary, loose; spkl. lance-ovate, acumi- 
nate, i-", purple. (I) Fields and wayside?. Aug. 
% P. aiitiiinna,]e Bosc. Culm slender, 10—20' ; Ivs. short, soon rolled, and with the 
long sheaths glabrous ; pan. diffuse, bearded in the axils ; ped. long (2 — 4'), capillary ; 
spkl. lance-oblong; lower gl. minute. 111. to Car. 

3 P. proliferum Lam. Glabrous, 2— 3f; Ivs. broad-linear, en tumid sheaths ; pan. 

terminal and lateral, pyramidal, ped. sheathed; spkl. elliptic,!'''; lower gl. V4 f'f 
J/s as long as the upper ; s fl. pointed. Rich shady soils. Aug., Sept. 
■ ^. g-enicnlattim. Culm thick, geniculate below ; pan. dense. Marshes. 

4 P. gymnocarpum Ell. Culms 2— 3f, stout, erect ; Ivs. lanceolate, V wide ; pan, 

large, expanding ; spkl. lanceolate, 2", in clusters of 3 — 5 ; glumes and neutral pales 
twice longer than the naked fertile fl. Banks, Ga., Fla., and W. 

5 P. liians Ell. Slender, glabrous, decumbent at base, 2f; Ivs. narrow; pan. of slen- 

der racemes; spkl. f", lower gl. i — J- as long as the upper; both fls. coriaceous, di- 
vergent or gaping at apex. Damp barrens, S. Aug.— Oct. 

6 Po agrostoides Muhl. (a) Culm 1\ — 3f, compressed; Ivs. long, rough-edged; 

pan. term, and lateral, pyramidal, purplish, of dense racemes ; spkl. (6) 1", lance 
ovate ; upper gl. 3-veined, ^ longer than the lower ; neutral pales sub-equal. Jl. h 

7 P. anceps Mx. Culm and Ivs. as in No. 6. Pan. very large and open; spkl. IJ", 

forked when ripe ; upper gl. 5-veined. twice longer than the lower, shorter than tho 
lower neutral pale, which is twice longer than the other pales. N. J., and S. Aug. + 

3 P. vilfiforme Wood. Very glabrous ; pan. at each joint, and term, of loose ra- 
cemes ; spkl. lance-ovate ; up. gl. 9-veined, H", lower neutral pale a little longer, the 
other 3 pales a little shorter, lower gl. J as long. Meadows, E. Tenn. Aug. 

O P, gibbum Ell. Culm 2 — 3f, assurgent; Ivs. broad-linear, glabrous; pan. 5 — 6', 
dense, spindle-form ; spkl. tumid, near 2" ; lower gl. very small, upper very large, 
11-veined, ^i66o2/s at base ; sterile fl. ( 5 , CAopm.) neuti-al. Wet. S. Jl.— Sept. 

10 P. amarum Ell. Culm terete, strict, 2— 3f; Ivs. rolled and rigid {bitter to taste) , 
pan. 6— 10^ contracted, its smooth branches appressed-erect; spkl. lance-ovate; 
glumes pointed, the lower 1", upper nearly 2" ; sterile fl. ]^", an th. orange. Sands. 

IIP. virgatuin L. Culm 3— 5f, Ivs. flat; pan. large, thin, at length diffuse, 10-20' 
long; ypkl. scattered, ovate, pointed, purplish; upper gl. 2", sterile 11. 1^'\ fertile fl. 
and lower gl. 1", all divergent when ripe ; anth. purple. N. Y., S., and W. Aug. 
/3. obtusum. Panicle contracted ; spikelets smaller, not pointed, obtusish. N. J. 

12 P. verrucosum Muhl. Slender, weak, decumbent below, 10—20'; Ivs. lance- 
linear, short; pan. few-flowered; spikelets obovate, bluish, i — J", beset with fine 
warty (verrucous) points. (T) Thickets and swamps, not rare. Aug. 

ISP. villosum Ell. Villous with soft white hairs throughout, 10—20' ; Ivs. flat, 
short; pan. small (2—3' long), oblong, loose; spkl. oval, 1", green; upper gl. and 2 
fls. equal, lower glume i a 5 lung. Evergreen, dioip. S. Apr., Ma/. 

8 4 P. ciliatiflorum Wood. Fringed G. Erect, strict, 2— .3f; Ivs. narrow, rigid, 

flat, ciliate; pan. slender, strict, 3—4'; spkl. 1^", oblong, silky-villoua glume soli- 
taiy, equaling the lower staminate pale, 5-veined. Barrens, S. Sept. 
^. rufum, Lvs. glabrous, erect; sterile fl. neutral, hairs i)urple. 
15 P. diehotoiiium L. Culm at first simple with one panicle, soon branched, 
slender, S— 20' ; lvs. lance-linear, short, 1 — i' by 2 — 4"; terminal pan. oval, small 
(1—2'), stalked ; spkl. few and small, J", round-oval ; lower gl. i— J as iong as the up- 
per. Common in fields. June — Sept. 



ORDER 155.-GRAMINEJE. 393 

p. nitidwm. Smooth, shining; Ivs. narrow; ped. long; Bpkl. oval. 

■y. sphcerocarpum. Hairy; peduncle long; spkl. rounded, dark-parple. 

i. barbuthtum. Taller; nodes with a ring of deflexed hairs. 

E. lanug-inbsum. Woolly; Ivs. larger; spikelets green; pan. larger. 

^. gpathaceum. Hairy and leafy to the top ; panicles sessile. 

16 P. d.epaui>era,tum Muhl. Culm simple, strict, tufted, 6—12'; IvB. linear, 
erect, the upper elongated; pan. simple, sessile or becoming long-stalked; spkl. 
oval, I — 1"; lower gl. i^ as long as the upper 7-veined one. Hills and woods, com- 
mon. June. Varies with Ivs, hairy or smoothish, and 

(3. involutnm^ with Ivs. involute, ending in a long stiff point. 

17 P. pauciflorum Ell. (c) Culm assurgcnt, 1— 2f; Ivs. lanceolate, 3— 5' by 5—7" 
hirsute below as well as the sheaths, faintly 9-veined; pan. open; spkl. (c?, e) few, 
large (1— IJ"), oval ; lower gl. | as long as the upper, {x, neutral fl.) Damp shades. 

18 P. pubescens Lam. Culm slender, branched, 2— 3f; Ivs. lance-linear, 3 — 6' by 
3—5", 9-veined, retrorsely hirsute as well as the open sheaths ; spkl. oval, 1^', pubes. 
cent, outer glume lanceolate, 1", inner 9-veined. Dry fields. June. 

19 P. latiloliusn L. Erect, l—2f; Ivs. lanceolate, dilated and cordate-clasping at 
base, 3— 5' by 1', smoothish, 11-13-veined ; pan. exserted, 3' long; spkl. obovate, 
H" ; lower gl. ovate, f", upper gl. 9-veined ; neutral pales sub-equal, usually with 3 
stamens. In moist shady places : common. Jane, July. 

20 P. xaiithopliysum Gr. Culm simple or branched below, 9—15'; Ivs. lance- 
olate, 3—0' by 5—7", not dilated at the ciliate clasping base ; pan, long-stalked, 
raceme-like; spkl. few, round-obovate, li" ; lower gl. ovate, \ as long as the upper 
9-nervedone; sterile fl. often i. Dry. N. Eng. to Wis. June. 

21 P. "viscidum Ell. Hoary with a dense vi«cid pubescence, 2 — 4f, stout; joints 
with a smooth brown ring; Ivs. lance-linear, 3— G' by 6— Ki" ; pan. 4 — G', loose; spkl 
pale, oval, 1" ; lower gl. and upper pale minute. Wet. N. J., and S, Ang. 

22 P. claiidcstinuin L. Culm rigid, leafy, 2— 3f ; Ivs. 3— G' by 1', dilated and cor- 
date at base ; sheaths scabrous or rough-hairy, enclosing the lateral and often the 
terminal dense panicle ; spkl. elliptical, IJ". Moist woods. July, Aug, 

23 P. nilcrociVrpoii Muhl. Erect, simple, glabrous; Ivs. lanceolate, broad and 
clasping at base, veiny, 6—10" wide ; pan. long-stalked, difl'iise ; spkl. small (J), oval, 
numerous, purple ; lower gl. minute. Pa., W., and S. July- Sept. 

24 P. MiLiACEUM. Millet. Lvs. lance-linear and sheaths hairy ; pan. large, open, nod- 
ding; spkl. ovate, solitary; glumes pointed, sub-equal. Turkey. 

21. PENICILIiARIA spicata. Eicct, 4f, branching, Avith broad, 
flat loaves. Panicle cylindric-oblong, If in length, compact, consisting of innnmemblo 
simple branches, each with 2 or 1 spikelots at the end, and clothed with spreading hairs 
Each spikelet bears at length a white ripened grain, i^i) E. India. 



22. OPLISMENUS, lieauv. (\>(M;-sruu (^ 



,11.^ 



Splkclcts in donso, spikc-likc, paniflod raoonios. ^^ 
Glumes and lower pale of (lie sterile 11. roui^h- ,^Vv^ / > 
[>ointed or awned. Otherwise as in Panieinn. 

I O. oriiN-Kalll L. {a) Culm terete, 3--ir; lvs. lance- 
linear, roiigli-edged, ligiile none; pan. with its spike- 
form branches alternate or in pairs ; rachis roiigli-hairy ; 
glumes bristly, scarcely awneil ; awn of the pale yb^ 
6—18" long, very n)ugh. Slieaths generally smoiMli. 
Waste groinub : com. Aug., ^ept. § [merely pointed. 
p. miiticHs, {c) Awns very short, or the hispid pale 
f. htxptdtin Sheatlis very bristly; awns veiv li>n:: 




394 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 




h, 2 — 4', nearly simple. 



2 O. "Walter! (Ell). Culms slender, 2f; Ivs. narrow and sheaths glabrous; spikes 

one-sided, ^—V long, alternate; glumes hispid, pointed; the fls. somewhat pointed, 
the srerile with 3 stamens. Low grounds, Car. to Fla., and La. July. 

3 O, Iiirtellus R. & S. Decumbent, branched, ciliate ; Ivs. lanceolate, 1 — 2' by 

4 — 6"; spikes erect, remote, one-sided, ^' long, few in the perfectly simple panicle; 
pale long-awned, glumes short-awned. Woods, South. Aug. — Oct. 

23. SETARIA, Beauv. Bristly Foxtail. Fls. 
ill C3^1indnc spikes or spike-like panicles. Spike- 
lets each SLibtended by a cluster of awn-like bris- 
tles (abortive pedicels) forming a bristly inv olucre. 
Oilier wise as in Panicum. July, Aug. 

§ Bristles rough backward, in pairs, short No. 1 

§ Bristles rough upward.... (a) 

a 4— 10 in each involucre Nos. 2 — i 

a 1—3 in each involucre Nos. 5—7 

1 S. vertlcillata Beauv. Spicate pan. 2— -3', composed 
of short divided branchlets seeming in many verticil? ; 
bristles little longer than the spikelets ; fruit-pales 
rough-punctate. Culm 2f. (I) N. Eng. to Car., and W. § 

2 S. g;lauca Beauv. Bottle G. Spike cylindric, yellowis 

vol. of 6—10 bristles much longer than the spikelets ; fruit rugous crosswise, some- 
what triquetrous, blackish. Culm 2— 3f. ® Fields, gardens : common. § 

3 S. viridis Beauv. Wild Timothy, (a) Spike cylindric, 1—3', compound, green ; 

invol. of 4—10 bristles much longer than the spikelets (6, c) ; fruit-pales striate length- 
wise and dotted (under a lens). Culm 1— 2f. (T) Cultivated grounds, N. § 

4 S, Germaiiica. Beauv. Millet. Bengal G. Spike flattened, oblong-cylindric, 

compound, 3—5' by 9" ; rachis bristly ; invol. of 4—8 bristles, little longer than the 
spikelets, yellowish ; 55 pales dull-rugous. Culm 3— 4f @ Fields. § 

5 S. ItaJica K. Spicate pan. 6— 18' long by 1—2' thick; invol. yellowish, of 2 or 8 

bi'istles 8 — 10 times longer than the spikelets and half-concealing them ; 5 pales 
smooth, polished, shining. Culm 4— 6f. (i) Swamps, S. 

6 S. corrugata Schul. Spicate pan. 3—6', cylindric, dense above ; bristles 1 to each 

spikelet and thrice as long; 5 pales strongly corrugated. Fla., Ga. 
f S* conip®sita K. Spicate pan. loose, its lower clusters separated; bristles 1 or 2 
under each spkl. and 5 times longer ; 5 flower acute, smoothish. Fla. 

24. CENCHRUS L. Burr G. Fls. racemed or 
spicate. Involucre a burr (a) beset with spines, be- 
coming hard and pungent in fruit, and enclosing 
several (1 — 3) spikelets {b). Glumes and flowers as in 
Panicum, the sterile flowe $ . Culms branched. Aug. 

C. tribuloides L. Culms 1— 2f, tufted, decumbent, spreading ; Ivs. as short as 
their open compressed sheaths ; spikes several, 1 — 2' long ; burrs adhering by the:r 
rough spines to everything passing. Sandy shores, N. J. to 111., and N. (See Addenda) 

25. PHALARIS, L. Canary G. Spikelets l-{theoretically 3)-flow- 
ered. Gl. 2, subequal, carinate, longer than the two shining pales of the 
? fl., all awnless. Neutral rudiments at base of the 2 fl. merely 2 single 
pales or hairy pedicels (6, c). Grain coated. Handsome flat-leaved grasses. 
1 P. arnndinacea L. Mbbon G. A showy but not valuable grass, 2— 5f; Ivs. 

lancc-linear ; pan. contracted, dense, 3—6' long ; glumes (a) 2|', pointed ; rudiments 




i 



Okder 155.— GRAMINE^. 



395 



2, hairy, at the base of the ovate pales (5). if Ditches 

and swamps, Can. to Car., and Ky. July, Au<?ast, 

^. pi eta. Striped G. Lvs. endlessly variegated with 

white and green. Cultivated. 

2 IP. Canarien.sis L. Cavary O. Bird-seed. Cnlm 

terete, erect, 1 — 2f; Ivp. lance-linear ; pan. spicafe, ovoid, 

1—2' ; gl. winged on the keel (c) ; rudiments smooih. (xj 

Introduced inl;o fields and gardens from Isle Fortunatus. 

26. ANTHOXANTHUM, L. Sweet Vernal 
G. Spikelets icl) 3-flowerecI, the central fl. ? , the 
two lateral neuter, each of 1 bearded pale. Gl. 2, 
unequal. Pales 2, short, awnless. Sta. 2. 

A. odoratum L. Slender, erect, 10—18'; lvs. short; pan- 
icle spicate, H— 3'; neutral pales ciliate (e), one with a 
bent awn from near the base, the other with a straight awn 
from the back above. Fls. in May and June ill-scented, 
but when cut as hay it is very fragrant. § (a;, the e fl.)| 

27. HIEROCHLOA, Gmel. Seneca G. Spkl. 
3-flwd. Gl. 2, scarious. Lateral fls. S 
triandrous, central fl. ? , with 2 (or 3) sta- 
mens. Inflor. paniculate. Sweet-scented. 

1 H. borcalis R. & S. (J) Very smooth; 
simple, erect, 15—30'; root lvs. as long as the 
culm, cauline lvs. lanceolate, short; pan. open, 
few-flwd., 2—3' ; spkl. (g) broad, subfordatc, colored, awnless. 
(^ meadows, Va., and North. May. 
WJli'i' H. alpiiia R. & S. Smooth; culm erect, 
II.JJ C— 8', stout; lvs. lance-linear; pan. ovoid. 
1—2' ; spkl. purple, longer than Ww.'w branch- 
lets ; lower fl. with an awn on the back as long as the 
pales, n High Mts., N. Eng., N. Y. June. 

28. HOLOUS, L. Soft G. Spkl. 211wd., pan- 
iculate. Gl. herbaceous, boat-shaped, inucrDuntt". 
Fls. pediccUate, the lower $, awnless ; tlie upper 
$ or neutral, awned on the back. July. 





U Wet 




II. laiiiitiis L. (/<) Iloary- 
juibeseent.lj— 2f; lvs. l.snee- 
liiiear; jvm. oblong, (Umisc 

t-1 




purplish-white 



r iIkui the glumes (^k^\ awn of the sterile ll. 
iiii\ed, inehuleil. 2^ Wet meadows. A beaut it\il grass. 

9. AIRA, Tj. Spkl. 'J thvd. without abortive 

sterile om>s. (Jl. 'J. tliiu. shiniuir, subeiiual, 

(>iie of the tls. podieellate. Tali^s siibequal. hairy 

I bast\ (lu> lower tnmeate at apex, and awned on 

he bnek. Fls. in an opi'it pan., silveiy-purpUsli. 

^ t;hunes longer than the tls. T.-ile entin* No. t 

§ CI. abinit equaling the lis. Tale lacerHtod. .N\>s>. i, i 



396 



Ordeb 155.— GRAMINE^. 




1 A. atropurpurea "Wahl. In tufts, If, very slender; Ivs. flat; pan. thin; awL 

etout, twice as long as the pale, u High Mts., N. Eng. and N. Y. August. 

2 A. flexnosa L. (0 In large tufts, smooth, 1— 2f ; Ivs. eetaceons, mostly radical; 

pan. loose, with long flexuous spreading branches; awn geniculate, twice longei 
than the pale (m). u Dry hills : common. June. 

3 A. caespitosa L. (n) Tufted, glabrous, 18 — 30'; Ivs. narrow-linear, flat; pan. ob- 

long, finally diffuse ; awn straight, as long as the pale, which is longer than the bin 
ish glumes, (o, spikelet, p, fl.) u Swamps, northward. May. 

30. DANTHONIA, DC. Spkl. 2-7-flwd. Gl. 3, subequal, ^uj,-];. 
cuspidate, longer than the whole spikelet of fls. Pales hairy at 
base, lower one bidentate and awned at apex, upper obtuse, en- 
tire. Awn flattened and twisted at base. If Fls. racemous. — «j| // 

1 D, spicata E. & S. (a) Lvs. narrowly-linear, shorter than the inter- 

nodes; culm 1— 2f, slender; spkl. few (about 6), in a snbsimple raceme; 
gl. 4—5" ; fls. (b) about 7, pubescent. Lvs. mostly radi- 
cal, in little tufts. Dry hills : com. June— Aug. 

p. compr^ssa, Lvs. longer than the internode? ; spkl. "V A\Wl/// y^ Wl 
about 4 in the simple raceme ; gl. twice longer than the ^s^^sv^y// <// 
spikelet. Onondaga Co., N. Y. (S. lY. Cowles). (D. com- y^S^4'^ 

pressa, Austin ?) These characters are not constant. j, , 

2 ». sericea Nutt. Taller (2— 2^) ; lvs. and sheaths 

silky-hirsute ; spkl. 9—17, evidently paniculate ; gl. 8—9"; 

fls. about 7, densely clothed with silvery-silky hairs ; awns brown at base Cas in 

No. 1), very long. Kare N., common S. June. 

31. AVENA, L. Oat. Oat G. Spkl. 2-5-flwd. ^^ / i 
Gl. 3, loose, thin, awnless, large. Pales 3, becora- /-^ i^l^lji't ^ 
ing coriaceous, the lower bifid, bearing (mostly) a \wM^,M llii 
bent or twisted awn on the back ; upper pale coat- f^^F/§ y c 
ing the oblong grain. Fls. paniculate. Ww 

§ AuKHENATHERtTM. Glumcs Unequal, 2-flowered, 

with a rudiment of a third; lower flower """^ 

staminate and awned. Tall No. 1 

§ AiROPSis. Gl. subequal, 2-flwd., both flowers 5, {ijfj \\ /;7// 5 

no rudiment. Dwarf Nos. 2, 

§ A VENA. Gl. equal, longer than the 2 perfect . _™_ 

flowers, strongly striate Nos. 4, 5 ' ^ 

1 A, elatior L. (a,/) Culm erect, 2 — 4f; lvs. lance-linear; pan. narrow, 7— 10', nod- 

ding ; upper gl. {g) and pales 4", -lower gl. 2" ; awn bent, twice longer than the ] ale. 
11 A tall handsome grass. § Eur. (Arrhenatherum avenaceum Br.) May — July. 

2 A, prsecox Beauv. {d) Culms tufted, erect, 2—5'; lvs. setaceous; ^;a?i. dense, ob- 

long^ \ — V ; gl. {b) equaling the fls. (c) ; awns bent, twice longer, n N. Y. to Va. Jn. 

3 A. caryophylla L. Culms 5 — 10'; lvs. very narrow; pan. loose, open; glumes 

silverj^-purple, scarce 1", pales shorter, a^^Tis esserted. Dry fields, M. § Eur. 

4 A» sATivA. Common Oat. Culm terete, erect, 2 — 4f; lvs. lance-linear; pan. loose, 

pyramidal ; spkl. large, pendulous ; both fls. « , 7", the lower mostly awned ; both 
pales coating the nutritious grain. Cultivated, common. June. 

/3. nig-ra. Black Oafs. Pales dark brown, almost black, without awns. 

y. serunda, Horse-viane Oat. Panicle one-sided, nodding; awns thort. 

5 A. STERiLis. Animated 0. Spkl. 5-flwd., 2 lower fls. each with hairy pales and a 

long bent awn wiixh is so sensitive to moisture as to be kept in motion by the ordi- 
nary changes in the air. From Europe. Cult, as a curiosity. @ 4f. July, August. 




Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 



397 




2, shorter than the fls. Lower pale with two bris- 
tles at the apex and a soft flexuous awn from above 
the middle of the back. Grain coated, furrowed. 
It Fls. paniculate. 

1 T. purpiirascens Torr. Spkl. (p) about 4-flwcl., 

6— 8", few (6— 9) in the very pimple purple panicle; fls. 
(<?) separate, bearded at ba?e ; gl. (g) unequal; Ivs. nar- 
row-linear; culm erect, 2— 3f. Mountain bogs, N. June. 

2 T, palitstre (Mx.) Spkl. (a, b) 3-flwd. 2J", the upper fl. 

abortive ; middle fl. with a bent awn its own length ; pan. 
narrow, 4 — 6'; Ivs. very short (2—3'); culm slender, 2f. 
Plant smooth. Wet meadows. May— July, (c, pale.) 

3 T. molle (Mx.) Spikelets 2-flwd., 3" ; upper fl. with a bent awn its own length ; gL 

lance-linear ; panicle as in No. 2 ; Ivs. broader and longer ; plant 2f, minutely 
downy. Rocky hills, N. July. 

33. BROMUS, L. Brome G. Spikelets 
5-00 -flwd. Gl. unequally veined. Lower pale 
5-9-veined, awned from below the mostly bifid 
tip. Upper pale ciliate on its 2 keels, adhering to 
the linear grain. Coarse grasses, with flat leaves, 
and large, nodding, panicled spikelets. June, July. 

§ Glumes narrow, the lower 1-vcined, upper 3-veined. 

Lower pale keeled. . . (b) 
§ Glumes veiny, the lower 3—5, upper 5— 7-veincd. Lower 
pale convex., .(a) 
a Awn much shorter than its pale. Pan- 
icle spreading Nos. 1,2 

a Awn as long as its pale. Panicle erect, contracted in fruit Nos. 3, 4 

b Lower pale compressed-carinate, awn very short No. I 

b Lower pale rounded on the back, the awn conspicuous Nos. G, 1 

1 B. Kaliiili Gr. Wild Chess. More or less hairy, H— 3f; spkl. drooping, closely 

7-12-flwd., densely silky; lower i)al€. .auch the larger; i)an. small, u Dry. 

2 B. »iCcaliiiiiM L. Client ov Chess, {s) Nearly glabrous, 2— If; spkl. ovato, turgid, 

glabrous, 7-U)-flwd., fls. {a) toon diverging, blunt, awiud or not; panicle nearly sim- 
ple. 4 — 8' long, spikelets 8—10" long, drooping. (^0 Kields. § Eur. 

3 B. racoiiioMiiN L. Erect Chess. Spkl. ovate-oblong, glabrous; closely S-12-flwd., 

awns straight, 4"; pan. simple ; plant slender, some hairy, ij^ Fielils. § Kur. 

4 B. iiiolli»i L. Downy Chess. Plant downy, with spreading hairs; spkl. o-ate, 

about (i-flwd., fls. closely imbricated; awns straight, 3—1". i^D ^a> Fields: rare. 

5 B. iiiiioloidoN H. &, K, liescue G. Culm erect, U— ."If. smoothish ; pau. nar 

row, (■> 10', nodding; sjjkl. lance-oblong, compressed, 1', S 1'2-lhvd. ^0 Cult. South. 
B. ('IliultiM L. Pan. compound, 5— 8', soon nodding; spkl. at tlrst huu-enisifoini 
(^v), 7-11-flwil., the fls. soon separating; pale {c) compressed-eariiiate above, silky- 
haired at edge, twice longer than its straight awn ; euliu 2 tt"; Ivs. son\e li.Hiry. li 
Shady banks : common. July, August. 
jS. I* fjKi- /!'!•. ri:int llnely and ch^sely i)ubeseent all over. 

7 B. NlerlliM I,, r.ui. comptnind, soon 1-sided and nodding; ped. i 

linear-oblong, about ^-flwd., puberulent ; fls. lineai-subulate, seareelj 
awn. (^0 Shanks, Pa., anil N. Uare. § 

8 B. nuizoinics. rulu\ If, erect ; Ivs. narnnv. eonduplieate, riirid ; pan. ertn-t. with .h 

few large, hangingMU ate, awned spiicelels ; pale dil.Hted, enr-i-haped above Ciilt. 




ipillary ; spkl 
!Js Ion;: .Hs the 



398 



Order 155.— GEAMINE^. 




Glumes unequal, awnless. Lower pale (?^, c) conspicuously fringe- 
bearded on the 3 strong veins, tipped with 2 or 3 
teeth, and 1 or 3 short awns or cusps ; upper pale 
much shorter, 2-toothed {n). Fls. paniculate. 
Sheaths hairy at throat. Aug., Sept. 

§ WiNDsoRiA. Culm erect, simple. Lower pale 

3-cusped Nc3, 1, 2 

§ Uealepis. Culm spreading, branched. Lower 

pale 1-cusped Nos. 3, 4 

1 T. seslerioides (Mx). False Bed-top. (s, a, n, m) Calm 

3— 5f; Ivs. linear, involute when dry; pan. open, loose, 
8 — 12', the slender branches at length spreading ; spkl. 
(a) oblong, 3", 5- or 6-flwd., purple, shining, u Beautiful. ^ ^ 
p. Heactt'osa, Branches of the panicle fiexuous ; spkl. 3-5-flwd., 2". Pa. 

2 T. ambigua (Ell.) Culm 2— 3f, wiry ; Ivs. narrow and rolled; pan. small (3—5'), 

few-flwd. ; spkl. ovate, the 5—7 fls. divaricate, u Pine-barrens, S. 

3 T, purpurea (Walt.) (6) Culm bearded at the nodes, 10—18'; Ivs. subulate, short; 

panicles more or less sheathed ; spkl. (b) 3-flwd., awn scarcely exceeding the eroded 
segments of its pale, (i) Coast sands, Mass. to Fla. (c, lower pale.) 

4 T. corniita (Ell.) Culm2f; Ivs. and sheaths hairy; awn of the lower pale plu 

mous, much longer than the lateral teeth, recurved. Dry sands, S. 

35. ARUNDO Donax. A gigantic ornamental grass from Italy, 
where it is cult, for vine-poles, fence-wood, fishing-rods, etc. Culm 10— 15f high ; Ivs. 
broad, flat, smooth, and shining; pan. diffusely branched ; gl. as long as the 3 fls. ; rachie 
beset with long hairs ; lower pale with a short awn in the cleft at apex. 2f 

;S. VERSICOLOR. Garde?2er's Garters. Leaves striped with white. 

36. GRAPHEPHORUM, Desv. Spkl. of 2—5 remote fis. with sub 
equal glumes. Fls. bearded at base. Gls. and pales thin, lanceolate, awn- 
less, convex, not keeled, if Erect, glabrous. Lvs. flat. Panicle simple 
G. melicoides Beauv. Culm slender, 1— 2f, with 2 or 3 short erect linear lvs. ; pan. 

loose, 3—4' long; spkl. 2-3-flwd., 3—4" long. Upper Mich. {C. E. and A. H. S77iith). 
/3. ? trinorum (Aira trif. Ell.) "Fls. somewhat woolly at base, not villous." Ga. 

37. GYNERIUM argenteum. Pampas Grass. A magnificent reed 
from S. Am., becoming common. (§) Leaves in a dense, radical cluster, recurved, nar- 
row, channeled. Culms 10— 18f, clustered, bearing dense, hairy panicles, which are 
l^_2f, silvery white, with innumerable flowers and their loHg, silky 
hairs. Some of the panicles are fruitful (5), others barren (5). 

38. DACTYIilS, L. Orchard G. Spkl. 3-5-flwd. 
compressed. Glumes unequal, shorter than the fls 
Pales subequal, lance-acuminate, the lower (and glumes) 
carinate, awn-pointed. Lvs. channeled. Panicle com- 
posed of dense 1-sided clusters. June. 
I>. glonierata L. Culm 2— 4f high; lvs. broad, glaucous; stipules 

lacerate ; spkl. loose-flwd. ; gl. very unequal. 2f Shady fields. A 
good grass for hay or pasturage. § 

39. KCSLERIA, Pers. Spkl. 2-7-flwd,, compressed; gl. subequa' 
acute, scarcely shorter than the fls. ; upper fl. pedicellate ; lower pale 




Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 



399 



(and gl.) carhiate, often bristle-pointed. U Culms tufted, erect, 
simple, with dense, narrow panicles. 

K. cristata Sin. Culm 20—30', leafy below; Ivs. flat, erect, pubes- 
cent, narrow, 2 — 3' by 1 — 2"; pan. spike-like, 3 — 5'; spkl. (a) 2", silvery, 
about 2-flwcl., with an abortive pedicel. (&, a flower.) Mid., W., and N. 
j8. g-racilis. Slender and delicate, with a simple pan. (K. nitida, N.) 

40. DIARRHENA, Raf Panicle simple, racemous. Glumes 
2, very unequal, rigid, acuminate-mucronate, 2-5- 
flwd. {d) Pales {e) cartilaginous, lower cuspidate, 
3", upper much smaller, emarginate. Grain large, 
v^ / loose in its pericarp. iStam. 2. U Culm rigidly 
^Y erect, 15 — 80'. Lvs. mostly radical, broad-linear. 
Americana Beauv.— Woods and river-banks, O. to 111, Aag. (Pestuca, Mx.) 





1> 



Glumes unequal. 




41. FESTUCA, L. Fescue G. Spkl. 3- oo-flwd 
mostly carinate. Pales firm, the lower rounded 
(not carinate) on the back, obscurely veined, awned 
from the tip, or awnless. Sta. 1 — 3. Grain mostly 
adhering to the upper pale. Spkl. panicled or ra- 
cemed, the lis. remote, not webbed at base. 
§ Flowers lanceolate to oblong, awnless. Culms 

tall, leaves flat Nos. 5—7 

§ Flowers subulate, awned at the tip. Leaves 
mostly involute. . .{or) 

X Awn much shorter than the flower. 2f Nos. 3, 4 

X Awn as long as the fl. or much longer. tT)..Nos. 1, 2 

1 F. Mywrus L. Culm 5—12'; lvs. subulate, 2—3'; 

glunu's minute, eqnnl, 4-()-flwd. ; awn 6", twice longer 
than the pale ; panicle slender. M., S. § 

2 F. ton J- S la Willd. Slender F. («, h) Culm wirj'-filiform, often in tufts, 6- 

linear-sclaceous ; pan. simple, narrow, 2—3'; spkl. (i-D-flwd., 4—6" long; 
pubernlent, brown ; awn about as long (2"). Sandy. June, July. 

3 F. oviua. L. S/wep'n F. Culm erect, (5—10'; lvs. numerous below, very nar- 

row, 2 — 1' ; pan. simple, narrow, 2—1' ; spkl. ovate, 3-5-flwd. ; fls. lance-oblong, IJ", 
the awn \—\ as long, if Pastures and flelds. A valuable grass. Juno. Europe. 
|8. vitipava, Spikelots transformed tt) leafy tufts. Mountains, N. 

4 F. diiriuscsila L. Hard F. Culm erect. 12— IS' ; lvs. linear, tiattish; pan. olv 

iong, spreading, .'J-S'; spkl. 5-S-llwd., teretish before flowering; fls. lanoo-subulato, 
2i'', tlie awn 1" or less ; pales equal, n Valuable. Common. Juno, July. 
/3. I'lthra. Spikelets 7-!)-flwd., fls. pubescent ; tlie herbage reddish. X. 

5 F. prateusis Uuds. Mcadoiv F. Culm erect, 2— Jlf; lvs. lance-linear ; pan. 4—6' 

.i>iig. narrow, with short branches ; spkl. few (10-2.")) and largo, teretish before flow 
•-♦.'lug, (i— !) " U>ng, (i ;)-llwd. ; pales 3", barely pointed. 21 \ flno grass. Juno. 

F, clAllor li. Culm 2— 4f, erect; lvs. lance-linear; pan. difl'use, nodding, coin- 
pound, branches branched, and florifcrons above, naked below ; spkl. numon.>u».», 
;i 5-tlwd., 2—3" long; fls. oblong, U ', acute; lower gl. 3-veined. U Fields. § 

7 F. iii&tuiiK Willd. Aoddi/iij F. ((',</) Culm slender, 2— 4f, about 2-jointod; lvi». 
linear; pan. very open, with few long drooping branches florifoixnis at the end ; 
Bpkl. ;V', lance-ovate (c"! (-(i-llwd. ; tti?. ((/") smooth, nearly veinless. :; Kocks, 
ft, paliislris. Tanicle less ditUiso, spkl. ;>-5-flwd. In'tweon Nos. 6 and 7. 



^00 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 




42. EATONIA, Eaf. Spkl. mostly 2-flowered, 
numerous, pauicled, silvery. Glumes unlike, tlie 
lower linear, 1-veined, the upper broadly obovate, 
rounded and 3-veined on the back. Pales obtuse, 
chartaceous, awnless. Grain oblong. 2^ Deli- 
cate grasses with simple culms. 

1 E. o1>tu$ata (Mx.) Panicle narrow, dense, 3— 5' by i — 1'; branches short, ap- 

pressed ; spkl. (a, b) If" long, 2-flwd.. tumid ; pales (c) scarious at tip, a little longer 
than the very obtuse upper glume. Dry. Penn. to Wis., and S. June, July. 2f. 

2 E. Pennsylvanica (DC.) Panicle 5— 10', slender, open and loose; spkl. H"; 

upper gl. abruptly short-pointed, or obtuse ; upper flower exserted half its length. 
Shady rocks and meadows. Elegant. Summer. 2f. 

43. MELIOA, L. Melic G. Glumes unequal, ob- 
tuse, 2-5-flowered. Fls. exserted, the upper incomplete. 
Pales truncate, veiny as well as the glumes. Grain free. 
U Lvs. flat ; spkl. pedicellate, in a subsimple panicle. 
M, mutica Walt. Culm 3— 4f ; lvs. linear, flat; pan. few-flwd., inclined to one side; 




spkl. (e) 4 — 6" long, with 2 fertile fls., and the third upper one contorted; 
unequal, veined. Penn. to Wis., and S. 



(/) 



Lower 




44. ERAGROSTISj Beauv. Spkl. 2-od -flwd., membranous, 
pale carinate, 3-veined, never webby at base, upper pale 
persistent on the flexuous rachis after the free grain and 
lower pale have fallen. Culm simple or branched. 
Leaves often rolled, bearded at the throat. Panicle with 
hairy axils. 

§ Culms branched, prostrate ; spikelets sub-sessile No. 1 

5 Culms branched, ascending; panicles 1—3 Nos. 2— 7 

§ Culms simple, erect, shorter than its loose pan. ..Nos. 8—11 

1 E. reptans Nees. Culms creeping and rooting, 6 — 12'; lvs. 

subulate, 1 — 2' ; panicles many, small, dense; spkl. lance-lin- 
ear; fls. 10— 30, very acute. ©Banks. August. 

2 E. poaeoides Beauv. (a) Culms ascending, 1— 2f ; lvs. linear, flat; panicles oblong, 

dense, 2— 6', compound ; spkl. {b) ovate-oblong, 3—5", 8-50-flwd., turning white; 
fls. (c) obtuse, 3-veined; (^, grain). (T) Handsome, but ill-scented. Fields. § 

3 E. pilosa L. Culms in tufls, ascending, 4 — 12'; lvs. linear, flat, tender; panicles 

oblong, loose ; spkl. linear, bluish, about as long (2 — 4") as their pedicels ; flowers 
4—12, obtuse, with only the midvein apparent. @ Dry, sandy places. July. § 

4 E. Piirslili Schr. Culms ascending, 6— 12— 20' ; lvs. 1—3', very narrow; panicles 

long and loose ; ped. capillary ; spkl. linear-oblong, 2 — 4" ; fls. 5—12, acute or acutish, 
3-veined. purplish. ® Dry fields, N. J., Penn., and S. Common. July, August. 

5 E. erytliregona Nees. (E. Frankii Meyer.) Culms in tufts, much branched, 

ascending, G— IS', joints red ; pan. narrow, beardless, 2—4' ; spkl. about 1", their ped. 
much longer ; gls. and pales very acute, obscurely 3-veined. @ Dry. Pa. to 111., and S, 

6 E. ciliaris (L.) Culms decumbent and ascending, 6—12' ; pan. cylindrical. 

branches appressed. covered with the minute {\") ovate spikelets; fls. 5—7, mucro 
nate, upper pale clliate-fringed. (i) Waste grounds. South. 

7 E. coMferta Trin. Culm stout, erect, 2— 3f; lvs. broad-Unear; pan. long (5— 12'), 

narrow, branches erect, covered with innumerable small (1— li") spikelets ; fls. 7— It 
hvftline, obtnee, 3-veined, whitish. ® River banks, S. Aug., Sept. 



Order 155.— GRAMINE.E. 



401 



8 E. tennis (Ell. Poa trichodes N.) Plant 1— 3f high; pan. long (S— 24 ), loose, 

capillary, bearded in the lower axils; spikelets 3(2-6)-flwd. (sometimes 7-8-flwd. 
Gray) ; pales and glumes lanceolate, hyaline, 3-veined, \\" long. %. 111., and S. 

9 E. capillaris (L.) Like E. tenuis, but the spikelets are minute (1—1^"), the fls. 

2—4, acute, scabrous, with only the midvein apparent, ii Sandy fields. Aug. 

10 E. nitida (Ell.) Plant 2— 4f, glabrous and polished (except the bearded throat of 
the long, rolled Ivs.) ; pan. \\—'ii long, narrow, branches some whorled ; spkl. lance- 
linear, 3—4", 5-12-flwd., on capillary divaricate pedicels ; gl. and pales acute, 
3-veined, often purplish, \" long, ii Marshes, 111. (-7. Wolf), and South. 

HE. pectiJiacea (Mx.) Gr. (E. hirsuta [Ell. etc.]). Culm 1— 3f, rigid; sheathe 
some hairy; pan. very large, branches rigid, the lower deflexed in fruit ; spkl. (e,/) 
oblong, purple, 2—3" ; fls. 5—15, oval, acutish, strongly 3-veined. %. Sandy fields. 
July, Aug. (Poa spectabilis Ph.) A showy grass, sport of the winds when dry. 

45. POA, L. Spear G. Meadow G. Spike- 
lets 2-5(rarely -9)-flwd., compressed. Glumes sub- 
eqnal, pointless, shorter than the contiguous fls. 
Pales herbaceous, soft, awnless, the lower com- 
pressed-carinate, 5-veiued, usually clothed at base 
with a cobweb-like wool. Grain free. Smooth 
grasses, with st^ft flat leaves, and panicled flowers. 

§ Branches of the panicle in 2's, 3's, or often single. . (*) 
§ Branches of the panicle in about .5's, half-\vhorled..(**) 

* Fls. not webbed, merely pubescent on the back. ..(a) 

* Flowers webbed together at the base with gossamer-like wool. 

a Annual or biennial. Panicle dense, spikelets subsessile.. 

a Perennial. Panicle loose, spikelets long-pcdicelled Nos. 2, 

h Spikelets 2- or 3-flowered, on slender pedicels Nos. 4—7 

h Spikelets mostly 5-flowered, ovate, short-pedicelled Nos. 8, 9 

** Spikelets 2-4-flowered, loosely pedicelled. Panicle large Nos. 10— 1"3 

** Spikelets 3-5-fl<)wered, subsessile, panicles rather dense Nos. 13, 14 

1 P. uiiiiuiB. L. Low (3—8'), tender, spreading; culms llattened; Ivs. 2 — 4' by 1—2"; 
pan. 2—3', dense ; spikelets ovate-oblong. nei>.vly sessile, loosely 5-7-flwd., 2— 2|"; fls. 
lanceolate, acutish. ($> ® Fields and lawns, forming a soft, dense turf. Com. Eur. 

2 1*. llexuosa Muhl. Culms erect, 12—20'; Ivs. linear, 2—5'; pan. very thin and 

open; branches filiform, often tlexuous, long (2— 3'), bearing the spikelets near the 
end ; fis. 3— (i, lance-linoar, 2i", 3-veined, remote. %. Woods, Va., Ky.. and S. 

3 1». lioxaiitliii Wood. Weakly erect, IJ— 2f, leafy to the top ; branches of the thin 

paniclf liiiCorm. siiberect, straight, 2 — 4' ; spkl: tew, terminal, oblong, 3 — 1" ; .rfs. dx 
(5--7), oblong, H", 5-veined, very obtuse. %. Meadows, Atlanta, (ia. 

4 I*. brovilolSa Muhl. Culm compressed, 1 — 2f, its Ivs. generally short (J -2 ">. ab- 

ruptly (•u^l)i(late, root l\s. long, jiointed ; pan. lot)se, branches tiliform, spreadinsr; 
si)ikelet o\!ite. purplish ; lis. 3 or 4, 2J", lanceolate, 5-veined, webbed. U Pa. to III. 

5 I*, dehilix Torr. (rf) Culms terete, weak, H— 2f; pan. loose, some •jpivaUing. 

hrniuhes eapillary, in 2's and 3's ; spkl. {e) few. ovate ; lis. (/) .*}(2— 4'>, broailly t>)»leii}j, 
very obluse, li", the glumes ovate, 1"; ligule oblong, acate. U Woods, K. I,, and NV. 

(t !■, diiiiiiitlia Wood. ((/I Culm compressed, very slender. U-2f; Ivs. lonir. 1" 
wide; liguU> short, truncate; pan. slender, branches in I's ami 2*s. ^ubereot ; spkl. ^ft> 
ovate; Us. (c) 2(1—3), liuear-obloiig. acute, \\" ; gl \ as long, n Fields, Ala. May. 

t 1*. l«xa lluMike. Culms tufted, ti- S' : Ivs. erect, 1 — 3'. very JK»n\nv; pan. ope«, 
1—2' long; si)kl. few. 24"U>ng; glumes acuminate, as long as the v"5^ purplish fls. 
i\\'')\ lower pale villouti on the keel. U Mi>untains, N. 

•-id 




402 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 



8 P. alplna L. Culms erect, 6 — 12'; Ivs. broad-linear, 1—2' by 2 — 3"; panicle eqnai 

ovoid-oblong, loose, with rather large (3") ovate spikelets ; flowers about 5(4 — 9), 
ovate, u lisle Royal, L. Superior (Porter), C. W., and North. 

9 5*. compressa L. Blue G. Plant bluish green ; culm compressed, decumbent at 

base, rigid. 1'2 — 18' ; pan. contracted, 8' by 1', or less ; spikeletr- glomerate, ovate 
oblong; fls. 3—7, 1" long, ic Pastures, etc. : common. May, June. 

10 1*. sylvestris Gr. Culm compressed, erect, 1— 2f ; Ivs. linear, soft; pan. oblong 
pyramidal, thin; branches flexuous, the middle longest; spkl. oval, If; fls. about 
3. lauce-oblong, 1". obtuse, if Woods, meadows, N. Y. to Ya., and W. 

US*, caesia Sm. (P. nemoralis Torr. P. alsodes Gr. P. Guadinl K.) Culm com- 
pressed. 18— 30 , sheathed to near the top ; pan. targe (0—12' long), loose, roughish ; 
spkl. lance-ovare, 2— 2J^" ; fls. 2 or 3, lauce-lititar, acute, as long as the very acute 
glumes {\i—Vi") ; pales obscurely veined. U Woods, N. H. to Penn., and Wis. 

12 1*. serotiua Ehrh. Foul Meadow. False Red-top. Culms erect, weak, 2 — 3f; 
Ivs. r.arrow, flat, long ; ligules elongated, torn ; pan. large, open, capillaiy ; spkl. 2- 
or .3-fl\vd., li — 2" long, often tawny; gls. and fls. acute, narrow, n Wet. N. July. 

13 1*. trivialis L. Rough Meadow G. Culms roughish backward, 20—30' ; Ivs. 
rough-edged, the lower elongated ; ligules long, pointed ; pan. dense, lance-shapcd, 
.3—5', spkl. subsessile, 2-3-fiwd., fls. oblong, acute, strongly 5-veined. li N. Jn., Jl. 

14 P. pratensis L. Spear G. June G. Smooth; culm 1— 2f, terete: ligules 
short, truncate; pan. open, egg-shaped, 3—10'; spkl. ovate, subsessile, 2". aboat 
4-fiowered; fls. ovate, acute, close, it Abundant and valuable. April, May. 

46. BRYZOPYRUM, Link. Spikelets Co -flow- 
ered, compressed, crowded in a spikelike panicle. % \ '^m^ 
Glumes unequal. Pales awnless, sub-coriaceous, \ «.y \ ^^^Ef 
not carinate, obsoletely many-veined. if Leaves |^ ""^^^A^ 
mostly rolled, sniooili and rigid. Fls. dioecious. \\V\'W/ \ '"^^''W/ 
B. spicatniu Hook, (a) Culm rigid, erect, 10—20', 

branched at base, beset with many bayonet-shaped Ivs., 
1—3', the highest exceeding the short, spikelike panicle ii\ 

(a); spkl. (&, c) 7-9-fl\vd. {d, pistillate flower, e, a sta- a^^ 
men.) Salt marshes, Conn, to Car. July. ■*,.,>•. 

47. GLYCijRIA, Br. Maxna G. Spikelets 
CO-flwd., teretish or turgid, rachis jointed. Glume ^ c e \\ma 

subequal, pointless. Pales awnless, webless, her- ^'^^^ 
baceous, the lower mostly 7-veined, rounded on the back, not carinate. 

Grain free, if Smooth grasses in wet places, with ^ o 

creeping rhizomes and simple panicles. Sheaths .^. 

mostly fistular (not split). ^^^^^ "" " " "* 

§ Salt marsh grasses. Lower pale 5-veined. ^^^^/:<^^2^ 

Stigmas sessile, simply plumed ....Nos. 1, 2 ^m^^ 

§ In fresh swamps, etc. Lower pale 7-veined. 

Stigmas doubly plumous. ..(a) ^' , ^^.., . , 

a Spikelets linear-lanceolate, in a very sim- . kW/£ W< 

pie panicle Nos. 3, 4 j\j 

a Spikelets linear-oblong, in compound, l\ X^ |\V/i 

spreading panicles Nos. 5, 6 ^^^ vw-M 

a Spikelets ovate, short, turgid. .. (6) ^^ \y^ ^' 

6 In slender appressed panicles Nos. 7, 8 " , 

6 In an open, recurved panicle Nos. 9, 10 





Ordek 155.— GRAMINEiE. 



403 



1 G, maritima Wahl, Culm 1 — IJ-f, terete; Ivs. rolled; pan. erect, dense, the 
branches in pairs ; spkl. terete, about 5-flwd., fls. obtuse, if. Mass. June. 

a G. distans Wahl. Culm 1— 2f, terete, firm; Ivs. flat; pan. spreading, the branches 
fascicled in 3' s— 5' s; spkl. oblong, sessile, 3(3-6)-flowered. n N. Y. 

3 a. fl£(itans (L.) Culm flattened, 3— 5f; Ivs. broad-linear; ligule very large; pan. 

eecund, virgate; spkl. linear, 8—10" ; fls. 7— 12, obtuse. Wet. June. 

4 G, aciitiflora Torr. Culm flattened, l—2f; Ivs. narrow; pan. long, raceme-like; 

spkl. linear, 9— 1-2" ; fls. 4—6, distant, acute, u Wet places, Penn., and N. June. 
f> G. aquatica (L.) (g) Stout, leafy, 3— 5f; Ivs. broad, soft; pan. diifuse, with spread- 
ing, flexuous branches in 3's— 5's ; spikelets (h) purple. 2—3", wi.h 6—8 ovate, obtuse 
flowers (Jc). U Wet places. Pa., and N. A handsome giase. 

6 G. pallida Trin. Weak, ascending, 1— 2K; Ivs. flat, with long ligules ; pan. capil- 

lary, spreading; spkl. few, 3"; fls. 5 — 9; lower pale 5-toolhed at apex, upper 
2-toothed ; the veins conspicuous, u Swamps, Va., and N. June. 

7 G. nervata Trln. Culm 3— 4f ; Ivs. broad-linear, ligules torn ; pan. large, diflTusc, 

branches in 2's and 3's, capillary, pendulous in fruit; fls. about 5, in the ovate- 
oblong spikelet, conspicuously veinad. n Wet, N. June. 

8 G, elong'ata Trin. Culm terete, erect, 3f; Ivs. narrow, ligule veiy short; pan. ra- 

ceme-like, nodding, 8— 10'; branches so itary or in 2"s, appressed ; spkl. tumid, of 
about 2 obtuse, 5-veined fls. Meadows, N., M., and W. July. 

9 G. obtiisa (Muhl.) Pan. dense, oblong, erect, 3 — 4' ; spkl. ovate, acute, thick, of 

5— 7 ovate, obtuse fls. ; lower pale obscurely 7-veiued; culm 2— 3f, Ivs. ofien longer, 
dark green. 7i Swamps, Penn., and N. Aug., Sept. 
1 G. Canadeiifsis Trin. (m) Panicle large, 6— 8' long, branches flexuous, in hall- 
whorls, spreading or recin*vcd ; spkl. (/i) broad-ovate, 6-S-flwd. ; upper pale (o) ven 
obtuse, lower acute and longer. 71 3— 4r. Shady, N. July. 

4P. BRIZA, L. Quaking G. Spikelets cordate, 
G-9-flowered. Glumes 2, unequal, I'oundisli. Pales 
vcntricuus, lower one cordate, embracing" the shorter 
roundish upper one. Grain beaked. Paniculate, 
spkl. large, drooping on slender pedicels. 

1 B. lu^dia L. Pan. erect, spreading; spkl. soon cordate, 

of .5 — 9 flowers ; gl. smaller than the greenish-purple vein- 
less flowers. 21 Meadows, coastward, N. Eng. to Penn. May. (b. c) 

2 B. MAXIMA. Pan. nodding at top ; spikelets oblong-cordate, of 13—17 flowers. (T) 

Gardens. Cultivated for the curious spik 
length. From Europe. 

3 B. MINOR. Pan. erect, difluse: spkl. triangular, 5-7-flwd. 

flow(!rs. 5) From Europe. Small and pretty. 





which are light-brown, hyaline, }' in 
lines larger than the 



and two-edged, o-30-llwd. Low^cr fl. or Us. neutral, 
of 1 pale, similar to the 2 carinatc gls. Pales awn- 
lesfi, the lower wing-keeled, upper doubly so. Sta. 1 
or 3. Grain free, if Smooth, erect, often branching. 

§ Spikelets 6—10" long, in large open i>anicles. 

drooping Xos. 1 , '2 

§ Spikelets 2—0", subsessile, in sloiuUr. spiUelike 

lijuiielos Nos. 3, 4 

1 r. latllolla Mx. (</) Culm 2-4r; Ivs. very broad, J— 1' 
wide; spikelets oblong-ovatc, 9—12", flat, 9-13-lloworod. 
drooping on slender pedicels; glumes (c) unequal, nuioh 
smaller than the (Is. (!>) Sla. 1. U Drv woods. M.. W. 




.\ngusl 



404 



Order 155.— GRAMINEiE. 





2 U. pani rulata L. Sea-side Oats. Culm 4— 8f ; Ivs. long, narrow, rolled, fringed 

at throat , >pikelets ovate, short -pedicelled, 12-20-flwd. ; lower pale obtuse, 9 -veined; 
stamens 3. ii Sand-hills, coastward, Va. to Fla. July. 

3 v. nitida, Baldw. Culm wiry, 2— 3f; Ivs. narrow, flat; pan. simple; spkl. subscb- 

sile, broad, with about 7 long-pointed fls. Sta. 1. 2^ Ga. to La. 

4 U. gracilis Mx. (c?) Slender, 3 — 4f; Ivs. broad-linear, flat; pan. long, simple, 

branches solitary, appressed ; spkl. (e) 2", 3^flwd. Sea-coast, N. Y., and South. 

50. PHRAGMITES, Trin. Reed. Fls. 3—6, the 
lowest sterile and monandrous; racliis beset with long 
silky hairs. Gl. acute, keeled, very unequal. Lowen'i'j 
pale suljulate, silky villous at base. Sta. 3. Grain free. 
If Tall ; Ivs. broad and flat ; panicle diffase. 
P. conimunis Trin. Culm erect, 6— 12f, near V thick; Ivs. 

1—2' broad; pan. effuse, spkl. (a) 4-5-flwd., erect; fls. {b) col- 
ored, as long as the white hairs. Ponds. July. 

51. ARUNDINARIA, Rich. Cane. Spkl. flat- 
tened, 5-12-flwd., fls. all 5 , trian- 

'drous, remote. Gl. (a) small. Lower pale lance- 
ovate, rounded, awn-pointed. Stigmas {b) 3. Grain 
(c) free. +> 5 Tall, branching, leafy. Flowers in 
spikes or panicles. 

A. iiiacrosperiMa Mx. (a) Culm woody, from strong 
running root-stocks, 10 — 25f high, with fascicled branches ; 
Ivs. lanceolate. If and less ; spkl. 1—2^' long, subsessile 
on leafless axillary or radical branches (from the rhizome) 
Swamps, Va. to Ky., and S., forming the brakes. 
/3. tecta, Culm2— lOf; Ivs. lance-linear; spikes mostly 
radical. 

52. LEPTURUS, Br. Spikelet 1 on each joint of the fill- 
form rachis impressed into a cavity, 1- or 2-flwd. Gl. coriace- 
ous, acute, subulate. Pales acute, subequal. Stam. 3. Grain 
linear, free. ® Culm branching, leaves very narrow. Spikes 
solitary or panicled. 

li. paniculatus N. (c) Culm ascend- 
ing, 10—18' ; Ivs. near the base, fili- 
form-subulate, short: rachis f of the' 
culm, the slender spikes 2', alternate, 
remote; spkl. 2", gls. lateral, shortei' 
than the pales. Illinois to Louisiana. 

53. HORDEUM, L. Barley. Spkl. oX\i 
at each joint of the rachis, 2-flowered, the ->'« 
literal imperfect or abortive. Gl. 2, subulate, 
awned, collateral, all 6 in front of tlie cluster 
Lower pale long-awned, both adhering to grain. 
I U. jubatum L. Squirrel-tail G. (a) Culm terete, 2f; Ivs. broad-linear; spike 
2—3' long; spkl. {b) with the lateral fls. neuter, the 7 awns 6 times (2') as kwig as 
<hc flowers. @ Marshes, N. Eng. to Mo., and N. June. 





Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 



40i 




2 fl. pusilliim N. Culm ascending, 4— 12'; lateral fls. awnlei^s ; centraV fl. ! with 

SPubequal awns (7") ; spike linear, 1 — 2' long. @ Ohio, and W. May. 

3 H. VULGARE. Four-rowed B. Culm 2 — 4f ; Ivs. broad, auricled at base ; spike tiicK, 

2 — 4' ; fli?. all fertile, fruit in 4 rows. (I) Cultivated. May. 

4 H. DifTiciiuM. Ttvo-rowed B. Culm and leaves as above. Lateral fls. abortive; 

fruit arranged in two rows. (I) More common in cultivation. June. 

54. ELYMUS, L. Lyme G. Wild Rye. Spikelets 
2 — 4 at each joint of the rachis, 2-6-flwd. Gl. 2, subulate, 
placed on the outer side of their spikelet, forming an invo- 
lucre to the group, sometimes minute, or obsolete. 
Pales coriaceous, involving the grain, the lower 
acute or awned. (See Addenda.) 

§ Eltmus proper. Involucre present, consist- 
ing of the conspicuous glumes... (a) 
•i Gymnostichum. Invol. glumes small or mi- 
nute, or obsolete No 

a Spikelets 5-8-flowered, soft-pubescent, 

without awns No. 5 

a Spikelets 1-5-flowered, hard, rough, with conspicuous awns. 

b Spikelets glabrous, merely rough, 2- or 3-flowered Nos. 1, 2 

b Spikelets hispid with hairs, 1-3- or 2-5-llowered Nos. 3, 4 

1 S). Virginicus L. Culm erect, 3— 4f, smooth ; Ivs. broad, flat, scabrous ; spike 

3_5' long, thick, erect, often sheathed at base ; gl. lance-linear, strongly veined, 
tipped (as well as the 2 or 3 lis.) with short (6—10") awns, n Banks. August. 
j3. areu" Ins, (a) Ghames thickened and connate-arcuate at the base. S. 

2 E. Eiiropseus L. Culm erect, 3— 5f; Ivs. broad, flat, scabrous; spike suberect, 

6—8', exserted; spkl. in 3'8, 2-flowered, scabrous, each with 4 long (U— 2') straight 
awns ; glumes linear, 5-veined. 2i River banks. South. 

3 E. Canadensis L. (b) Spikes 4— S' long, rather loose, nodding, hairy; spike- 

lets (b) in 2's and 3's, 3-6-flwd. ; awns of the flowers (c) usually curved, longer than 
(7—18") those of the lance-lincar glumes ; culm 3—51'. U Banks. August. 

4 E. striatiis Willd. Spike 3— 4' long, dense, suberect ; spikelets in pairs, 1-3-flwd., 

hispid-pubescent ; awns subequal, 3 or 4 times longer than the flowers, v B.mkR 
and rocky woods. Culm slender, 2— 3f. August, 
p. tiUoHus. Culm 3— 4f, sheaths villcnis, and the glumes very hairy. 

5 E. mollis Trin. Culm 2— 4f, stout, soft-pubescent above, as well as the erect 5—8 

spike ; spikelets in pairs, about T-flwd. ; leaves and sheaths smooth. Shores, N-W. 
G E. llistrix L. Hedgehog O. Glabrous, tall (3— 4f) ; spike erect, 4—6' ; ppikelefa 
remote on tlie flexuons rachis, widely divergent. 2- or 3-flwd. ; fls. subulate, \' lon^', 
their awns straight, 1' or more ; glumes commonly ru- 
dimentary. Mr. J. Wolf sends specimen IVmu Illinois 
with awn-like glume* 4— 8" long. 2f Wooils. ,Iuly. 

55. LOLIUM, L. Darnel G. Spkl. oo 
•Iwd., sessile, remote, placed edgewise u> t!ie 
axis, the terminal one ^vith 2 glumes, the lateral 
with but 1. Pales herbaceous, the lower awnei' 
or miicroiia.t(>. 
' ti. pcroniie 

1— 2f: spike 5 



T-13-flowered. 
May, Jun<i li 



Ij. Ixaij Pariitl. (a) Smooth, simph' 
--8' ; spkl. 16 - 20, oblong. T)— 1» ", awuU-s?' 
flowers exceeding the gUuno. li Kiotils 




406 



Order 155.— GRAMII^E^. 




2 li. temul^iituni L. Poisonous D. Smooth, 2f, simple ; Iv?. rough-edged ; eplcL 
5-7-flwd., remote on the scabrous rachis, shorter ornot longer than their glame ; fls. 
tAvice shorter than their awn. (T) Fields. Pa., and N. Grain poison, (b, c) 
^. Canadinae (Mx.) Fls. awnless I or some of them short-awned ; glume V lon^, 
much exceeding the flowers. Wayne Co., N. Y. E. L. HanTcenson. 

55. TRITICUM, L. Wheat. Spikelets sessile m 2 
rows on the teeth of the rachis, and sidewise to it, its upper 
fls. abortive. Gl. 2, equal, opposite, mucronate. Pales 2, the 
lower awned or mucronate. Spike simple, rarely branched. 

§ Aqropykum. Glumes lanceolate, acute or awn-pointed .Nos. 1, 2 
§ Triticum. Glumes ovate-oval, obtuse or truncate Nos. 3, 4 

1 T. repens L. Couch G. Quick G. (a) Culms trailing at base, 

then erect, 1— 2f, from long creeping rhizomes (Fig. 257, p. 78) ; 
spike (a) erect, 3—5' ; spikelet remote, lance-oblong, 5-7-flowered ; 
awns short or 0. li. A. vile weed, in gardens, etc. June, July. (5, a flower.) 
^. daaystdchfium. Glaucous ; spikelets hoary -pubescent. Lake shores, N-W. 

2 T, violaceum. Hornm. Erect, 2— 3f; root fibrous; spike slender, dense, 2—4' ; 

spkl. closely imbricated, 3-5-flwd. ; awns 1—3" long, straight. Mts., Pa. {Porter), & N. 

3 T. canlnuin L. Pog's Couch G. Ascending, 2— 3f; rt. fibrous ; sp. dense; spkl, 

5-7-flwd. ; a^A-ns (6") twice longer than the pale, some recurved. 2f Fields, Del. to Wis. 

4 T. VTJLGAKE. Common Wheat. Culm firm, 3— 5f; leaves broad-linear ; spike some- 

what 4-sided ; spkl. crowded, broad, 4-flwd. ; gl. blunt, round-convex ; flowers often 
awned ; grain free. (T) (2) Varies as Summer Wheat, with awns, and sown in spring ; 
and Winter Wheat, without awns, sown in autumn. 

57. SSCALS, L. Rye. Spikelets single on the teeth of the rachis 
^-3-flwd., the 2 lower fls. fertile, sessile opposite, the upper one abortive. 
Gl. 2, opposite, subulate. Pales 2, herbaceous, the lower awned. 

S, CEKEAiE. Culm firm, 4— 6f high ; Ivs. glaucous ; spike linear, flattened, 3—8', nod- 
ding ; lower pale and its long straight awn ciliate-scabrous. (i) (g) Said to be native 
in the steppes of Caucasus. Cultivated from earliest times. 

58. LEPTOOHLOA, Beauv. Spkl. 3- OO-flwd., subsessile, in one- 
sided, slender spikes. Gl. 2, keeled, awnless. Pales membranous, awn- 
less or awned, the lower keeled, 3-veined. Lvs. flat and soft. Pan. com- 
posed of many long, slender spikes. Aug., Sept. 

§ Spikelets 2-4-flowered. Lower pale simply 

acute Nos. 1, 2 

§ Spikelets 6-10-flowered. Lower pale mu- 
cronate and notched Nos. 3, 4 

1 li. mucronata K. Culm ascending, 2 — 3f; leaves 

broad-linear ; pan. If or more ; spikes filiform, 3 — 4', 
floriferous from base ; spikelet of fls. minute, shorter 
than the mucronate glumes. (T) Fields, Va. to 111., & S. 

2 li. filiformis R. & S. (6) Tall, stout; pan. 1— 2f; 

spikes filiform, straight, suberect, 5 — 8', very many ; 
?pk_. of fls. id) exceeding the acute glumes. ®? S-W. 

3 li. fascicularis (Lam.) (a) Tall, stout; pan. ob- 

long, dense, 9—15' ; spikes 2—3'; spkl. (c) lance-oblong, %—%" , shortpedicelled ; lo\\'e« 
pale strongly 3-veined, the veins excurrent into 2 teeth and a cii!*p between 
Marshes. N. Y. S and W. 




Order 155.— GRAMIKE^. 



407 



4 L. Bominsennis Link. CulmB Bimple, slender; Ivs. linear-filiform; spikes few 
(6—12), distant ; spikelets nearly as in No. 3. S. Fla. (Chapman). Oct. 

59. GYMNOPOGON, Beauv. Spikes setaceous, corymbously pani- 
cled. iSpkl. remote, l-flwd., with an awn-like rudi- 
ment. Gl. 2, keeled, lance-linear. Lower pale with 
a straight awn near the tip. 7i Low, reed-like. 

1 G, raceiuosuiti B. (a) Culm ascending, 11 — 2f; Ivs. 

lanceolate from a broad base, short ; spikes erect but soon 
spreading, thread-form, 5—8', floriferous from base ; gl. (b) 
pungent ; fertile flower and abortive rudiment (c), both 
long-awned. Sands, N. J., and S. 

2 G. brevifolium Trin. (d) Culm 8—16'; Ivs. 1—2'; 

spikes bristle-form, 4—6', flower-bearing only above the 
middle ; fertile fl. awned (e), rudiment not. Md., and S. 

60. MANISURUS, L. Lizard-tail G. Spikes 
terminal ana lateral, their short stalks involved in 
sheaths. Spkl. in pairs, l-flwd., the lower § , the 
upper neutral, consisting merely of 2 empty subequal glumes, 
coriaceous, the lower rounded, concave. Pales hyaline, thin, (i) 

]f[. granuldris Swtz. Culm 2— 3f, branching; sheaths hairy; leaves flat; spikes 
i— 1', colored ; spkl. minute, the perfect globular, its gl. tessellated. Waysides. S. § 




Sp. digitate, one-sided. Spkl. 
persistent. 
Eudiment 



61. CYNODON, Rich. Bermuda G. 
l-flwd. (c), with a rudiment. Gl. 2 {d), 
Pales 2, membranous, the lower keeled, 
an awn- like pedicel. 

C dactylon Pers. (a) Difiusely creeping, sending up 
short branches ; narrow Ivs. and sheaths hairy ; spikes (b) 
4 or 5, 2—3' long, spreading, if Waste grounds. Ever- 
green. Pa., and S. § 

62. OHLORIS, Swtz. (Eustachys, Dcsv.) Spikes 
digitate-fasciculate, rarely few. Spkl. sessile along 
one side of the rachis, 2-8-flwd., the lower 1 or 2 fls. 

5 , the rest neutral or s . Gl. 2, persistent, acute or 
Bhort-awned. Lower pale keeled, mucronate or awned bolow tlic tip. 
Cidms flattened, often branched. Leaves obtuse. 

1 C. pctrrea (Thunb.) Culms 1— 2f ; Ivs. linear, 2 — t', flat, on cnrinato shoath? ; spikes 

3— (), straight, erect ; spkl. 2-flwd., brown, ciliato, bearded at bas^o. ic Brackish. S. 

2 C ^laiica (Chapni.) Glaucous, stout. 3— 5r; loaves 18—24' by J-'; spikes about 80; 

spkl. rouiuiish, upper flower obovate ; pales brown. t^O Marshes, Fla. Aug. -t- 

3 €. Florldaiia (Chapm.) Slender, if; Ivs. glaucous, 2—1' ; spikes 1 or 2 : spkl. 3- 

flwd., light brown, middle flower i , upper neutral, both smooth. Rnrrens, Fla.. Jl. ■♦• 

4 C. UAPiATA. From E. Ind. Cultivated for ornament. Culms leafy at base, sch^hv 

like, bearing at top numerous long, slender, radiating spikes; spikelets 8-floworeil, 
with 2 long awns, the fertile flower bearde\i at base, the sterile chib-shaped. 




63. ELEUSINE, Gacrt. Crab 
lateral. Spikelet 5-7-flwd., sessile. 



G. Yard G. Spikes digitate, uni 
Gl. obtuse, the lower smaller Pales 



408 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 




awnless, lower carinate, upper bicarinate. Grain 
ovate- triquetrous, free, loose in its pericarp. Lvs. flat. 

E. indica L. Culms clustered, ascending, 3—6—12'; leaves 
linear; spikes (a) 2—4, rarely 1, linear, straight, spreading, 
2- 4' by 2" ; spkl. (b) closely imbricated on the under side 
of the rachis, smooth ; fruit brown. ® Waysides : com- 
mon M., S-W. August. 

64. DACTYIiOCTENIUM, Willd. Egyptian G. Spikes several, 
digitate, unilateral. Spkl. 2- oo-flwd. Gl. compressed-carinate, the uppei 
awned. Pales boat-shaped, acute-mucronate. Grain roundish, free. 

I>. Egypticnxu Willd. Culms creeping and ascending, 1— IK; lvs. ciliate at base; 
spikes commonly 4 (cruciate), pointed; spkl. 3-flwd. (i) Fields : com. Va. toFla. § 

65. SPARTINA, Schreb. Marsh G. Cord G. 
Spkl. flat, 1-flwd., closely imbricated in a double 
row on one side of the triquetrous rachis, forming 
dense spikes. Glumes keeled, coriaceous. Pales 
awnless. Style very long. If Rigid marsh grasses. 

* Upper glume decidedly awned. Lower pale rough- 

hispid on the keel No. 1 

* Glumes merely pointed. . . (a) 

a Lower pale rough-hispid on the keel Nos. 2, 3 

a Lower pale smooth. Spikes 1—12 Nos. 4, 5 

1 S. cynosuroides Willd. Culm 2— 4f, slender but 

firm : lvs. long, narrow, involute-filiform above ; spikes 5—30. in a raceme-like pani 
cle, each 2 — 4' long; upper glume with its awn 8—10''', lower glume and subequal 
pales 4 — 5''. Brackish soils. August. 

2 S. polystachya Willd. Culm 4— 8f, 1—1' in diameter ; leaves broadly linear, flat ; 

spikes 20—50, iu a dense panicle, and 3—4' ; upper pointed gl. 6", lower gl. 2—3", 
haJf as long as the equal pales. Salt marshes, chiefly southward. Aug., + (a,b.c) 

3 S. gracilis Hook. Culml— 2f ; Ive. rolled, rigid, rush-like ; spikes 15—30, very short 

H'), closely imbricated into a spike-form panicle. Swamps, Fla. July, August. 

4 S, j ikncea Willd. Culm 1— 2f, slender ; leaves rolled and rush-like or setaceous ; 

spikes 1—6, subsessile, 1— li' long ; upper glume 4", lower li", pales 3i" ; whole 
plant glabrous except the rough-keeled upper glume. Marshes along the coast. 

5 S. alternlflora Lois. Soft Marsh G. Culm 3— 5f, juicy ; leaves channeled, lonjj ; 

spikes 3—12, sessile, appressed, their rachis produced and 
pointed ; upper gl. lin., obtuse, smooth as well as the en- 
tire plant ; lower i as long. Salt marshes Aiigust. 

66. BOUTEIiOUA, Lagasca. Musquite G. Spkl. 
sessile in two rows on one side of the rachis, form- 
ing dense spikes. Glumes keeled, the lower larger. 
Flowers several, the lowest 2 , the rest abortive. $ 
Lower pale 3-toothed, upper 2-toothed. Abortive 
flowers awned. 
§ AtheropSgon. Spikes numerous and short, forming an 

erect, virgate, one-sided raceme ; spikelets 4—8 No. 1 

§ Chondr6sium. Spikes 1 or few, dense ; spkl. oo . . . Nos. 2, 3 





Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 



409 



1 B. curtlpendula (Mx.) (c) Calm ascending, l—2f; leaves lance-linear; epikea 

20 — 40, near i' long, deflexed ; ppkl. (a) 2-flwd., abortive fl. 1-awned. u M., W. Jl. 

2 JB. liirsuta Lag. Culms tufted. If; leaves at base lance-linear, flat; spikes 1 — .3; 

glumes (&) glandular-hispid, shorter than the 3 awns cf the smooth (d) sterile flower. 
(D Sandy soils, Wis., and S. 

3 JB. ollgostacliya, (N.) Culm filiform, 6—12' ; Ivs. at base subulate-setaceous ; gL 

and lower pale downy, equaling the 3 awns of the villous ster. fl. U Wis., and W. 

67. CTENIUM, Fanner. Tooth-ache G- 

Bpkl. {b) 4-5-flwd., closely imbricated on one side 
of a flat rachis, middle fl. 5 , the upper and lower 
sterile. Upper gl. exterior, with an awned tubercle 
on the back. Lower 5 pale awned near the apex, 
silky-fringed below. Spike solitary, recurved. 

C. aromaticum (Ell.) Culm rigidly erect, 3— 5f; leaves^ 

involute-setaceous above ; scorpoid spike (a) 4—6', very dense, the short, stout, di- 
var. awns arranged in 3 rows, ii Sandy swamps, Va., and S. Curious. Herb. pung. 

68. TRIPSAOUM, L. Sesame G. Spikes $ above, ? 
below. Gl. coriaceous. $ Spkl. 2-flwd., inner fl. neuter. ? 
Spkl. 2-flwd., the lower abortive. Outer gi. covering the fls. 
in a cavity of the thick-jointed rachis, with an aperture each' 
side at base. 





T, dactyloides L. Culm solid with pith, 4— 6f, stout; Ivs. broad and 
flat ; spikes (5—8') 2 or 3 together at top, and solitary in the sheaths, 
sometimes, in 
/3. monostachi/on, solitary at the top also. U Banks and shores, 
Penn. to 111. 

69. ZEA, L. Indian Corn, s Fls. awnless. 
$ Fls. in a terminal panicle of racemes ; spkl. (a) 
2-flwd. «^ Fls. embedded in the thick axillary 
spadix (cob), which is enveloped in many bracts 
(husks) ; spikelets (b) 2-flowered, 1 fertile. Glumes 
roundish. Pistil thread-form (silk), very long, 
green, (i) Culm solid. 

Z. Mays L. Culm stout, frect. 5— 15f, smooth, with many 

ample liu. -lanceolate Ivs. Native of S. Am. Cultivated 

in many varieties. Grain always in even 8—24 rows in 

the ear, golden yellow, varying to br. -purple or poarl-wh. 

/3. jAr6NicA. Leaves variegated with 

stripes of white and groon. Cardons. 

70. ROTTBCELLIA, Br. Kat-tail G. Spkl. in pans at 
tach joint of a terete spike, one sessile in a cavity of the rachis, 
2 flwd., the other pedicelled, abortive. Lower fl. of the sessile 
spkl. abortive. Gl. 2, subequal, the outer concave, coriaceous, 
hyaline. I; Spikes pedunculate. Culm solid. 




1 K. cylifidrica (Mk.) Pedicellate spkl. a minuti 
HCiite, obscurely impressed-dottod in linos; spikt 



rudiment ; S glum 
> ri/,'iniirh\ slender 




410 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 




culm terete, slender, 2 — 4f, with very narrow involute-setaceous leaves. Drj' bar 
rens, Fla. to La. July. + (R. campestris N.) 

2 18.. rugosa (N.) Pedicellate spkl. neutral; s gl. lanceolate, transversely r^g-oi/*; 

spikes 2—3', terminal and axillary ; culm compressed, 2 — 4f. Swamps, S. Sept. + 

3 R. corrugata Baldw. (a) Pedicellate spkl. (d) staminate ; « gl. (c) ovate, deeply 

reticulately pitted ; spikes 3—6', colored ; culm compressed, 2— 4f. Low lands. S. 

71. STENOTAPHRUM, Trin. Spike flat- 
leued. Spkl. 2-flwd., in pairs at each joint, em- 
bedded, one pedicelled and sterile, the other ses- 
sile and constructed like Panicum (p. 391). U 
Culm branched. 

S. dlmidlAtum (Thunb.) (a) Smooth, leafy, decum- 
bent, 2 — 3f ; leaves (&) lance-linear, flat ; spikes single, lateral and terminal, 3' by 3", 
joints not separating. Low lands, S. June. + 

72. ERIANTHUS, Rich. Plume G. Spkl. 
all fertile, 2-flwd., in pairs at each joint of the slen- 
der rachis, one sessile, the other pedicelled, both 
involucrate at base with a tuft of hairs. Gl. sub- 
equal, exceediug the fls. Lower fl. neutral, of 1 
hyaline pale, upper of 2, 1-awned. If Stout, erect 
grasses, with flat leaves and tawny silky panicles. 

§ Hairs of the iavol. much longer than the 6pkl..Nos. 1, 2 
§ Hairs of the involucre short or none Nos. 3, 4^ 

1 E. alopecuroides Ell. Culm (6— lOf !) andbroadlvs. 

silky-hirsute ; panicle dense, oblong, 12—20' ; hairs of 

the invol. twice longer than the (2^") spkl., thrice shorter than the straight awn which 

is terminal on its pale. Wet pine-barrens, N. J., W. and S. (a, b) 

2 E, contortiis Ell. Culm (4 — 6f), and broad-linear leaves glabrous ; panicle oblong, 

6—10' ; hairs of the invol. thrice longer than the (3") spkl., twice shorter than the 
contoi'ted awn issuing from the base of the 2-cleft pale. Wet grounds, S. 

3 E. brevibarbis Mx. Culm and leaves as in the last ; panicle dense, 8 — 14' ; hairs 

shorter than the (4") spkl. ; awn some twisted, 8—10'-' ; pale bifid. Low grounds, S. (c) 

4 E. strictus Bald. Culm (4 — 7f ) and long, narrow (3—5") leaves gliibrous ; panicle 

strict^ spike-form, 10— 20', reddish brown ; awn straight ; invol. almost 0. Banks, S. 

73. SACCHARUM, L. Sugar-cane. Spkl. all fertile, awnless, in 
pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, 2-flwd., lower fl. neuter, of a single 
pale, upper fl. g of 2 pales. Gl. 2, subequal. Pales 2, hyaline. Sta. 1—3. 
% Gigantic tropical grasses with branching panicles. Spikelets cinctured 
at base with long silky hairs. 

S, OFFiciNARUM. Culm solid, short -jointed, erect, 8 — 20f; Ivs. many, broad and flat; 
pan. 1— 2f, of numerous racemes, richly clothed with the long, white, silky, involu- 
crate hairs. Native of S. Asia. Cultivated far South. 

74. ANDROPOGON, L. Beard G. Spkl. in pairs at each joint of 
a slender rachis (a), one on a plumous-bearded pedicel {d) imperfect, the 
other (e) sessile, 2-flwd. Lower flower of 1 empty pale, upper flower 5 
of 2 hyaline pales, the lower tipped with an awn. Sta. 1 — 3. 2f Culms 
erect, branched, coarse. Flowers spiked. 





Order 155.— GRAMINEiE. 411 

§ Hairt> copious silky, longer than the gl. Sta. 1 Nos. 1— 3 

§ Hai.r? shorior than the glumes. Sta. 3 (1 in No. 4). .,(a) 

a Spikes digitate. 2 — 4 together at eummits Nos. 4, 5 

a Spikes single, one at the top of each branch Nos. 6— 8 

a Spikes clustered, paniculate ; awns very long No. 

J A. macro ur us Mx. Culm erect, 2 — 3f, much branched ; 
spkl. very delicate, in pairs, with a spathe, very many, 
forming a dense leafy, silky panicle ; sterile spikelet only 
a pedicel ; 5 awn a straight bristle, 8", hairs 4". Wet 
grounds, N. Y., and S. Sept. + 

2 A, Virginicus L. Culm triangular, tall (3— 5f), the^ 

upper half loosely paniculate and nodding ; spikes (like 
No. 1, light and feathery, 1', two from each spathe) scat- 
tered ; sterile spikelet a mere pedicel ; awns 9"; spathe 2'. Dry soils. Sept., Oct. 

3 A. argenteus Ell. Culm purplish, slender, 1— 3f ; branches 1 or 2 at each upper 

node, each with a pair of spikes 12 — 15" long at top ; fls. concealed by the silvery- 
white hairs ; awn 7— 8". No spathe. Dry soils, Va., and S. Sept., Oct. 

4 A. tetrastyclius Ell. Culm erect, 2 — 3f ; leaves and sheaths very hairy ; branches 

1 or 2 at each node, each with 4 (rarely 2) spikes at top ; sterile spikelet an awnlike 
glume only ; glume serrulate ; awn 4 times its length. Low lands, S. Sept. 
i> A. furca.tus Muhl. Forked spiJce. Culm erect, 4— 7f; Ivs. and sheaths glabrous; 
spikes purplish, digitate, in 2's— 5's, 3—5' long; spkl. appressed, the stalked one i; 
awn of the 5 flower bent, 8—10''' long. Meadows and prairies : common. August. 

6 A. teller (Nees). Culms 2— 3f, slender, rigid ; leaves narrow, rigid ; spikes erect, 2, 

slender; spkl. appressed ; pedicellate fl. neuter ; 8 awn bent, 4— 6". Dry barrens, 

7 A. ciliatus (Nutt.) Culms3— 4f, with long linear Ivs. ; spikes 3— 6', on long ped 

icels ; hairs close-pressed, white ; spkl. awnless, the stalked one 6 . Damp, S. 

8 A. scoparius Mx. Broom G. (a) Culm 3f, erect, with erect, often fascicled 

branches; Ivs. more or less hairy; spikes single on the filiform pedicels, loose, 6-12- 
flowcred, hairs spreading nearly as long as the fls. ; 8 awns (J" long, twisted ; stalked 
flower (6) neuter, or (in /S. Halei) {d) staminate. In dry fields, forming tufts. 

9 A, melaiiocarpus (Muhl.) Culms 4— 8f; Ivs. glabrous; spikes numerous, clus- 

tered ; spkl. many, large, each from a subulate spathe, the 2 lower spathes longest, 
glume-like $ awn 3^' long, twisted. Fields, Ga., Fl. Sept.+ 

75. SORGHUM, Pers. Broom Corn. Spkl. in 2's and 3's, panicled , 
tlie middle spkl. complete, 2-flwd., lower fl. abortive. Lateral or lower 
spkl. sterile. Glumes coriaceous, pales membranous. Sla. 3. Otherwise 
like Andropogon. Culms simple. 

1 S. nutans (L.) Indian G. Wood G. Culm -J — 4f; pan. elongated, 10— 20', narrow, 

nodding; spkl. all tawny, tlie sterile reduced to mere pedicels in contact with the b . 
all bristly ciliate ; awu contorted, longer than the flower, u Dry: common. 

2 S, SACCHARATUM. lirooia Cof^n. Culm thick, solid. 6— lOf; leaves bro«d, downy at 

base ; panicle large, dilVuse, with the slondor branches whorled ; o t:!"'"^''* h;iiry, 
persistent. (T) E. Indies. 

3 S, vuLQAiiE. Indian Millet. Culm erect, (5— 12f. round. soHil ; leaves broad, keeled 

pan. compact, erect, oval ; glumes and pales caducous, fruit naked. i^O K. Ind.— Tlu 
Sugar Sorghum is regarded as a variety of this species. 

76. COIX LACUYMA. Job's Tears. Culm 1 — 3f, solid, with erect, 

rtUMuler branches clustered in the upper sheaths ; leaves lanceolate. Spikolets few in the 
i»hort spikes, awnless, the lowest enclosed in an iuvolucro which becomes ovoid, bouy, 
pulii^hcd, and bluish-white, likened to a falling; tear. ;^ Gnnleus. From K. Indi«8. 



412 Order 156.— MARSILEACE^. 



SuBKii^GDOM, OKYPTOaAMIA, 

Or Flowerless Plants. Vegetables destitute of true stamens 
and pistils, gradually descending to a mere cellular structure, 
with reproductive organs of 1 or 2 kinds, producing, instead of 
seeds, minute, dust-like bodies (spores) having neither integu- 
ments nor embryo. 

Province, ACEOG-ENS. Flowerless plants, having a regular 
stem or axis which grows by the extension of the apex only, 
without increasing in diameter, generally with leaves, and 
composed of cellular tissue and scalariform ducts. (Ferns, 
Mosses, Club-mosses, Horsetails, &c.) 

Order CLVI. MARSILIACE^. Pepperworts. 

Herbs creeping or floating, with the leaves petiolate or sessile, circinate ui 
vernation. Fruit (sporocarps) situated at the base of the leaves or leaf- 
stalks, containing the capsular sporanges of one kind with 2 kinds of spores, 
or of 2 kinds with the different spores separated. 

* Leaves compound, on slender petioles, with 4 leaflets. Stems creeping Marsilia. 1 

* Leaves simple, grass-like, radical. Stem a corm Isoetes. 2 

* Leaves minute, lobed, imbricated. Stem filiform, floating free Azolla^ 3 

1. MARSILIA, L. Sporocarps at the base of the leaf-stalks, of one 
kind, 2-celled, cells transversely many-celled, separating into two lobes at 
maturity. Sporangia inserted on each horizontal partition, of 2 kinds, 
some 1-spored, others GO-spored. U Stems creeping and rooting. Learns 
petiolate, apparently radical, of 4 wJiorled leaflets^ resembling clover. 

1 OT. qnadrifolia L. Lfts. round-cuneiform, as broad as long, glabrous ; sporocarpe 

oblong, smoothish, 1, 2, or 3 on each short peduncle, as large as a peppercorn, u Pet- 
ioles 3— 5' high. Margin of pond, Litchfield, Conn. (Prof. Eaton). Leaves floating. 

2 ITI. vestita Hook & Grev. Lfts. cuneiform-obovate, longer than broad, glab. ; sporo- 

carps glob. -oval, 2i", hisp., 1 only on each short (3") peduncle, %-toothed on back. S-W, 

3 M. uncinata Braun. Lfts. cuneiform-obovate, hispid, petioles 1—2' high; sporo- 

carps 2", subsessile at the base of the petioles, clothed with rust-colored wool. Iowa. 

2. ISOETES, L. Quilt WORT. Sporocarps oval, 1-celled, of 2 kinds, 
sessile in the axils of the radica. ^vs. and adhering to them. Spores in the 
Quter sporangia larger, globular ; in the inner minute, powdery. 2^ yis?* 
Leaves linear, grass-like, clustered on the short corm. 

* Species growing under water, generally wholly submersed, in ponds, &c. .Nos. 1—3 

* Species growing in shallow water, or in damp grounds, emersed Nos. 4 — 1 

\ I. lacustrisL. Lvs. 2 — 6^ subulate, rigid, erect-spreading ; sporocarps round-ovate, 

unspotted, the larger spores with crested ridges. Varies with the leaves 6etaceo\.e' 
eubulate and recurved, the sporocarps rarely a little spotted. N. 



Order 157.— LYCOPODIACE^. 



413 



2 I. ecl»iii6spora Dur. Lvs. subulate, 3—10', red at base, 15 — 30 iu number; sporo- 

carp? round-ovate, spotted, larger spores echinate with minute points. N. J., Pa , & N, 

3 I. flaccida Shutt. Lvs. Jlaccid. 1— 2f long, almost filiform, yellowish green ; sporo- 

carps oblong-ovate ; spores not netted, minutely roughened. Ponds and lakes. Fla. 

4 I. riparia Eng. Lvs. 10-30 in number, 4-S',lin. ; sporocarps oblong, spotted; sporea 

with a band of crested ridijes, ash-colored ; leaves emersed. Del. K. (Porter), and N 

5 I. saccliarata Eng. Leaves few (7—15), subulate-filiform, 2—3', rocurA'ed ; sporo- 

carps ovate, spotless ; spores minutely tubcrcled. Wicomico R., Md. (Canby, Porter). 

6 I. inelanopoda J. Gay. Leaves very slender, 8—10', carinate on the back, brown at 

base ; sporocarps brown ; spores smooth, smaller than in No. 5. 111. (Prof. Porter). 

7 I. Siigelmanni Braun. Leaves 25— 100, 10—20' long, filiform-linear, weak: sporo- 

carps oblong, spotless ; spores honeycombed all over. Shallow waters, E. and W. 
)3. g-rdcilift. Leaves about 10, very flaccid. If. N. E. to 111. (J. Wolf). 
y. vdlida, lv(«. very numerous, 2f, from a stock 6" — 1' thick. Del. & Pa. (Porter). 

3. AZOLLA, Lam. Small floating plants, with filiform stems and mi- 
nute imbricated leaves or fronds. Sporocarps of 2 kinds, sessile on the 
under side of the branches, the smaller sterile, filled with antheridm, the 
larger fertile, thin, containing sporangia on stalks, each with several spores. 
A. Carolinia.na Willd. Lvs. ovate-oblong, obtuse, fleshy, |", reddish beneath; ster- 
ile fruits 1 or 2 at the base of the fertile, and many times smaller. Still waters, N. & W. 

Order CLVII. LYCOPODIACE^. Club Mosses. 

These are interesting evergreen creep- J\^ 

crs or runners, rarely erect, branching, ^^g^v. 

abounding in ducts, with the feaves small, ^^^^y_VI/Vy, .v ^k\ 

numerous, crowded, entii'e, lanceolate or '^0M 

subulate, i-nerved. Fruits sessile, ax- _\ --, mNl ¥^':|p^>j| 

illary or crowded into a spike, 2-valved, A (^ ' 

containing lew rather large spores, or ^ !IKL%^^^' 
numerous minute onea appearing like 
powder. 

P51, Lycopodium dendroidisum. 552, A single spikK mI 

653, A scale with its axillary sporange bursting. 654, trj|Jj 

5p<Mea. ni 

1. LYCOPODIUM, L. Club Moss. M 

Spore-cases all of one kind, 1-celled, reni- 

form, oponhig transversely, 2-valved; yuj 2 » 551 

spores numerous, minute, sulphur-yel- 
low. — Leaves in 4, 8, or 10 rank.^. ""-- ■r^^''^"---*. 

§ Fruit in pedunculated spikes (the fertile brnnohos nearly leAfleee).. .(c) 
§ Fruit in sessile spikes (,tho branches leafy throushoutV. .(,d) 

% Fruit scattered, axillary, forniinir no distinct spike Ni>^. 1, i 

b Loaves of the spike braot-like. discolored Nos. S, 4 

b Leaves of the spikes and stems all alike Nos. ,^. 6 

c Spikes several (2 — (>"> on eaeli peduncle Nosi. 9, ui 

(' Spike solitary on each peduncle Noe. 7. S 

1 L. Seltigo ^'- ■/''''' ('/"^ Mosf!. Erect, '2— (»', fastiiriately branched ; lvs. »H>voring the 
branches, all alike, entire. .Hcute and puni^ent. awnless. Top*; of hl^h mountain*, N. 




414 Order 157.— LYCOPODIACE^. 

2 li. lucidulnm Mx. Shining C. Ascending, forking, 8—16' ; Ivs. Il 8 rows, linear- 

lanceolate, denticulate, shining, spreading or reflex(;d, pointed, large for the genne 
(3 — 4'0, the fruitful ones like the rest, as in No. 1. Damp woods. 

3 L. inundatum L. Marsh C. Stem creeping, often submersed, the simple soli- 

tary ped. 1—3' (Conn., Mr. Bowles) or 4—7' (]\Iass., Dr. Ricard) ; leaves soft and fine, 
curving upward : spike solitary, 1 — IJ' long, leafy. Swamps, Can. to Car. 

4 Li. alopecuroides L. Sterile branches decumbent, shorter than the tall (7—200 

erect fertile ones ; leaves crowded, subulate, awned ; spikes leafy, 2—3' long. 
Swamps in pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La. 

5 li. annotinum L. Creeping, branches twice forked, ascending 6—8'; leaves in 

5 rows, lance-linear, spreading, denticulate ; spikes solitary. Woods, N. 

6 li. dendroideum Mx. Tree C. Ground Pine. Erect, about 8', with its erect 

branches spirally arranged, forked and crowded ; Ivs. lance-linear, in 6 equal rows ; 
spikes several but solitary, 1|', yellow-brown. Woods. Yory elegant. 
/3. ohscurum. Branches spreading ; spikes 1 or 2, greeni«h brown. 

7 li. Caroli^ianum L. Stem and branches creeping and rooting ; Ivs. appearing 2- 

ranked, the lateral spreading while the others are appressed, lanceolate ; peduncles 
simple, 2 — 4', bearing each a single spike. Barrens, N. J., and S. 

8 li. sabinaefolium Willd. Ground Fir. Long, creeping; branches erect, short, 

with fastigiate branchlets ; Ivs. terete-subulate ; ped. short. White Mts., and N. 

9 li. complanatum L. Festoon Ground Pine. Long, trailing; branches repeat- 

edly forking, fan-shaped, spreading; leaves 4-ranked, the marginal connate, diverg- 
ing, the others distinct, appressed ; peduncles long, with 4 — 6 spikes. Woods. 

10 li. clavatam L. Common C. Extensively creeping, branches ascending ; leaves 
scattered, incurved, bristly-acuminate ; peduncles erect, remotely bracted, 3 — 5', bear- 
ing a pair of straight spikes 2' long. In shades : common. 

2. SELAGINEIiLA, Spr. Dwarf Club Moss. Fruits of two kinds, 
viz., antheridia,yf\Ach. are 1-celled, opening at apex; and oophoridia^ larger, 
containing 1 — 4 (rarely 6) globous-angular grains. — A large genus. The 
species are cultivated in every greenhouse. Spikes quadrangular, bracts 
in 4 rows. (Lycopodium L.) 

§ Leaves all alike and similarly imbricated all around. Native Nop. 1, 2 

I Leaves of 2 kinds, in 4 rows, those of the 2 lateral rows larger and spread 
. iug, of the 2 intermediate rows superficial, small, appressed.. .(a) 
a Slender rootlets produced along the stems. — x Leaves unequal-fided. .Nos. 3—5 

—X Leaves equal-sided Nos. 6 — 8 

No rootlets, &c. — y Stems erect, frond-like, simple, stalk-like below. .Nos. 9—11 
—y Stems diff'use, branched from the base Nos. 12, 13 

a S. rup^stre (L). Sts. ascending, 2 — 4', divided into numerous tufted, mossy branches ; 

leaves crowded, fine, blue-green, ciliate ; spike indistinct, ft". Eocks. 
2 S. selaginoides (L). Stem filiform, creeping, branches euberect, 3—6', the fertile 

simple, 1-spiked ; leaves lanceolate, yellow-green, ciliate. Woods, N. 
8 S. apus Spr. Stem weak, loosely branched, with hair-l>Jie rootlets near the base ; 

leaves ovate, slightly oblique, acutish. the smaller ones p jinted. Damp. + 

4 S. STOLONiFERA. Sts. producing long threadform rootlets below, 3-4-pinnately branch- 

ed ; branchlets 2—4" broad ; Ivs. imbricated, ovate, entire, obtuse,the smaller ones with 
a filiform straight point. The older stems become zigzag. 6-10'. Com. (S. Mertensii.) 

5 S. DENTicuLATA (or Kraussiaua). Prostrate, delicate, remotely and somewhat 3-pin- 

nately branched ; leaves 1", oblong-ovate, minutely denticulate, acute, distant on the 

Bt«m, crowded on the branchlets ; smaller leaves with reflexed points. Very common. 

/3. VAEIEGATA. ' Ends of the branchlets with their leaves white. Rootlets hair-like. 

fi S. UNCiNATA Corcsesia). Long-creeping, with hair-like rootlets. 2-3-pinnateiy branched. 



Order 158.— EQUISETACE^. 



415 



branchlets crowded, short, 'if' wide ; leaves crowded, oblong, entire, obtuse, the 
smaller ones with an 'dncinate (reflexed) slender point. 

7 S. SERPENS. Stems prostrate, with hair-like rootlets, 2-3-pinnate ; branchlets short and 

crowded, 1" wide ; Ivs. crowded, round-ovate, cordate, obtuse, entire, the smaller acute. 

8 S. DELiCATfssiMA. Sts. Creeping, 5 — 8', rooting, filiform, loosely 2-.3-pinnate, 1" wide ; 

leaves ovate, obtuse, ciliate, not crowded, the middle ones scarcely smaller, acute. 

9 S. CAULESCENS. Glabrous, suberect, 12—18', 3-4-pinnately branched, fern-like, and lan- 

ceolate in outline ; branchlets close, If" wide ; leaves close, ovate, entire, very acute, 
the points turned upward ; smaller leaves mucronate ; stem straw-colored. 

10 S, WiLLDENovii. Like the last as to stems and branches, but they are finely pubes- 
cent, and the leaves are less crowded, ovate, and obtuse. 6 — 12', ovate in outline. 

lis. ERYTHKOPUS. Stcms red, with scattered, appressed leaves ; frond wide-spreaa, 
somewhat palmate, with crowded branchlets and leaves, branchlets H" wide ; leaves 
ovate-oblong, oblique, obtuse, ciliate, the smaller with long straight points. 

1 2 S. cuspiDATA. Stem or frond 3—6', densely and somewhat dichotomously branched ; 
branchlets 1" wide ; leaves closely imbricated, all nearly alike, elliptical, ciliate, 
bristle-pointed, with the point inclined upward.— A variety (perhaps the fertile stems) 
are lanceolate in outline, 2-3-pinnately branched. 

1 3 S. LEPiDOPHTLLA, Resurrectton Moss, is a roundish ball when dry. In a cup of water 
it soon expands into a dense circle of dark-green, densely 2-3-pinnate fronds, with 
innumerable oval, obtuse, entire leaves. From Lower California. 

3. PSILOTUM, R. Br. Sporangia sessile, 3-celled, imperfectly 3-valved 
by terminal chinks, filled with farinaceous spores. — Stem fork-branched, 
with alternate, minute leaves, as if leafless. 

P. triquetrnm Swtz. Stem erect, 8— KK, many times forked, and, with the branches, 

^angled ; leaves remote, f^' ; fruit 3-lobed, sessile along the branches. E. Fla 



Order CLYIII. EQUISETACE^. Horsetails. 

Plants leafless simple stems, or with whorled branches. St€)ns striate- 
Bulcate, jointed, fistular between, and separable at, the joints. SheatJis 
dentate, crowning each internode. Fructification a dense, oblong-cylin- 
dric, terminal, and cone-like spike, composed of 6-sided, peltate scales, 
arranged spirally, bearing beneath 4 — 7 spore-cases, which open laterally. 
iS])ores globular, each with 4 elaters attached, involving them spirally, oi 
open when discharged. (See Figures.) 

EQUISETUM, L. Scouring 
Rush. Character the same as 
that of the order. — The sheaths 
may be regarded as a whorl of 
united Ivs. The cuticle abounds 
in silex. 

f)55, Ktiuisetum nrvcnso. 656, E. sylvufi- 
cum. fif)?, Section of the spike, enliir^'d. R,\S, 
A jicltiUo sciilo with 7 sporimpes bcnoiuh (or 
ono conipoiiud sporiiii>;o), miignifloii. ft,V,), A 
tp.iro with i(s oliitois lii-Uily nin,!;iiil\<'<l. 

§ Species tVuiting iu Spring mid ilooayln.L 
§ Spocios fruiunjr in Sumnioi and lasiinf; 




iH'fort^ the folUn> inc Wintor. . 
thmu^'h tho ftillowin;: Wintor 



..Kb) 



4] 6 



Order 159.— FILICES. 



a Fertile stems never branching, the sterile with simple, whorled branches.. Nos, 1,8 
a Fertile stems at length, like the sterile, with compound, whorled branches . . Nos. 3, 4 

b Stems with whorls of simple branches from the middle joints Nos. 5, 6 

6 Stems mostly simple, large, 20-40-furrowed , Nos. 7—9 

b Stems always simple, very slender, 3-9-farrowed Nos. 10, 11 

1 E. arvense L. Fertile stems erect, 6—8', simple ; sterile 12-14-farrowed, with sim- 

ple, ascending, 4-angled branches ; sheath cut into long dark-brown teeth ; spike 
6—12", oblong. Can. to Va. and Ky. The sterile stems appear after the fertile. 
J3. serotinum. Sterile plant also producing a late spike of fruit. Pa. (Porter). 

2 E, Telmatela Ehr. Ivory H. Sterile stem 2— 5f, lohite, about 30-furrowed, its 30 

branches 4-angled ; fertile stems simple ; sheaths with subulate teeth. L. Superior. 

3 E. sylvaticum L. Stems 12- or 13-furrowed, both kinds with compound^ deflexed, 

angular branches, ^—W. Woods and low grounds. ' North. 

4 E. pra tense Ehr. Stems 10-12-furrowed, both kinds soon producing simple, straight 

branches, in several whorls ; branches 3-angled. N. W. 

5 E. liiuosnna L. Pipes. Stems 2— 3f, smooth, erect, 15-20-striate, mostly with a 

few irregular, simple, 5-sided branches near the middle ; sheaths white above, with 
15 — 20 teeth, tipped with black. Shores and swamps. 

6 E. palustreL. Sts. 1 — l|f, erect, with 6— 8 prominent striae ; branches few, sheaths 

with as many pointed teeth as striae. Marshes, N. Eare in the United States. 

7 E. JsBTigatuni Braun. Stems 2— 3f, erect, simple or some branched ; sheaths long 

(6 — 7'0, close, green, with 20—25 black teeth ; branch sheaths 8-toothed. Miss. River. 

8 E. robtLStum. Braun. Sts. 2— 4f, very stout, some branched above ; sheaths shoit 

(3 — 4"), close, with 40 (in the branches 11) deciduous teeth, and a black band near the 
base, rarely with another above. Eiver banks, W. States to California 1 
** E. hyeiMaJe L. Scouring Rush. Stems all simple, erect, 2f, very rough with sili 
cious points ; sheaths ashy-white, black at base and summit, short (2 — 3"), with about 

20 subulate, awned, deciduous teeth. Con- 
spicuous in wet shades. 

10 E. variegatum Schleichgr. Simple 
(branched from base), slender, straight, 
6 — 12', 5-9-furrowed ; sheaths very short, 
with brown bristle-tipped teeth. N. Eare. 

11 E. scorpioid.es Mx. Sts. tufted, fili- 
form, 4-8', recurved, 3-4-turrowed ; sheaths 
bluck, teeth 3 or 4, scarious and bristle- 
tipped. Woods, Penn., and N. 

Order CLIX. FILICES. Ferns. 
Stem a perennial, creeping, horizon- 
tal rhizome, or sometimes erect and 
tree-like. Fronds {h-mX-he-Mmg leaves) 
variously divided, rarely entire, with 
mostly forked veins and circinaU 
vernation. Fruit occupying the back 
or margin of the fronds arising from 
the veins. Sporangia (spore-cases) of 
one kind, scattered, or clustered in 
sori, 1 -celled, containing numerous 
minute spores. 

Fig. 560, Polypodiuru vuli^are, frond pinnate. 561, 
562, One of the sori enlarged, showing the eporan- 




4. leaflet of the frond enlarged, showing the sori, 



. 563, One sporange further magnified, bursting and discharging its spores, 
lidium niiirginale covered with tlie indiisiiim. 56.'>. Side view of tlie same. 



564, A sorus of 



Order 159.— FILICES. 417 

A large and interesting Order, distinguished for their elegant, plume- 
like foliage. They are usually a few inches to a few feet high, but some 
Df the Tropical species, as the Cyathese, are 15 to 25 feet, vieing with the 
Palms in size and beauty. 

1^" The sti2Je is the stalk of the fi-ond, and the rachis its contiBuation through it. The 
tnn7ice (or pn.) are the first divisions of a divided frond (often called leaflets). Pinnula 
(or pnl.) are the first divisions of the pinnae v^'hen further divided. Segments {seg.) are 
the final divisions, and the partial divisions of the segments are lobes, &c. The sort (fruit- 
dote) are either naked, or covered with an indusium (see cut). 
§ POLYPODIACEjE. The True Ferns, with fronds mostly radical, circinate in bud. Fporangia in 

son, pedicellate, with a vertical, elastic ring, opening transversely. . .(/) 
g CYATHEACE^. The Tree Ferns, with fronds on an erect trunk. Sporangia as in § 1. . .(e) 
§ HYMENOPHYLLACE^. Pellucid Ferns ; sporangia in a cup and on a thread. . .(ci) 
§ SCHIZjECE^. Very slender vines or fronds. Sporangia with a ring-crown at apex., .(c) 
% OSMUNDIACE^. Fronds stout, radical. Sporangia with no ring, 2-valved. ..(b) 
g OPHIOGLOSSACE^E. Frond single (in our species), on an erect stem. Sporangia with no ring... (a) 

a Fruit in a spike. Frond entire, reticulate-veined Ophioglossum. 1 

o Fruit in a panicle. Frond divided, fork-veined Botrychium. 3 

h Fronds pinnate or bipinnate, with straight, forked veins Osmuxda. 3 

e Fronds palmately lobed. Stems climbing, 3 — 4f Ltgodium. 4 

c Fronds linear-filiform, undivided, a few inches high Schiz.ea. 5 

c Fronds 3-parted, middle division sterile, the lateral paniculate Aneimia. 6 

d Fronds pellucid or opaque. Sporangia with a transverse ring Trichomaxes. 7 

e Fruit-dots in little round cups. Trunk and leaves smooth Ctathka. 8 

e Fruit-dots becoming entirely naked. Fronds prickly or hairy Alsophila- { 

• Fruit-dots enclosed in the reflexed tip of the lobe, with two valves § Balantium. 22 

/ Sporangia scattered singly all over the surface (not in sori), naked. ..(g) 
f Sporangia collected in dots (sori) growing from the veins. ..(7i) 

q Fronds simple or pinnate. Pinna on short petiolules Acrostichdm. 10 

. g Fronds forked at the summit, entire below, the sterile different Platycekium. ] I 

h Sori (fruit-dots) naked, having no covering of any kind...(A-) 

h Sori involved (at first) in the rolled segments of the panicled fertile frond... (;») 

h Sori not involved, but invested with special coverings (called i;irfima)...(n) 

Tt Fronds smooth or scaly, never powdery. Sori distinct, roundish Polypodjum. 12 

k Fronds covered with powder on the back. Sori in many dorsal lines Gymnogr.4MMA. 13 

k Fronds powdery or scaly on the back (bipinnate). Sori in a marginal line Nothol.sna. 14 

k Fronds linear, simple. Sori in a continuous line on the split margin. Fla Vittakia Uneatu 

tn Fertile frond bipinnate, segments berry-like. Veins reticulated Onoclea. lo 

m Fertile frond pinnate, pinnts moniliform. Veins forking Stkuthioi'Tkuis. 16 

m Fertile fronds bipinnate, segments oblong, soon opening AllosoKUS. 17 

n Sori m.irginal, indusia only the rettexed altered margin of the frond.. .(o) 
n Sori marginal, indusium double— a scale combined with the margin... (p) 
n Sori dorsal, oblong or linear, indusium attached to tlie .side of a vein...((7) 
n Sori dorsal, round or roundish, indusium on tho back or tho tip of a vein. . .(.r) 

o Fronds of 2 kinds, tho I'crtilo contracted. Sori continuous to apex . Lomakia. 18 

o I'^ronds all similar, smooth. Indusia continuous all around. Stipe green or brown. .Ptkkis. 19 

o Fronds woolly, Ac. Sori separate or continuous. Siipo brown, hairy Cukilaxthks. 20 

o Fronds smooth. Sori separate. Stipe black and polished .Vpiastitm. :i 

p Indu.viuin a - lipped cup at the edge o( the segments Dicksoma. 2J 

jp Indusium an entire cup or goblet at the edge of the segments Davalha. Zi 

q ftori piirallel to tho mid-voin, the indusia opening toward it...(r) 
q Sori oblique to tho mid- vein, borne laterally on tho veinlet8...(.<) 

r Sori linear, nearly eontinuous, in '2 rows, sunk in the frond Woodwakpia. ".'» 

r Sori olilong, remote, in two rows and snperlleial. Stipes black DooniA, i4 

r Sori linear, in 1 double row, the whole length of the segment Rukch.ni*m, ^ 

r Sori oblong, in 1 short double central row. Frond lluely clelt O.syoiuum. ".'7 

« Indusia single, regularly arranged, in 2 rows .VsrLKXirM. -.S 

« Indusia single, seatteivd irregularly. Fi»ud simple or lolxsd rAMriMSOKrs, .'vi 

• Indusm dmiMo. rt>i;ularly aiiMnged Frond simple. Soohu'KXPKIV u .*' 



4:18 Ojider 159.— FILICES. 



X Indusium rupform, fringed, fixed beneath all around the sonis Woodsia. 35 

X Indusium ivoodform, fixed by the base and 2 sides Cistopteris. 32 

X Indusium reniform, opening only toward the margin of the segm. Fla...NBPHEOLEPis exaltata. 
X Indusium round-reniform, fixed in the midst, open all around Aspidixtm. 33 

1. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. Adder's Tongue. Sporangia roundish, na- 
ked, opening transversely, arranged in two rows along the margins of the 
forlile, contracted, spike-like frond. Veins reticulated. 

1 O. TUlgatum L. Eoot of thick fibres; stem simple, bearing 1 oblong-ovate, en- 

tire, smooth, frond, 2—3', with no mid-vein, and a terminal spike, 1 — 2'. A curious 
little plant, in low grounds. Vernation straight, as in all this section,— not circinate. 

2 O, bulbosum L. Eoot a globular corm ; frond ovate to reniform, on the stem close 

to the ground. Wet pine-barrens, N. J., and S. Often 2 stems from 1 corm. 

2. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. Moonwort. Grape Fern. Sporangia 
subglobous, 1-celled, 2-valved, distinct, coriaceous, smooth, adnate to the 
compound rachis of a racemous panicle. Valves opening transversely. 

§ Frond ternately divided, segments palmately veined ,..Nos. 1, 2 

§ Frond pinnately divided, segments piunately veineC Nos. 3—5 

1 B. Innarioides Swtz. Scape 8—12', bearing a stalked frond near the base and a 

panicle of numerous little 2-ranked spikes at the top; frond in 3 bipinnatifid divi 
eions ; segment obliquely lanceolate, crenulate. Shady pastures and woods. 
/5, dissictunim Frond more numerously dissected, almost tripinnatifid. 

2 B. simplesc Hitchcock. Frond simple, or 3-lobed or parted, segm. broad-wedge- 

obovate, small, incised or subentire, unequal ; spike compound, interrupted, smaD. 
Dry hills, Vt., Mass. Whole plant 3—6'. Frond 6— 12'^ short-stalked, near the base, 

3 B. neglectum Wood. Frond 1—2'', simply pinnate, with oval or ovate incised pin- 

nae, short-stalked, on upper part of stem, which is 5—8' high. Pan. 1—2'. N. H., Vt., to 
Pa. — Prof. Porter regards both this and No. 2 as var. of B. matricarisefolium Braun 

4 B. lanceolatuiu Angst. Frond bipinnatifid, closely sessile, triangular in outline 

with lanceolate, incised segments ; panicle 2- or 3-pinnate. N. J., Pa., to L, Sup. (O. B. 
Wheeler). Certainly distinct from No. 3. 

5 B. Virginicum L. Rattlesnake Fern. Stem 1— 2f, with the large (5—8') tripin., tri 

angular frond sess, at or above the middle ; ultimate segm. obtuse, 3-5-toothed ; pan. 
decompound, 3—6', reddish br. A beautiful Fern, in damp woods, not uncom. Jn., Jl. 

3. OSMUND A, L. Flowering Fern. Sporangia globular, half 3- 
valved, roughened on the surface somewhat in lines, pedicellate and clus- 
tered on the low^er surface of the frond or a portion of it, which is more or 
less contracted into the form of a panicle. Spores green. Tall, hand- 
some Ferns. Veins forked, straight. June. 

§ Frond bipinnate with distinct pinnae, the upper part contracted and fertile.... No. 1 
§ Frond pinnate with pinnatifid pinuse, partially or separately fertile Nos. 2, 3 

1 O. regalis Mx. A large and beautiful Fern in meadows and swamps ; fronds 3-— 4f, 

glabrous, bipinnate, fruiting above in an ample panicle ; pinnae with 6—9 pairs »f 
distinct, oblong, serrulate, subsessile leaflets ; iruit rust-colored. 

2 O. cinnainome L. Sterile fronds pinnate, in clumps 3— 5f ; pinnae pinnatifid with 

ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire segments ; fertile frond bipinnate, pinnae all contracted, 
panicled, clothed with c*.:^namon-colored wool. 

3 O. Claytoniana L. Fronds ample, 2— 3f, smooth, pinnate, the pinnae lance-linear, 

pinnatifid, some of the intermediate ones fertile, contracted and raceme-like, 

4. LYGODIUM, Swartz. Climbing Fern. Sporangia sessile, arranged 
in 2-ranked spikelets issuing from the margin of the contracted frond, open^ 



Okder 159— FILICES. 419 

iQg on the inner side from the base to the summit. Indusium a scale-like 
veil covering each sporange. (Fig. 310.) 

L. palmaktam Swtz. Smooth throughout; stem flexnous, thread-like or wire-like, 
climbing 3— 5f ; fronds palmately 5-7-lobed, 2 on each short stipe, lobes entire, obtuse ; 
upper fronds contracted, fertile, each a cluster of spikelets. Abundant in a swamp in 
Windsor, Conn. (Dr. Wm. Wood) ; also rarely found in N. J., Ky., and S. 

5. SCHIZiEA, Sm. Sporangia oval, crowned with a ring at top, sessile, 
opening laterally. Indusium continuous, formed of the inflexed margins of 
the Ifts., which are contracted, spike-like, crowded at the top of the frond. 
S, pusilla Ph. Fronds clustered, simple, linear-filiform, tortuous, 3 — 6', the fertile 

bearing a few little spikelets at top in two rows. Barrens, Quaker Bridge, N. J, Aug. 

6. ANEjIMIA, Swtz. Sporangia sessile, crowned with a ring, in 1-sided 
panicled spikes, in partially or wholly fertile fronds. Indusium none. 
Fronds erect. 

1 A. adlantlfolia Sw. Fronds 6—12', on a slender stipe, .3-parted, the middle division 
sterile, 2- or 3-pinnate, the lateral ones fertile panicles on long stalks. S. Fla. t 

9. A. Mandioccana. Fronds 12 — 15', long-stiped, 3-parted like the other, but the sterile 
division simply pinnate with lance-oblong serrulate pinnae. S. America, 

7. TRICHOMANES, L. Sporangia with a transverse complete ring, 
and arranged on the base of a thread-like receptacle, which is in and ex- 
serted from a cup at the edge of the pellucid frond. 

1 T. radicans Sw. Fronds thin and delicate, 6', lance-ovate, bipiiinatifid, pinnte 

triangular, obtuse, very oblique at base ; receptacle exserted. South. Rare. 

2 T. ELEGANS. Sterile frond pinnate, fertile, long-linear, edged and fringed all around 

with the thread-like receptacles and their cups. From S. America. 

8. CYATHEA, Sm. Sori globular, on the veins, wholly enclosed in an in- 
dusium, which soon opens and remains cupform. Sporangia subsessile on 
an elevated receptacle. ^ With cylindrical trunks. 

€. ARBOBEA, Trunk 10— 20f, unarmed, simple, crowned with a spreading tuA of bipiu- 
nato fronds 6— 8f long, gracefully arched ; pinnulae again pinnatifld or lobed, cups in 
2 rows, smooth, round, entire. Grows near Panama 1 t 

9. ALSOPHILA aspeha. Another Tree Fern, from W. Indies, cult, by 
Mr. Buchanan, at Astoria, N. Y., under the name of Uematetla horrida. Trunk 6 — lOf, 
bearing a splendid crown of fronds 4 — 5f long, arched and sproading, tripinnate. I^ul. 
deeply lobed, lobes obtuse, each with a double row of fruit-dots, which at first i\re covered 
with jagged scales, but finally naked. Stipe and rachis prickly. — .\, rKi'iN.\TA, very ele- 
gant, with a trunk near If, clothed with light-brown woolly hairs, and n crov,-n of light- 
green bipinnate fronds, 3f long, is gro\\ ing with the other. 

10. ACROSTICHUM, L. Fronds simple or pinnate. Sporangia 
scattered (not in sori), occupying the under surface of tht- Avho^.c or a part 
)1 the frond. Veins netted. 

A. aiircuin L. A noble Fern, 8— 6f high, coriaceous, ovorgroen, pinnate, with nltoi 
natc, lunce-oblong, entire pinnas. Swamps, Fla., and in conservatorlosi. 

11. PLATYCERIUM, IVsv. St.vo-houn Fkun. Fronds coriactHHis, 
nel-veiuod, Ibrking at tiio summit. Sporangia in largo patches >n Uio undei 
surface of the froiui From Africa, *.tc. 



420 Okder 159.— FILICES. 

p. ALCicoEiTE. Sterile fronds roundish, lobed, spreading ; fertUe ereo,t, 10—16', dark 
green above, pale beneath, fruiting on its 2 — 4 lanceolate segments. Curious. 

12. POIiYPODIUM, L. Polypody. Sori roundish, scattered on vari- 
ous parts of the under surface of the fi'ond, with no indusium (cover or in- 
volucre). — Ferns of various habit. 

* Fronds simple and entire, pinni-veined, with cross veinulets. Nos. 1, 3 

* Fronds pinnatifid or pinnate, with forking veinlets Nos. 3—6 

* Fronds bipinnatifid, the veinlets forked (Phlegopteris) Nos. 7—9 

1 P. Pliyllitidis L. Fronds lance-linear, 1— 2f, pointed, thin and papery, with the 

fruit-dots arranged in a double row between the veinlets, Fla., and W. Indies, t 

2 P. Lingua. Fronds lance-ovate, 6—12', obtuse, smooth above, rusty-downy beneath, 

and there covered with the innumerable sori, in rows. China. 

3 P. incannm Ph. Fronds deeply pinnatifid, 3 — 6', thick, clothed with whitish 

scales beneath ; pinnae oblong-linear, the upper fruitful ; sori distinct and separate : 
veins invisible. Grows on the mossy bark of trees, W. and S. 

4 P. vulgare L. Fronds deeply pinnatifid, smooth, 6 — 12', pinnae linear-oblong, alter- 

nate, sori large, in 2 rows, distinct, yellow-brown. On shady rocks. 

5 P. Plumuxa Willd. Fronds lance-linear. If xl^'; pinnae linear-oblong, very numerous, 

attached to the hairy rachis by a broad base. Fla., and cultivated, 

6 P. ANGUSTiFOLiA. Frouds lin. -lanceolate, 18' x 2', bright green ; pn. oblong, attached 

to the chafiy rachis by the mid-vein only, the base auriculed on the upper side. 

7 P. Phlegopteris L, BeecTi P. Frond bipinnatifid, longer than wide (3—6'), the 

lower pinnae curved, but scarcely larger than the middle ones ; sori ail marginal, 
about four on each segment ; stipe hairy. Woods, Can. to Penn., and W. 

8 P. hexagonopterum Mx. Frond bipinnatifid, broader than long, rachis pecu- 

liarly winged ; lower panicle much enlarged, deflexed ; sori partly marginal, many on 
each segment ; stipe smooth. Woods. Rather common. 

9 P. Dryopteris L. Ternate P. Frond ternate, the divisions stalked and bipinnate, 

light green, thin and delicate ; sori marginal. Woods, Penn., and N. 
j8. calcareutn. Divisions of the frond more rigid, erect. Northward. 

13. GYMNOGRAMMA, Desv. Fronds 2-3-pinnate, covered beneath 
with a white or yellow farinaceous powder. Sori arranged in rows along 
the veins. A beautiful genus, much cultivated. Tropical America, 

* Golden Ferns,— the fronds yellow-powdery beneath Nos, 1—3 

* Silver Ferns,— the fronds white-powdery beneath, 2-pinnate No. 4 

1 G, TRIANGULARIS. Stipes clustered, slender, 3—12', polished, ebony-brown; frond 5- 

angled, 1—3', pedately pinnate ; pinnae triangular-oblong, finally the fertile covered 
with the russet sori beneath. Common in California. Very fine. 

2 G. SULPHUREA. Stipe and rachis brown, at first powdery ; frond 6—10', lanceolate, 

bipinnate ; pinns lanceolate ; segments cuneate, cut-lobed, crenate at the obtuse 
apex. From Jamaica (Rev. E. Wilson), and cultivated. Very delicate, 
C G. CHRTSOPHTLLA. Froud triangular-lanceolatc, bipinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, nearly 
contiguous ; pinnae cut-crenate-lobed. Golden yellow beneath. 
/3. Mertensii. Pinnae rather remote, narrow lanceolate, long-pointed. 
i G. CALOMELANOS. Frond 2— 3f, lance-ovate, stipe and rachis brown, polished ; seg 
ments entire or with a single tooth, cream-white beneath. 
jS. Peruviana has the lower segment hastate-lobed and very rich green. 

14. NOTHOLJENA, Br. Frond 1-2-pinnate, scattered, coriaceous, 
( hafify, or powdeiy beneath. Sori marginal, linear, continuous, naked 
Sporangia short-stalked. 



Order 159.— FILICES. 421 

1 N. NiVEA. Very delicate, 6—12', bright green above, covered with a dense white pow- 

der beneath ; frond bipinnate ; pinnae roundish, top one lobed ; stipe black, Mex. 

2 N. EcKLONiANA. Eare and beautiful, clothed in white wool-like scales, bipinnate, 

pinnae ovate, remote, pinnulse pinnatifid, oblong, segments roundish. South Africa. 

15. ONOCLEA, L. Sensitive Fern. Fronds scattered, net-veined, 
the sterile broad, the fertile contracted and panicled,its convolute segments 
berry-like, enclosing the sori, which are otherwise nearly naked. 

O. ($ensibilis L. Fronds 1— 2f, common in low grounds, veiy sensitive to frost. The 
fertile dark-brown in color. Sterile fronds deeply pinnatifid, with few oblong entire 
or lobed pinnae, the upper confluent. July. 
/3. obtusiloha. Fertile frond partially metamorphosed, the segments partly revo- 
lute on the fruit. "Wendell, Mass. (Mrs. Piper), to N. Y. and Penn. 

16. STRUTHIOPTERIS, Willd. Ostrich Fern. Fronds clustered, 
the sterile bipinnatifid, fork-veined, fertile much contracted, brown, with 
the pinnae revolute into a necklace form, enclosing the sori, which are 
otherwise destitute of an indusium. 

S. Germanica Willd. Sterile fi'onds in a circular clump, 3 — 5f ; pinnae numerous, 
long and crowded, with numerous oblong segments ; fertile fronds much smaller, 
their crowded pinnae 1—2' long, appearing later in the season. 

17. ALLOSORUS, Bernh. Fronds small, 2-3-pinnate, fork-veined ; 
the fertile some contracted, margins of the leaflets reflexed and meeting 
over the confluent sori, but soon opening. 

A. acrostielioides Spr. Fronds in tufts, bipinnate, 3 — 6', pale green with whitish 
stipes ; seg. oblong, the sterile crenate, the fertile entire, petiolulate, 2 — 3'' long. Islo 
Royal, in L. Superior (Prof, Porter), W. to Washington Terr. (Rev. Mr. Gray). 

18. LOMARIA, Willd, Fronds clustered, of 2 forms, the fruitful con- 
tracted. Sori marginal, linear, continuous ; indusium linear, scarious, the 
reflexed edge of the frond, opening toward the mid-vein. 

1 li. KPicANT. Fronds pinnate, long, and narrow, the fertile nearly solitary in the midst 

of the numerous sterile ones, and twice as tall (2— 3f) as they ; stipe purple, polished. 
Enropo, Oregon. Very elegant. (Blcchnum boreale.) 

2 Li. gibba. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, pinnie linear-falcate, 1—3^ their broad 

bases almost conllnent. 

3 I-i. ciLiATKixA. Fronds oval to oblong; pinnae oblong, slightly lobed, txancate at 

apex, ciliolate-spiuesccnt with the projecting veins. 

19. PTERIS, L. Brake. Sori borne on the ends of the veins forming 
a marginal line or band, covered with tlie nu lubranoiis. reflected edge of 
the frond. Fronds once to thrice pinnate, or decompound. 

^ PTI<yHIS 2)f'oper. Sori a mere line. Stipes greenish or pale. . .{.r) 

i rELL/EA. Sori forming a broad band. Stipes purple or brown. . . (;/) 

X Frond triangular, twice or tlirice pinnate, lowest pinniv long-stalked No. I 

X Frond pedntoly pinuato, the ]Mnn:v few ami long Nos. 3, 3 

X Frond podatc-Iy bipiniiatilld. the pini):v nuiuoroiis No. 4 

X Frond simply pinnate, with numoroiis long pinn;v No. 5 

y Frond podate and pinnatitld, as broad as long. 5-angUMl. t No. U 

7/ Fronds pinnate, pinnae few, the lower again divided. Native Niv*. 7. 8 

y Fronds simply pinnate, or ooinpUii'ly tripinnate. (.'iiltivntovl Nos. 9 -11 



422 Order 159.— FILICES. 

1 P. aquilina L. Common Brake. Frond 3-parted, branches bipinnate, eegmentfl 

oblong, obtuse, the terminal often elongated. Abundant everywhere. 2-— 6f. 
/3. caudtita. The terminal segment linear-oblong. Common South. 

2 P. Cretlca L. Pale-bright-green, 1— IJf, smooth; pinnae lin. -lanceolate, the lowe* 

ones 2-parted and petiolulate, serrulate ; fertile longer, linear. Fla. Cultivated. 
^. albi-lineata. Pinnae white-banded in the midst along the mid-vein. 

3 P. SEERULATA. Bright green, 1— l^f ; pinnae long-linear, decurrent on the rachis, ex- 

cept the lowest pair, which are 2- or 3-parted and short-stalked. China. 
/3. cKisTATA. Each segment expanded uX cpcx into a fan-shaped blade. 

4 P. QUADEiAURiTA. Frond ample, ovtte, 1— Ofl smooth; pinnae distinct, pinnatiQd, 

lobes contiguous, oblong, obtus-?, wich the forked veins conspicuous. Jamaica. 
/3. ARGTKiA. Pinnse whitened Ir. the midst along the mid-vein. 

5 P. longlfolia L. Tall, 2— 3f rg'd; pinnae lance-linear petiolulate, obliquely tran 

cate at base ; stipe, rachis, a-ad "^iJ-veins chaffy-hairy. Fla., and cultivated. 

6 P. PEDATA. Bright green, 4- -u'. Frond 3-parted, as broad as long; lateral pinnse 2- 

parted, all deeply lobed, sorl in a broad band all around. From the W. Indies. 

7 P. gracilis Mx. Delicaco, smooth and shining, 4 — 6' ; fronds lanceolate, the sterile 

bipinnatifid, fertile bipiiii«t.£e with narrow segments. RocLs, Vt., and W. 

8 P. atropurpurea L. Back Brake. Coriaceous ; rachis hairy ; lower pn. temate 

or pinnate ; segments O] posite, oblong, margins con^picuoul^l5 revolute, with edges 
often meeting behind, as in AUosorus, 3 — 6 — 12'. On lime rocks, N. and S. 
/3. Jilabam4n8ia (Bucsley). Taller (10—200, bipin. below, some pn. i-auriculate. S. 

9 P. ROTUND iFOLiA. Stipe, rachis, and chaffy hairs purple, 1— Hf ; frond narrow, sim 

ply pinnate ; segments small, round or oval, alternate. From New Zealand. 

10 P. TREMULA. Bright gryen, 2 — 3f, tripinnate ; pnl. or segments linear-oblong, ob- 
tuse, serrulate, the lower ones again pinnatifld. From N. S. Wales. 

IIP. HASTATA. Frond bipinnate, 12—18' ; pinnae cordate-hastate ; segments ovate, the 
terminal ones much larger, oblong or hastate, or 3-lobed. Varies much. From S. Afr. 

20. CHEILANTHES, Swtz. Lip Fern. Fronds small, mostly 2-3- 
pinnate, chaflFy or hairy, mid-vein central. Sori on the ends of the vein- 
lets, distinct, or some confluent, covered by an interrupted or continuous 
indusium from the edge of the frond. Stipes brown. — Hardly distinct 
from the preceding genus. 

1 C vestita Sw. Indusia separate,— the reflexed, unchanged tips of the ovate segm. ; 

fi-ond.* 5—12'', bipinnate, lin. -oblong, hairy ; pn. crenately lobed. Eocks, M. and S., rare. 

2 C tomentosa Link. Indusia continuoiis, — the membranous margin of the small, 

obtuse segm. ; fronds tripinnate, lance-oblong, rusty, 12—18'. N. C, and W. 
/ 

21. ADIANTUM, L. Maiden-hair Fern. Sori oblong or round- 
ish, marginal. Indusia membranaceous, formed from the reflexed margins 
of distinct portions of the frond, and opening inwardly. Stipe ebony-black, 
polished. Ultimate segments often dimidiate, the mid-vein on the lower 
margin. — A large and beautiful genus, much cultivated. 

* Fronds pedately divided, the divisions 1-3-pinnate; segments oblique — Nos. 1 — i 

* Fronds pinnately divided 2 — 4 times ; segments subequilateral Noe. 5 — 8 

* Fronds simply pinnate, with very large opposite oblique segments No. 9 

1 A, pedatum L. Very smooth ; branches of the regularly pedate frond pinnate ; 

segments rhombic-oblong, 1', toothed on the upper side, obtuse at apex ; sori oblong- 
lunulate. 8 — 14'. Damp, rocky wood*. Our most elegant natl~e Fern. 

2 A. PUBESCENs. Stipe rough-pubescent; pn. 5 — 7, irregularly pedate, hispid beneath. 

P — 9' long ; segments oblong, 6—8", contiguous ; sori round, crowded. N. Hoi. U 



Order 159.— FILICES. 42b 

3 A, TRAPEZiOFORME. Frond ample, decompound, glabrous, 2f ; segments light green, 

large (12— 18''' x 6—10"), trapezoidal, some of them fan-shaped; sori lunulate on 2 of 
the 4 margins ; stipe jet-black. Superb! Jamaica (Kev. S. B. Wilson). 

4 A. Sancta-Katrina, has large obliquely fan-shaped segments cut-lobed and toothed, 

with the veins uncommonly distinct. Cultivated in Bridgmau's Garden, Astoria. 

5 A. Capillus-Veneris L, Delicate, bright green, 6—18', smooth, thrice pinnate at 

base ; segments ronnd-cuneate, lobed, or the sterile toothed ; sori reniform, one on 

each lobe ; stipe and branches capillary. Lime-rocks, S. : rare. Eur. Cultivated. 
8 A. cuNEATtJM. Very delicate. If, 4 times pinnate at base, bright green ; segm. very 

numerous, sharply cnneate, 2-4-cut-lobed, 4— fi" ; sori round-reniform. Brazil. 
T A. iETHiopicuM, TiNCTUM and CALLOPODES, are greenhouse species or varieties, with 

roundish segment? more or less oblique and lobed, 4—7", with rounded sori, 6—12'. 
8 A. ALATUM, has the rachis narrowly winged, segm. sessile, obovate-long-wedge-shaped 

at base, coarsely toothed at apex. (Greenhouse of Bridgman & Wiegand.) 

A. MACROPHYLLUM. Stipe jct-black, simple, bearing about 3 pairs of large, opposite, 

thick leaflets, and an odd one ; leaflets triang. -hastate, oblique ; sori linear. Jamaica. 

22. DICKSONIA, L'Her. Dickson's Fern. Sori marginal, roimd- 
ish, distinct, terminating a vein. Indusium double, the proper one cup- 
shaped, opening outward, the other formed of a reflected lobule of thfl 
margin, and opening inward. 

1 D. pilosiuscula Willd. Frond bipinnate, lanceolate, 2 — 3f, with minute glandu- 

lar hairs ; pn. sessile, lanceolate ; segm. finely pinnatifld, lobes toothed, each with a 
minute round sorus. Rocky pastures. Stipe yellowish. 

2 D. (BALANTIUM) Antarctica. A beautiful tree-fern from New Zealand, 3— 20f, 

crowned with many long, heavy, dark-green, tripinnate fronds ; pn. and pnl. sessile ; 
segm. oval, 6-crenate ; sori globular, with 2 distinct values. (Buchanan's Conserv.) 

23. DAVAIjIjIA, Smith. Sori globous, marginal, on the end of a 
v^ein, in a goblet or pyxis, half of which is formed by the scarious indusium 
o]-)ening outward. Root-stock creeping above ground, chaffy. 

1 I>, TENUiFOLiA. Frouds delicate, 6—10', tripinnate with few pinnae, triangular-lan- 

ceolate ; rachis narrowly winged ; segments spatulate, toothed. China. 

2 D. Canariensis. Hare's-foot. Frouds 3-pQrted, decompound, ultimate segments ei- 

liptical, decurrent, bearing 1 pyxis. 1 — 2f. Canaries. 

3 I>. DissECTA, is very diff"erent, irregularly pinnatifld, or almost entire. 

24. WOODWARDIA, Sm. Sori straight, linear-oblong, on ti-ansverse 
veinulcts, parallel to the mid-vein, in 2 rows, Indusium from tJie same 
veinulet, opening inwardly. 

§ LO RIN8EU1 A . Fronds of 2 forms, not-veined throughout No. 1 

§ ANCmSTEA. Fronds all similar, netted only close to mid-vein Nos 2, S 

1 'IV. aiiis^iistifolla Sm. Fertile fronds pinnate, with distant linear pinme covered 

with the fruit beneath ; sterile lance-obloug in outline, deeply pinnatifld ; 50gra. ob- 
long, 2-3f. Resembles Onooloa. Mass. (Dr. S. Bowles), and S. 

2 W. Vir^inlou Nm. Fronds glabrous, lanceolate, pinnate; pinnte remote, pinn*- 

tifld, lance-lineur; segments oblong, obtuse, 2— .'Jf. Swamps, K. and S. 

3 "%V, Japonica. liachischafly; frond triangular, as broad as long ; pinuiv lanceolate, 

pinnatilld, wiMi ovate segments. Bright green. 1— 2f. 

25. DOODIA AsrEU\. Frouds rough, lancoolato. pinitato. If. in ohunpr^, 
the caudex a few inches above ground, rinme oblong Hnoar. contiguous, with f^pines- 
^ent teeth. Sori in 1 or 3 rows each side.- D. caud.Ita has llnear-lanoeolate. pinnnto 
fronds, with romoio serrate seirmon's, the terminal one oloncatod. IVxh livni Australia. 



424 Order 159.— FILICES. 

26. ELECHNUM, L. Sori continuous on the cross ^einulets, close to 

and parallel with the mid- vein. Indusia opening inward. 
B. serrulatum Mx. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate, erect ; pinnae sharply serrulate, 
those of the fertile fronds contracted. Florida. 

27. ONYOHIUM lucidum (or Japonicum). Delicately beautiful, from 
K Ind., and of the easiest culture. Fronds 1 — 2f, alternately pinnate 3 or 4 times into 
innumerable linear-acute segments 2 or 3" long. Few of the segments fertile with an 
oblong bivalved sorus on the mid-vein half its length. 

28. ASPLENIUM, L. SpleeisWort. Sori linear or oblong. STriiighl 
(curved in No. 9), separate, regularly arranged, oblique to the mid-vein, 
each arising with its indusium from the foi"ward side of a lateral vein and 
opening forward. Yeins forked or pinnate. 

* Fronds simple and entire, with regular linear fruit-dots No. 1 

* Fronds simply pinnate. — a Pinnae roundish, nearly as broad as long Nos. 2, 3 

— a Pianse long, — much longer than wide Nos. 4, 5 

* Fronds partly bipinnate, with few divisions. Ferns small, 2 — 8' high Nos. 6, 1 

* Fronds twice pinnate, with very many divisions. Large native Ferns Nos. 8, 9 

* Fronds twice or thrice pinnate. Exotic Ferns cult, in conservatories. . .Nos. 10—12 

1 A. Nidus. BircT s-Nest. Fronds thick and rigid, polished green, tongue-shaped, ob- 

tuse, 2 — 4f, clustered in a circle, forming as it were a nest. Oahu, &c. A noble Fern. 

2 A, FLABELLiFOLiuM. Frouds Very delicate, long and narrow (12 — 16') ; rachis pro 

longed some 5' beyond thepn., and rooting at the end ; pn. broad-cuneate, lobed and 
toothed, remote and alternate on the rachis. Australia. Suitable for baskets. 

3 A. Tricli6iiian.es L. Dwarf S. Frond 3 — 6', lance-linear, in tufts ; pn. rouudi'sh, 

small. Bubsessile, bearing several sori each ; stipe and rachis polished-black. Rocks. 

4 A. ebeneum Wld. Ebony S. Fronds 8 — 14', erect, lance-linear; pn. lance-oblong, 

1', some curved, serrate, auriculate on the upper side ; stalk polished-brown. Dry. 

5 A. angustilolium Mx. Fronds 2 — 2if, in tufts, the inner fertile ; pn. lance-linear, 

alternate, short-stalked, 2—5', of a thin texture; stalks green. Woods, E. and S, 

6 A, Ruta-mura-ria L. Wall-n^e. Very small and delicate, 2 — 3', 2-pinnate at 

base, pinnate above ; pn. petiolulate, cuneate, erose-dentate, few, 3 — 4". Dry rocks. 

7 A. montanum Willd. Glabrous, 2-pinnate ; tufts 4—8' ; pn. oblong-ovate, parted 

into a few (5 or 6) 2- or 3-toothed segm. ; rachis green, winged. On cliffs, Penn., & S. 

8 A. tlielypteroides Mx. Silvery S. Fronds ample, ovate-acuminate, 1^ — 3f; stipe 

pale ; pinnag lance-linear, pointed, distinct, subsessile ; segments oblong, obtuse, ser- 
rate, sessile on the winged rachis, with 2 rows of linear distinct sori. Shady banks. 

9 A. Filix-fcemina Bernh. Lady Fern. Fronds ample, 1— 2f, lance-oblong; pn. 

lanceolate-acuminate, rachis not winged ; pnl. lance-linear, cut-pinnatifid ; segments 
minute, sharply 2-toothed ; sori oblong, cui-ved, finally confluent. Moist woods. 

10 A. GovrsTGiANA. Slender and weak (in conservatories). If, lanceolate-acuminate ; pn. 
lanceolate, long-pointed, stalked ; rach. winged ; seg. acute, sharp-serrat.' ; sori oblong. 

11 A. Belangeri. Fronds lance-linear, 1— 2fx2— 3', pinnate with deeply pinnatifid 
pinnae, segments linear, small, and very numerous, each with a sorus. From Java. 
Stipe stout, green. The upper base (or axillary) segments are 2-parted. 

12 A. BULBiFERUM. Frond lanceolate, bipinnate, 1— 3f; pn. lanceolate from a broad 
base, deeply pinnatifid ; seg. oblong, cut-lobed and toothed, bearing 1—6 bold sori, — 
1 to a lobe. Often produces young plants from bulblets on the upper surface. N. Hoi. 

29. OAMPTOSORUS, Link. Walklj^g Fern. Frond lanceolate, entire, 
or pinnatifid, with the apex prolonged and inclined to root. Veins more 
or less netted. Sori oblong, irregularly scattered, with the indusia lateral 
on the veinlets. (Antigramma, C-B.) 



Order 159.— FILICES. 425 

1 €, rliizophylliis Lk. Frond 6—12', subontirc, at base stipitate, cordate, or tran- 
cate, or somewhat auriculate, the apex attenuated in a long thread-like acuiLination, 
arched, and rooting at the point. Eocky woods. Not common. 

58 C pinnatifidus(Nutt). Frond 4 — 8', abrupt at base, pinnatifld, with a long at- 
tenuated apex inclined to root ; sori large, at length confluent. Pa. to Tenn. Rare. 
/3 ebenoides. Frond at base pinnate ; stipe black and polished. NearPhila. 

30. SCOLOPENDRIUM, Smith. Hart's-tongue. Sori linear, trans- 
verse, scattered ; indusium double (arising fn^m 2 contiguous parallel veins), 
occupying both sides of the sorus, opening lengthwise along the middle. 
S. officinarum Willd. Frond simple, ligulate, acute, entire, cordate at base, 8 — 15' ; 

Ptipe chaflTy, 3—5'. Shady rocks, Chittenango, N. Y. (Sartwell). 

31. WOODSIA, Brown. Rock Polypod. Sori roundish, scattered; 
indusium fixed beneath the sorus, early opening above it, with a multifid 
or fringed margin, including the pedicellate spore-cases, like a calyx. 
Small, tufted ferns, with pinnated fronds. 

§ Indusium closed over the sorus at first, toothed when open No. 1 

§ Indusium concealed under the sorus, fringed with cilise Nos. 2 — 4 

1 "W. obtusa Torr. Fronds 6— 12', lance-oblong, smoothish, almost tripinnate ; pn. 

distant, sessile ; segments pinnatifld, lobes rounded, toothed, each bearing a round 
fruit-dot, which dots at length almost meet. Kocks and cliff's. Vt. to Car., and W. 

2 W. ilveasis Br. Frond 4—7', lanceolate, bipinnate, the stipe, rachis, mid-veins and 

their bristly chaif rust-colored ; pn. oblong-obtuse, sessile, with 13—17 obtuse, subeu- 
tire segments. Dry or rocky woods, in tufts. Stipe as long as the frond. 

3 W. glabella Br. Frond glabrous, lance-linear, i— 5' , pinnate ; pu. ovate, very ob- 

tuse, 2^", .3-7-lobed, the upper only crenate. CMffs, N. Y., Vt., and N. No chafE. 

4 W. Oregaua Eaton. Frond glabrous, lance-elliptic, 2—8', pinnate ; pn. pinnatifld, 

obtuse ; segments ovate, obtuse, denticulate ; indusia with very short ciliie. L. Sup. 

32. OISTOPTERIS, Bernh. Bladder Fern. Sori roundish. Indu- 
sium hood-shaped, vaulted, fixed by the broad base (or by the base and 
sides), soon opening toward the forward end of the frond and thrown otf. 
— Delicate Ferns, 2-3-pinnate. 

1 C. fragills Bernh. Frond lance-oblong, 6—10', on a slender stipe of the same length. 

with open divisions ; pn. lance-ovate ; Bogmeuts pinnatiful below, only serrate above, 
oblong, with prominent veins and 4—10 sori. Shady rocks. Common. 

2 C. bulbiferu, Bernh. Frond long-lanceolate, 12—18', the stipe shorter; pn. tr.au- 

gnlar-ovate, the lowest pair longest ; segments oblong, obtuse, phinatifid below, 
toothed above, 1 sorus to each lobe. Bears some bulblets. Shades. 

33. ASPIDIUM, L. Shield Fern. Sori orbicular, scattered, termi- 
iml or lateral on the pinnate veins. Indusium orbicular, peltate or reni- 
form with a deep sinus, covering the sorus, opening all around. 

§ ASFIDIUM. Indusium round, entire, centrally peltate. Pinniw mostly aurieled on 

the upper sklo at base.— .r Fronds simply pinnate Nos. 1 — i 

— ;»; Fronds bipiunate Nos. 5, (5 

g NEPIIRODIUM. Indusium roundish, with a sinus on one side i,subrenilbrm">.. {^a) 

a Krond simply pinnate, with a few large pinn:v. Oullivated No. 7 

a Frond once antla-hnlf pinnate.-;/ Segments thin, quite entire Nos. 8 — 11 

—1/ Segments thick, llnely somite Nos. Id. 13 

a Frond twice pinnate.— r Segments bluntly iobod. or crenate or entire. . .No:*. 1-4, 15 
—z Segments sharply serrate, or lobed or tootheil. Nos. lt>. n 



426 Order 159.— FILICES. 

1 A. acrostichoides Swtz. Frond narrow-lanceolate, 15—18'; stipe chafly; pn 

talcate-lanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, 1 — 2^ auriculate on the upper side at base, the np' 
per covered with frnlt, smaller than the sterile. Eocky shades. Common. 
|3. incisum. Segments incised and sharp-toothed, most of them fertile. N. Y.. &c. 

2 A. Ijoncliitis Sw. Frond linear-lanceolate, rigidly erect, 8—13''; pn. triangular- 

ovate, auricled on the upper side at base, longest (1') in the middle, gradually les- 
sened to apex and base, all densely fertile. Lake Superior, and N. 
S A. MiniiTUM. A splendid Fern from California, growing in clumps, 3— 5f, smooth, 
rigid, evergreen, lance-linear ; segm. oblong-falcate, spinulous-serrate ; son 2-rowed. 

4 A, FALCATUM. Frond thick, rich green, lanceolate, pinnate, 2 — 3f high, with ample, 

lance-acuminate pinnae. A noble, hardy Fern from Japan. 

5 A. Floridauum (Hook). Kigidly erect, lance-oblong, pinnate and barren below, 

bipinnate, fertile, and contracted above ; lower pinnae cut-pinnatifid ; indusia large, 
round, peltate, as in No. 1. Ga., Fla., La. (A. Ludoviciana C-B.) 

6 A. aculeatum Sw. /S. Braunii, Fronds in tufts, dark green, 2— 3f, pinnate, 

lanceolate, narrowed both ways ; stipe short, shaggy with large scales ; segm. otate- 
falcate, auricled on the upper side, bristle-tipped. Mts., Vt. (Eaton), N. Y. 

7 A. PODOPHTLLUM (ov SiEBOLDii). Fronds of two forms, thick, smooth, pinnate, with 

a few large oblong pinnae, in the fertile contracted and covered with sori. China. 

8 A. Tlielypteris Sw. ^ Lady Fern. Frond lance-ovate, 10— 16' ; pn. narrow, distant, 

deeply pinnatifid, the lowest pair as long as any ; margins reflexed in fruit. 

9 A. Novaboracense Willd. New York Fern. Frond elliptic-lanceolate, 12—18'; 

pn. narrow, gradually shortening from the middle both ways ; segm. oblong, obtuse, 
flat ; sori close to the margin, at length confluent. Moist woods : com. Delicate. 

10 A. patens Sw. Frond soft and thin, dov^ny with rusty hairs, lance., 12—18' : pn. 
linear-oblong, pinnatifid ; segm. oblong, obtuse, entire ; sori scattered. Dry, Fla. 

1 1 A. MOLLE, from S. Afr. and S. Am., is divided just like A. patens, and equally hairy, 
but is larger, finer, with straw-colored stipes, and the sori in regular marginal rows. 

12 A. crlstatum Sw. Frond narrowly lanceolate, some 2fx6'; pn. deeply pinna- 
tifid, triangular-oblong or -ovate, acute ; segm. toothed, bearing a single rovp of large 
sori each side of the mid-vein. A beautiful dark-green Fern, common in woods. 

13 A. Ooldianum Hook. Frond oval or ovate, about 15x10', stipe same length ; 
p^. broad (li— 2'), deeply pinnatifid ; segm. subfalcate, crenate. Woods, E. and W. 

14 A. fragrans Sw. Fronds linear-laneeolate, 6—12', tapering both ways, bipinnate; 
stipe short, chaffy; pn. ovate-oblong, 1—10" ; segm. lin. -oblong, with a dozen round- 
ish crenatures or lobes ; sori confluent. Rocks, Northern Mich, and Wis. 

1 5 A. marginale Sw. Fern ovate to lance-ovate, thick, glabrous, 1— 2f, bipinnate , 
stipe very chaffy at base ; pn. lanceolate ; segm. oblong-falcate, obtuse and entire at 
apex, the lower crenate-lobed ; sori round, at or near the margin. Kocky woods. 

16 A. Filix-mas. Fern lanceolate, 1— 3f; stipe very chaffy; pn. triangular-lance.; 
segm. oblong, obtuse, serrate at apex ; sori near the mid-vein. N. J. to Va. ? N. W. 

17 A, spinulosum Willd. Stipe elongated, soon smooth, the chaff deciduous ; frond 
l~2f, ovate, acuminate, nearly or quite tripinnate ; pinnas lanceolate, acuminate, the 
lower longest ; pnl. oblong, acutish, segm. mucronate-serrate. Woods and pastures. 

j3. dilathtum. Stipe permanently chaffy ; frond triangular-ovate ; pnl. obtuse 
y. Boottii, Stipe chaflfy ; frond oblong-lanceolate ; pnl. rather acute. 



LATIN INDEX: 



INCLUDING ALSO A GLOSSAllY OP THE GENERA. 



Abelmoschus, 62. From the Arabic; a grain 
Abies, 313. The ancient name. [of musk. 
Abronia, 279. Greek, delicate. 
Abrotanum. 184. Absinthiurn, 184. 
Abutilon, 61. Name of obscure origin. 
Acacia, 99. Gr., to sharpen ; sc. the spines. 
Acalypha, 296. Gr. word for the Nettle. 
ACANTHACE^, 233. 
Acanthus, 233. Classic for spine or thorn. 
Acer, 74. The ancient name, sharp or strong. 
Acerates, 273. Gr., without horns. 
Achceta, 178. Gr., without chaff. 
Achilliea, 183. Named for Achilles. 
Achimenesi, 219. Meaning unknown. 
Aaneila, 180. Gr., a point ; sense doubtful. 
Acnida, :289. Gr., negative of stinging. 
Aconitum, 22. The ancient Greek name. 
Acorus, 318. Gr., a remedy for sore eyes. 
AOKOGEN^. 412. 

Acrostichum, 419, Gr., a row at the lop ? 
Actiea. 2S. Or., resembling the Elder. 
Actimeris, 178. Altered from the next. 
Actinomeris, 178. Gr., partly radiate, [ate 
Actinospermum, 182. Gr., seed pappus radi- 
Adenocaulon, 160. Gr., with stipitate glands. 
Adiantum, 422, Gr., not wetted by rain. 
Adlumia, 33. Named for John Adlurn. 
Adonis, 19. Sacred to Adonis, 
.^schynomene, 87. Gr., modest, or sers'tive. 
^sculus, 74. Name ancient and obscure. 
.4i3thuea, 140. Gr., to burn ; poisonous. 
Agapantlms, 345. Gr., a lovely flower. 
Agatlnea, 160. Gr., good, or excellent. 
Agave, 3o3. Gr., admirable. 
Ageratum, 15(). Gr., fadeless ; long in flower. 
Agrimonia. 108. Gr., prize of the Held ? 
Agrosteinnm, 54. Gr., crown of the Held. 
.Agrostis, 384. Gr., of the field. & 386. 
.Ailantlms, 72. Chinese ; tree of Heaven. 
Ail a, 3'15. Gr., a weapon ; misapplied. 
.\lbi/./.ia, 82. For an Italian botanist. 
Alchemilhv, 108. Arabic, 'alkanclya. 
Aictris, 3;r). Gr.,a, miller's wife ; sc. mealy. 
.Mismii, 323. Vtltic. alls, water. 
ALISMACIO/K, ;!22. 

Ailamuiula, 271. 'I'o Dr. Allamand, of Leydon. 
Allium, 343. Celt., all, hot ox burning. 
.'Mlosorus, 421. Gr.. changing sorus, or sort. 
.Mniis, 3;)8. Celt., al Ian, near the river. 
Alonsoa, 222. To Zauoni Alonso. 
.ilopecu'us, 387. (Pr., fox-tail. [Spain. 

Aloysia, 'Hm. To Maria Louisa, Queen of 
Alpluia, ,^31. To V. Alpini, an lial. botanist. 
A/sine, 50. Gr., in the grove Alsiipltila, 419. 
Altluea, 60. (.';•.. to cure : sc medicinal. 
Alyssum, 40. <//•., sUiayiuu' aiigi-i 



AMARANTACE^, 288. 

Amarantus, 288. Gr., unfading. 

AMARYLLIDACE^, 332. 

Amaryllis, 333. Dedicated to that nymph. 

Amblygonum, 282. Gr., around the joints; 

sc. ochrese. 
Ambrosia, 174. Gr.. food of the gods. 
Amelanchier, 110. The French name. 
Amianthium, 348. Lat.. flowers pure, or white. 
Ammannia, 124, To John Ammann, a Russian. 
Ammobium, 186. Gr., living in sand. 
Amorpha. 93. Gr., formless or deformed. 
Ampeiopsis, 78. Gr., resembling the Vine. 
Amphianthus, 228. Gr., flowers of two forms. 
Amphicarpiea, 97. Gr., fruit of two form?. 
Araphicarpuni, 391. Gi\, fruit of two forms. 
Amsonia, 270. To Chas. .'\mson. of S. C 
Amygdaliis, 102. The ancient name. 
Amyris, 72. Gr., myrrh ; perfumed gum. 
ANACARDL\CE/E, 72. 
Anacharis, 324. Gr., uncomely. 
Anagallis, 213. Gr., laughing." cheering. 
Ananassa, 335. The name in Guiana is anas. 
Anantherix, 273. Gr., bearaiess. 
Anchusa, 252. A name of obscure origin. 
Andromeda, 201. Like Andromeda "of old, 

l)ound by the waters' edge. 
Andropogon, 410. Gr., a man's beard. 
Androsace, 211. 6Y., a man's buckler, [cence. 
Aneimia, 419. Gr., naked; sc. the inflores- 
Anemoue, 17. ^?/-.,wind; or Wind-flower. 
Anethuin, 136, 139. Gr., burning, stiuuilaling. 
Angelica, 137. Name of excellence. 
ANGIOSPKUM.E, 15. 

ANONACE.E, 2(). [the bristles of the pappus. 
Antennaria, 185. Lilt., anlennie : alluding to 
Anthemis, 183. Flowering abundantly. 
Antlioxanthum. 395. Gr.\ yellow llower. 
.\n!i(jraninia, 424. Gr., like writing. 
.Aniiirliinum, 223. Gr., like the ntiso. 
Ani/chia.h'i. Altered from raronychia. 
ATK TAL.-E. 278. 

AphvUon, 217. Gr., without leaves. 
Ai>ium, 110. Celt., aiwn, water. 
ApKctrum, 328. Gr., without a spur. 
ArOCYNAOK.E, 269. 
Apocynum. 270. (»'r.. repelling dogs. 
Apogon, 190. Gr., without bearvl ; "no pappus. 
Apteria. 32.">. (>'r.. without wing*. 
AQl'lFOLLVnCK. 207. l^'rtglos' talonr 

Aquilegia, 22. Lat., an eacle ; petala llkn 
Arabis, 37. (.bigiuallv iVom .\rabi.i. 
AKArK.K. 317. " 

.Vrachis, 87. Gr., without bi-snciies. 
.\rnlla. 142. Ol" unknown uieauiug. 
AHALIACK.K. 142. 



1 



428 



LATIN INDEX. 



Archangelica. 137. Name of excellence. 
Archemora. 136. A fanciful name. 
Arctostaphjios, 201. GV., Bear's Grape. 
Arcyphylhim. fl6. Gr.. arched leaf. 
Arenaria, 55, (57). Lat.. a sand plant. 
Arethusa, 3-31. Named for that nj-mph. 
Ar^emone. 32. Remedy for sore eyes. 
Arisfema, 318. Of unknown meaning. 
Aristida. 38S. Lat.. an ear of wheat. 
Ari?tolochia. 278. Gr.. Mod in parturition. 
ARISTOLOCHIACE^, 278. 
Anneniaca. 102. Originally from Armenia. 
Armeria. 215. Latin for the Sweet-William. 
Armoracia. 41. Native of Armorica. 
Arnica, 188. Lat.. lamb's skin. 
Arorda. 112. [the staminate spikes awned. 
Airhenatherum, 396. 6^?-.. male— point — L e., 
Artemisia. 1S4. To Artemis, =Diana. 
AETOCARPEJE. 298. 
Arnndinaria. 404. Altered fi-om the next. 
Arando. 398. Lat., a reed. Celt., am, water. 
Asarum. 278. ^Meaning unexplained. 
ASCLEPIADACEiE. 271. 
Asclepias. 272. Lat.. ^sculapius. 
Ascyrum. 48. Gr.. soft to the touch. 
Asimiua. 26. Of unknown meaning. 
Asparagus. 347. Gr.. tearing : some are thorn v. 
ASPHODELE^, 341. [indnsium. 

Aspidium 425. Gr., a little shield: sc. the 
y\spleni;im,424. Gr.. without the spleen. 
Aster. 161. Lat.. a star. 
ASTEROIDE^, 152. 
Astilbe, 114. Gr., not shining : opaque. 
Asti-agahis. 94. G7\. the vertebra. 
Afragene, 16. Gr., ni^ht-bom. 
Atriples, 287. Lat., black and stragsling. 
Arropa. 264. To Arrnpofi, one of the fates who 
AURANTIACEJZ. 71. [cut the thread of life. 
Avena. 396. Celt., afan. to eat ? 
Ayenia, 63. To the Duke of Ayen. 
Azalia. 203. Gr., arid : grows in dry places. 
Azolla, 413. Gt., killed by drought. 
Baccharis. 171. Dedicated to Bacchus. 
Baldwinia. 182. To Dr. Wm. Baldwin. 
Ballota. 248. Gr.. to cast away ; ill-scented. 
BALSAMINE^. 67. 
Baptisia. 84. Gr.. to dye,=to color. 
Barbart-a. 39. Dedicated lo St. Barbara. 
Bartonia. 268. To Dr. B. S. Barton, of Phila. 
Batatas. 259. Indian name of Potato. 
Batis. 303. The Indian name. 
Batradiium, 19. Gr., the frog ; amphibious. 
Begonia. 131. To Michael Begon, French, a 
BEGONIACEiE, 131. [promoter of Botany. 
Bejaria, 204. To M. Bejar, a Spanish botanis't. 
BelUs. 165. iMt., bellus, pretty. 
Benzoin. 290. Fragrant like benzoin. 
BERBERIDACE^. 27. 
Berberis. 27. The ancient Arabic name. 
Berchemia. 77. To M. Berchem. a French hot. 
Berlandiera, 173. To M. Berlandier, French. 
Beta. 2So. Celt., bett, signifying red. 
Betonica. 249. Celt., beutonic. 
Betula. S08. From betu, its Celtic name. 
BETULACEJ2, 307. 

Bidens. 180. Lat., two-toothed ; sc. the seed. 
Bigelovia. 169. To Dr. Jacob Bigelow. Boston. 
Bignonia. 21S. To Abbe Bignon. librarian to 
BIGNONIACE^, 218. ' [Louis XA\ I 

Biotia, 161. Gr.. Mod. to live. \ 

Blechnum. (421) 424. Gr.,blechnon. [calyx.! 
Blephilia. 243. u-r., evelash : sc. the frintred ' 
Bletia. 328. To Louis Blet. a Spanish botauut. 



Blitum, 2S6. Gr., blifon, = 'm9vp\(!i. [M D 

Bncconia. 32. To Paolo Boccoue. a Sicilian 
Bcehmeria, 300. To G. R. Boehmer, Gennan. 
Boerhaavia. 279. To Boerhaave. of Holland. 
Boltonia. 166. To J. B. Bolton, an English bot 
BORRAGINACE.E. 2.50. [ing? 

Borraso, 251. Altered from cor ago—no-aviih.- 
Borreria. 147. To J. W. Bon-er, F. L. S. 
Borrichia. 171. To Olof Borrich, Danish. 
Botrychium. 418. Gr.. a cluster of grapes. 
Boussingaultia, 285. To J. B. Boussineanlt a 
Bouteloua. 408. [eel. German natliralist, 

Bouvardia. IcO. To Dr. Bouvard. of Paris. 
Boykinia. 114. To Dr. Boykin. of Georgia 
Brachychffita, 166. Gr., short hair; sc. pappns 
Brasenia. 29. 

Brassica. 40. Brassic was the Celtic name. 
Brickellia, 158. To Dr. Brickell, of SavannaL 
Briza. 403. Gr., to nod ; sc. the spikelets. 
Brizopvrum. 402. Briza and pyros (wheat ). 
BROMELIACE.E. 335. [the Wild Oat. 

Bromus. 397. Gr., food: anci en tlv applied tc 
Broussonetia. 299. To P. N. V. Broiissonet, Fr. 
Browallia. 221. To J. Browallius, of Abo. 
Brunella. 246. German, a throat-disease. 
Brunfelsia. 22L To Otho Brunsfels. of Mentis 
Brunnichia. 280. To F. Brunnich, Danish. 
Bryonia. 130. Gr., to grow (sc. rapidly). 
Brvophvllum. 119. (?r..' growing from the leaf 
Buchnera. 2-30. T. J. G. Buchner. German. 
Buckleya, 291. To S. B. Buckley, Texas. 
Bumelia. 210. Greek name of the Ash. 
Bupleurum, 138. Gr., ox-rib. 
Burmannia. 325. To one Burmann. Germai 
BURMAXXL\CE.E, 325. 
Bursera. 72 To Joachim Burser, Naples. 
BURSERACE^. 72. 
BUTTOME^. 323. 

Buxus. 298. Gr., dense? sc. the wood. 
CABOMBE^, 28. Cabomba. 29. 
Cacalia. 186. Gr.. exceedingly pernicious. 
CACTACE^. 132. 
Cakile, 43. The Arabic name. 
Caladium, 319. Altered from Calla. 
Calamagrostis. 386. Calamus-A^rostis. 
Calamintha. 243. Gr.. beautifur:Mint. 
Calampells, 219. Gr., pretty vine. 
Calaudrinia, 59. To J. L. Calandrini, Italian. 
Calceolaria. 222. iMt.. a little clipper. 
Calendula. 188. Lat., kaZendce. the first of tlu 
Calla. 31S (319). G7\, beautiful. [month 

Calliastrum. IQl. &r.. beautiful flower. 
Callicarpa, 2:36. Gr., beautiful fruit. 
CaUirrhoe, 60. 61. A Greek name. 
Callistachys, lOO. Gr., beautiful spike. 
Callistemon. 122. Gr., beautiful stamens. 
Callistephus, 165. Gr.. beautiful crown. 
CALLITRICIIACE^. :301. 
Calhtriche. 301. Gr., beautiful hair. 
Calluna. 200. Gr., to sweep; sc. a broom. 
Calochortus, 343. Gr., beautiful grass. 
Caionyction, 260. Gr., "good-night." 
Calop'/ianes. 234. Gr., appearing beantifuL 
Calopogon, 330. Gr., beautiful beard. 
Caltha. 21. Svncope for calatJws, a goblet. 

calycaxthace.f:, 2,0. 

Calycanthus, 25. Gr., calyx flower. 
Calycocarpum, 27. Gr., calyx fruit. 
Calypso, 326. Dedicated to "r hat m-mph. 
Calyptranthes, 121. &?■., calyptra'flower. 
Calystegia, 260. G^r., calyx covered. 
Camassia. 343 Indian, Qnamass. 
Camelina. 42. 6^r., dv.-a'f Flax. 



LATIN INDEX. 



i29 



Camellia, 65. To Geo. J. Kamel, a Moravian 
CAMELLIACE^, 64. [monk. 

Campanula, 19(5. Lat.^ a little bell. 
CAMPANULACE^. 196. 
Camptoporus, 454. ffr., curved sorus. 
CANELLACEJE, 8. 
Canna, 332. Celtic for cane or mat. 
Cannabis, 301. The ancient name. 
CAPPARIDACE^, 44. 
Capparis, 44. Arabic for capers. 
CAPRIFOLIACE^, 144. 
Caprifolium, 145. Lat., goat-leaf. 
Capsella, 42. Za)!., a little capsule, [qualities. 
Capsicum, 268. Gr.^ to bite ; sc. its pungent 
Cardamine, 37. Gr., heart-subduing. 
Cardiospermum, 75. Gr., heart-seed. 
Carex, 368. Lat., to want ; upper spike want- 
Cariceje, 356. [ing seed. 

Carphephorus, 156. Gr., chaff-beai-ing. 
Carpinus, 307. Celtic, head-wood; sc. good 
Carthamus, 189. Arab., to color, [for yoket^. 
Carum, 138. From Caria, in Asia Minor. 
Carya, 304. Gr., the walnut. 
CARYOPHYLLACE^, 52. 
Cassia, 83. Se6., ketzioth; Za^., cassia. 
Cassiope, 201. Gr., the mother of Andromeda. 
Cassyta, 290. [Thessaly. 

Castanea, 306. From Castanea, a province in 
■Jastilleja, 232. To Don Castilleja, a Spanish 
Catalpa, 218. The Indian name. [botanist. 
Catananche, 192. Gr., from necessity (must 

be admired). 
Caulophyllum, 27. Gr., stem-leaf. 
Ceanoth'us, 77. Gr., to prick; plant spiny. 
Cedronella, 246. Gr., fragrant like cedar. 
Cedrus, 314. Prom the river Cedron, in Judnea. 
CELASTRACE^, 75. [all winter. 

Celastrus, 76. Lat., winter; the fruit remains 
Celosia, 288. Gr., burnt ; appearance of the fls. 
Celtis, 299. Ancient name for the Lotus. 
Cenchrue, 394. Gr., oriental name of Millet. 
Centaurea, 188. To the centaur Chiron. 
Centradenia, 123. Gr., spur-gland ; sc. the ap- 
Centroscma, 98. [pendages of the anthers. 
Centunculus, 213. Ancient Latin name. 
Cephalanthus, 150. Gr., head-fl.; lis. in a head. 
Cerastinm, 54. Gr., a horn ; the shape of the 

capsules. [native region. 

Cerasvs, 102. From Cerasus, in Pontus, its 
Ceratiola, 303. Gr., a little horn; sc. the 
CERATOPHYLLACE^, SOI [stigma. 

Ceratophyllnm, 302. Gr., horn-leaf. [i'ruit. 
Ceratosch;cnue, 3()7. CP'?*., horn-rush ; sc. the 
Cercis, 83. Gr., a shuttle ; sc. the legume. 
Cerens, l.'!3. Lat., wax ; the shoots are plastic. 
Ccstrum, 2()5. Gr. name for Hotony. 
('h;trophyllum,,137. Gr., rejoice, leaf; Ivs. fra- 
Cham:eliriuni, 349. Gr., dwarf lily. [grant. 
Vliavuriiidtim, 18;]. The C^.rock niune. 
Chaniiorops, 317. fj'/'., dwarf stem. |ist. 

Cliaptalia, 194. To M. Chaptal, a b^rench clu-m- 
rliapmauia, 87. To Dr. A. W. Chapman, the 
cnAK,.\(,n<]/K, 14. [Southern botanist. | 

C^heilantlu's, 422. CJ'/'., lip-llower ; sc. the in- I 
Cheiranthus, 88. Gr... hand-llowor. [dusium. ! 
Clielidoniuui, 31. Gr., a swallow ; llowers ■ 

with the arrival of that bird. 
Cholour, 2-24. Gr., tortoise; form of the 
C1IEN()P0DL\CE^E, 2vS4. [tlower. 

Chenopodina, 287. Altered fr. Chenoi>odiuui. 
.Chonopodium, 285. 6'7*., gooso-foot; shape of 

the leaf. [tor-groeu. 

Chimaphila, 206. Or., lover of w'uter ; win- 



Chiococca, 147. Gr., winter bcTy. 

Chiogenes, 199. Gr., winter-born. 

Chionanthus, 276. Gr., snow (white) flower, 

Chloris, 407. Gr., green. 

Chorozema, 100. Gr., dance, drink; founc" 
near a spring iu a thirsty land— N. Holland. 

Chrysanthemum, 184. Gr., golden flower. 

Chrysobalanus, 101. CtT., golden acorn, or fr. 

Chrysogonum, 172. Gr., golaen joint; fl?. in 
I the axils. 
! Chrysopsis, 170. Gr., golden appearance. 

Chrysospleninm,113. Gr.. golden spleen (wort). 



Chthamalia^ 274. Gr., on the groimd ; trailing 

_ quan- 
CICHORACEiE, 152. [ti 



Cicer, 85. Gr.. strength; its nourishing quaf 



Cichorium, 190. Greek name, adopted from the 
Cicuta, 141. Name unexplained. [Egyptians. 
Ciraicifuga, 23. Gr., bug-repelling. 
Cineraria,\&). Lat.. ashes; clothed with ash 

colored down. See also 187. 
Cinna, 385. An ancient name of a grass. 
Circfea, 128. To the enchantress Circe. 
Cirsium, 189. The old Greek name. 
Cissus, 78. The Greek name for the Ivy. 
CISTACE^, 47. [sium inflated. 

Cistopteris, 425. Gr.. bladder fern ; sc. indn- 
Citharexylum, 2.35. Gr., harp-wood; fiddle- 
Citrullus, 130. Derived from the next. [wood. 
Citrus, 71. From Citron, in Judaja. 
Cladastris, 84. Gr., brittle branches ? 
Cladium, 367. Gr., a branch or twig. 
Clarkia, 126. To Captain Clark, the pioneer 

traveller in Oregon. 
Claytonia, 59. To John Clayton, of Virginia. 
Clematis, 16. Gr.,& tendril; the petioles act 
Cleome, 44. G)'., to shut ; fls. closed, [as such. 
Clethra, 204. The Greek name of the Alder. 
Clianthus, 100. Gr., the flower of glory. 
Clintonia (195), 346. To Gov. De Witt Clinton, 
Clitoria, 98. A fanciful name. [of N. Y. 

Clusia, 8. To Charles de I'Ecluse, of Artois. 
Cnicus, 189. Gr., to prick. 
Cnidoscohts, 29G. Gr., nettle-prickle. 
Cob.-ea, 258. To B. Cobo, a Spanish botanist. 
Cocculus, 27. Lat., cochineal ; berries red. 
Coix, 411. A Greek name of a grass. [try. 
Colchicum, 318. From Colchis, its native coaii- 
Coleus, 239. Gr., a sheath ; of the stamens. 
Collinsia, 225. To Z. Collins, of Philadelphia. 
Collinsonia, 241. To Peter CoUinson, F. R. S. 
Collomia, 257. Gr., glue ; referring to the seeds. 
Colocaeia, 319. [mens. 

Colubrina, 76. (?/'., snake; the twisted sta 
Colutea, 95. [charactet, 

Comaudra, 291, Gr., hair stamens : see the 
Coinaniin, 107. Greek name of the Arbuins. 
COMBRICTACE.E, 12. [mous Dutch botanists. 
Coinmelvua. 353. To J. and G. Comnu-lvn. fa 
COMMKLYNACM.E, av}. 
COMlH^Sl'lMv Vsi. [Bishop of London. 

Coniptonia, 309. \\t Henry Compton. LoiM 
CONIFKR.K, 312. 

Con/oSiiintt/n, 140. /. c'., Coninin-Solinuin. 
C\)nium. i;!9. Gr.. dust ; unexplained. 
Conolu'a. -J-.V). Name unexplained, 
Coinuliniiiin, llIO. Lat., conical rocoptaclo. 
CONOIDK.K. :UL 
OonophoUs, 217. Gr., scale, cone. 
Conosfi/^in, li'tt. Gr., cone, stylo. 
Consoliila. 22. Lot., stvles all in one * 
Convallaria, 346. Lat.. a valley. 
Convolvulus, 260. I.at.. to entwine, or in\-vhQ 
Conyza, 171. L'noxplaiued. 



430 



LATIN INDEX. 



Coptis, 21. Gr., to cut ; sc. the cleft leaves. 
Corallorhiza. 328. Gr., coral-root. 
Corchorns. 64. (??■., to purge ; laxative. 
Corclia, 2.50. To E. Cordius, a Germ, botanist. 
Corema, 303. Lat., a broom ; sc. the habit. 
Coreopsis, 178. Gr., bug-like ; sc. the seeds. 
Coriandrum, 141. Gr., bug; from the odor. 
Corispermum, 287. Gr., bug-seed. 
COKNACE^, 142. [of the wood. 

Corn us, 143. Lat., a horn ; from the hardness 
Coronilla, 87. Laf.^ a little crown. 
Corydalis, .33. Greek name for Fumitory. 
Corylus, 307. G^., a helmet; the involucrate fr. 
Cm-ythlum^Wi.. (rr., a helmet ; sc. the flower. 
Cosmanthus, 255. Gr.^ elegant flower. 
(Jotula, 172. The old Latin name. 
Cranichis, 330. Derivation uncertain. 
Crantzia, 135. To Prof. Crantz, Eng. 
Crassula. 119. Lat., thick ; leaves fleshv. 
CRASSULACE^, 117. [ness of the wood. 
Cratsegus, 110. Gr., strength ; from the hard- 
Crinum, .333. The Greek name of the Lily. 
Crocus, 337. The name in Chaldaic. 
Croomia, a39. To H. B. Croom, of Florida. 
Crotalaria, 90. Gr., a rattle ; sc. the sds. in pod. 
Croton, 297. (?r., a tick ; sc. the seeds. 
Crotonopsis, 297. Croton-like. 
CEUCIFEILE, M. [are in the sheaths. 

Crvpsis. 387. ^..concealed: as the flowers 
CRYPTOGAJHIA, 412. [the calyx). 

Cryptottenia, 138. Gr., concealed border (of 
Ctenium. 409. Gr.^ a comb ; sc. the beard. 
Cucumis, 131. Za?;., crooked? (fruit). 
Cucnrbita. 130. Lat., crookedness; the fruit. 
CUCUEBITACEJE, 129. 
Cunila, 240. 

Cuphea, 123. Gr.^ curved ; sc. the capsule. 
Cupressus, 315. G^., equal growth ; referring 
CUPUHFEILE. 304. [to the reg. branches. 
Cuscuta, 260. Name from the Arabic. 
Cvathea, 419. Gr.^ little cup; sc. indusium. 
CYCADACE^, 311. 

Cycas, 312. A name in Greek for a Palm. 
Cyclamen, 212. Gr., circular; sc. the leaves. 
Cycloloma, 2S5. Gr.^ circle, border (of the eal.) 
Cydonia, 112. From Cydon, in Crete. 
Cynara, 188. Gr., a dog; involucre spiny. 
Cynodon, 407 (??'., dog tooth; sc. thespikelets. 
Cynoglossum, 251. Gr., dog tongue ; sc. the Ivs. 
CATithia, 191. A name of Diana. 
CYPERACEL^, 356. 
Cyperus, 357. A name of Venus. 
Cypripedium. 326. Gr., Venus' slipper. 
Cyrilla, 205. To Dom. Cyrillo, M. D., Naples. 
Cyrtanthera, 235. Gr., curved flower. 
Cytisus, 100. First found in Isl. Cythrus. 
Dactylis, 398. Gr., a finger; spikes digitate. 
Dactyloctenium, 408. Gr. finger comb ; the 

spikes digitate-pectinate. 
Dahlia, 166. For A. Dahl, a Swedish botanist. 
Dalea. 93. For Thos. Dale, an English botanist. 
Dalibarda, 105. To Dalibard, a Fr. botanist. 
Danthonia. .396. To M. Danthoine, a Fr. hot. 
Daphne, 292. A nymph transformed by Apollo. 
Dasystoma, 230. Gr., hairy mouth ; ec. the cor. 
Datura, 265. From the Arabic, Totorah. 
DauGus, 139. The Greek name. 
Davallia, 423. M. Davall, a Swiss botanist. 
Decumapia, 116. Lat., decern, ten • fls.lO-parted. 
Delphinium, 22. Gr., a dolphin. 
Dentaria, 37. Lat.. a tooth : the root toothed. 
Desmanthus. %%. Gr., bundle (of) flowers. 
Desmodium, S^. Gr., a bond : sc. the loment. 



Deutzia. 116. For Deutz, a Dutch botanist. 
DIALYPETAL^, 15. [the pod 

Diamorpha, 119. Gr., peculiarly formed ; sc 
Dianthera. 234. Go\, two anthers. 
Dianthus, 52. Gr., the flower of Jove. 
Diapeusia, 258. (??'., flowers by 5's ; 5-cleft. 
Diarrhena, 399. Gr., two rough (keels in the 
Dicentra. 33. Crr., two spurs. [pales, 

Dicerandra, 242. Gr., anthers two-homed. 
Dichondra, 260. Gr., two grains (carpels). 
Dichromena, .3P4. Gr., two-colored, [amist. 
Dicksonia. 42:3. To J as. Dickson, ci-ypto^- 
Dicliptera, 234. Gr., double-valved (capsule). 
Dictamnns. 70. Greek name of the Ash. 
Didiplis, 124. Gr., twice double. 
Dielytra, 33. Gr., two wings. 
Dien-illa, 146. To M. Dier^ille, M.D., French. 
Digitalis, 228. Lat., finger of a glove. 
DigUaria,^. Lat., a finger ; sc. the spikes. 
Diodia, 149. Crr., wayside (plants). 
Dionaga, 51. A name of Venus. 
Dioscorea. 338. To Pedacius DioscoridesJ, s 
DIOSCOREACE^, 3:38. [Greek physician. 
Diospyi'os. 209. Gr., the pear of Jove. 
Dipholis, 210, Gr., two scales (bet. the petals). 
Diphylleia, 28. Gr., two-leaved. 
Diplopappus, 164. Gr., double pappus. 
DLPSACE^, 151. [hold water. 

Dipsacus, 151. Gr., to thirst; the leaf-axila 
I)iptera€anthus,2M. Gr., 2- winged Acanthus. 
Dirca, 292. G^\, a fountain. 
Discopleura. 141. Gr., disk, ribs (united). 
Dodecatheon, 211. G^.. twelve deities (flowers). 
Dodonaea, 74. To R. Dodonseus, M. D. 
Dolichos 98. (^r., long ; sc. the tvdning stems. 
Doodia, 423. To S. Doody, botanist, Lond»nt. 
Downingia, 195. To J. Downing, florist, &c. 
Draba. 41. Gr., acrid or biting ; sc. the leaves. 
Dracocephalum, 246. Gr., dragon head. 
I>racopsis, 176. Gr.. dragon-like. 
Dracuncnlus, 1&4. Gr., little dragon. 
Drosera. 51. Gr., dew (-drops on the leaves). 
DROSERACE^, 50. 

Dryas, 105. Gr., Oak nymph ; sc. its leaveg. 
Dulichium, .356. First found on that island. 
Duranta, 235. To Castor Durant, 1580. 
Dvsodia, ISl. Gr., ill-scented. 
EatoBia. 400. To Prof. Amos Eaton, the well- 
EBENACE^, 209. iknown botanist. 

Eccremocarpus, 218. Gr., pendent fruit. 
Echeveria, 119. To M. Echeveri, botanic artist. 
Echinacea, 175. Gr., hedgehog ; sc. the spines, 
Echinocactus, 132. Gr., hedgehog cactus. 
Echinocystis, 129. Gr.. hedgehog bladder ; fr. 
Echinodorns. 323. Gr., hedgehog sac ; carpels. 
Echinospermum, 251. Hedgehog seed. 
Echites, 271. Gr., a viper ; the smooth shoots. 
Echium, 251. Ch\, a viper ; sc. the seeds. 
Eclipta, 172. Gr.. deficient ; sc. no pappcs. 
Ehretia, 250. To D. G. Ehret, German artisL 
EL^AGNACE^, 292. 

Elisagnus, 292. (??'., the olive; reeemblance. 
ELATENACE^, 51. 
Elatine, 51. Gr., the fir : resemblance. 
Eleocharis, .359. Gr.. marsh delight. 
Elephantopus, 156. Gr.. elephant's foot. 
Eleusine. 407. A name of Ceres. 
EIliottia.'205. To Stephen Elliott. S. Car. 
Ellisia, 254. To Joseph Ellis, F. R. S. 
El odea, 50. G^., a marsh. [in the sheath. 

Elymus, 405. Gr., enveloped ; so. the spike 
Elytraria, 233. (?r., enveloped ; the fls.in bracts 
EMPETRACE^, 302. 



lATIN INDEX. 



431 



Empetrum, 303. Or., on a rock. 
ENDOGEN^, 316. 

Enslenia, 273. To Aloysiiis Enslen. 
Epidendrura, 331. Gr., on a tree. 
Epigaea, 200. Gr.^ on the earth ; trailing. 
Epilobium, 124. Gr., on the pod (sc. the fls.) 
EpiphejsniB, 217. Gr.^ on the Beech (roots). 
Epiphyllum, 132. O., on a leaf (sc. the fls.) 
EQUISETACE^, 415. 
Equisetum, 415. XaiJ., horse-hair, 
Eragroptis, 400. Gr., lovely grass. 
Erectites, 186. Or., to trouble. 
Erianthus, 410. Gr., wool-flower. 
Erica, 200. Lat., the old name. 
ERICACEAE, 197. 
Erigenia, 140. Gr., spring-born, 
Erigeron, 165. Gr., in spring (early) old, 
Eriocaulon, 355. Gr., woolly stem. 
ERIOCAULONACE^, 355. 
Eriogonum, 280. (JV*. , woolly joint. 
Eriophorum, 362. Gr.^ wool-bearing, 
Erithalis, 147. Gr., to grow green. 
Emodea, 147. Gr.^ branched ; much branched. 
Erodinm, 68. Gr., a heron's (bill). 
Erophila, 41, Gr., lover of Spring. 
Eryngium, 135. (rr., to belch ; a remedy. 
Erysimum, 39. Gr.^ to draw (blisters), 
Erythraea, 267, Gr.^ red ; sc. the flowers. 
Erythrina, 97. Same as the last, 
Erythronium, 341. Ditto. 
Escallonia, 116. To Escallon, Spanish. 
Eschscholtzia, 32. To Eschscholtz, German. 
Eucalyptus, 121. Gr.^ well covered ; sc. the cal. 
Eugenia, 122. To Prince Eugene, of Savoy, 
Eulophus, 141, Gr., handsome crest. 
Euonymus, 76. Gr., well named. 
Eupatorium. 158. Named for Eupator, 
Eiipihorbia, 293. To Euphorbus, of Mauritania, 
EUPHORBIACE^, 293, 
Euphrasia, 232. To the Muse Euphrosyne. 
Ei/sfachijs, 407. Gr., handsome spike. 
l!lustoma, 267. Gr., handsome mouth. 
Eutoca, 255. Gr., fruitful. 
Euxoius, 288. Or., well closed. 
Evolvulus, 260. Lat., to roll out, to trail. 
Exececaria, 296. Lat., to blind ; the poisonous 
EXOGEN^, 15- [juice destroys the sight. 
Exostemma, 147. Gr., stamens exserted? 
Faba, 85. Gr., to cat. 
Fabiana, 265. To Y. Fabiana, of Valencia, 
Fagopyrum, 284. Gt., beech-nut wheat. 
Fagus, 307. The ancient name. 
Fedia, 151. From fcditii, a kid. 
Fenzlia, 2.57. To £)r. Fenzl, a botanic author. 
Fcstuca, 3«19. C(i\i.,fest, pasture. 
FICOIDE^E, 133. 

Ficjis, 299. Tlie ancient Latin name. 
Filago, 185. ia/., thread-spinning ; the plant 
FlLt(;i*:s, 416. Lis clothed in cotton. 

Fhubristylis, 363. Gr., ft-iuged style. 
FUrrkoa, 68. To Floerko, a German botanist. 
FLOKMDE.'E. 322. 

Fcruiculum, 139. Lat., n kid ; Avhy ? 
FoM>s(i(.>ni, 277. To M. Forestier, French. 
Foistcrouia, 270. To T. F. F(Mstor, an Eug.bot. 
Foisvthin, 276. To Mr. Forsyth, horticulturist. 
FothVrgilla, 120. To J. FotherglU, M.I)., Lond. 
l<'r;i,uaria, 106. Lat., IVaj^rant ; sc. the fruit. 
Era/icisea, 221. To Francis, Kmporor of Aust. 
Franklinia, 65. fnlants in the South. 

Frasera, 268. To John brasor, oolloctor of 
Fraxinup, 277. Lat., a hedge ; hcil^o plants. 
Fritillaria, 312. Lat., a ches»i-boaril. 



Frcelichia, 290. To J. A. Frcelich, a Germ, hot 

Fuchsia, 127. To Leonard Fuchs, German, 

Fuirena, 359. To G. Fuiren, Danish. 

Fumaria. .34. Laf., smoke ; sc. the smell. 

FUMARIACE^, iiS. 

FUNGI, 14. 

Funkia, 345. To Henry Funk, German, 

Gaillardia, 181. To M. Gaillard, French. 

Galactia, 97. Gr., milk. 

Galanthus. 334. Gr., milk-flower. 

Galax, 206. Gr., milk ; flowers milk-white f 

Galeopsls, 248. Gr., weasel-like ; sc. the fl. 

Galinsoga, 172. To M. Galinsoga, Madrid. 

Galium, 148. Gr., milk (to curdle), 

GAMOPETAL^. 144. 

Gardoqma,24^. To Diego Gardoqui, Spanish. 

Gaultheria, 201. To Dr. Gaulthier, Quebec. 

Gaura, 126. Gr., superb. [French chemist. 

Gaylussacia, 198. To Gaylussac, the celebrated 

Gazania, 181, Lat., rirhes (richness). 

Gelsemium, 269. Italian for Jessamine. 

Genista, 90. Celt., gen. a h'^sh. 

Gentiana, 267. To iSentius, King of Hljrria. 

GENTIANACE^, 266. 

GERANIACE^, 67. 

Geranium, 68. Gr., crane's (bill) ; sc. the fruit. 

Gerardia, (230) 231. To John Gerard, English. 

Gesneria, 219. To Conrad Gesner, German. 

GESNERIACE^, 219. [of G. urbicum. 

Geum, 105. Gr., to give relish : sc. the roots 

Gilia, 257. To P. S. Gill, Spanish. 

Gillenia, 104. Named for A. Gille, German. 

Ginkgo, 316. The name in Japanese, 

Ginseng, 142. The name in Chinese. 

Gladiolus, 3.38. Lat., a little sword ; sc. the Ivs. 

Glaucium, 31. Gr., glaucous (in color). 

Glaux, 212. Ditto. 

Glechoma. 246. An old Greek name. 

Gleditschia, 83. To Prof. G. Gleditsch, Berlin. 

Glottidium, 93. Gr., tongue ; sc. the pods. 

Gloxinia. 219, To P. B. Gloxiu, of Colmar. 

GLUMIFERJE. 356. 

Glyceria, 402. Gr., sweet : sc. the herbage. 

Gnaphalium, 185. Gr., soft down. 

Godetia. 125. To M. Godet, French. 

Gomphrena, 289. Gr., a club ; sc. the flowers. 

Gonolobus, 274. Gr., angular pods. 

GOODENIACE.E, 10. 

Goodyera, 330. To Joim Goodycr. Eni:li«h. 

Gordonia, 65. To Alex. Gordo'n, London. 

Gossipinni. ()3. Arabic, a softness. 

GR.\M1NK.E. :?80. 

GUAMliNOl DE.E, 356. [bearded at liase 

Graphophorum, 398. Gr., pencil-bearing ; fl*. 

Gratiola, 227. Lai., irracc <,mediciuallv)'. 

yKOSSULACE.-E (11.3). 

Grosmihiria, 117. Name of doubt(\il moaning. 

Guettnrda. 147. To EtionneGuottimi, Froncli. 

(Juiaoiim. 67. The abori;rinal name. 

GUTTIFEU.E. 8. 

Gi/r/uHuit-iiia, 326. Gr., naked gland. 

(.Jymnochuius, 8:?. Gr., naked bnuiohos. 

(5ynnu>granuna. 42l). Gr., naked writing (sori) 

(Jymnopogou.tOT. Gr., naked board." 

Gymnospermn?, 311. 6> . naked seeds. 

Gyuandropsis, 44. Gr.. like gyu.'Uidrisi. 

Gynorium. 3*JS. Gr., stylo woollv. 

(5ynsoplula, M. Or., loving chalk (clilfs). 

Ihuhnarhi, ;J26. Lai., thong, = the K'Ug sptr. 

Ihi/>rvt,'uj>n>iu,<, 2to. (,>., a g:iy branch. 

H.KMcnH>UAOK.K, X*. ' 

UaliMiia, 26S. A personal name. 

llalosia, 209. To S. ILilos. 1). D., V. K. !\ 



1 



432 



LATIN INDEX. 



HALOEAGE^. 120. 
HAMAMELACE^. 120. 

Hamamelis. 120. O., (flower) with the fruit. 
Hamelia, 147, To H. L. Duham^. [berg. 

Hardenbergia, 99. To the Countess of Harden- 
Hedeoma, 241. The Greek name for Mint. 
Hedera, 142. Celt., a cord. 
Hcdychium, 331. Gr., sweet snow (white fls.) 
Hedysarum, 87. An old Greek name. 
Helenium, 181. Dedicated to Helen. 
Belianthella, 177. Diminutive of Helianthus. 
Helianthemum, 47. Gr., Sun-flower. 
Helianthus, 176. Ditto. 
Helichrjsum, 186. Gr., golden sun. 
Heliophytum, 251. G^., Sun-plant. 
Heliopsis, 175. Gr., sun-like. 
Heliotropium, 250. Gr. turning (with) the ?un. 
Helleborup, 21. Gr., killing (poisonous) food. 
Helonias. 349. Gr., a marsh. 
Helosciadium, 140. Gr., marsh umbel. 
Hematelia, 419. 

Hemerocallis, 345. Gr., beauty of a day. 
Hemicarpha, 363. Gr., half (of the) chaff. 
Hepatica, 18. Gr., of or recembling the liver. 
HEPATICiE, 14. 

Heracleum, 136. Sacred to Hercules. 
Herpestis, 226. Gr., a creeper. 
Hesperis. 39. Gr., the evening. [anthers. 
Heteranthera, 350. Gr., other (two kinds of) 
Heterotheca, 170. Gr., other (2 kinds of) fruits. 
Heuchera, 115. To Dr. H. Heucher, Wittemb£. 
Hibiscus, 62. From ibis, the stork. 
Hieracium, l91. Gr., hierax, the hawk. 
Hierochloa, 395. Gr., holy Grass. 
HIPPOGASTANE^, 73. 
Hippomane, 293. Gr., horse madness. 
Hippophge, 293. Gr., horse destroyer. 
Hippuris, 121. Gr., mare's tail. 
Holcus, 395. Gr.. to extract (thorns). 
Holosteum, 54. Ch"., all bone (by antithesis). 
Honlc'.nya, 56. A personal name. 
Hordeum, 404. Gr., heavy (sc. bread). 
Hottonia, 211. To Prof. P. Hotten, of Leyden. 
Houstonia, 149. To Wm. Houston, M. D., Eng. 
Hoya, 275. To Thos. Hoy, F. L. S. 
Hudsonia, 48. To Wm. Hudson. F. E. S. 
Humea, 194. To Lady Hume, of Wormleybury. 
Humulus, 301. Lat., on the ground, =trailing. 
Hyacinthus, 344. A boy killed by Zephyrus. 
Hydrangea. 116. Gi'., a water-vessel. 
Hydranthelium, 228. Gr. , a little water-flower. 
Hydrastis, 23. In or near water. 
HYDEOCHAEHDACE^, 324. 
Hydrocleis, 323. Gr., enclosed in water. 
Hydrocotyle, 135. Gr., a water-vessel. 
Hydrolea, 255. Gr., water, oU: sc. an oily 
HYDEOPHYLLACE.E, 253. [water-plant. 
Hydrophyllum, 254. Gr., water leaf. 
Hygrophila, 234. Gr., loving moisture. 
Hymenopappus, 181. Gr., naembranous pap- 
Hyoscyamus, 264. Gr., hog-bean. [pus. 

Hypelate, 74. Unexplained. 
HYPEEICACE^. 48. 

Hypericum, 49. Not satisfactorily explained. 
Eypobrychia, 124. [the pod). 

Hypoxis, 334. Gr., sharp under ; (the base of 
Hyptis, 239. Gr., resupinate; sc. the cor. upper 
Hyssopus, 241. The old Hebrew name. [lip. 
Iberis, 42. From Iberia, now Spain. 
Hex, 207. The ancient name. 
lUicium, 24. Lat., alluring; sc. the perfume. 
Ilysanthes, 227. Gr., mud-flower, [touched. 
Jmpatiens, 69. Lat., impatient; not to be 



Indigofera, 95. Lot., indigo-bearing. 
Inula, 171. A corruption of Hellenium. 
lodanthus. 36. Gr., violet-flower. 
Ipomsea. 259 (260). Gr., like bindweed. 
Ipomopsis, 257. Gr., like Ipomsea. 
Iresine, 289. Gr., eiros, wool. 
lEIDACE^, 336. 
Iris, 336. From its varied colors. 
Isanthus, 239. Gi\, equal (regular) flower. 
Isatis, 43. Gr., to smooth (the skin) ; a cof5- 
Isoetes, 412. Gi\, equal (all the) year, rmetic 
Isopappns, 170. (r?'., equal pappus. 
Isopyrum, 20. Gr., equal wheat. 
Itea, 115. Greek name of the Willow. 
Iva, 174. Leaves resembling the Greek Iva. 
/am, 337. Za(!., bird-lime; sc. sticky. 
Jacquemontia, 258. To Victor Jacquemont. 
Jasminum, 275. (5^., violet smell: sc. fragrant 
Jatropha, 296. GV., physician, food; sc. medi 

cinal. 
Jeffersonia, 28. To President Thos. Jefferson 
JUGLANDACE^, 308. [walnut 

Juglans, 304. Gr., the nut of Jove: sc. the 
JITNCACE^. 350. 

JUNCAGDsE^, 323. [of these rushes. 

Juncus, 351. Lat., to join ; ropes were made 
Juniperus, 314. Celt., rough or rude. 
Jussiaea, 125. To A/jtoine Jussieu, the elder. 
Justicia. 235. To J. Justice, a Scotch botanist, 
KalMrcemia, 67. A personal name. 
Kalmia, 200. To Prof. Peter Kalm, of Abo. 
Kennedya, 99. To Mr. Kennedy, of Ham- 

mersworth. 
Kerria, 104. To Mr. Kerr, botanist. Ceylon. 
Koeleria, 398. To Prof. Koeler, of Mayence. 
Koelreuteria, 75. To J. G. Koelreuter, German 
Kosteletzkya, 62. A personal name, [botanist. 
Krameria, 80. To J. G. and W. H. Kramer, Ger. 
Krigia, 191. To Dr. David Kreig^, German. 
Kuhnia,158. To AdamKuhn, of Pennsylvania. 
Kuhnistera, 93. From Kuhnia. 
Kyllingia, 359. To P. Kylling, Danish, 1690. 
LABIATE, 237. LABIATLFLOE.^, 153, 155 
Laburnum, 91. The old Latin name. 
Lachnocaulon, 355. Gr., wool-stem. 
Lachnanthes, 335. Gr., wool-flower. 
Lactuca, 193. Lat., to?, = milk; sc. milk-weec, 
Lagenaria, 130. Lat., a bottle ; sc. the gourd. 
Lagerstroemia, 123. To Marcus Lagerstroem, 
Lagunctilaria. Lat., a small bottle. [Ger. 

Lamium, 248. Gr., throat ; sc gaping-flowers. 
Lampsana, 190. A personal name. 
Lantana, 237. Old Latin name for Laburntim. 
LapUhOE.a, 266. 

Laportea, 300. To M. Laporte, French. 
Lappa, 190. Old Latin name of Burdock. 
Larix, 314. Celt., fat or resinous ; from lar. 
Lathyrus, 85. Gr., stimulating. 
LAUEACE^, 290. [made of lavendei 

Lavandula, 239. Lat., to wash ; from the us* 
Lavatera, 60. To the two Lavaters. of Zurich 
Leavenworthia,38. ToDr.Leavenworth,U.S.A 
Lechea, 47. To G, Leche, Sweden, 1760. 
Ledum, 204. An old Greek name. [nist. 

Leersia. 383. To J. D. Leers, a German bota- 
LEGUML\OS^, 80. 

Leiophyllum, 201. O. , smooth leaf. [Fljrida, 
Leitneria, 309. To Dr. Leitner, collector in 
Lemna, 319. The Greek name of some water- 
LEMNACE^, 319. [plant. 

Lens, 100. The seeds are shaped like a lens. 
LENTIBULACE^,, 215. 
Leonotis, 249. Gr , lion's ear ; so. the flowers 



LATIN INDEX. 



433 



Ixiontodon, 191. Ghr., lion's-tooth ; sc. the Ivs. 
Lconurus, 249. O., lion's-tail; bc. the Bpike 

of flowers. 
Lepachis, 176. From lepis^ Gr. word for scale. 
Lepidium, 42. Chr.. a little scale ; sc. the sili- 
Leptocaulis, 140. G'r., slender stem. [cles. 
Leptochloa, 406. Gr., slender grass. 
Leptopoda, 182. Gr., slender loot or stem. 
Leptosiphon, 257. (?r., slender tube; sc. the 

flowers. 
I.epturus, 404. (?r., slender tail; sc. the spikes. 
Lcpuropetalon, 115. Gr., husk petal. [ida. 
Lespcdeza, 89. To M. Lespedez, Gov. of Flor- 
Leucantheraum. 183. Gr., white flower. 
Leucas, 238. Gr., whiteness ; sc. of the flowers. 
Leucojum, 334. Gr.. white violet. 
Liatris, 157. A name unexplained. 
LICHENES, 14. 
LIGULIFLORJE, 152, 155. 
Ligusticum, 140. Originally found in Liguria. 
Ligustrum, 276. Lat., ligare, to tie; sc. its 
LfLIACE^, 341. [flexible branches. 

Lilium, 342. Celt., li, whiteness. 
Lirananthemura, 268. Gr., marsh-flower. 
Limnanthes, 68. Ditto. 
Limnobium, 324. Gr., marsh-life. 
Limnocharis, 323. Gr., marsh-joy. 
Limoselia. 228. Gr., little mud (plant). 
LINACEiE, 66. [resembles. 

Linaria, 222. From Linum, flax ; which it 
Lindera, 290. Name unexplained. 
Linnaea, 144. To the great naturalist, Carl von 
Linum, 66. Celt., /i?i,=a thread. [Linnaeus. 
Liparis, 329. Gr.. liparos, unctuous. 
Lipocarpha, 363. Gr., oil chatt"; why ? 
Lippia, 236. To Aug. Lippi, French traveller. 
Liquidambar, 120. ^Lat., liquid amber. 
Liriodendron,25. (Jr., lily-tree; sc. tulip-tree. 
Listera, 329. To Dr. Martin Lister, English. 
Lithospermura, 252. Gr., stone-seed. 
Loat^a, 128. Name unexpkiined. 
LOASACE/E, 128. [to James I. 

Lobelia. 194. To Matthew Lobcl, physician 
L()BELIACI^:^, 194. [nist.) 

LOGANIACE^E, 269. (Jas. Logan, Eng. bota- 
Loiselcuria, 203. A mythological name. 
Loliuni, 405. The Celtic name is loloa. [sori. 
Lomaria, 421. Gr., the edge ; position of the 
Lonicera, 145. To Adam Lonicer, Germ., 1580. 
Lophanthus. 245. Gr., crost-flowcr. 
Lophiola, 335. Zrtd., diminutive ; little crest. 
Lophospi'rnuim, 223. Gr., crest-seed. 
LOKANTIIACE.E, 291 . Lorinttiria, 371 . 
Ludwigiu, 127. To I'rof. C. 1). Lndwig. Loipsic. 
Lunaria, 40. LaL, the moon; sc. tlu^ silicles. 
Lupiniis, 9;) L<if., a wolf; devours the st>il? 
Luziola. 3^:^. Lat., lu.v, ligiit ; sparkling with 
Luzulu. 351. ^?<TW., the glow-worm. '[dew. [ 
Lychnis, 54. Gr., a lamp (wick^. i 

Lyoium, 2(54. The old Greek name. 
Lvcopetsicum. v62. Gr., wolf-peach. 
lA'('01\)l)IAOE.E,413. 
Lycopo(lium.41.3, (411^. Or., wolf-foot. 
Lyiopsis, 251. (.'/•..wolf-like; tlie flower is 

laiuii'd to resembU' a wolf's eye. 
Lycoims. 240. (."/'., wolf-tooi. 
LyijoiUsniia, 193. Or., flexible band. 
LvL-Dilnim. 41v^. Or., a flexible (.vine^. 
Lvsnnachia. 212. Or., dissolution of strife; 
LYTllKACK.E. 123. [sc. looso-sUitV. 

Lvthrunj, 12.). 6'/*., black bUuvI ; se. purple. 
Macbridea. 247. To Dr. Jas. McHride. of S. C. 
Madura, 299. To Wm. Maclure. I'oiiusylvania. 



Macranthera, 230. Gr., long anthers. 
Macrotis, 23. Gr., long ears ; sc. racemes. 
Madia, 173. The name in Chili. 
Magnolia, 24. To Prof. Pierre Magnol, Mont- 
MAGNOLIACE^, 24. [pel.ier, France. 

Majanthemum, 346. Lat., May-flower. 
Malachodendron, 65. Gr., Mallow-tree. 
MALPIGHIACE^, 8. 

Malus, 112. Lat., the apple. [=8oft 

Malva, 60. Altered from the Greek moUache 
MALVACE^, 59. 
Malvastrum, 61. From Malva. 
Malvaviscus, 62. Lat., glue mallow. 
Maramilaria, 132. Lat., mamma, nipple; sc. 
the protuberances. [Ayres. 

Mandevilla, 271. To H. B. Mandeville, Buenoa 
Manisurus, 407. Crr., lizard's-tail. [15.50. 

Maranta, 331. To B. Maranti, M. D., Venice, 
Marrubium, 249. Hebrew, bitter juice. 
Marshallia. 182. To Humphrey Marshall, Phila. 
Marsilia, 412. To Count F. Marsi^li, Bologna. 
MARSILIACE^, 412. [bridge, 1765. 

Martynia, 219. To Prof. John Martyn, Cam- 
Maruta, 183. Meaning unexplained. 
Matricaria, 183. An anatomical word. [1750. 
Matthiola, 38. To Dr. P. A. Matthioli, Italy, 
Maurandia, 223. To Prof. Maurandi, Cartha- 
Mayaca, 354. Name unexplained. [gena. 

Maytenus. 76. The Chilian name. 
Meconopsis, 32. Gr., poppy-like. 
Medeola, 340. From Medea, the sorceress. 
Medicago, 92. An ancient name, [(branches). 
Melaleuca, 122. Gr.. black (trunk), whitfl 
Melampyrum, 233. Gr., black wheat. 
MELANTHACEJ3, 347. 
Melanihera, 174. Or., black anthei-s. 
Melanthium, 348. Gr., black flower. 
MELASTOMACE/E, 122. [Ash. 

ISIelia, 65. The Greek name for the Manna 
MELIACE.E, 65. 

IVIelica, 400. Italian, from met, honey. 
Melilotus, 92. Lnt., honey lotus. 
Melissa, 243. Lat.. a bee ; yields honey. 
Melocactus. 133. Gr., melon cactus. 
Melothria, 130. The old Greek name. 
MENISPERMACE.'E, 26. 
Menispermum. 26. Or., moon-seed. 
Mentha. 240. Minthe. daughter ofCocyton. 
Mentzelia,12S. To C. Mentzel. of Brandenburg. 
Mcnvanthes, 268 (269'>. • (//•.. moon-flower. 
Menziesia,201. To Archibald Meiizie*. F.L.S. 
Mercurialis, 297. Deilicated to Morcury. 
lMortensia.2ri3. To Woi. F. 0. Mertens. Bremen 
Mesoinbrvantlu'nuun,133. Or., mid-davjiower 
Metasiolilia. 274. (,•/•.. witli a ginllo." 
Micraulln iniun, 227. Or., minute flower. 
Mierostylis, 329. Or., minute style. 
Mikaniii. 160. To Prof. Josoph Mikau, Prague. 
Milium, 3!n, Lat., a thousand (.seedst. 
Mimosa. 82. C.r., a mimic; sc. its motions. 
Mimulus. 226. Or., an ape : sc. its flower*. 
Minuisi^ps. 210. Or., ape-like. 
Mirahilis, 2:9. Lat., w >nderful ; sc. the fls. 
Mitohella. 14v^. To Dr. John Mitchell. Va. 
Mitella. 113. lAit.,x\ little mitre ; sc. the fruit, 
Mitrei)la, 2ti9. Ditto. 

Modiola. 61. Lat., a little measure or cup. 
Mivneliia. 56. To the Gcrui. botanist. Ma>noh 
MoMinuia. .'m. To Dr. P. H. G. Ma>hrlii^. Germ.. 
Mollum\.'v^. Naino applietl bv PUny. [\T.Vk 
Moluceella. 24{<. Natives of the Moluccas. 
Monaixla. 245. To Dr. N. Monarviea. SevJUo. 
Moueses, iiVi. From mo;uw, = ono; sc. Mid. 



434 



LATIN INDEX. 



Monotropa, 206. ^., one, turning: flowers 
3fontelia, 289. [tumea'one way. 

Morinda, 147. i. e., Indian Mulberry. 
Morus, 300. Celt, black; sc. the fruit. 
Muhlenbergia, 385. To Kev. Henry Muhlen- 
MULISIACE^, 153. [berg, D. D. 

Mulgedinm, 193. Meaning unknown. 
Musa, 331. To Antonius iVIupa, 
MUSACEJ3, 331. 

Muecari, 344, From moschus, mu?k. 
MUSCI, 14. 

Myginda, 76. To Francis von Mygind, Germ. 
Mylocariiim, 205. Gr., mill-nut; form of the 

fruit. 
Myosotis, 252. Gr., mouse-ear; sc. the Ivs. 
Myopurus, 20. G^., mouse-tail ; sc. the toruR. 
Myrica, 309. Gr., (On the banks of) flowing 
MYRICACE.E, .308. [(rivers). 

Myriophylhim, 121. Gr., a thousand leaves. 
MYRSINACE^, 10. {Gr., myrrh.) 
MYRTACE^, 121. 
Myrtus, 122. Gr., perfume. 
Nabalus, 192. The meaning unknown. 
NAIADACE^, 320. 
Najas, 320. Gr., a water-nymph. 
Napaea, 61. Gr., dell-nymph, [on the ner^'^es. 
Narcissus, 332. From narke, stupor ; its eft'ect 
Nardosmia, 160. Gr., smell of nard, or spike- 
Narthecium, 351. Gr., a rod, or wand. [nard. 
Nasturtium, 36. Lat., twisted nose; on ac- 
Naumbergia, 212. [count of its acridity. 

Negundo, 74. Of unknown meaning. 
Nelumbium, 29. Nelumbo is the CingoUefse 
Nemastylis, 337. Gr., thread style. [name. 
N(;mesia, 222. An old name revived. 
Nemopaiithes, 208. Gr., grove-flower. 
Nemophila, 254. Gr.. loving the grove. 
Nepeta. 245. From Nepet, a lown in Tuscany. 
Nephrodium, 425. Gr., the kidney ; sc. the sori. 
Nephrolepis, 418, Gr., kidney scale. 
Neptunea, 82. Dedicated to Neptune. 
Nerium, 271. Gr., humid; sc. the habit. 
Nesiea, 124. The name of a sea-nymph. 
Neurophyllum, 136. Gr., nerve-leaf. 
Neviusia, 104. To Rev. R. Nevius. 
Nicaiidra, 263. [duced tobacco into France. 
Nicotiana, 265. To John Nicot, who intro- 
Nierembergia, 264. To J. E. Nieremberg, 
Nigella,21. i^i., black; the seeds. [Spanish. 
Nolana, 262. Lat., a little bell ; sc. corolla. 
Nolina. 343. To P. C. Nolin, American. 
Notholaena, 420. Gr., false cloak ; the indusia. 
Nuphar, 29, The Arabic name of Water-lily, 
NYCTAGINACE^, 279. 
NYMPH^ACE^, 28. 
Nymphsea, 29. Gr., a water-nymph. 
Nyssa, 143. The name of a water-nymph. 
Ohione, 287. Gr., a shield ; the round leaves. 
Obolaria, 26S. Gr., a piece of money. 
Ocimum, 238. Gr., to smell; strong-scented. 
fEuothera, 125. (S^., wine-hunting; incentive 
OLACACEJE, 10. [to wine-drinking. 

Oldenlandia, 150. To H. B. Oldenland, Danish, 
01ea,276. The Greek name of the Olive. [1695. 
OLEACE^, 275. 

Omphalodes, 251. Gr., navel-like. 
ONAGRACE^, 124. 
Oncidium, 328. Gr., a tumor; sc. the form of 

the depressed stem, 
Onoclea, 421 . Gr. , closed vessel ; sc. the fruit. 
Onopordon, 189. Gr., an ass, to explode ; its 

supposed eff"ects. 
Onoemodium. 252. Compared t' the Onosn a. 



Onychium, 424, Gr., the finger nail ; a fanci 
ful name. [the frond 

Ophiojrlossum, 418. Gr., serpent's tongue ; sc, 

Oplismenns, 393. Gr., strong weapon ; cock- 

Opuntia, 132. From Opus, in Locrie. [spur. 

ORCHIDACE^, 325. 

Orchis, 326. Name a physiological conceit. 

Origanum, 242. Gr., mountain joy. 

Ornithoffalum, 343. Gr., bird milk. 

OROBANCHACE^, 217. [sc. the Vetch. 

Orobus, 100. Gi\, to excite (nourish) the ox ; 

Orontium, 318. Name adopted from the Greek. 

Orthodanum, 96. Gr.. a true gift. 

Oryza, 383. The Arabic name is erws.^Rice, 

Oryzopsis, 388. Gr., Oryza-like.=Rice-like. 

Osmanthus, 276. Gr., fragrant flower. 

Osmorhiza, 137. Gr., fragrant root. 

Osmunda, 418. Osniunder was a Celtic divinity, 

Ostrya, 307. Ch:, a scale ; sc. the scaly catkins, 

Otophylla. 2^31. Gr., ear-leaf. 

OXALIDE^, 67. [taste, 

Oxalis, 67. Gr., acid; the plant has a soui 

Oxybaphus, 279. Ch'., acid dye. 

Oxj'coccus, 199. Gr., acid berry. 

Oxydendrum, 203. Gr., acid tree. 

Oxyria, 280. Gr., acid. 

Pachysandra. 298. Gr., thick stamens, 

Pieonia, 23. To the physician Paeon, [ance. 

Paepalanthus. 355. Gr.. dust-flower ; its appear- 

Palafoxia. 181. To Palafox, a Spanish general 

PALMACE^. 310. 

Panax, 142. Gr., all-healing ; sc. the Ginseng, 

Pancratium. 333. Crr., all-potent, 

Panicum, 391. Lg,t.. a panicle. 

Papaver. 32. Lat., pap, or thick milk ; Poppy 

PAPAVERACE^, 31. [seeds were used in pap 

PAPILIONACE^. 80. [for children. 

Pardanthus. 337. Gr., leopard flower, [cality, 

Parietaria, 301. Gr., a wall ; their frequent lo- 

Parnassia. 115. Mt.Parnassus was feigned their 
nativity. [dy for felon. 

Paronychia. 57 (58). Gr., near the nail ; reme- 

Parthenium, 173. Gr., a virgin; sc. its medi- 
cinal properties. [Millet. 

Paspalum, 389. One of the Greek names for 

Passiflora, 129. Lat., passion-flower; the floral 
organs resembling the Ci'oss ind nails. 

PASSIFLORACE^, 129. [its form. 

Pastinaca. 136. Lat., a garden dibble ; from 

Paulownia. 225. To Paulownia, princes? of Ru^- 

Pavia, 75. To Prof. Peter Paiv, Leyden. [sia. 

Pedicularis, 232. Lat., a louse : sc. Lousewort. 

Pelargonium, 68. Gr.. a stork; sc. Stork-bill. 

Pellcea, 421. Gr., little cup. [character. 

Peltandra, 318. Gr., shield anther; from the 

Penicillaria, 393. Lat., a pencil : sc. the spikes. 

Penthorum. 119. Gr., five bounds ; sc. 5 styles. 

Pentstemon, 224. Gr., five stamens. 

Perilla, 240. A word unexplained. 

Periploca. 274. Gr., intertwining. 

Persea, 290. Adopted from the Egyptian. 

Persicaria. 282. Lat., Peach-like. 

PETALIFER^. 316. [mens. 

Petalostemon, 93. Gr.. petals Ooined to) ela- 

Petiveria. 284. To Dr. J. Petiver, F. R. S. 

Petunia, 264. Adopted from the Brazirnj?;e^wn. 

Peucedanum, 136. Gr., parched pine ; sc its 

Phaca. 94. Crr., to eat ; food, [resinous smell. 

Phacelia. 255. Gr.. a bundle ; sc. the flowers. 

PUJ^NOGAMIA, 15. 

Phalaris, 394. Gr., brilliant ; its shining seeds. 

Pharbitis, 259. Meaning not known. 

PhaseoluB. 96. Lat., a little boat ; ec. the pods. 



LATIN INDEX. 



435 



Ptiellpsea, sri. ToL. & J. Phelipaux, French. 
Philadelphns, 116. Adopted from Aristotle. 
Phlegopter'i^, 368. Qr.^ burning wing or fern. 
Phleum, 387. Adopted from the Greek. 
Phlomij?, 248. Gr.^ liame ; used for lamp-wicks. 
Phlox, 256. GV., flame: the appearance of the fls. 
Phorodendron, 291. Qr.^ thief of the tree ; tree 
Phragmites, 404. Gr.^ a hedge ; its use. [thief. 
Phi-yma, 236. The meaning unknown. 
Phygelius, 225. [on the leaf-like stems. 

Phyllanthus,297. G^r., leaf-flower ; the flowers 
Phyllocactus, 133. (?r., leaf Cactus, [leaves. 
Pliyllodendron, 319. G^r., leaf-tree; immense 
Phyllodoce, 201. A mythological name. 
Physalis, 263. (?/"., a bladder ; sc. the calyx. 
Physostegia, 247. Gr.^ bladder covering ; calyx. 
Phytolacca, 284. Gr.^ plant lac : the crimson 
PHYTOLACCACE^, 284. [fruit. 

Pilea, 300. Lat.^ a cap ; one of the sepals. 
Pimpinella, 139. Altered from bipinnate. 
Pinckneya, 150. To Gen. Pinckney, of S. Car. 
Pinguicula, 215. Lat.^ fat ; the greasy leaves. 
Pinns, 312. The ancient Greek name. 
Piriqueta, 129. Meaning unknown. 
Pisonia, 279. To M. Piso, M. D., Amsterdam. 
Pistia, 318. Meaning unexplained. 
Pisum, 85. Celt., pis,=a pea. 
PITTOSPORACE^, 9. 

Planera, 299. To J. Planer, a German botanist. 
i-LANTAGINACEiE, 213. [in footpaths. 

Plantago, 213. Lat., the sole of the foot : grows 
PLATANACE^, 303. 
Platanthera, 326. G^., broad anther. 
Platanus, 303. Gi\, ample ; the branches & Ivs. 
Platycerium, 419. (r/*., broad horn ; the split 
Platycodon, 197. Gr., broad bell. [frond. 

Pleea, 349. (??•., the Pleiades ; seven while fls. 
Phichea, 171. Meaning unexplained. 
PLUMBAGINACE/E, 214. [der of the eyes. 
Plumbago, 215. A cure for plimiOago, a disor- 
Poa. 401. The general Greek word for grass. 
Podocitt'pus, 316. Gr., fruit-stalks (long). 
Podophyllum, 28. G?'., foot leaf: duck's-foot. 
PODOSTEMIACE^, ;W2. 
Podostemum. 302. Gr., foot stem ? 
Podostigma, 273. Gr., foot (stalked) stigma. 
Pogonia, 330. Gr., beard ; fli)\vcrs fringed. 
I'oinclana, 99. To M. dc Poinci, gov. Antilles. 
Polanisia, 41. Gr., many unequal (stamens). 
POLEMONIACE^, 256. 
Polemonium, 257. Gr., war; Pliny says that 

two kings fought for its honors. 
l\)Uanthes, 334. 6^/-., polished llower. 
l\)l.y;inli\es, 334. Gr., many flowers. 
P()l>r:upon, 57. Gl\, much fruit. 
I'Dly^iila, 78. Gr., much milk ; efl'cct on goats. 
P<)iA(!Al.A(^K/K, 78. 
I'OLVCiONACIO.lO, 280. 
Polygonal iini, ;U6. Gr., many joints. 
Polygonclla, 282. From l\)iygonum. 
I\)l.vm)num, 282. Gr., many jt)ints. 
Polyninia, 172. The name of one of the Muses. 
l'(>lyi)(>(iinm. 4'20, Or., many feet (route). 
Poly|>»>gon. ;!8(t. Gr., nuu-h"boai"d. 
rolyprcniiuii. 2(i9. (;/•., many stems. 
J'(^i//>/i ris. IM. Gr., many w'inus. 
PolylaMiia, 136. Gr., n\anv llllo'ts (vitt:v>. 
PonlcdiM-ia. ."U). To I'rotl .lulius Ponted.M-a. 
l'ONIM':i)Ki;iA('l';.10. -.U). [of I'adna. 

Poulliieva. 3;i0. To M. do Pontliiou, W. hulia. 
Populus, ;U1. Tho (iHH>riH>/)iili oflho Kouians. 
Portnlaca, 59. Lot., to carry milk, or juioo. 
P()TrrUL.VC/vCK.E. 58. 



Potamogeton, 321. Gr., neighbor of the river. 
Potentilla, 107. LaL, powerful (in medicine). 
Poterium, 108. Lat., a cup ; used in cool drink.-. 
Primula, 211. Lai., the first; early flowering, 
PRIMULACE.^. 210. 

Prinos, 208. The Greek name of the Holly. 
Priva, 235. Derivation unknown. [dulous. 
Prosartes, 347. Gr., to suspend; sc. fls. peu- 
Proserpinaca, 120. Lai., to creep ; sc. the roots. 
Prunus, 101. The old Greek name. 
Psilocarya, 364. Gr., slender Carex. 
Psilotum, 415. Gr., naked (of leaves). 
Psoralea, 92. Gr.., scurfy; from the appear- 
Psycotria, 147. Gr.,^5yc/ie, life ? [smca. 

Ptelea, 71. The Greek name for the Elm. 
Pteris, 421. Gr., awing; the fronds. 
Pterocaulon, 171. Gr., winged stem. 
Pterospora, 207. Gr., winged seed. 
Pulsatilla, 17. A coined name. 
Punica, 123. Lai., of or near Carthage. 
Pycnanthemum, 241, Cr?'., dense flowers. 
Purethrum, 184. Gi\, fire ; taste of the roots. 
Pyrola, 205. From Pyrus, pear-tree ; its Ivs, 
Pyrrhopappus, 193. Gr., flame-colored pappus. 
Pyrularia, 292. Meaning unexplained. 
Pyrus, 112. Peren was the Celtic word for Pear, 
Pyxidanihera, 258. Gr., box anther, [cyamos. 
Quamoclit, 258. Resembles the bean-vine,= 
Quercus, 305. The orig. name, from the Celtic. 
Kandia. To J. Rand, a Loudon botanist. 

RANUNCULACE/E, 15. [phibious. 

Ranunculus, 19. Lat., a little frog; sc. am- 
Raphanus, 43. Gr., quick to appear ; rapid 
Reseda, 45. Za^., to calm, or soothe, [growth. 
RESEDACE^. 44. 
RHAMNACE/E. 76. 

Rhamuus, 77. The old name, from the Celtic. 
Rheum, 281. First found on the banks of the 

River Rha (Volga). 
Rhexia, 122. Lat., a rupture ; an astringent. 
Rhinanthus, 2:32. Gr.. snout-flower. 
RI1IZOPORACE.E, 8. 
Rhodanthe. 186. Gr., rose-flower. 
Rhododendron, 203. Gr., rose-tree. 
Rhodi)ra, 2(U. Gr., the rose ; sc. the color. 
Rhus, 72. From the Celtic rhudd. rod. 
Rhynchosia,"96. (^r?-., a boak ; flower beaked. 
Rhyncliospora, ;365. Gr., beak-seed. 
li/njihjiossa, 231. Gr., wrinkled ton<ruc. 
Ribes, 117. Adopted from the Arabic. 
Richardia, 319. To L. C. Richard. Froiu-h. 
Ricinus, 297. Lat., a tick ; sc. the seeds. 
Rivina. 2S1. To A. Q. Hiviiuis. of Snxonv. 
Robinia, 95. To .loan Kobin. hot. to llonrv IV. 
Rochoa, 119. To .M. i.W la Hooho. Fronoh. 
Rosa. lOS. (V//,,rod; the proyailing color o' 
liOSACK.lO, 101. [tlio tlowor« 

h'osniarinus, 214. Lat., dow of the st-a. 
Holthullia, 109. To C. F. Hottlnvll. Danish, 
Roubiova. 286 To G. .). h'oubio'i. French. 
ROXHUKGllTAOE.K. .V?!). 
KMibia. U8. Lat., rod ; the color of the roots. 
RIHIACM^.K. 147. 

Ixubus, lot. Vtlt., rod ; color of the H-uit. 
b'udbookia, 175. 'I'o Prof. Olaf Rudboo. Ipsal, 
Kuollia, 2.'«. To John Rnollo. hot to Fnuiois I. 
h'ngolia. ISS. To Mr. Rucol. ooUootor iu F'-. 
l\umo\-.281. /.<?/.. to snok; tli> Ivs. all8v thirst 
U'nppia. 301. To U. \\. KMippia, Gorm.Hu. 
Iv'ussolia. 225. To Alox. Kiissol. M.D.. F. R. a 
Ruta. 70. Gr.. to flow ; Eusj.. Rue. 
RFTACE.E. 70. 
Siibal, 817. Woni not ospljiinM. 



436 



LATIN INDEX. 



Sabbatia, 266. To L. Sabbati, an Italian bot. 
Saccharam, 410. The Arabic name is soukar ; 
Sageretia, 76. To M. Sageret, Fr. [Eng., sugar. 
Sagina, 56 (55). Lat., fatness ; for pasturage. 
Sagittaria, 323. Lat., an arrow ; shape of the 
SALICACE^, 309. [leaves. 

Salicornia, 287. Lat., salt horn; the locality 

and shape. [Salisbury, Eng. 

Salisburia, 816. To the distinguished R. A. 
Salix, 309. Celtic, near the water. [style. 

Salpiglossis, 221. Gr., tube tongue ; so. the 
Salsola, 288. Lat.., salt ; grows in salt marshes. 
Salvia, 244. Lat., salvo, to save ; salutary. 
Sambucus, 146. Lat.^ a musical instrument, 

made of elderwood. 
Samolus, 213. Celtic, pig's food. [juice. 

Sanguinaria, 31. Lat., blood; filled with red 
Sanguisorbd, 108. Lat., to absorb (stanch) 
Sanicula. 135. Lat.. to heal. [blood. 

SANTALACE^, 291. 
SAPINDACE^, 73. 

Sapindus, 75. Sapo Indicus ; Indian soap. 
Saponaria, 53. Lat.,^0SL^; sc. Soapwort. 
SAPOTACE^, 210. [corona. 

Sarcostemma, 272. Gr., fleshy crown; the 
Sarracenia. 30. To Dr. Sarrasin, of Quebec. 
SARRACENIACE^, 30. 
Sassafras, 290. The aboriginal name. 
Satureja, 242. The Arabic Sattar., a labiate 
•SAUEU.RACE^, 301. [plant. 

Saururus, 301. Gr., lizard-tail. 
Saxifraga, 113. Lat., to break a stone: grow- 
ing in the clefts of rocks. 
SAXIERAGACE^, 112. 

Scabiosa, 152. Lat., the itch : which it cures. 
Scsevola, 10. Lat., the left hand; sc. the corolla. 
Scandix, 137. The Greek name of an eatable 

plant. [a German botanist. 

Schsefferia, 76. To Jos. Christian Schfeffer, 
Scheuchzeria, 324. To John and Jas. Scheuch- 

zer, German. [flowers. 

Schizsea, 419. Lat., to cut : applied to the 
Schizandra, 25. Xa^J., to cleave (the stamens). 
.Schizanthus, 221. Lat., cut flower. 
Schizopetalon, 40. Lat., cut petals. 
Schizostylis, 337. Lat., cut style. 
Schoenocaulon, 348. &)\, rush-stem. 
Schcenolirion, 344. Gr., Rush-lily. 
SchoUera, 350. To one Scholler, a Germ. bot. 
Schrankia, 82. To P. de Paula Schrank. Germ. 
Schwalbea. 232. To one Schwalb, Germ. bot. 
Schweinitzia, 207. To Rev. Lewis de Schwei- 

nitz, North Carolina. 
Scilla, 343. Gr., to injure : bulb poisonous. 
Scirpus, 361. Celt., cm, rushes. 
SC IT AMINES, 331. 
Scleranthus, 58. Gr., hard flower. 
Scleria, 367. Gr., hard ; referring to the fruit. 
Sclerolepis, 156. Gr., hard scales. 
Scolopendrium, 425. Lat., a centipede; its 

appearance beneath. 
. Scrophularia, 224. Good in the scrofula. 
SCROPHUIARIACE^, 220. [sc. the calyx. 
Scutellaria, 246. Lat., a little cup, or vizor ; 
Scutia, 76. Lat., a shield. [tian. 

Sebastiania,293 (296). Dedicated to St. Sebas- 
Secale, 406. The ancient name of Eye. 
Sedum, 118. Lat.., to sit ; habit of the plants. 
Selaginella, 414. Diminutive, from Selago, 

club-moss. [ley. 

Selinnm. 139. Selinon is the Greek for Pars- 
Sempervivum, 119. Lat,, to live forever. 
Sciiebiera. 43. To John de Senebier, Geneva. 



Senecio, 187. Lat., an old mail ; the receptacle 
Sequoya. 315. The Indian name. [naked. 
Sericocarpus, 160. Lat., silken fruit. 
Sesamum, 219. From the Egyptian, Sempsen. 
Sesbania, 93, The Arabic name is Sesbari. 
Sesuvium, 133. Not explained. 
Setaria, 394. Lat., a bristle ; sc. the involucre. 
Seutera, 274. Not explained. 
Seymeria, 230. To Henry Seymer, English. 
Shepherdia, 293. To John Shepherd, Liver 
Shortia, 206. To Dr. Short. Kentucky, [pool. 
Sibbaldia, 107. To Prof. Robert Sibbald, Edin 
Sicyos, 130. The Greek for Cucumber, [burgh 
Sida, 61. Adopted from Theophrastus. 
Sideroxylon, 210. G^\, iron-wood. [tions. 
Silene, 53. Gr., saliva ; from the viscid secre- 
Silphium, 172. Adopted from the Greek. 
Simaruba. 72. The name in the West Indies. 
SIMARUBACEJS, 71. [bage-plants. 

Sinapis, 40. A general name in Greek for cal> 
Siphonychia, 58. Gr., tube, and x\nychia. 
Sisymbrium, 39 (37). The old Greek name. 
Sisyrinchium, 337. Gr., pig-snout ; sc. the 

spathe. 
Slum, 141 (140). From a Celtic word for water. 
SMILACE^, 338. 

Smilacina, 346. Derived fi'om Smilax. 
Smilax, 338. Gr.,a. scraper; from its rough- 
SOLANACE^, 261. [ness. 

Solanum, 262. Etymology doubtful. 
Solea, 45. To W. Sole, of England. 
Solidago, 166. Lat., to unite : good for wounds. 
Soliva, 185. To Salvator Soliva, M. D., Spain. 
Sonchus, 194. Gr., hollow; its stems are hol- 
Sophora, 100. Adopted from the Arabic, [low. 
Soj'bv-s, 112. Old name for Mountain Ash. 
Sorghum. 411. The Italian name is Sorghi. 
SPADICIFLOR^, 316. [like leaves 

Sparganium, 320. Gr., a fillet ; for the ribbon- 
Spartina, 408. Gr., a rope ; the use of its Ivs. 
Spartium, 90. Gr., a rope ; use of its twigs. 
Specularia, 196. Za;!. , a mirror ; suggested by 

the flowers. 
Spergula, 57. Lat., to scatter (its seeds). 
Spergularia, 57. From Spergula. 
Spermacoce, 149. Gr., seed-points ; the pod 

pointed with the calyx lobes. 
Sphenogyne, 173. (?r., wedge-shaped pistil. 
Spigelia, 269. To Prof. Adrien Spigelius, Pa • 

dua, 1620. [brow j, 

Spilanthus, 180. G^'., spot-flower; the d'sk 
Spinacia, 287. Lat., a spine or prickle. 
Spiraea, 103. Gr.. to wind; sc. into wreaths. 
Spiranthes, 329. Gr., spiral fls. ; spike twisted. 
Spirodela, 319. (??•., spiral bait; duck-meat. 
Sporobolus, 384. Gr., to cast the seeds ; drop- 
Sprekelia. 334. A personal name. [seed. 

Stachys, 248. A spike (of flowei's). 
Stachytarpha, 235. Gr., spikes dense, [dam 
Stapelia, 275. To Dr. Boderus Stapel, Amster 
Staphylea, 74. Gr., a cluster (the scarlet Ir.) 
Statice. 215. Gr., to stop; an astringent. 
Stellaria. 55. Lat., a star. 
Stenanthium, 349. Gr., narrow flower. 
Stenotaphrum. 410. 
Stephauotis. 275. Gr., crown, ear; cro\vE 

with ear-shaped segments. 
Sterculia. 63. Lat.. stercus: from its bad odor. 
STERCULIACE^. 63. 

Stillingia, 296. To Dr. Benj. Stillingfleet, Eng. 
Stipa. 388. Lat., something silky or feathery. 
Stipulicida. 57. Lat., cut stipules. 
Stokesia. 156. To Dr. Jonathan Stokes, Engr. 



LATIN INDEX. 



437 



Strelitzia, 331. To the Queen of George III., 

of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 
Streptopiis, 347. Or., twisted foot (-stalk). 
Strumpfia, 147. A personal name. 
Struthiopteris, 421. Or., ostrich-wing (fern). 
Stnartia, 65. To John Stuart, Marquis of Bute. 
Stylisma, 260. Refers to the two styles. 
Stvlosanthes, 87. Or., style, flower ; t>tyle h ng. 
StYRACACEiE. 208. 

Styrax, 209. The Arabic name i« Assthiac. 
Snbularia, 42. Subula is the Latin for an awl. 
SuUivantia, 114. To Wm. S. Sullivant, Ohio. 
Swietenia, 66. To Gerard van Swieten, Hol- 
SURIANACE^, 8. [land. 

Symphoricarpus, 144. Or., to accumulate fruit. 
Symphytum, 252. Or., to cause to unite ; heal- 
Symplocarpus, 318. Or., connected fruit, [ing. 
Symplocos, 209. Oi\, connected (stamens). 
Synandra, 247. Or., united anthers. 
Syndesmon, 17. Or., with a bond. 
Synthyris, 228. Or., door (valves) closed. 
S'yringa, 276. Or., a pipe ; the slender shoots 

are filled only with pith. [god. 

Tagetes, 188. Dedicated to Tages, a Tuscan 
Talinum, 59. From thalia, a green branch ? 
Tamarix. 64. Found on the river Tamarip, 
TAMARISCINE^E, 63. [France. 

Tnnacetum, 183. Altered from Athanasia ? 
Taraxacum. 193. Or., a cathartic. 
TAXACEiE, 315. 

Taxodinm, 315. Or., like the Yew. 
Tiixus, 316. Or., the bow ; used for making. 
Tecoma, 21b. The Mexican name, [flowers. 
Telanthera, 289. Or., complete or perfect 
Tephrosia, 94. Or., ash-colorod (herbage). 
Tetragonotheca, 175. Or., four-angled en- 
Tetranthera, 291. Or., four anthers, [velope. 
Teucrium, 239. To Teuccr, founder of Troy. 
Thalia, 332. To J. Thalius, M. D., Germ., 1585. 
Tlialictrum, 18. Or., to grow green. 
Tliaspium, 138. From the Isle of Thaspia or 

Thapsus. 
Thea. 65. Teha is the Chinese for Tea. 
TMKOPIIRASTACEJiJ. 210. 
Tliermopsis, 85. G'n, like a Lupine. [F.R. S. 
Tluinbergia, 233. To Charles P. Thunberg, 
Thuya, 315. Gr. tliyou. a sacrifice ; the wood 
7'hui/op4s,Z\^. Like Thnya. [soused. 

'VIIYMELACE^., 292. [Thyme is reviving. 
Thymus, 213. Or., courage; the smell of 
Thysanella, 282. Gr. thysanohis, fringed. 
Tiiirella, 113. 7Va?Yi!. a IN-rsiau diadem. Jbur<^. 
Tivdiiianiiia, 13(5. To Prof. Tiodmann, lleidel- 
Tigridia, 337. Lat., like a tiger; fls. spotted. 
Tilia, 64. Etymology unknown. 
TILIACE^, 64. 

Tillsea. 118. To M. A. Tilli, Italian. 
Tillandsia, .335. To Prof. Elias Tillands, Abo. 
Tipiilaria, 328. Lat., Tipula, the crane-flv. 
Tolu-ldia, 349. Dedicated to a Mr. Tofielll. 
Torri'va. 316. Dedicated to Or. -lohn Torrov. 
Tourn't'tortia, 250. To Joseph P. (loTournel\)rt. 
Tradescantia. 353. To J.Tradescant. gardouor. 
Tiauia, -JDli. 'I\> Jerome Bock Tragus, Uertnan. 
Trai;i)poL;()M,191. (^i'/'.. goat' 8 beard; tho pappus. 
Traulvelleria, 19. To one Traiitvettor, (.Jerni. 
Ti ibnlus, 67. (rr, 3-pointed ; so. each carpel. 
Triohclostylis, 363. Gr., triple style, 
Tiichonniiies, 419. ^V'., soft h;nr; the stipes. 
Triehostema, 239. (.'/•., liair stamens. 
Tiieuspis, :]<)8. (?/•.. .3-ouspt>d : iheohalV. 
rrii-ntalis, 'iVl. Lat., (rit'ii<, 'A inches (.high'). 
rriA>'J!ijn. 91 l,at.. threi--lour; Ivs. a-foliate. 



Triglochin, 324. Or., three points ; pod 3-angI. 

Trigonella, 100. Or., 3-angled ; so the corolfa. 

TRILLIACE^, .340. 

Trillium, .340. Parts of the plant all in 33. 

Triosteum, 144. Or., three bones (bony seeds). 

Tripsacum,409. (?r., to thresh. 

Trisetum, 397. Lat., three bristles (awns). 

Triticum, 406. Lat. trito, to rub or grind. 

Tritoma, 345. Or., thrice-cutting ; Ivs. 3-ed2ed. 

Trollius, 21. German, frol, something round. 

TropsEolnm. 69. Or., trophy ; shield and hel- 

Troximon. 193. (rr., something eatable, [met. 

TUBULIFLOR^, 152, 153. 

Tulipa, 311. The Persian name is Thoulyhan. 

Turnera, 129. To Wm. Turner, M. D., London, 

TURNERACE^, 128. [1550. 

Turritis, 36. Lat., a tower ; remarkably erect. 

Tussilago. 160. Lat., tussis, a cough ; cure for. 

Tvpha, 320. Or., a marsh ; the habitat. 

TYPHACE/E. .319. 

ULMACE.E, 298. 

Ulmus, 298. The Saxon name was ulm. 

TJMBELLIFER^, 1.33. 

Uniola, 403. Lat., unity; many fls. in one ? 

Urtica, ,300. Lat., to burn {U7'0) ; stinging. 

URTICACE^. 298. 

Utricularia, 216. Lat.. vfriculii. a little bladder. 

Uvularia, 347. Used for diseases of the uvula. 

Vaccinium. 198. The ancient name. 

Vachellia, 99. Not explained. 

Valeriana, 150. To King Valerius. 

VALERIANACEiE. 150. 

Valerianella, 151. Derived from Valeriana. 

Vallesia, 2T0. ToF.Vallesio. phvs. to Philip II. 

Vallisneria. .325. To Ant. Valli'sner. Italv. 

Vallota, 333. To Pierre Vallo, French, [root. 

Veratrum, .348. Lat., true black : the fls. oi 

Verbascum, 222. Lat., beard ; plant woolly. 

Verbena. 235. From the Celtic Ferfceti. 

VERBRNACE.E, 235. 

Verbesina, 180. Same meaning as Verbena. 

Vernonia, 155. To VVm. Vernon, collector in 

North America. 
Veronica, 229. Not well explained. 
Vesicaria, 42. Lat., a blister; the inflated pods. 
Viburnum, 146. Lat., to tie ; twigs pliant. 
Vicia, 86. Lat., rincio. to bind ; its tendrils. 
Victoria, 30. To Queen Victoria, of Enghmd 
Viiiiia. 96. To Dominic Vigni. 
T7//■V^ 384. Of unknown moaning. 
Vinra. 270. Lat. ri/w'/titm. a band. 
Vincetoxicum, 2T4. Meaning unexplained 
Viola. 45. The t)ld Latin name. 
VIOL.VCR.E. 45. 

Vif^ianUi 276. To Prof. Visiani, Patavia. 
VITACF.E, 77. [iblo. 

Vitex, 237. Lat., rho, to bind ; branches flex- 
Vitis, 77. Celtic, (jiri/d, = best of treos. 
Yittaria, 417, Lat., riffa, a riband ; its form. 
Waldsteinia. 107. To Franz ile WaUlsJein. 
Waltheria. (>.3. To Pmf. A. V. Waliher, Leipsio. 
Warea. :>.». To Mr. Ware, its discoverer. 
Whithivia, 255. A pei-son.al luuue. 
U7ff;f/(f, 4 15. .\ personal name. [ninisi. 

Wii;andia. 256. To Bishop \Vi',':uul, of Pom«. 
Wistaria. %. To Prof. Caspar Wistar. Phila, 
Woima. 319. A personal Jiame. 
Woodsia. 42.5. To Joseph Woods. English. 
Woinhvanlia. -123 To '1 liomas .1. Woodward, 
Xantiiinm. 171. Saiil to d\ c the i\air yf/tow. 
Xauftio.<i>nui, 318. (>"r.. yoiKuv im>uth. 
Xantiioxyhim. See Z.anthoxyhim. 
Xoranthomuin. 1S<». Or., drv tloworei. 



438 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



Xerophyllum, 349. GV., dry leaf. [monk. 

Ximenia. 10. To F. Ximeues, a Spanish 
Xylosteon, 145. Gr.^ wood bone : hard wood. 
XYRIDACE^, 354. 
Xyris, 354. Ch\, acute ; sc. the leaves. 
Yucca, 345. The Peruvian name. [Italy. 

Zannichellia, 821. To John J. Zannichelli, 
Zanthoihiza, 21. G^., yellow root. 
Zanthoxylum, 70. Gr., yellow wood. 
Zauschneria, 125. A personal name. 



Zea, 409. Gr., zoo, to \Ue ; plants nutritive. 
Zephyranthus, 333. Gfr., zephyr flower. 
Zigademis, 348. Gr., joined glands (on the 

petals). 
Zinnia, 175. To Prof. John G, Zinn, Gottingen. 
Zizania, 383. A Greek name adopted. 
Zizia, 138 (13!)). To J. B. Zizi, German. 
Zornia, 86. To John Zorn, Bavaria. 
Zostera, 321. (?r., a riband" • sc. the long Ivs. 
ZYGOPHYLLACE^, 66. 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



Abele Poplar 

Acacia, Rose 


311 

95 


Banana 

Baneberry 




331 
23 


Black Grass 


352 


Black Haw 


. ... 147 


ACANTHADS .... 


233 


Banyan 




299 


Black Hoarhound . . 


248 


Aconite 


23 


Barley 




404 


Blackjack.. 


305 


ACROGENS 


412 


Basil 


(238, 243) 241 


Blackroot 


171 


Adam and Eve ... . 


328 


Bass-wood 




64 


Black Snakeroot 


2:3 


Adder's- tongue 

Agrimony 


..... 418 
108 


Bastard Toad-Flax 

Bath-flower 


291 
340 


Black Thorn 


111 


Bladder Campion . . 


53 


Alder 


(208) 308 
138 


Bay 24,65 

Bayberry 


124, 203 


290 
309 


Bladder Fern 


425 


Alexanders 


Bladder-nut 


74 


AU-seed.... 


57 


Bay-galls 




290 


Bladder-pod ... 


12 


Almond 


103 

333 


Bayonet Rush 




353 
) 96 


Bladder Senna ..... 
Bladderwort 


95 


Aloe 


Bean 


.... (268 


216 




115 

288 


BEAN CAPERS. 
Bear-berry 




. 66 

201 


Blazing Star 

Bleeding-heart 


..157, 349 


AMARANTHS 




..... 33 


Amaranth, Globe 


289 


Beard CSrass 

Beard-tongue . . . 
Bear's Grass 


..410.. 


.388 
224 
345 


Blessed Thistle . . . 


. . 189 


AMARYLLIDS . . . . 


332 

266 


Blite 


286 


American Centaury . 


Blood-root 


31 


American Laurel 


200 


Bear's Thread... 




345 


BLOOD WORTS ... 


335 


Angelica 


.. .. 137 


Bed-straw 




148 


Bluebell 


196 


Angelica-tree 


142 


Beech 




307 


Blueberry 


198 


Angelico 


140 


Beechdrops 


....(20T 


217 


Blue-curls 


246. 239 


Anise 


..(24) 139 


Beet 




285 


Blue Dangles 


198 


ANONADS 


26 


Beetleweed 




206 


Blue-eyed Grass 


337 


Apple 


112 


Beggar-ticks.... 
BEQONIADS... 


180 


251 


Blue Flag 


336 


Apple Haw 


Ill 




131 


Blue Grass 


402 


Apple of Peru 


. . 263 


BELLWORTS... 
Bellwort 




196 
347 


Blue-hearis 

Blue Palmetto 


230 


Apple of Sodom 


263 


317 


Apricot 

ARALIADS 


103 

142 


Bent Grass 




384 
27 


Bluets 

Bog Rush... 


149 


BERBERIDS ... 




367 


Arbor- vitae 


315 


Berberry 




27 


Boneset 


(160) 158 


AROIDS 


. . 317 


Bergamot 




245 


Borrage 

BORRAGEWORTS. 


2.51 


^.rrow Grass 


.. .324 


Betony 




249 


250 


Arrow-head 


323 


Bhotan Pine .... 




312 


Boston Iris 


336 


Arrow- root 


312 


Big Laurel 

Bilberry 




24 

198 


Bottle-brush 


... . 122 


Arrow-wood 


146 


Bouncing Bet.. 


. . . 53 


Artichoke 


(177) 188 
271 


Bindweed 

BINDWEEDS . . 


....(283] 


260 

258 


Boursault 


.110, 109 


ASCLEPIADS 


Bowman's-root. 


104 


Ash (7C.n2) 277 


Birch 




308 


Box Elder 


.. ., 1A 


Ash Maple 


74 


BIRCH WORTS. 




307 


Boxwood 


298 


Aspen 


311 


Bird's-nest 


206, 


424 


Brake 


421 


Aster 


160 


Birthwort 




278 


Bramble 


IM 


ASTER WORTS 


152 


BIRTH WORTS. 




278 


Bridal Rose 


10.': 


Atamasco Lily 


333 


Bishop's-cap 




113 


Brier (82 


338) 109 


Auricula 


211 


Bishopweed 




141 


Broccoli 


..... 4C 




105 

42 


Bitter Cress 




37 
304 
262 

ion 


Brome Grass 

BROMETJADS 

Brooklime 

Broom 


397 


Awl wort 


Bitter-nut 

Bittersweet 




335 


Bachelor's Button .. 


..... 188 
311) 243 


229 


Balm (72,241 


Bitter Vetch 




.-90, 100 


Balm-of-Gilead 


..72, 311 
70 


Black Alder 




208 
104 


Broom Corn .... 

Broom Grass 


. .. 411 


Balsamine 


Blackberry 




. .. 411 


Baltimore Belle. .. . 


109 1 


Blackberry Lily 




337 


Broom-rape 


. . . 217 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



439 



BROO^l RAPES 217 

Bryony 130 

I'>ack Bean 268 

Buck-eye 74 

Buckthorn 77 

BUCKTHORNS 76 

Buckwheat 284 

Buckwheat-treo 205 

Buffalo-berry 21)3 

Bugbane 23 

Bugleweed 240 

Bpglo?8 (251) 252 

BuURush 361 

Burdock (173) 190 

Burnet 108 

Burning-bush 76 

Burr Graps 394 

Burr Marigold 180 

Burr Reed 320 

Burr-seed 251 

BURSERIDS 72 

Bush Clover 89 

Bush Honeysuckle 146 

Bush Trefoil 88 

Buttercups 19 

Butterfly-weed 273 

Butternut 304 

Butterweed 187 

BUTTERWORTS 215 

Button-bush 150 

Buttonwood 303 

Cabbage 40 

Cactus 132 

Cajeput 122 

Oale 40 

Calaminth 243 

Calamus 319 

Calico-bush 200 

California Poppy 32 

CALYCANTHS 25 

CAMELLIAS 64 

Campion 53, 54 

Canada Thistle 190 

Canary-bird 69 

Canary Grass 394 

Candleberry 309 

Candytuft 42 

Cane 404 

<'Jan torbury Bells 106 

CAPERS 66 

Caper Spurge 295 

CAPPARIDS 44 

C'a ra way 1 38 

Cardinal-flower . . 195 

Cardoon 18S 

Carnation 5-i 

Carolina Booch-drops 207 

Carpet Cress 43 

Carpet-weed 5S 

Carrion-flower 275, 839 

Carrot 139 

Cnsscna Tea 2US 

Castor-oil Plant 297 

Catalpa 21S 

Catchlly 63 

Cntchfly Grass 883 

Cat-gut 5)4 

Catinint 24r) 

Oatnep 216 

Cnt-tail 387, IViO 

Cauliflower 40 

Cwyei'.ne Popper. 263 

tVdnr 311. 315 



I Cedar-of-Lebanon 314 

I Celandine 31 

, Celery 140 

; Centaury 266 

i Century Plant 334 

Chaff-seed 232 

Chamomile 183 

, Chaste-tree 237 

Cheat 397 

' Checkerberry 601 

j CHENOPODS 284 

I Cherry (262, 263)102 

I Cherry Laurel 102 

' Chequered Lily 342 

Chervil 137 

Cliess 897 

Chestnut 306 

Chick Pea 85, 86 

Chickweed 54, 55 

Chickweed Wintergreen. . 212 

Chicory 190 

China Aster 165 

Chinquapin 307 

Chokeberry 112 

Chokecherry 102 

Christmas Rose 21 

Cinnamon Fern 366 

Cinquefoil 107 

Citron (71) 130 

Gives 341 

Cleavers 148 

Climbing Boneset 160 

Climbing Fern 418 

Clotweed 174 

Cloudberry 105 

Clover (89,92) 91 

Club Moss 413 

CLUB MOSSES 413 

Club Rush 3(il 

Cock's-comb 288 

Cockspur Grass 393 

Cocoa Plum 101 

Coffee Bean 85 

Coiiee-tree 83 

Cohosh 27 

Colic-root 335 

Colocynth 131 

Colfs-lbot 160 

Columbine 22 

Columbo 2<)8 

Comfrey 252 

Cone-flower 175 

CONIFERS .312 

. Coontie 312 

I (.'^oral-root 3-J8 

Coriander 141 

Corn Cockle 5-t 

Cornel 1 13 

CH)RNELS 112 

C\)rn Flag ;«S 

Cotton..." (i3 

Cotton Urat»s 3ii2 

Cotton l\ose 185 

(.\)lton 'iM\istlo 189 

Cottonwood SI I 

Coiu'h Cirass 4l^i 

Cowbane 136 

Cowslip (211)21 

Cow-wlu>at 2;V3 

Crab (Jrass 390, lO'I 

Crab Tree 112 

Cranberry (146) 199 

Crane'ij bill ik^ 



Crape Myrtle 123 

Creeping Greenhead 15C 

Cress 36, .37, 39, 43, 69 

Crest-flower 3-35 

Crookneck Squash 1-30 

CRO WBERRLES .302 

Crowberry 303 

Crowfoot 19 

CROWFOOTS 15 

Crow Garlic 344 

Crownbeard 180 

Crown Imperial 343 

CRUCIFERS .34 

Cuckoo-flower .38 

Cucumber (1.30) 131 

Cucumber- root 340 

Cucumber-tree 24 

CUCURBITS 129 

Cudweed 185 

Culver's Physic 229 

Cup-plant 173 

Cupseed 37 

Currants 117 

Cutflower 221 

Cut Grass 383 

CYCADS 311 

Cypress (257) 315 

Cypress Vine 258 

Dattbdil iSS 

Dahlia 166 

Dahoon 207 

Daisv 165 

Dandelion (191) 193 

DAPHNADS 292 

Darnel 405 

Daughter-of-Spring 140 

Day Lilv 345 

Deadly Nightshade 2t)4 

Deerberry 198 

Deer-grass 122 

Deer's-tongue 157 

Dewberry 105 

Dickson's Fern 42:? 

Dill 136 

Ditch Grass 321 

Ditch Moss 324 

Dittany 240 

Dock 281 

Dockmackie 146 

Dodiler 260 

Dogbane.. 270 

DOGBANES 269 

Dog Fennel 181, 183 

Dogwood 73, 14^ 

Doorweed 08* 

Dragonhead '^46 

Dragon-rtH)t ,118 

Drop-flower 192 

Dropsood .sav 384 

Drv Strawberry 107 

DuVkineat Sl9 

Dundee K'ambler 109 

Dutchman's Pipe ifis 

Dwarf Clubmoss 414 

Dwarf Daiuliliou IWl 

Dwarf Pink . .. IJ'J 

Dyer's Broom 9v> 

Dyer's CUavorx 148 

Dver's-weotl 4S 

tl^'ir-drop S3. ?•?: 

Karth-srall* 198 

EBON ADS W< 

Kel t;rass . i«3 



140 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



Egg-plant 

Eglantine.. (110) 

Egyptian Calla 

Elder (74, 142, 174) 

Elecampane 

Elephant's-ear 

Elephant' P-foot ^. 

Elm 

Enchanter's Nightshade.. 

Endive 

ENDOGENS 

English Mint 

English Moss 

Eternal Flower 

Evening Primrose. 

Everlasting 

Everlasting Pea 

EXOGENS 

Eyebright 

False Dogfennel 

False Flax 

False Goldenrod 

False Hellebore 

False Mermaid. .'. 

False Nettle ., 

P'alse Pennyroyal 

False Pimpernel 

False Redtop 398, 

False Rice 

False Rocket 

False Rue-Anemone 

False Syringa ; 

False Violet 

False Wallflower. 

Felvvort 

Fennel 

Fennel-ilower 

Fenugreek 

FERNS 

Fescue Grass 

Festoon Pine 

Fetter-bush 

Feverfew 

Feverwort 

Fig 

Figwort 

FIGWORTS 

Filbert 

Finger Grass 

Fireweed 

Fir 

Fir Balsam 

Flag... 318, 

Flaminsr Pinxter 

FLAXWORTS, Flax 

Fleabane 

Fleur-de-lis 

FlixM-eed 

Flcating-heart 

Florida Arrowroot 

Florin Grass 

Flower-de-luce 

Flowering Fern 

FLOWERING PLANTS. 
FLOWERLESS PLANTS 

Flovver-of-an-hour 

Fly-poison 

Fogfruit 

FooV's Parsley 

Forget-me-not 

Forked Spike 

Foul-meadow 

Four-o'clock . 



Foxglove (230) 228 

Foxtail 394, 387 

Fraxiuella 70 

French Mulberry. 236 

Fringe Grass. 392 

Fringe-tree 276 

FROGBITS 324 

Frost-plant 47 

FUMEWORTS m 

Fumitory 34 

GALEWORTS 308 

Gale 309 

Galingale 357 

Gargetweed 284 

Garden Orache 287 

Garlic 343 

Gay-feather 157 

Gentian 267 

GENTIANWORTS 266 

GERANIA 67 

Geranium 68 

Germander 239 

GESNERWORTS 219 

Gilia 257 

Gill-over-the-ground 246 

Ginger, Wild 278 

GINGERWORTS 331 

Ginseng 142 

Glasswort 287 

Globe Amaranth 289 

Globe-flower (104) 21 

Glue Mallow 62 

Gnatbane 171 

Goat's-beard 104 

Goat's Rue 94 

Golden Alexanders 138 

Golden Bartonia 128 

Golden-chain 91 

Golden Club 318 

Golden Fern 420 

Goldenrod 166 

Goldthread 21 

Good-king-Henry 286 

Good-night 260 

Gooseberry 117 

Goosefoot 285 

GOOSEFOOTS 284 

Goosegrass 107, 148 

Gourd 130 

GRAMINOIDS 356 

Grape 77 

Grape Fern 418 

Grape Hvacinth 344 

GRASSES 380 

Grass of Parnassus 115 

GrassPink 330 

Grass-poly 123 

Greek Valerian 257 

Green Brier 338 

Green Dragon 318 

Green-head 150 

Greeu Violet 45 

Gromwell 252 

Ground Cherry 263 

Ground Fir . . 414 

Gi-ouud Pine 414 

Ground Ivy 245 

Ground-nut 96, 142 

Groundsel 187 

Groundsel-tree 171 

Guava . 122 

Gum-tree (120) 143 

GYMNOSPERMS 311 



Hair Grass 384, 3fcS 

Hardback ICS 

Hare-bell 196 

Hare's-ioot 91, 423 

Hart's-tongue 425 

Haw (146,147)111 

Hawthorn 1 10, 111 

Hawkweed 191 

Hazelnut 301 

Heart's-ease 47 

Heart-seed 75 

Heath. Heather 200 

HEATHWORTS 197 

Hedgehog 93 

Hedgehog Grass 405 

( Hedge Hyssop 227, 245 

Hedge Mustard 39 

Hedge Nettle 248 

Hedee Bindweed 283 

Heliotrope 250 

Hellebore (348) 21 

Hemlock (139,141) 313 

Hemp (289) 301 

Hemp Nettle 248 

Henbane 261 

Henbit 248 

Herb Robert 63 

Hercules' Club 142 

Herd's Grass... 387 

Heron's-biU 63 

Hickory 304 

High Cranberry 146 

High- water Shrub. ... 174 

HIPPURIDS 120 

Hoarhound (159, 248) 249 

Hobble-bush 14(5 

Hogweed 174 

HOLLYWORTS, Holly... 207 

Hollyhock 60 

Honesty 40 

Honewort 138 

Honey Locust 83 

Honeysuckle 144-6 

HONEYSUCKLES 144 

Hoop-petticoat 333 

Hop 301 

Hop Hornbeam . . 307 

Hornbeam 307 

Horn Pondweed 321 

Horn Poppy 31 

HORNWORTS 302 

Horse Balm 241 

Horse Chestnut 74 

Horsemint 240, 245 

Horse Nettie 263 

Horse Radish , 41 

Horse-tail 415 

Horse-weed 174 

Hound's-tongue 251 

Houseleek 119 

HOUSELEEKS .. 117 

Huckleben-y 198 

Hyaciuth 3't4 

Hvdrangea 116 

HYDROPHYLLS 253 

Hyssop (227,245) 241 

Immortal-flower 186 

Indian Corn 409 

Indian Cress 69 

Indian Cucumber-root.... 34C 

INDIAN FIGS 132 

Indian Mallow 61 

Indian Millet 411 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



441 



fedian Physic 104 

Indian Pipe 206 

Indian Rice 383 

Indian Shot 332 

Indian Tobacco 195 

Indian Turnip 318 

India-ruhber tree 299 

India Wheat 284 

Indigo Plant (84) 95 

Inkberry 208 

Innocence 149, 225 

IJRIDS 336 

Ironweed 155 

Irouwood 307 

Ivy (73, 18S) 142 

Ivy, Poison 73 

Jack-in-the-pulpit. ... 318 

Jacobaea 187 

Jacobsea Lily 334 

Japan Globe-flower 104 

Japan Quince 112 

Japan Rose 65 

Japonica 65 

Jersey Tea 77 

Jerusalem Artichoke 177 

Jerusalem Cherry 262 

Jerusalem Sage 248 

Jessamine (269, 392) 2T5 

Jewelweed 69 

Jimson-weed 265 

tfob's-tears 411 

Jonquil 333 

Judas-tree 83 

Jijly-flower 38 

June Grass 402 

Juniper 314 

Kidney Bean 96 

linap-weed 188 

'<;nawel 58 

linot Bindweed 283 

l^notgrass 282 

Labrador Tea 204 

Lady-Forn 424, 426 

Lady's Eardrop 127 

Lady's Mantle 108 

Lady's Slipper 326 

Lady's Tresses 329 

Lamb Lettuce 151 

Larch 314 



Larkspur , 

Laurel 

(.AUKPILS 

Ijaureytine 

Lavi'iuler 

L(uul I'lant 

Leadwurt 

LKADWOKTS. 

Leaf-cup 

Lcalhcr-llower, 
Lciitlun-lcaf.... 
Lvathor-wood . . 
Leek 



.24,102, 



LEGUMINOUS PLANTS 

Lcniou 

Lentil 

Lettuce (151,192,) 

Loverwood 

Lignum-vitJB 

Lilac 

Lily (3:«-4, 837, 846,) 

Lily-of-tho-vuUey 

ULWVOKTS 

Lime 



Lime-tree (143) 64 

Linden 64 

LINDENBLOOMS 64 

Lion's-ears 249 

Lion's-foot 192 

Lion's-heart 247 

Lip Fern 422 

Liquorice 148 

Live-forever 118, 119 

Liver-leaf, Liverwort 18 

Lizard-tail 407, 301 

LOASADS 128 

LOBELIADS 194 

Loblolly Bay 65 

Locust (83) 95 

Long Moss 335 

Loosestrife 212 

LOOSESTRIFES .. .(127) 123 

Lopseed .236 

LORANTHS 291 

Lousewort S62 

Lovage 140 

Love-lies-bleeding 289 

Lucerne 92 

Lungwort 253 

Lupine 90 

Lychnidea 25G 

Madder (283) 148 

MADDER WORTS 147 

Mad-dog Skull-cap 247 

Madwort 40 

MAGNOLIADS 24 

Mahogany 66 

Maidenhair 422 

Maize 409 

Mallow 60-62 

MALLOWS 59 

Mangel-wurzel 285 

Manna Grass 402 

Maple 74 

MAPLEWORTS 73 

Mare's-tail 121 

Marigold (21) 188 

Marjoram 242 

Mar^h Cress 36 

Marsh Elder 174 

Marsh Mallow 60 

Marsh Marigold 21 

Marsh Rosemary 215 

Marvel-of-Poru 279 

MARVEL WORTS 279 

INlASrWORTS 304 

l\Iatriinony-viue 264 

Mnv Apple 28 

Miiv-ilower 2(X) 

May-wood 18.3 

Moadow-Rue IS 

Moadow-sweet 104 

Modiok 92 

MKLANTIIS a47 

MKLASTOMKS 122 

Molic Grass 400 

Alolilot 92 

IMKNISPKUMADS 26 

Moroury 2iH> 

AhTinaitl 68 

Monnni.l-wood 120 

M KS KM BUY ANTIIS .... I'M 

Moxioan Toa 286 

Moxioau-vino 2v">5 

Miami-mist 2:>5 

MIGNONKTTES 44 

Milkweed iTi 



MILKWORTS, Milkwort, 

Milk Vetch 

Millet 391, 393, 

Millfoil (121) 

Mint (183, 245) 

Mistletoe 

Mitrewort 

Mockernut 

Mock-Orange 

Molucca Balm 

Moneywort 

Monkey-flower 

Monk's-hood 

Moon-seed 

Moonwort 

Morello 

Morning-glory 

Moss Caiiipiou 

Moss Pink 

Mother Carey 

Motherwort 

Moth Mullein 

Mouu tain Ash 

Mountain Fringe 

Mountain Heath 

Mountain Mint 

Mountain Sorrel 

Mourning Bride 

Mouse-ear Chickweed ... 

Mouse-tail 

Moving-plant 

Mud Purslane 

Mudwort 

Mugwort 

Mulberry.. . (105, 236, 299) 

Mullein 

Mullein Pink 

Muscadine 

Mu?k Melon 

Musk-plant 

Mustard (36,39) 

Mvrtle (12;3. 204,309) 

MYRTLEBLOOMS 

NAIADS 

Naihvort 

Narcissus 

Nasturtion 

Navelwort 

Neapolitan 

Neckwood 

Nectarine 

Nelumbo 

Nettle (248,26.3,296) 

Nottlo-tree 

NETTLE WORTS 

Now Yi>rk Foru 

NitrlUi'h.-ulo ^,128, 264) 

NlGllTSll.VDES 

Ninobark 

N'ii^>plo\vort 

Noifotto 

Nonosuoh 

Nutmoi^-tUnvor 

NYMPllLVDS 

Oak 

Oak. PiMson 

Onk-ol-.Ioru«vlem 

Oat (347) 

Ocooohoo Limo 

Okra 

Oil-nut 

Oil-sood 

Oleauder 



78 
94 
391 
183 
240 
291 
113 
304 
116 
248 
212 
226 
22 
2rt 
418 
1U2 
259 
53 
257 
183 
249 
222 
112 
33 
201 
245 
280 
152 

20 

89 

51 

228 

184 

300 

222 

54 

78 

131 

226 

40 

122 

121 

320 

57 

332 

69 

251 

47 

229 

IDS 

29 

300 

29S> 

2i)S 

42(? 

262 

261 

Wi 

IIH) 

110 

92 

21 

28 

SOd 



143 
6S 

«)2 
210 



442 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



Oleasi er 292 

Olive 276 

OLR^WORTS 275 

ONAGRADS 124 

Onion 343 

Opium Poppy 32 

Orache..... 287 

Orange (116,299) 71 

ORANGE WORTS 71 

ORCHIDS 325 

Orris-root 337 

Osage Orange 299 

Osier (143) 309 

Ostrich Fern 421 

Oxeye (171) 175 

Oxheart 102 

Pffiony 23 

Painted-cup 232 

Palmetto 317 

PALMS 316 

Pampas Grass 398 

Panic Grass 391 

Pansy 45 

Paper Mulberry 299 

Pappoose-root 28 

Parsley 188 

Parsley-piert 108 

Parsnip (141) 137 

Partridge-berry 148 

Pasque-flower 17 

Passion-flower 129 

PASSION WORTS 129 

Pawpaw 26 

Pea (83,86)85 

Peach... 103 

Peanut 87 

Pear 112 

Pearlwort 56 

Pea-vine 97 

Pecan-nut 304 

Pellitory 301 

Pencil-flower 87 

Pennvroval (239) 241 

Pennywort 135, 268 

Pepper 263 

Pepper-and-Salt. 140 

]^epper-bush 204 

Pepper-grass 42 

Peppermint 240 

PEPPERWORTS 412 

Periwinkle 270 

Persimmon 209 

Pettimorrel 142 

Pheasant's-eye 19, 52 

Phlox (39) 256 

PHLOXWORTS 256 

Pickerel-weed 350 

Pie-plant 281 

Pigmy- weed 118 

Pignut 304 

Pigweed (289) 285 

Pimpernel 213 

Pi^e 312 

Pineapple 335 

Pine-sap 206 

Pink (54, 203, 257, 330) 52 

Pink-root 269 

PINKWORTS 52 

Pinweed 47 

Pinxter-bloom 203 

Pipes 416 

Pipewood 202 

Pipeworta . .. 355 



Pipsessiwa 206 

Pitcher-plant 30 

Plane-tree 303 

Plantain (323, 330) 213 

Plum 101 

Plume Grass 410 

Poet's Narcissus 333 

Poison Haw 146 

Poison Hemlock 139 

Poison Ivy 73 

Poison Oak 73 

Poke 284 

Pokeworts 284 

Polar-plant 173 

Polypody (373) 420 

Pomegranate 123 

Pond Lily 29 

Pond Spice 291 

Pond-weed 321 

PONTEDERIADS 350 

Poor-mau's-weather-glass 213 

Poplar 311 

Poppy 32 

POPPYWORTS . 31 

Possum Haw 147 

Potato (259) 262 

Poverty Grass 388 

Prairie Burdock 173 

Prairie Queen 109 

Prickly Ash 70 

Prickly Pear 132 

Prickly Poppy 32 

Pride-of-India 65 

Pride-of-Ohio 211 

Pride-of-the-Meadow 104 

Prim 276 

Primrose (125) 211 

Primrose-peerless 333 

Primworts 210 

Prince' s-feather 283 288 

Prince's Pine 206 

Privet 276 

Puccoon 252 

Pumpkin 130 

Purple Cone-flower 175 

Purple Jacobsea 187 

Purslane (51, 127, 133) 59 

PLTISLANES 58 

Patty-root 828 

Quake Grass 403 

Quamash 343 

Quassia 72 

QUASSIA WORTS 71 

Queenrof-the-Prairie 104 

Quillwort 412 

Quince 112 

Radish 43 

Ragged Lady 21 

Ram's-head 326 

Raspberry 105 

Rattle-pod 90 

Rattlesnake Fern 418 

Rattlesnake Plantain 330 

Red Bay 290 

Red-bud 83 

Red Osier 143 

Red Pepper 263 

Red-root (77) 335 

Redtop 384 

Red-wood 315 

Reed (385) 404 

Reed-mace 320 

Reaurrection Moss . . . 415 



Rheumatism-root 28 

Rhubarb 281 

RIBWORTS 213 

Rice 383 

Richweed . , 300 

Riverweed 302 

Robin's Plantain 165 

Rock Cress 37 

Rocket (36,43)39 

RockPolypod 425 

ROCK ROSES, Rock Rose 47 

Roman Wormwood 184 

Rose (21,105) 108 

Rose Acacia 95 

Rose Apple 122 

Rose Bay .....124, 203 

Rose Campion 54 

Rosemary. . . (202, 215, ?03) 244 

ROSEWORTS 101 

Rosin-weed 172 

Rue (18,94,372)70 

Rue Anemone (20) 18 

RUEWORTS 70 

Rush 361, 413, 363 

Rushes 350 

Rutland Beauty 260 

Rye 406 

Saffron 189,337 

Sage 248,244 

Saltwort. 212, 287, 288 

Samphire 287 

SANDAL WORTS. ...... . 291 

Sand-hill Rosemary 303 

Sand Myrtle 204 

Sand Orache 287 

Sand Reed 387 

Sand Spurry . . 57 

Sandwort 55 

Sanicle 135 

Sarsaparilla 142, 338 

Sassafras 290 

Satin-flower 41 

SAURURADS 301 

Savory 242 

Saxifrage 113 

SAXIFRAGES 112 

Scabish.... 152,182 

Scarcity 285 

Scorpion Senna, 87 

Scotch Broom,.. 100 

Scouring Rush 415 

Scratch -grass... 284 

Screw-stem 268 

Scuppernong 78 

Scurvy-grass 39 

Sea Aster 164 

Sea Oxeye , 171 

Sea Purslane 133 

Sea Rocket 43 

Sea Wormwood. 1^5 

Sea-wrack. 321 

SEDGES, Sedge 356, 357 

Seed-box 127 

Self-heal. 2^6 

Seneca Snakeroot "9 

Senna ...(87,95)83 

Sensitive Brier 82 

Sensitive Fern 421 

Sensitive Pea 83 

Sensitive Plant 83, 82 

Serpent Cucumber 131 

Service-tree 110 

Sesame Grass 40.'} 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



443 



Sbaddo':k-tree ... 


V 


Standing Cypres . 
Staghorn Fern 


... 257 


Sbad-flowex 


.... .Li J 


.. 419 


Shagbark 


. . . SOI 


St. Andrew's Cross 


.. 48 


Shamrock 


^1 


Star Anise 


24 


Sheep-poison,. . 


... . 5J0U 


Star-of-Bethlehem 


m 


c?heep Sorrel. . 


281 


Star-grass . 


.334. 3.35 


Shell-flower ... 


. . -248 


Star Thistle. 


189 


Shepherd'8-pnroo.... 


. . . 42 


STARWORTS 


301 


Shield Fern 


. . . . 425 


St. John's-wort. 


49 


Shmb Trefoil 


71 


ST. JOHN'S- WORTS 


48 


Sirkle-pod 

Sidf.-addle-flowor . 


. . 37 


Stock. 


38 


.... 30 


Stone-crop 


lis. 119 


SILK COTTONS.. . 


. . . . 63 


Stork's-bill . . 


. 68 


Silk-tree . 


. . . . 82 


St. Peter's-wort 


48 


Silk-weed 


... 272 


St. Peter' 8-wreath . 


. 103 


Silver-berry 


.... 292 


Strawberry . . (107) 106 


Silver Fern 


. ... 420 


Strawberry Elite. .. 


286 


Silver- weed 


... 107 


Strawberry Tomato 


... 263 


Sinsrle-seed Cucumber. . 130 


Succory (Chicory) 


. 190 


Skullcap 


.... 246 


Sugar-berry 


.... 299 


Skunk Cabbage 


.... 318 


Sugar Cane 


. . . 410 


Sloe 


.... 147 


Suijar-tree (Maple) . 


.... 74 


Slipper-flower 


.... 222 


SUMACS. Sumac 


72 


Smartweed 


283 


Summer Savory 


242 




.... 73 


SUNDEWS Sundew 
Sunrtowi'i 


50 
i76 


Smooth Lungwort . . 


.... 253 


Snails.... 


.... 92 


Supple Ja.u 


. . 77 


Suake-head 


.... 224 


Swamp Laure 


... 200 


Snake-root 23, 79 


192, 278 


Swamp Pink.. . . 


. . . 203 




.... 2-^3 


Sweet Basil 

Sweet Brier 


., 238 
109 


Snapdragon Catchfly 


.... 53 


Sneezewort 


183 


Sweet Cicely 


. . 137 


Snowball 


.... 140 


Sweet Fern 


. . . 309 


Suowberry 


.... 144 


Sweet Flag 


.... 318 


Snowdrop 


334 


Sweet Gale 


.... 309 


Snowdrop-tree 


209 


Sweet Gum 


.... 120 


Snow-flake 


334 

.... 75 


Sweet Pea 


. . . . 86 


Soapberry 


Sweet Pepperbush . . . 


.... 204 


Soapwort 

SOAPWORTS 


.... 53 


Sweet Potato 


.... 259 


.... 210 


Sweet Reed 


.... 385 


Soft Grass 


.... 395 


Sweet-scented Clover 


. . . . 92 


Solomon's Seal 


346 


Sweet-scented Shrub. 


.... 25 


Sorrel 


(67) 281 


Sweet Sultan 


.... 189 


Sorrel-tree 


.... 203 


Sweet Vernal Grass.. 


.... 395 


SORK EL WORTS... 


280 


Sweet Viburnum 


.... 147 




184 


Sweet William 

Swine Cress 


54, 52 
.... 43 


Sow-Thistle 


.... 194 


Spanit^h-daggers 


.... 345 


Sycamore 

SYCAMORES 


74, 803 


Spanish-needles 


180 


.... 303 


Spear Grass 


401 

.... 240 
.... 19 


Tacmehac 


. ... 311 


Spearmint 

Spoarvvort 




29(5 


Tamarac 


.... 314 


Speedwell 

Spioe-wood 


229 

290, 291 


TAMARISKS . 


6."5 


Tansy 


.... 18;^ 


Spider-flower 


.... 44 


Tansy Mustard 


.... 39 


SriDKIlWORTS .... 


.... %3 
.... 287 
(133) 424 
.... 99 


Tares. . 


86 


Spinach, Spinage ... 
SpU'iniwort 


Tassel-flower 


186 


Tasscl-trcc 


62 


Tea (77,204 


2.86^ «"..-» 


Spoohwood 


201) 


TKAWORTS,Tea-Rose. .64, (m 


Spring-heauty 


. ... 59 


TEASEL WORTS,Teasel . 151 




813 


Thimbleberry 

Thistle 


.... 105 

. . 189 


Spurge 

Spurge Nettle 

SPURGEWORTS... 


.... 293 
.... 296 
.... 293 




.... 110 


Thorn Anplo 


.... 2(o 


Spurry 


. . . , 57 


Thorou^liwax . . . 


i;)8 


Squash 


.... 180 


ThorouLTlnvort 


.... 155' 


Sqiiaw-root 


.... 217 


Thrrailt'oDt 


.... SO'i 


Squill 


.... 813 


TllKMvVOKOOPS.... 


.... .S02 


Sqiiinvl Corn 


.... 33 


Thro<>-hirds 


223. ;V!0 


Si.'itl-lreo 


76 


Throe st>eil MoiXMiry . 


. .. 2*»<i 


ST.VFF-TREES 


.... 75 


Thrifi 


.... 215 


Stasji^er-bi/sh 


. . . . 202 


Thyme 


. . . . m 



Tick-seed 178 

Tiger-flower 337 

Timothy (394) .387 

Toad Flax (291) -^22 

Tobacco (195) 265 

Tomato (263) 262 

Tongue-grass 43 

Toothache Grass 409 

Toucti-me-not 69 

Torch wood 72 

Tower Mustard .3(* 

Trailing Arbutus 20» 

Tree Fern 419, 423 

Tree Hibiscus 6^i 

Tree of Heaven 72 

Tree Orchis . . -331 

Tiefoil . . .. . Tl, &s 

TRILLIADS .... 340 

Trumpet-tiowei . , 21.S 

Trumpet-leaf 3(! 

Trumpet Milkweed . . 193 
Trumpet-tongue . . .. 221 

Trumpet-weed 159 

Tuberose . . . ii^ 

Tulip ... •■i4. 

Tulip- tree 25 

Turk's-cap 342 

Turmeric-root 23 

Turnip 40 

Turnip Beet 285 

Turtle-head 224 

Twayblade 329 

Twin-flower 144 

Twin-leaf 28 

Twist-foot 347 

TYPHADS 319 

UMBELWOHTS . . 13;i 

Umhrulla-leat 28 

Umbrella-tree 25 

Unicorn-plant 219 

Valerian (257) 150 

Vanilla-plant. . ... 157 

Veiretabie .Marrow. ...130 
Vegetable Oyster . . . . 191 

Venus' Comb 137 

Venus' Flytrap 51 

Venus' Looking-glass 197 

Vervain ~ 235 

Vetch (94, 100) 8b 

Victoria Lily .30 

VINES 77 

VIOLETS. Violet (105) 45 

Vi Dor's Bugloss 251 

Viri:inia Creeper 78 

Virginia Lass 109 

V irginia Snakeroot 878 

Virginia Stonocrvip 1|^ 

Viri^in's-bower 16 

Wake Robin 340 

W.Hlkins; Fern 424 

Wall-flowei ...;•»>) 3^ 

Wall Hue 404 

Walnut 8l>» 

W.M.NUTS 'Jit* 

Water-carpet 113 

Water Cress iH 

Water-feather 211 

Water HemUHk 141 

Water IWmu 389 

Water lloarhound vMO 

Waur-leaf 4M 

Water l.itv tU 

Water .\lA«n 190 



4M 



ADDENDA. 



Water Milfoil 121 

Water Nymph 320 

Water Parsnip 141 

Water Pepper 283 

WATER PEPPERS 51 

Water Pimpernel 213 

WATER PITCHERS 30 

WATER PLANTAINS... 322 

Water Plantain 323 

Water Purslane 127 

Water Smartweed 283 

Water Target 29 

Wax-plant 275 

Whahoo 299 

Wheat 406 

Wheat-thief 253 

Whistlevvood 74 

White Bay 24 

White Lettuce 192 

White-tipped Aster 1^0 

Whiteweed 165, 183 

Whitewood 25 

W^hitlow-grass 41 

Wild Basil 243 

Wild Bergamot 245 

WildBugloss 251 



Wild Elder ... 142 

Wild Foxglove 230 

Wild Ginger 278 

Wildlndigo 84 

Wild Liquorice 148 

Wildcats 347 

WildPink 54 

Wild Potato 259 

Wild Rosemary 202 

Wild Sarsaparilla 142 

Wild Sensitive-plant 83 

Wild Service 110 

Willow 309 

Willow-herb 124 

WILLOW- WORTS 3t9 

Wind-flower 17 

Winter-berry 208 

Winter Cress 39 

Winter-green 201, 205 

Witch Grass 359 

Witch Hazel 120 

WITCH HAZELWORTS, 120 

Woad 43 

Woad-waxen 90 

Wolf bane 22 

Wolfberry 145 



Woodbine . j46 

Wood Cress 36 

Wood Nettle 300 

Wood Sorrel 67 

Woolmonth 230 

Worm-seed 286 

Wormwood 184 

XYRIDS 354 

Yam , 33» 

Yarrow 183 

Yellow-eyed Grass 354 

Yellow Jessamine 269 

Yellow Phlox 39 

Yellow Pond-lily 29 

Yellow Poppy 32 

Yellow Rattle 232 

Yellow-root 21 

Yellow-seed 43 

i Yellow Sweet Sultan 189 

I Yellow-wood 84 

Yew 316 

YEWS 315 

Yulan , 25 

Zigadene 343 

I Zizia 139 



ADDITIONAL INDEX. —Latii!^- ai^d EiifGLiSH. 



Agropyrum 406 

Airopsis 396 

ALG^ 14 

Allspice 121 

Alsophila 419 

Althaea 63 

Alstroemeria 334 

Amethystea 239 

Ammophila 386 

Anchistea 423 

Apios 96 

Atheropogon 408 

Avicennia 235 

Balantium 423 

Beach Pea 86 

Beach Plum 102 

Belladonna 264 

Bengal Grass 394 

Bermuda Grass 407 

Bird-seed.., 395 

Black Oat-grass 388 

Blue-joint 387 

Bottle Grass 394 

Brachyelytrum 385 

Brompton Stock 38 

Burr-flower 254 

Byrsonima 8 

Cape Jessamine 445 

Carduus 445 

Chaetospora 368 

Qhondrosium 408 

Ckrysastrum 166 

Chrysoma 166 

Cinchoneoe 147 

Clementine 109 

Clot-grass 359 

Clothof-gold 110 

Coccolobus 280 

OONVOLVULACE^.,. 258 

Cord-grass 408 

Cow Parsnio 136 



Cunninghamia. 315 

Decodon 124 

Deyeuxia 386 

Dicotyledonous Plants.. 15 

Dog's Bent 384 

Echinocaulon . V82 

Egyptian Grass 408 

Euthamia 167 

Feather Grass 388 

Gardener's Garters 398 

Gardenia 445 

German Ivy 188 

Giant-of-Battles 110 

Glumaceous Eudogens.. 356 

Gymnostichum 405 

Gypsum Pink 53 

Hypoporum 367 

Ice Plant 133 

Indian Grass 411 

Lorinseria 423 

Lyme Grass. 105 

Madaria 173 

Mahernia 445 

Mariscus 357 

Marsh Fleabane 171 

Marsh Grass 408 

Meadow Beauty 122 

Meadow Grass 401 

Monocotyledonous 

Plants 316 

Monopetalous Exogeus. 144 

Moss Plant 201 

Mountain Rice 388 

Muskit Grass.. 408 

Nut Grass 358 

Nut Sedge 367 

Oat Grass 396 

Orchard Grass 398 

Pavonia 62 

Poinsettia 296 

Polypog Grass 886 



Pycrem ., 357 

Quick Grass 406 

Ragged Robin 54 

Rat-rail Grass 409 

Rescue Grass 397 

Ribbon Grass 394 

Saw Grass 367 

Sea-side Oats 404 

Seneca Grass 395 

Seven Sisters. 109 

Sieversia 106 

Spiked Rush. 359 

Squirrel-tail Grass 404 

Star Chickweed 5'> 

Stellatse 147 

Striped Grass. . . .... 395 

Suoeda 287 

Tarragon 185 

Tiniaria 282 

Torenia 226 

Tovaria 282 

Trichochloa^ ^5 

Trichophorum 361 

Trichodium 384 

Tupelo 143 

Union Grass 403 

Uralepis 398 

Vaccaria. 53 

VUlarnia 269 

Water Locust „ 83 

Weather Grass. 388 

Whip Grass 367 

White Thorn... ....... Ill 

Wild Rye...... 405 

^^^ndsor^a 398 

Winterece 24 

Wood Grass 411 

Wood Rush , 351 

Yard Grass 407 

Youland-of-Aragon IKi 



ADDENDA. 

Page 42. After V. (Vesictria) Shortii, add, 

& V. Ijesciirii Gray. Pubescent; Btems many, ascending 6—10' ; Ivs. oblong, clasp- 
ing, with a sagittate base ; flowers yellow, in lengthening terminal racemes ; eilicle 
roundish, hispid, twice longer than its style ; seeds 1 — 4 in each cell. Meadows, 
Tenn, {Mr. Hamlin.) 

Page 63. After S. (Sterciilia) platanifblia, add, 

2. MAHERNIA verticillata. A shrubby perennial from S. Africa, 
cultivated in conservatories. It has slender, vine-like branches, small pinnatifid leaves 
and stipules forming verticils. The flowers are small, yellow, bell-form, very sweet- 
scented, with 5 petals, stamens, and styles. 

Page 68. After O. (Oxalis) versicolor, add, 
V O. CERNUA. Leaflets 3, obcordate ; scapes bearing umbels of many large, yellow, 
drooping flowers ; styles very short. S. Afr. 

Page 69. After T. (Tropseolum) perigrinum, add, 
6 T. (CHYMOCARPUS) pentephyllus. Climbing high ; Ivs. digitate, of 5 small Ifts. ; 
ftp. curious, green and red, the spur 1' long; sepals valvate ; pe'.als 2, small ; carpels 
3 round berries. From Buenos Ayres. 

Page 74. After A. (Acer) macro phyllum, add, 
9 A, PLATANOiDES. NoTW ay Maple. Tree40— 50f; leaves bright green both side?, 66 
broad as long, 5-lobed, lobes toothed and short-acuminate ; corymbs nearly erect ; 
fruit smooth, 2' long, wings very diverging. 

Page 106. After G. (Genm) album, add, 

/3. luteum^ a variety with yellow flowers, rarely occurs in Pennsylvania. 

Page 111. After C. (Crataegus) spatultlta, insert, 
9a C. Pyracantlia Pers. Shrub lOf, thorny; Ivs. evergreen, lance-ovate or oblong, 
crenulate-serrate, smooth and shining. § Near Philadelphia, and southward. 

Page 146. After D. (Diervflla) sessilifMia, add, 
4 I>. Jap6nica, p. ROSEA. Wiegela. Shrub from Japan, 4— 6f. with straight branches; 
Ivs. obloug-ovatc, acuminate, large ; flowors liiniioirDrin, roso-colored. 1' bro:id. cover- 
ing the plant in Spring; ovaries and pods linear. CoiumDU in cultivation. 

Page 150. After Bouvardia, add, 

11. GARDENIA plouioa. Cape JtSMminc. From riiinn. Muoli 
cultivatod South. Shrubby evergreen, 2 — If. Lvs. ellipticil, acute botli ways, very smooth. 
FlowiMs white, corolla o-lobed or often many-lobcd and double, salrerfonn. 'i' bn^ad. 

On page 175, after E. (Echiiuuva) atrorubons, add, 
^ 15, l»«i>rtorl (Gray). Leaves lanceolate to laneo-liuear. remotely toothed, the hl;L:h<?«( 
entire ; heads corynibed, 1' broad ; scales about 9, lance-linear ; nnys 6 — 8, ovate bu;. 
coolato, !/('l/oio ; chniX stpinei^vent. Stone Mountain, Oa. (Prof. I'orler). Has tliohabU 
of Rudbeckia, but its chart" is plainly that of Kehiua«'oa. 



446 ADDENDA. 

On page 190, before Lappa, may be inserted, 

99a OARDUUS nutans, L. Bristles of the pappus notplumous, nearly 
naked. Stem 2f, slender ; Ivs. narrow, sinuate-spinescent, decurrent, 2 — 3'. iSoads few, 
large, nodding, purple. Ach. lincar-oblong, ruguloas, 2", crowned with a many-bristled 
deciduous pappus three-quarters of an inch long. Harrisburg, Pa. (Prof. Porter). $ Eur. 

Page 208. After P. (Prinos) laevigatas, add, 
3a p. pubescens Mx. Shrub 6— 8f, with smooth, virgate branches ; Ivs. k^ge, ovate, 

ac\:minate, serrulute, soft pubescent beneath ; clusters umbellate, axillary, shorter 
than the petioles ; berries dark red, 2—3" in diameter. AUeghanies, Pa. 

Page 281. Next before R. (Rumex) crispus, insert, 
1 R. patientla L. Patience Dock. Stem 3— 5f, stout; leaves lance-oblong, 6'— 2f; 
valves large (2 — 3"), broad-cordate, one of them bearing a small grain or all naked. 
Grows at New Baltimore, N. Y. (Br. Howe.) § Eur. 

Page 388. Next before S. (Stipa) avenacea, insert, 

1 S, Richardsonii Link. Culm 15—20', very erect and slender ; Ivs. shorter, fili- 

form ; pan. loose, 3 — 4' ; glumes near 2", acutish ; pales not bearded at the blunt 
base, the crooked awn about 6" in length. Mt. Marcy, N. Y. (C. R. Peck.) 

Page 394. After C. (Cenchrus) tribuloides, add, 

2 C ecliinatus L. DiflFers from No. 1, in the globular, purplish, downy involucref*, 

beset above with rough, stiff bristles, and cleft into 8 — 10 segments inclosing 3 — 6 
flowers ; grain brown. South. 

Page 44. After C. (Cleome) pungens, add, 
2 C. iiitegrifolfa (Nutt.) Smooth, glaucous, 1— 2f; Ive. 3-foliate, Ifts. lance-oblong, 

entire, mucronate ; rac. dense ; calyx 5-toothed ; pet. rose-color, subsessile, 4" ; 
etam. 6, equal ; pod much longer than its stipe. Banks of the Mississippi R., N 
Elinois. (Mr. V. Friese.) and Westward. 

Page 340. After T. (Trillium) cernuum, add, 

^. atrorubens. Petals brownish purple, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Hanover, 
Indiana. iMr. A. H. Young.) 

Page 291. After Phorodendron, insert, 

2. AROEUTHOBIUM, Bieb. Differs from Phorodendron in having its 
anthers 1-celled, the ? perianth 2-toothed, the herbage yellowish and 
leafless. 

A, Oxycedri, jS. abigenium (Wood). Pound growing on the branches of small 
starved spruce-trees (Abies nigra), in a marsh in Sandlake, N. Y. (C- H. Peck). 
Stems 3—9", jointed, each joint terminating in a truncated sheath. Fls. terminaJ 
and opposite; berry some 3-angled. The variety a grows on Pines and Cedais in 
Cal. and Oreg.! and is much larger. 
Page 133. Under Sesuvium, insert, 
Jt S. pentandrnm Ell. Lvs. spatulate-obovatc ; fls. sessile ; stamens 5. (i) ? Sesa 
coast, E. Hampton, L. I. (J. S. Merriam), Cape May (C. F. Parker), Cape Henlopen 
(Z>r. Leidy), to Fla. Hitherto mistaken for S. Portulacastrum. 

Page 164. After 45 A. (Aster) ericoides, insert, 

/3. vill'osus (Mx.) Stem, branches, and often the leaves villons-hirsute. 

Page 167. After 8 S. (Solidago) latifolia, (5. pubens, insert, 

$. ciliiita (DC.) Upper racemes elongated and spreading. 111. (Mr. Wolf.^ 



ADDENDA. 447 

Page 168. After 30 S. (Solidago) Canadensis, insert, 

/3, scabra. Stem and leaves scabrous ; leaves naiTow, rigid, Bubentire. 

Page 173. After 6 S. (Silphium) scaberrimum, insert, 

/3, g^sstle. Leaves nearly all sessile, lance-oblong to ovate. (S. Kadula N.) DL 

Page 180. After 5 B. (Bidens) connata, insert, 

/3. petiolata. Leaves more or less petiolate. (B. petiolsta N.) HI. (2fr. Wolf.) 

Page 283. After 10 P. (Polygonum) Careyi, insert, 
lOa P» perslcarioides K. Glabrous, 2 — 4f : slip, ciliate ; Ivs. lin.-lanceolate, sub* 
sessile, spotted, not acrid ; spikes linear, erect, pale-purpie ; sta. 6—8 ; styles 3-cleft ; 
ach. 3-angled, shining. Low ground. 111. (Mr. Wolf.) New to our flora. 

Page 346. At bottom insert, 

22a MYRSIPHYLLUM aspakagoides. A delicate vine, twining 
and climbing, from S. Africa. Cult. Branches very slender and smooth. Lvs. V or more, 
ovate, pointed, thin, and polished, Ped. in pairs, with an empty bract-like one. FIs. simi- 
lar to those of Asparagus, 6-parted, white. Filaments flattened. Popularly called Smilax. 

Page 405. After E. (Elymns) Virginicus, /?. arcuatus, add, 

y. vtllbsu*. Flowers villous-pubescent (E. villosus Muhl.) lU. (Mr. Wolf.) 

Order LXXX. OLACACE^. 

Trees or shrubs chiefly tropical, with alternate, ex-stipulate, petiolate, 
entire leaves, regular, hypogynous flowers, and drupe-like fruit; repre- 
f^euted in our limits by the following genus only. 

XIMENIA, Plum, Calyx small, 4-toothed. Petals 4, woolly within, 
barely united at the base. Stam. 8. Style 1, Ovary 4-celled, with several 
ovules, but forming a 1 seeded drupe. ^ ^ Thorny, Flowers axillary, 
single or in small corymbs. 

X, Aiitericana L. Leaves smooth, coriaceous, oval or oblong, obtuse; peduncles several- 
flowered, shorter than the leaves; petals oblanceolate, thick, spreading above, 4 — 5" 
long. — Fla. from Picolata (Mr. Fry) and S. FIs. yoUow, fragrant Drup« as large aa a 
plum, yellow, wcU-llavored. Thorus :} au inch. 

Page 76, under Oelastreceae, insert, 

3. PACHYSTIMA, l^af. Petals and stam. 4, inserted on the tliroat of 

the 4-l()bed calyx. Style very short, expanded at base into the disk which 

covers the ovary and lines tlie calyx tube. Caps, oval, 2-celled, seeds 2 — 

4, inclosed in a while dissected aril. — Low shrubs, with opposite, crowded. 

Hhort-petioled, evergreen leaves, and minute axilliry llowers. 

P. inyrKiiiitCH Kaf. jS Oaubyi (Gray). Stems and branches creeping, ascoudiug, 

bark blackish ; lvs. oblong and linear-oblong, obtuse, with a low uiinuto teeih ; caps, 

obtuse.— Mountain bogs, Wythoville, V«. (II. ^Shriver.) Stems t^— 15'. Lvs. 6— »". 

margins revolute. 

Page 2o4, after H. (Uuellia) strepens L., insert, 

i3, micrantha (,Ki>g. and Gr.), Flowers crowded in the axils, with corolla reilucixl 
lo a slender tube with au obsolete lii)-shaped bonier, or quite apotalous, fortil- 
iaed in the bud,— In ponds, Mount Carmol, III. (Dr. Schn4Ck.) 



448 ADDBNDA. 

Page 253, under Litliospermum, insert, 

8 li. lutescens Coleman. Minutely strigous ; Iva. lanceolate, pointed, roughish 

above, about 5-veined ; sepals subulate, shorter than the conspicuous yellcv* 
coroUa.— Grand Rapids, Mich. (iV, Coleman.) Allied toL. latifolium. 

9 Ij. tuberosnin Kugel. Hispid-briatly, erect, branching ; Its. obovate-oblong. 

dotted above with white glands, the upper lance-oblong ; calyx lobes linear, as long 
as the yellowish corolla, twice as long as the pohshed nutlet.— Fla. to La. {Dr. Joor.) 
Page 256, under Hydrophyllaceae, insert, 

8. NAMA, L. Calj'x 5-parted. Cor. tubular-funnelform, 5-cleft, Stam. 

5 equal, included, stjies 2 distinct. Caps, oblong. Seeds oo , pitted. — 

Hairy diffuse herbs. Lvs. alternate, entire. Fls. cyanic. 

PF. Jamaiceusis L, Pubescent, prostrate, branched ; sterna angular ; lvs. obovate, 

obtuse ; fls. 1 — 3 in the axUs ; calyx lobes linear, as long (5") as the corolla ; caps. 

2-, then i-valved and the placentae free. — Ditches, etc., Baton Kouge, La. (J)r. Joor,) 

Page 263, under Solanum, insert, 
14 S. verbascifolium L. Shrubby, hoary-tomentous ; lvs. large, ovate-obloug, 
entire ; cymes dense-flowered, on a long stout forking peduncle ; flowers in bud 
obovoid, cotf. lobes obtuse ; anthers lin.-oblong ; ovary woolly. — ^Picolbtft, Fla. (Mr. 
Fry) and southwTurd. 

Page 140, after 3 A. (Apium) nodiflorum, read, 
3a A. angustifolinin Wood. Weakly erect 8—20' ; lvs. pinnate, elongated ; Ifts. 
toothed, cut, or pinnatifid, oblong in outline ; ped. as long as the rays ; invol. and in« 
volncels 5 — 7-bracted ; fr. round-oval, ribs and vittse obscured by the thick pericarp. 
— Wet places, Peoria, 111., (ZJr. xSiezfjarQ and W. Used as celery. (Slum, L. Berula, 
Kotch.) 

Page 173, after Silphium, insert, 

41«. AOANTHOSPERMUM, Schrank. Heads radiate, rays (small) 
? fertile, disk § sterile. Invol. lierbaceous, inner scales closely investing 
the ray cypselae. Recep. chaffy. Cyp. few, oblong, without pappus, each 
enclosed in the hardened prickly scale. — (D Diffusely branching. Lvs. 
opposite, toothed or incised. Fls. yellow. 

A. . xanthoides DC. Stems creeping, rooting at base ; scabrous-pubescent ; lvs. ovate 
or obovate, the lower petiolate ; heads stalked ; rays about 5 ; cyp. 5, spreading, 
6'' long, the sack muricate. —Atlanta, Ga. {T. B. Goulding.) § S. Am. Jl. Aug. 

Page 237, after Vitex, may be inserted, 

7. CLERODENDRUM, L. Corolla salverform, limb some unequal, 
5-cleft. Drupe baccate, of 4 (or fewer) 1-celled, 1-seeded drupes. — Shrubs 
or trees. Lvs. simple, entire, opposite or ternate. Cymes axillary, or 
terminal, trichotomous. 

C. Siplionantlius R.Br. Glabrous, virgate, erect 4— 8f. ; lvs. whorled in 89 and 4s, 
long-lanceolate, pointed at both ends; cymes once or twice trichotomous; cor. 
white, tube 4' long, limb 1' broad ; stam. long-exserted.— Macon, Ga., naturalized in 
fields, waysides. (Br. J. Mercer G-reen.) 

Page 358, after 17 C. (Cyperns) divergens, read, 
l^aC. WolfliWood. Glabrous, slender, erect 2 — 3f. ; lvs. at base, narrowly linear, 
3f, of the invol. 2f ; rays about 5, very unequal, each bearing a dense globular head; 
spikes many, 4 — 5-flowered, oblong, scales imbricated, obtuse, 9 — 11-veiued ; racHa 
broadly t/i/ig't'^.— Anna, III. (J. Wolf.) 






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